Ayurvedic concepts (M-Y)

Men’s Health & Vitality: Across Traditions {#mens-health-vitality-across-traditions}

Comparing approaches to men’s health & vitality across 5 healing traditions

• Ayurveda: 56 entries
• TCM: 3 entries
• Global: 12 entries
• Nutraceutical: 7 entries

Ayurveda Approach

• Vidarikand Pueraria tuberosa (Willd.) DC. Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Aphrodisiac
• Kharjura Phoenix dactylifera L. Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Aphrodisiac
• Giloy Satva Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers (aqueous starch extract) Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Adaptogenic
• Ajwain Trachyspermum ammi Actions: Antioxidant, Bronchodilator, Antidiabetic
• Nagabala Grewia hirsuta Vahl / Sida veronicifolia Lam. (syn. Sida veronicaefolia) Actions: Antioxidant, Aphrodisiac, Medhya (Nootropic)
• Akarakarabha Anacyclus pyrethrum (L.) Lag. Actions: Anticancer, Aphrodisiac, Wound Healing
• Danti Baliospermum montanum (Willd.) Muell.-Arg. Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Hepatoprotective
• Mochras Salmalia malabarica (DC.) Schott & Endl. (syn. Bombax ceiba L.) - resin exudate Actions: Antioxidant, Aphrodisiac, Wound Healing
• Giloy Tinospora cordifolia Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Medhya (Nootropic)
• Kapittha Limonia acidissima Groff (syn. Feronia limonia (L.) Swingle) Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Wound Healing Actions: Antioxidant, Aphrodisiac, Adaptogenic
• Guduchi Tinospora cordifolia Actions: Antioxidant, Medhya (Nootropic), Adaptogenic
• Himsra Capparis spinosa L. Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Antidiabetic
• Saffron Crocus sativus Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Aphrodisiac
• Ashoka Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Hemostatic

Mudga {#mudga}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Mudga

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Madhura, Kashaya	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Laghu, Ruksha	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Sheeta	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Madhura	Post-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Phenolics

• Vitexin
• Isovitexin
• Gallic acid

Flavonoids

• Quercetin
• Kaempferol
• Myricetin

Nutritional Profile

• Protein: 24g/100g
• Fiber: 16g/100g
• Iron: 6.7mg/100g
• Folate: 625μg/100g
• Potassium: 1246mg/100g
• Magnesium: 189mg/100g
• Phytic acid: 0.3-0.5% (antinutrient)

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Whole mung bean, Split dal, Sprouts, Yusha (medicinal soup)

Standard Dosage: As dietary: 30–50 g; Yusha: 100–200 mL

Optimal Timing: Any meal; Yusha during illness/convalescence

Storage: Cool, dry place; sprouts refrigerated

Marker Compounds: Protein (24%), Vitexin, Isovitexin, Iron, Dietary fiber

Vehicle (Anupana): Ghee; cumin-coriander seasoning for digestibility

Nag Bhasma {#nag-bhasma}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Nag Bhasma

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Madhura, Tikta	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Guru	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Ushna	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Katu	Post-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Mineral/Elemental Profile

• Lead oxide (PbO): Major component (traditionally)
• Note: Contains heavy metals, restricted use; modern preparations use purification (Shodhana) to reduce toxicity

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Bhasma

Standard Dosage: 30–60 mg (lead preparation, strict dosing)

Optimal Timing: As directed by experienced physician; with specific anupana only

Storage: Airtight, labeled container; restricted drug storage

Marker Compounds: Lead oxide (PbO), Lead sulfide traces

Vehicle (Anupana): As part of specific formulations only; honey or ghee

Narikela Lavana {#narikela-lavana}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Narikela Lavana

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Lavana, Madhura	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Laghu	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Sheeta	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Madhura	Post-digestive effect

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Lavana (medicated salt)

Standard Dosage: 1–3 g with warm water before meals

Optimal Timing: Before meals with warm water or buttermilk

Storage: Airtight container; moisture-protected

Marker Compounds: Sodium chloride, Potassium carbonate (from coconut ash), Coconut carbon, Trace minerals

Vehicle (Anupana): Warm water or buttermilk

Navakarshika Churna {#navakarshika-churna}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Navakarshika Churna

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Tikta, Kashaya	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Laghu, Ruksha	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Sheeta	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Katu	Post-digestive effect

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Churna (fine powder), Capsule, Tablet

Standard Dosage: 3-6g twice daily

Optimal Timing: Before meals

Storage: Airtight container, cool dry place, protected from moisture

Marker Compounds: Gallic acid, Tinosporin, Berberine

Vehicle (Anupana): Warm water

Synergistic Combinations

• With Warm water as vehicle for enhanced absorption

Navaneeta {#navaneeta}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Navaneeta

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Madhura	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Snigdha	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Sheeta	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Madhura	Post-digestive effect

