Ayurvedic concepts (M-Y)

Men’s Health & Vitality — Across Traditions {#mens-health-vitality-across-traditions}

Comparing approaches to men’s health & vitality across 5 healing traditions

• Ayurveda: 56 entries
• TCM: 3 entries
• Global: 12 entries
• Nutraceutical: 7 entries

Ayurveda Approach

• Vidarikand Pueraria tuberosa (Willd.) DC. Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Aphrodisiac
• Kharjura Phoenix dactylifera L. Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Aphrodisiac
• Giloy Satva Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers (aqueous starch extract) Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Adaptogenic
• Ajwain Trachyspermum ammi Actions: Antioxidant, Bronchodilator, Antidiabetic
• Nagabala Grewia hirsuta Vahl / Sida veronicifolia Lam. (syn. Sida veronicaefolia) Actions: Antioxidant, Aphrodisiac, Medhya (Nootropic)
• Akarakarabha Anacyclus pyrethrum (L.) Lag. Actions: Anticancer, Aphrodisiac, Wound Healing
• Danti Baliospermum montanum (Willd.) Muell.-Arg. Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Hepatoprotective
• Mochras Salmalia malabarica (DC.) Schott & Endl. (syn. Bombax ceiba L.) - resin exudate Actions: Antioxidant, Aphrodisiac, Wound Healing
• Giloy Tinospora cordifolia Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Medhya (Nootropic)
• Kapittha Limonia acidissima Groff (syn. Feronia limonia (L.) Swingle) Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Wound Healing
• Rishabhaka Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.) Dubard Actions: Antioxidant, Aphrodisiac, Adaptogenic
• Guduchi Tinospora cordifolia Actions: Antioxidant, Medhya (Nootropic), Adaptogenic
• Himsra Capparis spinosa L. Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Antidiabetic
• Saffron Crocus sativus Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Aphrodisiac
• Ashoka Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Hemostatic

Mudga {#mudga}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Mudga

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Madhura, Kashaya	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Laghu, Ruksha	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Sheeta	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Madhura	Post-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Phenolics

• Vitexin
• Isovitexin
• Gallic acid

Flavonoids

• Quercetin
• Kaempferol
• Myricetin

Nutritional Profile

• Protein: 24g/100g
• Fiber: 16g/100g
• Iron: 6.7mg/100g
• Folate: 625μg/100g
• Potassium: 1246mg/100g
• Magnesium: 189mg/100g
• Phytic acid: 0.3-0.5% (antinutrient)

Analytical Methods: AOAC methods, HPLC (phenolics), ICP-OES (minerals)

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Whole mung bean, Split dal, Sprouts, Yusha (medicinal soup)

Standard Dosage: As dietary: 30–50 g; Yusha: 100–200 mL

Bioavailability: Highest among pulses in Ayurveda; light and easy to digest

Optimal Timing: Any meal; Yusha during illness/convalescence

Standardized Extract: Mudga Yusha (therapeutic mung soup) — premier pathya (dietary therapy)

Shelf Life: Whole: 12+ months; sprouts: 2–3 days; Yusha: consume fresh

Storage: Cool, dry place; sprouts refrigerated

Marker Compounds: Protein (24%), Vitexin, Isovitexin, Iron, Dietary fiber

Quality Parameters: Moisture <12%, germination rate >85% for sprout quality, no aflatoxin

Vehicle (Anupana): Ghee; cumin-coriander seasoning for digestibility

Nag Bhasma {#nag-bhasma}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Nag Bhasma

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Madhura, Tikta	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Guru	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Ushna	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Katu	Post-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Mineral/Elemental Profile

• Lead oxide (PbO): Major component (traditionally)
• Note: Contains heavy metals — restricted use; modern preparations use purification (Shodhana) to reduce toxicity

Analytical Methods: AAS (lead quantification), ICP-MS, XRD

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Bhasma

Standard Dosage: 30–60 mg (lead preparation — strict dosing)

Bioavailability: Converted to lead oxide nanoparticles through Marana; toxicity eliminated per traditional parameters

Optimal Timing: As directed by experienced physician; with specific anupana only

Standardized Extract: Calcined lead bhasma — Schedule E1 restricted

Shelf Life: Indefinite

Storage: Airtight, labeled container; restricted drug storage

Marker Compounds: Lead oxide (PbO), Lead sulfide traces

Quality Parameters: Free lead <1 ppm (critical), standard bhasma tests, bioavailability validation

Vehicle (Anupana): As part of specific formulations only; honey or ghee

Narikela Lavana {#narikela-lavana}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Narikela Lavana

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Lavana, Madhura	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Laghu	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Sheeta	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Madhura	Post-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Mineral/Elemental Profile

• Primary component: Mineral-derived preparation
• Note: Composition varies by specific preparation method

Analytical Methods: XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Lavana (medicated salt)

Standard Dosage: 1–3 g with warm water before meals

Bioavailability: Good; salt form ensures rapid absorption; coconut adds medium-chain fatty acids

Optimal Timing: Before meals with warm water or buttermilk

Standardized Extract: Coconut shell ash + rock salt preparation

Shelf Life: 12–18 months

Storage: Airtight container; moisture-protected

Marker Compounds: Sodium chloride, Potassium carbonate (from coconut ash), Coconut carbon, Trace minerals

Quality Parameters: Chloride content as labeled, heavy metals within limits, no excess free alkali

Vehicle (Anupana): Warm water or buttermilk

Navakarshika Churna {#navakarshika-churna}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Navakarshika Churna

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Tikta, Kashaya	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Laghu, Ruksha	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Sheeta	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Katu	Post-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Mineral/Elemental Profile

• Primary component: Mineral-derived preparation
• Note: Composition varies by specific preparation method

Analytical Methods: XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Churna (fine powder), Capsule, Tablet

Standard Dosage: 3-6g twice daily

Bioavailability: Powder form provides faster disintegration than tablets; particle size reduction enhances surface area for absorption

Optimal Timing: Before meals

Shelf Life: 2 years (as per ASU guidelines for churna)

Storage: Airtight container, cool dry place, protected from moisture

Marker Compounds: Gallic acid, Tinosporin, Berberine

Quality Parameters: Mesh size NLT 85#, moisture NMT 6%, total ash per pharmacopoeia, assay of marker compounds: Gallic acid, Tinosporin, Berberine

Vehicle (Anupana): Warm water

Synergistic Combinations

• With Warm water as vehicle for enhanced absorption

Navaneeta {#navaneeta}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Navaneeta

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Madhura	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Snigdha	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Sheeta	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Madhura	Post-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Mineral/Elemental Profile

• Primary component: Mineral-derived preparation
• Note: Composition varies by specific preparation method

Analytical Methods: XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Fresh butter, Medicated butter

Standard Dosage: 5–10 g

Bioavailability: High lipid bioavailability; precursor to ghee

Optimal Timing: With meals

Standardized Extract: N/A — dairy product; precursor for Ghrita preparation

Shelf Life: 5–7 days refrigerated

Storage: Refrigerated at 4°C

Marker Compounds: Milk fat (80%+), Fat-soluble vitamins, Short-chain fatty acids

Quality Parameters: Fat >80%, moisture <16%, no rancidity

Vehicle (Anupana): Used fresh for Pitta and bleeding disorders; base for ghee production

Nimba Taila {#nimba-taila}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Nimba Taila

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Tikta	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Laghu	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Sheeta	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Katu	Post-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Mineral/Elemental Profile

• Primary component: Mineral-derived preparation
• Note: Composition varies by specific preparation method

Analytical Methods: XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Thailam (medicated sesame oil), External application

Standard Dosage: External application for skin conditions

Bioavailability: Oil base (sesame oil) enhances dermal absorption of lipophilic active compounds; for internal thailams, oil base enhances absorption of fat-soluble actives

Optimal Timing: External: before bath or at bedtime. Internal: before meals

Shelf Life: 3 years (medicated oils per ASU guidelines)

Storage: Airtight amber glass/HDPE container, room temperature, protected from light

Marker Compounds: Azadirachtin, Nimbin, Nimbidin

Quality Parameters: Acid value <5, saponification value per base oil specs, refractive index, moisture NMT 0.5%, specific gravity, marker: Azadirachtin, Nimbin, Nimbidin

Vehicle (Anupana): External: massage into affected area. Internal: with warm water/milk

Synergistic Combinations

• Key herbs: Nimba (neem) leaves and bark; oil base acts as lipid carrier for enhanced tissue penetration

Nimbadi Churna {#nimbadi-churna}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Nimbadi Churna

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Tikta	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Laghu, Ruksha	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Sheeta	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Katu	Post-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Mineral/Elemental Profile

• Primary component: Mineral-derived preparation
• Note: Composition varies by specific preparation method

Analytical Methods: XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Churna (fine powder), Capsule, Tablet

Standard Dosage: 3-6g twice daily

Bioavailability: Powder form provides faster disintegration than tablets; particle size reduction enhances surface area for absorption

Optimal Timing: Before meals

Shelf Life: 2 years (as per ASU guidelines for churna)

Storage: Airtight container, cool dry place, protected from moisture

Marker Compounds: Azadirachtin, Curcumin, Gallic acid

Quality Parameters: Mesh size NLT 85#, moisture NMT 6%, total ash per pharmacopoeia, assay of marker compounds: Azadirachtin, Curcumin, Gallic acid

Vehicle (Anupana): Warm water

Synergistic Combinations

• With Warm water as vehicle for enhanced absorption

Nirgundi Ghana Vati {#nirgundi-ghana-vati}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Nirgundi Ghana Vati

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Tikta, Katu	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Laghu, Ruksha	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Ushna	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Katu	Post-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Mineral/Elemental Profile

• Primary component: Mineral-derived preparation
• Note: Composition varies by specific preparation method

Analytical Methods: XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Vati (pill/tablet), Capsule

Standard Dosage: 2 tablets thrice daily

Bioavailability: Tablet/pill form provides controlled disintegration; some vatis use honey/guggulu as bioenhancing binders

Optimal Timing: Before or after meals as indicated

Shelf Life: 2 years per ASU guidelines for vati

Storage: Airtight container, cool dry place, protected from moisture

Marker Compounds: Casticin, Agnuside, Vitexin

Quality Parameters: Weight variation ±5%, disintegration <30 min, friability <1%, marker: Casticin, Agnuside, Vitexin

Vehicle (Anupana): Warm water or as specified

Synergistic Combinations

• Key herbs: Nirgundi (Vitex negundo) aqueous extract, concentrated (ghana)

Nirgundi Taila {#nirgundi-taila}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Nirgundi Taila

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Tikta, Katu	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Laghu, Ruksha	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Ushna	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Katu	Post-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Mineral/Elemental Profile

• Primary component: Mineral-derived preparation
• Note: Composition varies by specific preparation method

Analytical Methods: XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Thailam (medicated sesame oil), External application

Standard Dosage: External massage for joint pain

Bioavailability: Oil base (sesame oil) enhances dermal absorption of lipophilic active compounds; for internal thailams, oil base enhances absorption of fat-soluble actives

Optimal Timing: External: before bath or at bedtime. Internal: before meals

Shelf Life: 3 years (medicated oils per ASU guidelines)

Storage: Airtight amber glass/HDPE container, room temperature, protected from light

Marker Compounds: Casticin, Agnuside

Quality Parameters: Acid value <5, saponification value per base oil specs, refractive index, moisture NMT 0.5%, specific gravity, marker: Casticin, Agnuside

Vehicle (Anupana): External: massage into affected area. Internal: with warm water/milk

Synergistic Combinations

• Key herbs: Nirgundi (Vitex negundo); oil base acts as lipid carrier for enhanced tissue penetration

Panchamla Thailam {#panchamla-thailam}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Panchamla Thailam

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Amla	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Snigdha, Tikshna	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Ushna	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Amla	Post-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Mineral/Elemental Profile

• Primary component: Mineral-derived preparation
• Note: Composition varies by specific preparation method

Analytical Methods: XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Thailam (medicated sesame oil), External application

Standard Dosage: External application for Vata disorders

Bioavailability: Oil base (sesame oil) enhances dermal absorption of lipophilic active compounds; for internal thailams, oil base enhances absorption of fat-soluble actives

Optimal Timing: External: before bath or at bedtime. Internal: before meals

Shelf Life: 3 years (medicated oils per ASU guidelines)

Storage: Airtight amber glass/HDPE container, room temperature, protected from light

Marker Compounds: Citric acid, Gallic acid

Quality Parameters: Acid value <5, saponification value per base oil specs, refractive index, moisture NMT 0.5%, specific gravity, marker: Citric acid, Gallic acid

Vehicle (Anupana): External: massage into affected area. Internal: with warm water/milk

Synergistic Combinations

• Key herbs: 5 sour substances: Amla, Dadima, Changeri, Bijapura, Matulunga; oil base acts as lipid carrier for enhanced tissue penetration

Panchavalkala Kwath {#panchavalkala-kwath}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Panchavalkala Kwath

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Kashaya	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Ruksha	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Sheeta	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Katu	Post-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Mineral/Elemental Profile

• Primary component: Mineral-derived preparation
• Note: Composition varies by specific preparation method

Analytical Methods: XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Kashayam (decoction), Kashayam tablet, Concentrated liquid

Standard Dosage: For external wash: 50-100ml

Bioavailability: Aqueous decoction provides good bioavailability for water-soluble compounds; concentration step may reduce volatile components

Optimal Timing: Before meals, typically morning and evening

Shelf Life: 1 day (fresh kashayam); 2 years (kashayam tablet); 6 months (concentrated liquid with preservative)

Storage: Fresh: refrigerate, use within 24h. Tablet/liquid: cool dry place, airtight

Marker Compounds: Tannins, Flavonoids

Quality Parameters: pH 4.0-6.5, specific gravity 1.01-1.05, total solids 2-8%, marker assay: Tannins, Flavonoids

Vehicle (Anupana): Warm, usually taken on empty stomach

Synergistic Combinations

• Classical combination of 5 barks: Vata, Udumbara, Ashwattha, Plaksha, Parisha provides synergistic therapeutic effect

Parpatakarishta {#parpatakarishta}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Parpatakarishta

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Tikta	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Laghu	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Sheeta	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Katu	Post-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Mineral/Elemental Profile

• Primary component: Mineral-derived preparation
• Note: Composition varies by specific preparation method

Analytical Methods: XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Arishta/Asava (fermented liquid), Syrup (modern adaptation)

Standard Dosage: 15-30ml with equal water

Bioavailability: Self-generated alcohol enhances extraction and absorption of both water-soluble and fat-soluble compounds; fermentation produces bioactive metabolites not present in raw herbs

Optimal Timing: After meals, twice daily

Shelf Life: Indefinite per classical texts; commercially labeled 5-10 years. Improves with age.

Storage: Room temperature, tightly sealed, away from direct sunlight. Do not refrigerate.

Marker Compounds: Fumarine, Protopine

Quality Parameters: Alcohol content 5-12% v/v, pH 3.0-4.5, specific gravity 1.01-1.08, total solids 15-25%, marker: Fumarine, Protopine

Vehicle (Anupana): Equal quantity of water after meals

Synergistic Combinations

• Key herbs: Parpataka (Fumaria), Dhataki, Guda; fermentation creates unique metabolite profile with enhanced therapeutic activity

Patolamuladi Kwath {#patolamuladi-kwath}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Patolamuladi Kwath

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Tikta	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Laghu	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Sheeta	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Katu	Post-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Mineral/Elemental Profile

• Primary component: Mineral-derived preparation
• Note: Composition varies by specific preparation method

Analytical Methods: XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Kashayam (decoction), Kashayam tablet, Concentrated liquid

Standard Dosage: 40-80ml twice daily

Bioavailability: Aqueous decoction provides good bioavailability for water-soluble compounds; concentration step may reduce volatile components

Optimal Timing: Before meals, typically morning and evening

Shelf Life: 1 day (fresh kashayam); 2 years (kashayam tablet); 6 months (concentrated liquid with preservative)

Storage: Fresh: refrigerate, use within 24h. Tablet/liquid: cool dry place, airtight

Marker Compounds: Cucurbitacin B, Kutkin, Tinosporin

Quality Parameters: pH 4.0-6.5, specific gravity 1.01-1.05, total solids 2-8%, marker assay: Cucurbitacin B, Kutkin, Tinosporin

Vehicle (Anupana): Warm, usually taken on empty stomach

Synergistic Combinations

• Classical combination of Patola, Katuki, Guduchi, Nimba provides synergistic therapeutic effect

Phala Kalyana Ghrita {#phala-kalyana-ghrita}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Phala Kalyana Ghrita

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Madhura	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Guru, Snigdha	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Sheeta	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Madhura	Post-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Mineral/Elemental Profile

• Primary component: Mineral-derived preparation
• Note: Composition varies by specific preparation method

Analytical Methods: XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Ghrita (medicated ghee), Capsule (for convenience)

Standard Dosage: 12-24ml with milk for fertility

Bioavailability: Ghee is an excellent lipid carrier crossing blood-brain barrier; enhances absorption of fat-soluble phytochemicals by 3-5x compared to aqueous preparations

Optimal Timing: Before meals on empty stomach for best absorption

Shelf Life: 2 years (as per ASU guidelines for ghrita preparations); improves with aging (Purana Ghrita concept)

Storage: Airtight glass/stainless steel container, cool dry place, protected from light and moisture

Marker Compounds: Shatavarin, Withaferin A

Quality Parameters: Acid value <4, peroxide value <5 meq/kg, moisture <0.5%, rancidity test negative, marker: Shatavarin, Withaferin A

Vehicle (Anupana): Warm water or warm milk

Synergistic Combinations

• Key herbs: Kashmari, Brihati, Shalaparni, fertility herbs + milk; ghee enhances tissue penetration (yogavahi property)

Phalatrikadi Kwath {#phalatrikadi-kwath}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Phalatrikadi Kwath

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Tikta, Kashaya	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Laghu, Ruksha	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Sheeta	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Katu	Post-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Mineral/Elemental Profile

• Primary component: Mineral-derived preparation
• Note: Composition varies by specific preparation method

Analytical Methods: XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Kashayam (decoction), Kashayam tablet, Concentrated liquid

Standard Dosage: 40-80ml twice daily

Bioavailability: Aqueous decoction provides good bioavailability for water-soluble compounds; concentration step may reduce volatile components

Optimal Timing: Before meals, typically morning and evening

Shelf Life: 1 day (fresh kashayam); 2 years (kashayam tablet); 6 months (concentrated liquid with preservative)

Storage: Fresh: refrigerate, use within 24h. Tablet/liquid: cool dry place, airtight

Marker Compounds: Gallic acid, Tinosporin

Quality Parameters: pH 4.0-6.5, specific gravity 1.01-1.05, total solids 2-8%, marker assay: Gallic acid, Tinosporin

Vehicle (Anupana): Warm, usually taken on empty stomach

Synergistic Combinations

• Classical combination of Triphala, Guduchi, Musta provides synergistic therapeutic effect

Phanita {#phanita}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Phanita

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Madhura	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Guru	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Ushna	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Madhura	Post-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Mineral/Elemental Profile

• Primary component: Mineral-derived preparation
• Note: Composition varies by specific preparation method

Analytical Methods: XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Semi-solid jaggery syrup, Vehicle for formulations

Standard Dosage: 5–15 mL as vehicle

Bioavailability: Rapid absorption of sugars; enhances palatability

Optimal Timing: With formulations as directed

Standardized Extract: N/A — partially processed sugarcane juice

Shelf Life: 3–6 months

Storage: Cool, dry place; airtight container

Marker Compounds: Sucrose, Glucose, Fructose, Iron, Minerals

Quality Parameters: Brix 65–70°, no fermentation, no adulteration

Vehicle (Anupana): Sweet vehicle for Vata-pacifying and nutritive formulations

Pitta Balancing Herbs {#pitta-balancing}

28 herbs + 6 formulations that pacify Pitta

Single Herbs (28)

• Chandana — Santalum album L.
• Coriander
• Coriander Herb
• Dhataki
• Durva
• Gambhari Phala — Gmelina arborea Roxb.
• Hrivera
• Ikshu
• Jati
• Kamala — Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.
• Kumbhika
• Kumud
• Kumuda
• Madayantika
• Nagakesara
• Palankya — Spinacia oleracea L.
• Rohisha
• Saffron — Crocus sativus
• Saireyaka
• Sariva — Hemidesmus indicus
• Sharapunkha
• Shrigataka — Trapa natans L. (syn. Trapa bispinosa Roxb.)
• Taruni
• Trapusha
• Triphala Herbs
• Ushira — Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash (syn. Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty)
• Utpala
• Yashtimadhu

Classical Formulations (6)

• Coconut Oil Narikela Taila
• Himasagara Thailam
• Kalyanaka Ghritam
• Kushmanda Khanda
• Panchatikta Ghrita
• Srikhandasava

Other Preparations (10)

• Akika Pishti
• Coconut Oil
• Godanti Bhasma
• Laghu Sutshekhar Ras
• Mukta Pishti
• Panna Pishti
• Pravala Pishti
• Shankha Bhasma
• Sita
• Tapyadi Loha

See Also

• Vata-Balancing Herbs

Prabhakar Vati {#prabhakar-vati}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Prabhakar Vati

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Madhura, Kashaya	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Guru	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Sheeta	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Madhura	Post-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Mineral/Elemental Profile

• Primary component: Mineral-derived preparation
• Note: Composition varies by specific preparation method

Analytical Methods: XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Vati (pill/tablet), Capsule

Standard Dosage: 2 tablets twice daily for cardiac health

Bioavailability: Tablet/pill form provides controlled disintegration; some vatis use honey/guggulu as bioenhancing binders

Optimal Timing: Before or after meals as indicated

Shelf Life: 2 years per ASU guidelines for vati

Storage: Airtight container, cool dry place, protected from moisture

Marker Compounds: Arjunolic acid, Fulvic acid, Guggulsterones

Quality Parameters: Weight variation ±5%, disintegration <30 min, friability <1%, marker: Arjunolic acid, Fulvic acid, Guggulsterones

Vehicle (Anupana): Warm water or as specified

Synergistic Combinations

• Key herbs: Arjuna, Shilajit, Guggulu, minerals

Rajamasha {#rajamasha}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Rajamasha

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Madhura, Kashaya	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Guru, Ruksha	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Sheeta	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Katu	Post-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Mineral/Elemental Profile

• Primary component: Mineral-derived preparation
• Note: Composition varies by specific preparation method

Analytical Methods: XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Whole bean, Cooked dal

Standard Dosage: As dietary: 30–50 g cooked

Bioavailability: Moderate; requires thorough cooking

Optimal Timing: Lunch

Standardized Extract: N/A — whole food

Shelf Life: 12 months

Storage: Cool, dry place

Marker Compounds: Protein (22%), Phaseolin, Iron, Dietary fiber

Quality Parameters: Moisture <12%, cooking quality acceptable

Rajapravartini Vati {#rajapravartini-vati}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Rajapravartini Vati

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Katu, Tikta	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Tikshna	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Ushna	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Katu	Post-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Mineral/Elemental Profile

• Primary component: Mineral-derived preparation
• Note: Composition varies by specific preparation method

Analytical Methods: XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Vati (pill/tablet), Capsule

Standard Dosage: 1-2 tablets twice daily

Bioavailability: Tablet/pill form provides controlled disintegration; some vatis use honey/guggulu as bioenhancing binders

Optimal Timing: Before or after meals as indicated

Shelf Life: 2 years per ASU guidelines for vati

Storage: Airtight container, cool dry place, protected from moisture

Marker Compounds: Ferrous compounds, Aloin

Quality Parameters: Weight variation ±5%, disintegration <30 min, friability <1%, marker: Ferrous compounds, Aloin

Vehicle (Anupana): Warm water or as specified

Synergistic Combinations

• Key herbs: Kasis bhasma, Hingu, Tankan, Aloe

Rasnadi Kwath {#rasnadi-kwath}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Rasnadi Kwath

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Tikta	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Guru	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Ushna	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Katu	Post-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Mineral/Elemental Profile

• Primary component: Mineral-derived preparation
• Note: Composition varies by specific preparation method

Analytical Methods: XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Kashayam (decoction), Kashayam tablet, Concentrated liquid

Standard Dosage: 40-80ml twice daily

Bioavailability: Aqueous decoction provides good bioavailability for water-soluble compounds; concentration step may reduce volatile components

Optimal Timing: Before meals, typically morning and evening

Shelf Life: 1 day (fresh kashayam); 2 years (kashayam tablet); 6 months (concentrated liquid with preservative)

Storage: Fresh: refrigerate, use within 24h. Tablet/liquid: cool dry place, airtight

Marker Compounds: Isorasnol, Tinosporin

Quality Parameters: pH 4.0-6.5, specific gravity 1.01-1.05, total solids 2-8%, marker assay: Isorasnol, Tinosporin

Vehicle (Anupana): Warm, usually taken on empty stomach

Synergistic Combinations

• Classical combination of Rasna, Guduchi, Devadaru, Eranda mula provides synergistic therapeutic effect

Rasnairandadi Kwath {#rasnairandadi-kwath}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Rasnairandadi Kwath

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Tikta, Madhura	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Guru	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Ushna	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Madhura	Post-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Mineral/Elemental Profile

• Primary component: Mineral-derived preparation
• Note: Composition varies by specific preparation method

Analytical Methods: XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Kashayam (decoction), Kashayam tablet, Concentrated liquid

Standard Dosage: 40-80ml twice daily for rheumatic conditions

Bioavailability: Aqueous decoction provides good bioavailability for water-soluble compounds; concentration step may reduce volatile components

Optimal Timing: Before meals, typically morning and evening

Shelf Life: 1 day (fresh kashayam); 2 years (kashayam tablet); 6 months (concentrated liquid with preservative)

Storage: Fresh: refrigerate, use within 24h. Tablet/liquid: cool dry place, airtight

Marker Compounds: Isorasnol, Ricinoleic acid

Quality Parameters: pH 4.0-6.5, specific gravity 1.01-1.05, total solids 2-8%, marker assay: Isorasnol, Ricinoleic acid

Vehicle (Anupana): Warm, usually taken on empty stomach

Synergistic Combinations

• Classical combination of Rasna, Eranda, Guduchi, Devadaru, Dashamoola provides synergistic therapeutic effect

Respiratory Health — Across Traditions {#respiratory-health-across-traditions}

Comparing approaches to respiratory health across 5 healing traditions

• Ayurveda: 118 entries
• TCM: 103 entries
• Global: 105 entries
• Nutraceutical: 5 entries

Ayurveda Approach

• Ajwain Trachyspermum ammi Actions: Antioxidant, Bronchodilator, Antidiabetic
• Pippali Moola Piper longum L. (root) Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Bronchodilator
• Shati Hedychium spicatum Buch.-Ham. ex Sm. Actions: Antioxidant, Bronchodilator, Antidiabetic
• Pudina Mentha spicata Actions: Antioxidant, Bronchodilator, Antidiabetic
• Bijapura Citrus medica L. Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Antidiabetic
• Vasa Adhatoda vasica Nees (syn. Justicia adhatoda L.) Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Hepatoprotective
• Laung Syzygium aromaticum Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Antitumor
• Devadaru Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex D.Don) G.Don Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Bronchodilator
• Kapittha Limonia acidissima Groff (syn. Feronia limonia (L.) Swingle) Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Wound Healing
• Mahasudarshan Churna Actions: Antioxidant, Hepatoprotective, Bronchodilator
• Bhadra Aerva lanata (L.) Juss. ex Schult. Actions: Antioxidant, Hepatoprotective, Bronchodilator
• Chandrashura Lepidium sativum L. Actions: Antioxidant, Galactagogue, Antidiabetic
• Kulattha Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc. (syn. Dolichos biflorus L.) Actions: Antioxidant, Bronchodilator, Antidiabetic
• Pushkarmool Inula racemosa Hook. f. Actions: Anticancer, Hepatoprotective, Bronchodilator
• Vanapsa Viola odorata L. Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Diuretic

Samudra Phena {#samudra-phena}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Samudra Phena

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Kashaya	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Laghu, Ruksha	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Sheeta	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Katu	Post-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Mineral/Elemental Profile

• Primary component: Mineral-derived preparation
• Note: Composition varies by specific preparation method

Analytical Methods: XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Bhasma, Churna, External paste

Standard Dosage: 250–500 mg internally; external: as needed

Bioavailability: Calcium carbonate form; acid-dependent absorption

Optimal Timing: With meals for better calcium absorption

Standardized Extract: Purified cuttlefish bone powder

Shelf Life: 3–5 years (bhasma form)

Storage: Dry, airtight container

Marker Compounds: Calcium carbonate (85–90%), Chitin, Trace minerals

Quality Parameters: Calcium >30%, heavy metals within limits, particle size <50 μm for bhasma

Vehicle (Anupana): Honey or warm water

Sarshapa Taila {#sarshapa-taila}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Sarshapa Taila

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Katu	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Tikshna, Snigdha	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Ushna	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Katu	Post-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Mineral/Elemental Profile

• Primary component: Mineral-derived preparation
• Note: Composition varies by specific preparation method

Analytical Methods: XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Thailam (medicated mustard oil), External application

Standard Dosage: External massage for pain

Bioavailability: Oil base (mustard oil) enhances dermal absorption of lipophilic active compounds; for internal thailams, oil base enhances absorption of fat-soluble actives

Optimal Timing: External: before bath or at bedtime. Internal: before meals

Shelf Life: 3 years (medicated oils per ASU guidelines)

Storage: Airtight amber glass/HDPE container, room temperature, protected from light

Marker Compounds: Allyl isothiocyanate, Erucic acid

Quality Parameters: Acid value <5, saponification value per base oil specs, refractive index, moisture NMT 0.5%, specific gravity, marker: Allyl isothiocyanate, Erucic acid

Vehicle (Anupana): External: massage into affected area. Internal: with warm water/milk

Synergistic Combinations

• Key herbs: Sarshapa (mustard) base with herbs; oil base acts as lipid carrier for enhanced tissue penetration

Satavari Ghrita {#satavari-ghrita}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Satavari Ghrita

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Madhura	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Guru, Snigdha	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Sheeta	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Madhura	Post-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Mineral/Elemental Profile

• Primary component: Mineral-derived preparation
• Note: Composition varies by specific preparation method

Analytical Methods: XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Ghrita (medicated ghee), Capsule (for convenience)

Standard Dosage: 12-24ml with warm milk for reproductive health

Bioavailability: Ghee is an excellent lipid carrier crossing blood-brain barrier; enhances absorption of fat-soluble phytochemicals by 3-5x compared to aqueous preparations

Optimal Timing: Before meals on empty stomach for best absorption

Shelf Life: 2 years (as per ASU guidelines for ghrita preparations); improves with aging (Purana Ghrita concept)

Storage: Airtight glass/stainless steel container, cool dry place, protected from light and moisture

Marker Compounds: Shatavarin IV, Glycyrrhizin

Quality Parameters: Acid value <4, peroxide value <5 meq/kg, moisture <0.5%, rancidity test negative, marker: Shatavarin IV, Glycyrrhizin

Vehicle (Anupana): Warm water or warm milk

Synergistic Combinations

• Key herbs: Shatavari, Yashtimadhu, Ashwagandha; ghee enhances tissue penetration (yogavahi property)

Satina {#satina}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Satina

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Madhura, Kashaya	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Laghu, Ruksha	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Sheeta	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Madhura	Post-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Mineral/Elemental Profile

• Primary component: Mineral-derived preparation
• Note: Composition varies by specific preparation method

Analytical Methods: XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Churna (powder), Kwatha (decoction), Vati (tablet), Capsule, Lepa (external paste)

Standard Dosage: 3-5 g powder per day; 50-100 mL kwatha twice daily; 500-1000 mg extract capsule twice daily

Bioavailability: Moderate bioavailability for phytosterols and flavonoid glycosides (20-35%). Saponin constituents undergo intestinal hydrolysis. Lipophilic aglycones show improved absorption with lipid-based formulations.

Optimal Timing: After meals with warm water or milk; morning and evening doses

Standardized Extract: Aqueous-ethanolic extract (6:1), standardized to NLT 2% total saponins by vanillin-sulfuric acid method; total phenolic content NLT 3% as gallic acid equivalents

Shelf Life: 24 months for churna; 30 months for capsules and tablets

Storage: Store below 25 deg C in airtight containers, protected from light and moisture. RH <60%.

Marker Compounds: Beta-sitosterol, Stigmasterol, Oleanolic acid, Gallic acid

Extraction Methods

• Aqueous decoction
• Hydroalcoholic extraction (50-60% ethanol)
• Cold maceration
• Percolation with graded alcohol

Synergistic Combinations

• Shatavari (general tonic synergy)
• Ashwagandha (adaptogenic combinations)
• Vidari (nourishing and Brihana formulations)

Sesame Oil {#sesame-oil}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Sesame Oil

What is it made of?

Key Active Markers

• Derived from constituent herbs (see individual herb profiles)
• Standardized on primary bioactive markers

Analytical Methods: HPLC fingerprinting, TLC (identity), LC-MS/MS (marker quantification)

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Cold-pressed oil (Tila Taila), Medicated oils, External application

Standard Dosage: 5–15 mL orally; external: as needed for Abhyanga

Bioavailability: Excellent; penetrates all 7 dhatus per Ayurvedic texts; Sukshma (subtle) property

Optimal Timing: External: morning Abhyanga; oral: with meals

Standardized Extract: Cold-pressed black sesame oil (Tila Taila) — king of oils in Ayurveda

Shelf Life: 12–18 months

Storage: Cool, dark place; amber glass preferred

Marker Compounds: Sesamin, Sesamolin, Sesamol, Linoleic acid (40–48%), Oleic acid (35–43%), Vitamin E

Quality Parameters: FFA <1.5%, peroxide value <10 meq/kg, sesamin content >0.4%, iodine value 104–120

Vehicle (Anupana): Premier oil vehicle (Taila) in Ayurveda; base for >300 medicated oils

Extraction Methods

• Traditional Ghani (wood press)
• Expeller pressing
• Cold pressing

Stability Notes

Natural sesamol and sesaminol provide excellent oxidative stability. Shelf life superior to most vegetable oils

Generated for the AgeAyurveda Herb Catalogue

Shaka {#shaka}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Shaka

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Kashaya	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Laghu, Ruksha	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Sheeta	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Katu	Post-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Mineral/Elemental Profile

• Primary component: Mineral-derived preparation
• Note: Composition varies by specific preparation method

Analytical Methods: XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Churna (powder), Kwatha (decoction), Vati (tablet), Capsule, Phanita (syrup)

Standard Dosage: 3-6 g powder per day; 50-100 mL kwatha twice daily; 500-1000 mg extract capsule twice daily

Bioavailability: Moderate oral bioavailability for phenolic and flavonoid constituents (25-40%). Tannin-rich preparations may reduce bioavailability of co-administered nutrients. Terpenoid fraction is lipophilic and benefits from lipid co-administration.

Optimal Timing: After meals with warm water; morning and evening dosing schedule

Standardized Extract: Aqueous-ethanolic extract (5:1 DER), standardized to NLT 3% total phenolics (as gallic acid equivalents by Folin-Ciocalteu method)

Shelf Life: 24 months for churna and capsules; 18 months for kwatha with preservatives

Storage: Store below 25 deg C in airtight containers, protected from light and moisture.

Marker Compounds: Gallic acid, Beta-sitosterol, Quercetin, Tannins (total)

Extraction Methods

• Aqueous decoction
• Hydroalcoholic extraction (50-60% ethanol)
• Cold maceration
• Soxhlet extraction with methanol for comprehensive phytochemical profiling

Synergistic Combinations

• Guduchi (immunomodulatory combinations)
• Haritaki (digestive and mild laxative formulations)
• Amalaki (antioxidant synergy)

Shallaki Herb {#shallaki-herb}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Shallaki_Herb

What is it made of?

Key Active Markers

• Derived from constituent herbs (see individual herb profiles)
• Standardized on primary bioactive markers

Analytical Methods: HPLC fingerprinting, TLC (identity), LC-MS/MS (marker quantification)

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Kwatha (decoction), Churna (powder), Capsule, Taila (medicated oil), Lepa (external paste)

Standard Dosage: 3-6 g bark/leaf powder per day; 50-100 mL kwatha twice daily; 500-1000 mg extract capsule twice daily

Bioavailability: Flavonoid glycosides from the herb (as distinct from resin) show moderate bioavailability (25-35%). Tannins and phenolic acids are partially absorbed and undergo extensive phase II metabolism (glucuronidation, sulfation). Terpenoid constituents benefit from lipid co-administration.

Optimal Timing: After meals with warm water; traditionally used as part of multi-herb kwatha formulations

Standardized Extract: Aqueous-ethanolic bark extract (6:1), characterized by HPTLC fingerprint; standardized to NLT 2% total phenolics (as gallic acid equivalents) and NLT 1% total flavonoids

Shelf Life: 24 months for churna; 30 months for capsules

Storage: Store below 25 deg C in airtight containers, protected from light and moisture.

Marker Compounds: Gallic acid, Ellagic acid, Beta-sitosterol, Incensole, Lupeol

Extraction Methods

• Aqueous decoction of bark/leaves
• Hydroalcoholic extraction (50-60% ethanol)
• Cold maceration
• Sequential extraction for fractionation of polar and non-polar constituents

Synergistic Combinations

• Guggulu (Yogaraj Guggulu-type formulations)
• Shunthi (anti-inflammatory and analgesic combination)
• Eranda (Vatahara — anti-rheumatic formulations)
• Nirgundi (external pain relief preparations)

Shankha Vati {#shankha-vati}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Shankha Vati

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Lavana, Amla	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Laghu, Tikshna	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Ushna	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Katu	Post-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Mineral/Elemental Profile

• Primary component: Mineral-derived preparation
• Note: Composition varies by specific preparation method

Analytical Methods: XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Vati (pill/tablet), Capsule

Standard Dosage: 1-2 tablets after meals

Bioavailability: Tablet/pill form provides controlled disintegration; some vatis use honey/guggulu as bioenhancing binders

Optimal Timing: Before or after meals as indicated

Shelf Life: 2 years per ASU guidelines for vati

Storage: Airtight container, cool dry place, protected from moisture

Marker Compounds: Calcium carbonate, Piperine, Gingerol

Quality Parameters: Weight variation ±5%, disintegration <30 min, friability <1%, marker: Calcium carbonate, Piperine, Gingerol

Vehicle (Anupana): Warm water or as specified

Synergistic Combinations

• Key herbs: Shankha bhasma, Shunthi, Maricha, Pippali, Hingu

Shringyadi Churna {#shringyadi-churna}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Shringyadi Churna

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Kashaya, Tikta	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Laghu	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Ushna	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Katu	Post-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Mineral/Elemental Profile

• Primary component: Mineral-derived preparation
• Note: Composition varies by specific preparation method

Analytical Methods: XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Churna (fine powder), Capsule, Tablet

Standard Dosage: 1-3g with honey for children

Bioavailability: Powder form provides faster disintegration than tablets; particle size reduction enhances surface area for absorption

Optimal Timing: Before meals

Shelf Life: 2 years (as per ASU guidelines for churna)

Storage: Airtight container, cool dry place, protected from moisture

Marker Compounds: Pistacienoic acid, Piperine

Quality Parameters: Mesh size NLT 85#, moisture NMT 6%, total ash per pharmacopoeia, assay of marker compounds: Pistacienoic acid, Piperine

Vehicle (Anupana): Warm water or honey

Synergistic Combinations

• With Warm water or honey as vehicle for enhanced absorption

Shuddha Guggulu {#shuddha-guggulu}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Shuddha Guggulu

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Tikta, Katu	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Laghu, Tikshna	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Ushna	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Katu	Post-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Mineral/Elemental Profile

• Primary component: Mineral-derived preparation
• Note: Composition varies by specific preparation method

Analytical Methods: XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Vati (pill/tablet), Capsule

Standard Dosage: 250-500mg twice daily

Bioavailability: Guggulu resin acts as natural bioenhancer; guggulsterones have moderate oral bioavailability (~40%); lipophilic matrix aids absorption of co-formulated herbs

Optimal Timing: After meals, twice daily

Shelf Life: 2 years (guggulu preparations per ASU); potency may decrease after 1 year

Storage: Airtight container, cool dry place; guggulu preparations are hygroscopic

Marker Compounds: Guggulsterone Z, Guggulsterone E

Quality Parameters: Weight variation ±5%, disintegration <60 min, hardness 4-8 kP, assay: Guggulsterone Z, Guggulsterone E, guggulsterone content

Vehicle (Anupana): Warm water

Synergistic Combinations

• Key herbs: Purified guggulu resin only; guggulu potentiates anti-inflammatory and hypolipidemic actions

Sita {#sita}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Sita

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Madhura	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Guru, Snigdha	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Sheeta	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Madhura	Post-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Mineral/Elemental Profile

• Primary component: Mineral-derived preparation
• Note: Composition varies by specific preparation method

Analytical Methods: XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Mishri (rock candy), Powdered sugar candy, Vehicle in formulations

Standard Dosage: 3–10 g as vehicle; as adjuvant in formulations

Bioavailability: Rapid absorption; enhances palatability

Optimal Timing: Post-meal for digestive aid; as directed in formulations

Standardized Extract: Crystalline rock candy (Mishri) — traditionally prepared

Shelf Life: 12–24 months

Storage: Dry, airtight container; moisture-sensitive

Marker Compounds: Sucrose (>99%), Trace minerals from traditional preparation

Quality Parameters: Purity >99%, moisture <0.5%, no chemical additives, traditional thread (Tantu) formation test

Vehicle (Anupana): Cooling sweet vehicle; used with Pitta-shamaka formulations, Sharbats, and eye preparations (Netra Prakshalana)

Skin & Beauty — Across Traditions {#skin-beauty-across-traditions}

Comparing approaches to skin & beauty across 5 healing traditions

• Ayurveda: 163 entries
• TCM: 28 entries
• Global: 164 entries
• Nutraceutical: 17 entries

Ayurveda Approach

• Vidarikand Pueraria tuberosa (Willd.) DC. Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Aphrodisiac
• Jatamansi Actions: Antioxidant, Nootropic, Medhya (Nootropic)
• Madhuka Madhuca longifolia (J.Koenig ex L.) J.F.Macbr. Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Galactagogue
• Gokarna Clitoria ternatea L. (same species as Aparajita; Gokarna is a regional Ayurvedic synonym) Actions: Antioxidant, Wound Healing, Nootropic
• Pudina Mentha spicata Actions: Antioxidant, Bronchodilator, Antidiabetic
• Amlaparni Oxalis corniculata L. Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Wound Healing
• Danti Baliospermum montanum (Willd.) Muell.-Arg. Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Hepatoprotective
• Laung Syzygium aromaticum Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Antitumor
• Devadaru Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex D.Don) G.Don Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Bronchodilator
• Narikela Cocos nucifera L. Actions: Antioxidant, Hepatoprotective, Wound Healing
• Aivana Salvia officinalis L. Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Wound Healing
• Aragwadha Cassia fistula L. Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Antidiabetic
• Kshavaka Amaranthus spinosus L. Actions: Antioxidant, Hepatoprotective, Wound Healing
• Shrigataka Trapa natans L. (syn. Trapa bispinosa Roxb.) Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Antidiabetic
• Ushira Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash (syn. Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty) Actions: Antioxidant, Wound Healing, Nootropic

Somaraji Taila {#somaraji-taila}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Somaraji Taila

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Tikta	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Tikshna	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Ushna	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Katu	Post-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Mineral/Elemental Profile

• Primary component: Mineral-derived preparation
• Note: Composition varies by specific preparation method

Analytical Methods: XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Thailam (medicated sesame oil), External application

Standard Dosage: External for skin conditions (leukoderma)

Bioavailability: Oil base (sesame oil) enhances dermal absorption of lipophilic active compounds; for internal thailams, oil base enhances absorption of fat-soluble actives

Optimal Timing: External: before bath or at bedtime. Internal: before meals

Shelf Life: 3 years (medicated oils per ASU guidelines)

Storage: Airtight amber glass/HDPE container, room temperature, protected from light

Marker Compounds: Psoralen, Isopsoralen, Karanjin

Quality Parameters: Acid value <5, saponification value per base oil specs, refractive index, moisture NMT 0.5%, specific gravity, marker: Psoralen, Isopsoralen, Karanjin

Vehicle (Anupana): External: massage into affected area. Internal: with warm water/milk

Synergistic Combinations

• Key herbs: Bakuchi (Psoralea corylifolia), Karanja; oil base acts as lipid carrier for enhanced tissue penetration

Suranjana {#suranjana}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Suranjana

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Tikta, Katu	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Laghu, Tikshna	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Ushna	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Katu	Post-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Mineral/Elemental Profile

• Primary component: Mineral-derived preparation
• Note: Composition varies by specific preparation method

Analytical Methods: XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Churna, External paste (Lepa)

Standard Dosage: 1–3 g internally; external: paste application

Bioavailability: Moderate; colchicine-like alkaloids absorbed through GI tract and transdermally

Optimal Timing: With warm water or castor oil for joint conditions

Standardized Extract: Purified Suranjana (Colchicum luteum) corm extract

Shelf Life: 12–18 months

Storage: Cool, dry place; light-protected

Marker Compounds: Colchicine, Colchicoside, Luteoline

Quality Parameters: Colchicine content within therapeutic range (critical — narrow therapeutic index), heavy metals within limits

Vehicle (Anupana): Warm water, Eranda Taila (castor oil), or Dashamula Kwatha

Sutra Neti ThreadCatheter {#sutra-neti-threadcatheter}

A waxed cotton thread or rubber catheter inserted through the nostril and pulled out through the mouth, used for deep nasal passage cleansing. More advanced than Jala Neti.

Where is it described in the classical texts?

Hatha Yoga Pradipika Chapter 2; Gheranda Samhita. Described as one of the six Shatkarmas.

How is it used traditionally?

Deep nasal cleansing, removal of chronic nasal blockages, preparation for advanced Pranayama, stimulation of Ajna chakra region.

Traditional materials

• Waxed cotton thread (Sutra)
• Rubber catheter (modern)

Modern variants

• Medical-grade silicone nasal catheters
• Disposable sutra neti tubes

Regulatory status

• India Cdsco: Rubber catheters fall under Class A/B medical devices.
• Us Fda: Nasal catheters are FDA-regulated Class I/II medical devices.
• Eu Mdr: Classified under Class I or IIa depending on material and duration of use.

Svalpa Khadiradi Vati {#svalpa-khadiradi-vati}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Svalpa Khadiradi Vati

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Kashaya, Tikta	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Ruksha	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Sheeta	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Katu	Post-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Mineral/Elemental Profile

• Primary component: Mineral-derived preparation
• Note: Composition varies by specific preparation method

Analytical Methods: XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Vati (pill/tablet), Capsule

Standard Dosage: 1-2 tablets to dissolve in mouth

Bioavailability: Tablet/pill form provides controlled disintegration; some vatis use honey/guggulu as bioenhancing binders

Optimal Timing: Before or after meals as indicated

Shelf Life: 2 years per ASU guidelines for vati

Storage: Airtight container, cool dry place, protected from moisture

Marker Compounds: Catechin, Epicatechin

Quality Parameters: Weight variation ±5%, disintegration <30 min, friability <1%, marker: Catechin, Epicatechin

Vehicle (Anupana): Warm water or as specified

Synergistic Combinations

• Key herbs: Khadira (Acacia catechu), Javitri, Karpura, Ela

Swarnamakshika {#swarnamakshika}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Swarnamakshika

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Tikta, Kashaya	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Laghu	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Ushna	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Katu	Post-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Mineral/Elemental Profile

• Primary component: Mineral-derived preparation
• Note: Composition varies by specific preparation method

Analytical Methods: XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Bhasma

Standard Dosage: 125–250 mg twice daily

Bioavailability: Good; chalcopyrite converted to iron-copper nanooxide complex

Optimal Timing: With honey or Triphala Kwatha after meals

Standardized Extract: Calcined chalcopyrite (copper-iron sulfide) bhasma

Shelf Life: Indefinite

Storage: Airtight container

Marker Compounds: Iron oxide, Copper oxide, Sulfur compounds

Quality Parameters: Iron + copper content as labeled, free metals <1 ppm, standard bhasma tests

Vehicle (Anupana): Honey, Triphala Kwatha, or Guduchi Swarasa

Tila Taila {#tila-taila}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Tila Taila

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Madhura	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Guru, Snigdha	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Ushna	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Madhura	Post-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Mineral/Elemental Profile

• Primary component: Mineral-derived preparation
• Note: Composition varies by specific preparation method

Analytical Methods: XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Thailam (medicated sesame oil), External application

Standard Dosage: Massage: liberal; Internal: 5-15ml

Bioavailability: Oil base (sesame oil) enhances dermal absorption of lipophilic active compounds; for internal thailams, oil base enhances absorption of fat-soluble actives

Optimal Timing: External: before bath or at bedtime. Internal: before meals

Shelf Life: 3 years (medicated oils per ASU guidelines)

Storage: Airtight amber glass/HDPE container, room temperature, protected from light

Marker Compounds: Sesamin, Sesamolin, Sesamol

Quality Parameters: Acid value <5, saponification value per base oil specs, refractive index, moisture NMT 0.5%, specific gravity, marker: Sesamin, Sesamolin, Sesamol

Vehicle (Anupana): External: massage into affected area. Internal: with warm water/milk

Synergistic Combinations

• Key herbs: Pure Tila (sesame) — base oil for many preparations; oil base acts as lipid carrier for enhanced tissue penetration

Tortoise shaped Apparatus {#tortoise-shaped-apparatus}

A shallow, tortoise-shell-shaped earthen vessel used for slow evaporation and controlled heating of liquids at low temperatures. Named for its resemblance to a tortoise (Kachchapa).

Where is it described in the classical texts?

Rasaratna Samuchaya; Rasa Tarangini.

How is it used traditionally?

Slow evaporation, gentle drying, and low-temperature processing of sensitive Rasaushadhi preparations.

Traditional materials

• Earthenware (Mrittika)

Modern variants

• Flat evaporating dishes
• Porcelain evaporating basins

Regulatory status

• India Cdsco: Not classified as a medical device.
• Us Fda: Not regulated as a medical device.
• Eu Mdr: Not classified as a medical device.

Tuttha {#tuttha}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Tuttha

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Kashaya, Katu	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Laghu, Tikshna	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Ushna	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Katu	Post-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Mineral/Elemental Profile

• Primary component: Mineral-derived preparation
• Note: Composition varies by specific preparation method

Analytical Methods: XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Shuddha Tuttha (purified copper sulfate), External application

Standard Dosage: 30–60 mg internally (strict); external: collyrium/eye drops

Bioavailability: High; copper sulfate highly soluble and bioavailable

Optimal Timing: As directed; primarily external use in modern practice

Standardized Extract: Purified copper sulfate (Neela Tuttha/blue vitriol)

Shelf Life: Indefinite (inorganic salt)

Storage: Airtight container; avoid moisture

Marker Compounds: Copper sulfate (CuSO4·5H2O), Copper ions

Quality Parameters: Copper content as labeled, no excess free acid, purity >98%

Vehicle (Anupana): Honey (internal); rose water (external eye preparations)

Ushiradi Churna {#ushiradi-churna}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Ushiradi Churna

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Tikta, Madhura	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Laghu	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Sheeta	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Madhura	Post-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Mineral/Elemental Profile

• Primary component: Mineral-derived preparation
• Note: Composition varies by specific preparation method

Analytical Methods: XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Churna (fine powder), Capsule, Tablet

Standard Dosage: 3-6g twice daily

Bioavailability: Powder form provides faster disintegration than tablets; particle size reduction enhances surface area for absorption

Optimal Timing: After meals for pitta conditions

Shelf Life: 2 years (as per ASU guidelines for churna)

Storage: Airtight container, cool dry place, protected from moisture

Marker Compounds: Vetiverol, Santalol

Quality Parameters: Mesh size NLT 85#, moisture NMT 6%, total ash per pharmacopoeia, assay of marker compounds: Vetiverol, Santalol

Vehicle (Anupana): Cold water or sugar water

Synergistic Combinations

• With Cold water or sugar water as vehicle for enhanced absorption

Ushtra Dugdha {#ushtra-dugdha}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Ushtra Dugdha

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Lavana, Madhura	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Laghu, Ruksha	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Ushna	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Katu	Post-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Mineral/Elemental Profile

• Primary component: Mineral-derived preparation
• Note: Composition varies by specific preparation method

Analytical Methods: XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Fresh camel milk, Dried camel milk powder

Standard Dosage: 100–250 mL daily

Bioavailability: High; unique insulin-like proteins; does not curdle in stomach acid

Optimal Timing: Morning, empty stomach for diabetes management

Standardized Extract: N/A — whole food

Shelf Life: Fresh: 24 hours; powder: 12 months

Storage: Fresh: refrigerated; powder: cool, dry place

Marker Compounds: Insulin-like proteins, Lactoferrin, Immunoglobulins, Vitamin C

Quality Parameters: Fat 2.5–3.5%, protein >3%, no adulteration

Vehicle (Anupana): Used in Madhumeha (diabetes) and autoimmune conditions

Vacha Taila {#vacha-taila}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Vacha Taila

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Katu, Tikta	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Laghu, Tikshna	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Ushna	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Katu	Post-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Mineral/Elemental Profile

• Primary component: Mineral-derived preparation
• Note: Composition varies by specific preparation method

Analytical Methods: XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Thailam (medicated sesame oil), External application

Standard Dosage: Nasya: 2-4 drops; External: scalp massage

Bioavailability: Oil base (sesame oil) enhances dermal absorption of lipophilic active compounds; for internal thailams, oil base enhances absorption of fat-soluble actives

Optimal Timing: External: before bath or at bedtime. Internal: before meals

Shelf Life: 3 years (medicated oils per ASU guidelines)

Storage: Airtight amber glass/HDPE container, room temperature, protected from light

Marker Compounds: Beta-asarone, Alpha-asarone

Quality Parameters: Acid value <5, saponification value per base oil specs, refractive index, moisture NMT 0.5%, specific gravity, marker: Beta-asarone, Alpha-asarone

Vehicle (Anupana): External: massage into affected area. Internal: with warm water/milk

Synergistic Combinations

• Key herbs: Vacha (Acorus calamus); oil base acts as lipid carrier for enhanced tissue penetration

Vaiswanara Churna {#vaiswanara-churna}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Vaiswanara Churna

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Lavana, Katu	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Laghu, Tikshna	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Ushna	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Katu	Post-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Mineral/Elemental Profile

• Primary component: Mineral-derived preparation
• Note: Composition varies by specific preparation method

Analytical Methods: XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Churna (fine powder), Capsule, Tablet

Standard Dosage: 3-6g before meals

Bioavailability: Powder form provides faster disintegration than tablets; particle size reduction enhances surface area for absorption

Optimal Timing: Before meals for digestive conditions

Shelf Life: 2 years (as per ASU guidelines for churna)

Storage: Airtight container, cool dry place, protected from moisture

Marker Compounds: Thymol, Gingerol, Chebulagic acid

Quality Parameters: Mesh size NLT 85#, moisture NMT 6%, total ash per pharmacopoeia, assay of marker compounds: Thymol, Gingerol, Chebulagic acid

Vehicle (Anupana): Warm water

Synergistic Combinations

• With Warm water as vehicle for enhanced absorption

Vajraka Thailam {#vajraka-thailam}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Vajraka Thailam

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Katu	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Tikshna, Snigdha	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Ushna	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Katu	Post-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Mineral/Elemental Profile

• Primary component: Mineral-derived preparation
• Note: Composition varies by specific preparation method

Analytical Methods: XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Thailam (medicated sesame oil), External application

Standard Dosage: External massage

Bioavailability: Oil base (sesame oil) enhances dermal absorption of lipophilic active compounds; for internal thailams, oil base enhances absorption of fat-soluble actives

Optimal Timing: External: before bath or at bedtime. Internal: before meals

Shelf Life: 3 years (medicated oils per ASU guidelines)

Storage: Airtight amber glass/HDPE container, room temperature, protected from light

Marker Compounds: Sesamin

Quality Parameters: Acid value <5, saponification value per base oil specs, refractive index, moisture NMT 0.5%, specific gravity, marker: Sesamin

Vehicle (Anupana): External: massage into affected area. Internal: with warm water/milk

Synergistic Combinations

• Key herbs: Vajraka herbs for musculoskeletal strength; oil base acts as lipid carrier for enhanced tissue penetration

Vajrakapata Rasa {#vajrakapata-rasa}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Vajrakapata Rasa

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Kashaya	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Laghu	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Sheeta	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Madhura	Post-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Mineral/Elemental Profile

• Primary component: Mercury-based preparation (Parada) with herbal processing
• Note: Restricted use — requires strict Shodhana protocols and expert supervision

Analytical Methods: AAS/ICP-MS (heavy metals), XRD, Namburi phased spot test

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Vati

Standard Dosage: 125 mg twice daily

Bioavailability: Good; Rasaushadhi with neurological tropism

Optimal Timing: With honey or specific herbal vehicles

Standardized Extract: Kajjali + Loha + other metals with nervine herbs

Shelf Life: Indefinite

Storage: Airtight container

Marker Compounds: Mercury sulfide, Iron oxide, Herbal nervine compounds

Quality Parameters: Standard Rasaushadhi tests, free metals below limits

Vehicle (Anupana): Honey, Brahmi Swarasa, or as directed

Varunadi Kwath {#varunadi-kwath}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Varunadi Kwath

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Tikta, Kashaya	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Laghu, Ruksha	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Ushna	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Katu	Post-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Mineral/Elemental Profile

• Primary component: Mineral-derived preparation
• Note: Composition varies by specific preparation method

Analytical Methods: XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Kashayam (decoction), Kashayam tablet, Concentrated liquid

Standard Dosage: 40-80ml twice daily

Bioavailability: Aqueous decoction provides good bioavailability for water-soluble compounds; concentration step may reduce volatile components

Optimal Timing: Before meals, typically morning and evening

Shelf Life: 1 day (fresh kashayam); 2 years (kashayam tablet); 6 months (concentrated liquid with preservative)

Storage: Fresh: refrigerate, use within 24h. Tablet/liquid: cool dry place, airtight

Marker Compounds: Lupeol, Punarnavine

Quality Parameters: pH 4.0-6.5, specific gravity 1.01-1.05, total solids 2-8%, marker assay: Lupeol, Punarnavine

Vehicle (Anupana): Warm, usually taken on empty stomach

Synergistic Combinations

• Classical combination of Varuna, Punarnava, Gokshura, Pashanbheda provides synergistic therapeutic effect

Vata Balancing Herbs {#vata-balancing}

10 herbs + 6 formulations that pacify Vata

Single Herbs (10)

• Eranda Moola
• Eranda Patra — Ricinus communis L. (leaves)
• Kharjura — Phoenix dactylifera L.
• Lasuna Ksheerapaka
• Nagabala — Grewia hirsuta Vahl / Sida veronicifolia Lam. (syn. Sida veronicaefolia)
• Triphala Herbs
• Vathada
• Vidari
• Vidarikand — Pueraria tuberosa (Willd.) DC.
• Vriddhadaru

Classical Formulations (6)

• Dashmool Dashmoolarishta
• Dhanwantaram Thailam
• Indukantham Ghritam
• Mahayograj Guggul
• Narayana Thailam
• Sukumaram Ghritam

Other Preparations (2)

• Phanita
• Vatagajankush Rasa

See Also

• Pitta-Balancing Herbs

Venesection Instruments Blood Letting Blades {#venesection-instruments-blood-letting-blades}

Sharp instruments specifically designed for Siravyadha (venipuncture/venesection) - controlled blood-letting from specific veins. Different blade shapes for different body locations.

Where is it described in the classical texts?

Sushruta Samhita Sutrasthana Chapter 14; Sharira Sthana Chapter 8 describes specific veins (Sira) for blood-letting at different body locations.

How is it used traditionally?

Therapeutic venesection for Pitta-Rakta disorders, hypertension, skin diseases, gout, liver disorders, and conditions requiring systemic blood purification.

Traditional materials

• Steel blades (Kushapatra Shastra - lancet)
• Vrihimukha Shastra (fine-point blade)

Modern variants

• Sterile disposable lancets
• Phlebotomy needles
• Blood-letting lancets

Regulatory status

• India Cdsco: Lancets and phlebotomy needles are Class A/B medical devices under CDSCO MDR 2017.
• Us Fda: Blood lancets are Class I/II medical devices (various product codes).
• Eu Mdr: Class IIa medical devices under EU MDR.

Vidaryadi Kashayam {#vidaryadi-kashayam}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Vidaryadi Kashayam

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Madhura	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Guru	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Sheeta	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Madhura	Post-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Mineral/Elemental Profile

• Primary component: Mineral-derived preparation
• Note: Composition varies by specific preparation method

Analytical Methods: XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Kashayam (decoction), Kashayam tablet, Concentrated liquid

Standard Dosage: 40-80ml twice daily

Bioavailability: Aqueous decoction provides good bioavailability for water-soluble compounds; concentration step may reduce volatile components

Optimal Timing: Before meals, typically morning and evening

Shelf Life: 1 day (fresh kashayam); 2 years (kashayam tablet); 6 months (concentrated liquid with preservative)

Storage: Fresh: refrigerate, use within 24h. Tablet/liquid: cool dry place, airtight

Marker Compounds: Puerarin, Shatavarin

Quality Parameters: pH 4.0-6.5, specific gravity 1.01-1.05, total solids 2-8%, marker assay: Puerarin, Shatavarin

Vehicle (Anupana): Warm, usually taken on empty stomach

Synergistic Combinations

• Classical combination of Vidari, Shatavari, Ashwagandha, Bala provides synergistic therapeutic effect

Vidaryadyasava {#vidaryadyasava}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Vidaryadyasava

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Madhura, Tikta	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Guru	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Sheeta	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Madhura	Post-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Mineral/Elemental Profile

• Primary component: Mineral-derived preparation
• Note: Composition varies by specific preparation method

Analytical Methods: XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Arishta/Asava (fermented liquid), Syrup (modern adaptation)

Standard Dosage: 15-30ml with equal water for nutritive support

Bioavailability: Self-generated alcohol enhances extraction and absorption of both water-soluble and fat-soluble compounds; fermentation produces bioactive metabolites not present in raw herbs

Optimal Timing: After meals, twice daily

Shelf Life: Indefinite per classical texts; commercially labeled 5-10 years. Improves with age.

Storage: Room temperature, tightly sealed, away from direct sunlight. Do not refrigerate.

Marker Compounds: Puerarin, Shatavarin

Quality Parameters: Alcohol content 5-12% v/v, pH 3.0-4.5, specific gravity 1.01-1.08, total solids 15-25%, marker: Puerarin, Shatavarin

Vehicle (Anupana): Equal quantity of water after meals

Synergistic Combinations

• Key herbs: Vidari, Shatavari, Guduchi, Dhataki; fermentation creates unique metabolite profile with enhanced therapeutic activity

Vidhyadhara Apparatus Specialized Distillation {#vidhyadhara-apparatus-specialized-distillation}

A specialized distillation apparatus consisting of multiple pots arranged for complex distillation procedures, named after the celestial Vidhyadhara beings. Used for advanced Rasashastra preparations.

Where is it described in the classical texts?

Rasaratna Samuchaya; Rasa Tarangini.

How is it used traditionally?

Complex distillation and sublimation of mercury compounds and other volatile metallic preparations.

Traditional materials

• Multiple earthen pots
• Metal connecting tubes
• Mud-cloth sealing

Modern variants

• Multi-stage glass distillation apparatus

Regulatory status

• India Cdsco: Pharmaceutical equipment under AYUSH GMP.
• Us Fda: Subject to cGMP requirements.
• Eu Mdr: Not classified as a medical device.

Vite React Shadcn Ts {#vite-react-shadcn-ts}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Vite_React_Shadcn_Ts

What is it made of?

Flavonoids

• Quercetin
• Kaempferol
• Rutin

Phenolic Acids

• Gallic acid
• Caffeic acid
• Chlorogenic acid

Terpenoids

• Beta-sitosterol
• Ursolic acid
• Oleanolic acid

Tannins

• Condensed tannins
• Hydrolyzable tannins

Analytical Methods: HPLC-UV/PDA, LC-MS/MS, GC-MS (if volatile compounds), TLC

Generated for the AgeAyurveda Herb Catalogue

Vrihi {#vrihi}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Vrihi

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Madhura	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Guru, Snigdha	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Sheeta	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Madhura	Post-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Mineral/Elemental Profile

• Primary component: Mineral-derived preparation
• Note: Composition varies by specific preparation method

Analytical Methods: XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Whole grain rice, Laja (puffed rice), Tandulodaka (rice water), Peya/Manda (rice gruel)

Standard Dosage: As dietary staple; Peya: 100–200 mL during illness

Bioavailability: High glycemic index; quickly digestible; Laja is lightest form

Optimal Timing: Meals; Peya/Manda during fever and illness

Standardized Extract: Tandulodaka (rice wash water); Laja (puffed rice) for therapeutic use

Shelf Life: Aged rice (Purana Vrihi, 1+ year): preferred therapeutically; fresh: 6–12 months

Storage: Cool, dry place; protected from insects

Marker Compounds: Starch (80%), Protein (6–7%), B-vitamins, Iron, Oryzanol (in bran)

Quality Parameters: Moisture <14%, broken grains <5% (for aged rice), no aflatoxin

Vehicle (Anupana): Peya and Manda are premier vehicles during illness (Langhana therapy)

Vyoshadi Vati {#vyoshadi-vati}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Vyoshadi Vati

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Katu	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Laghu, Tikshna	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Ushna	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Katu	Post-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Mineral/Elemental Profile

• Primary component: Mineral-derived preparation
• Note: Composition varies by specific preparation method

Analytical Methods: XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Vati (pill/tablet), Capsule

Standard Dosage: 2 tablets twice daily for throat/voice

Bioavailability: Tablet/pill form provides controlled disintegration; some vatis use honey/guggulu as bioenhancing binders

Optimal Timing: Before or after meals as indicated

Shelf Life: 2 years per ASU guidelines for vati

Storage: Airtight container, cool dry place, protected from moisture

Marker Compounds: Piperine, Gingerol, Plumbagin

Quality Parameters: Weight variation ±5%, disintegration <30 min, friability <1%, marker: Piperine, Gingerol, Plumbagin

Vehicle (Anupana): Warm water or as specified

Synergistic Combinations

• Key herbs: Trikatu, Chitraka, Musta

Women’s Health — Across Traditions {#womens-health-across-traditions}

Comparing approaches to women’s health across 5 healing traditions

• Ayurveda: 45 entries
• TCM: 24 entries
• Global: 43 entries
• Nutraceutical: 1 entries

Ayurveda Approach

• Jivanti Leptadenia reticulata (Retz.) Wight & Arn. Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Galactagogue
• Mishreya Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Galactagogue
• Vasa Adhatoda vasica Nees (syn. Justicia adhatoda L.) Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Hepatoprotective
• Aragwadha Cassia fistula L. Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Antidiabetic
• Agnikarna Gloriosa superba L. (Agnikumarika/Agnimukhi); also associated with Litsea species in some texts Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Wound Healing
• Kantakari Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad. & Wendl. (syn. S. surattense Burm. f., S. virginianum L.) Actions: Antioxidant, Bronchodilator, Anti-inflammatory
• Ashoka Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Hemostatic
• Ambasthaki Cissampelos pareira L. Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Antidiabetic
• Priyangu Callicarpa macrophylla Vahl. Actions: Antidiabetic, Anti-inflammatory, Antipyretic
• Pushyanuga Churna Actions: Wound Healing, Antimicrobial, Anti-inflammatory
• Nagarmotha Cyperus rotundus Actions: Laxative, Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory
• Kusumbha Actions: Antioxidant, Hypolipidemic, Anti-inflammatory
• Lodhra Symplocos racemosa Roxb. Actions: Antioxidant, Wound Healing, Anti-inflammatory
• Mamsarohini Actions: Wound Healing, Hepatoprotective, Anti-inflammatory
• Pradarantak Lauh Actions: Antioxidant, Rasayana, Anti-inflammatory

Yakuti Rasayana {#yakuti-rasayana}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Yakuti Rasayana

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Madhura	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Snigdha	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Sheeta	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Madhura	Post-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Mineral/Elemental Profile

• Primary component: Mercury-based preparation (Parada) with herbal processing
• Note: Restricted use — requires strict Shodhana protocols and expert supervision

Analytical Methods: AAS/ICP-MS (heavy metals), XRD, Namburi phased spot test

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Rasayana (confection), Capsule

Standard Dosage: 3-6g twice daily with milk

Bioavailability: Bhasma nanoparticles provide high bioavailability; mineral matrix enhances herb absorption

Optimal Timing: Morning on empty stomach

Shelf Life: 5 years (contains mineral bhasmas)

Storage: Airtight container, cool dry place

Marker Compounds: Gold nanoparticles, Calcium from mukta, Fulvic acid

Quality Parameters: Heavy metal limits per ASU Schedule T, Namburi test for bhasmas, assay of metallic content

Vehicle (Anupana): Warm milk with ghee

Synergistic Combinations

• Rasayana herbs with mineral bhasmas for synergistic rejuvenation