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Fresh butter, Medicated butter

Standard Dosage: 5–10 g

Optimal Timing: With meals

Storage: Refrigerated at 4°C

Marker Compounds: Milk fat (80%+), Fat-soluble vitamins, Short-chain fatty acids

Vehicle (Anupana): Used fresh for Pitta and bleeding disorders; base for ghee production

Nimba Taila {#nimba-taila}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Nimba Taila

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Tikta	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Laghu	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Sheeta	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Katu	Post-digestive effect

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Thailam (medicated sesame oil), External application

Standard Dosage: External application for skin conditions

Optimal Timing: External: before bath or at bedtime. Internal: before meals

Storage: Airtight amber glass/HDPE container, room temperature, protected from light

Marker Compounds: Azadirachtin, Nimbin, Nimbidin

Vehicle (Anupana): External: massage into affected area. Internal: with warm water/milk

Synergistic Combinations

• Key herbs: Nimba (neem) leaves and bark; oil base acts as lipid carrier for enhanced tissue penetration

Nimbadi Churna {#nimbadi-churna}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Nimbadi Churna

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Tikta	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Laghu, Ruksha	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Sheeta	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Katu	Post-digestive effect

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Churna (fine powder), Capsule, Tablet

Standard Dosage: 3-6g twice daily

Optimal Timing: Before meals

Storage: Airtight container, cool dry place, protected from moisture

Marker Compounds: Azadirachtin, Curcumin, Gallic acid

Vehicle (Anupana): Warm water

Synergistic Combinations

• With Warm water as vehicle for enhanced absorption

Nirgundi Ghana Vati {#nirgundi-ghana-vati}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Nirgundi Ghana Vati

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Tikta, Katu	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Laghu, Ruksha	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Ushna	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Katu	Post-digestive effect

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Vati (pill/tablet), Capsule

Standard Dosage: 2 tablets thrice daily

Optimal Timing: Before or after meals as indicated

Storage: Airtight container, cool dry place, protected from moisture

Marker Compounds: Casticin, Agnuside, Vitexin

Vehicle (Anupana): Warm water or as specified

Synergistic Combinations

• Key herbs: Nirgundi (Vitex negundo) aqueous extract, concentrated (ghana)

Nirgundi Taila {#nirgundi-taila}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Nirgundi Taila

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Tikta, Katu	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Laghu, Ruksha	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Ushna	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Katu	Post-digestive effect

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Thailam (medicated sesame oil), External application

Standard Dosage: External massage for joint pain

Optimal Timing: External: before bath or at bedtime. Internal: before meals

Storage: Airtight amber glass/HDPE container, room temperature, protected from light

Marker Compounds: Casticin, Agnuside

Vehicle (Anupana): External: massage into affected area. Internal: with warm water/milk

Synergistic Combinations

• Key herbs: Nirgundi (Vitex negundo); oil base acts as lipid carrier for enhanced tissue penetration

Panchamla Thailam {#panchamla-thailam}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Panchamla Thailam

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Amla	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Snigdha, Tikshna	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Ushna	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Amla	Post-digestive effect

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Thailam (medicated sesame oil), External application

Standard Dosage: External application for Vata disorders

Optimal Timing: External: before bath or at bedtime. Internal: before meals

Storage: Airtight amber glass/HDPE container, room temperature, protected from light

Marker Compounds: Citric acid, Gallic acid

Vehicle (Anupana): External: massage into affected area. Internal: with warm water/milk

Synergistic Combinations

• Key herbs: 5 sour substances: Amla, Dadima, Changeri, Bijapura, Matulunga; oil base acts as lipid carrier for enhanced tissue penetration

Panchavalkala Kwath {#panchavalkala-kwath}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Panchavalkala Kwath

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Kashaya	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Ruksha	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Sheeta	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Katu	Post-digestive effect

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Kashayam (decoction), Kashayam tablet, Concentrated liquid

Standard Dosage: For external wash: 50-100ml

Optimal Timing: Before meals, typically morning and evening

Storage: Fresh: refrigerate, use within 24h. Tablet/liquid: cool dry place, airtight

Marker Compounds: Tannins, Flavonoids

Vehicle (Anupana): Warm, usually taken on empty stomach

Synergistic Combinations

• Classical combination of 5 barks: Vata, Udumbara, Ashwattha, Plaksha, Parisha provides synergistic therapeutic effect

Parpatakarishta {#parpatakarishta}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Parpatakarishta

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Tikta	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Laghu	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Sheeta	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Katu	Post-digestive effect

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Arishta/Asava (fermented liquid), Syrup (modern adaptation)

Standard Dosage: 15-30ml with equal water

Optimal Timing: After meals, twice daily

Storage: Room temperature, tightly sealed, away from direct sunlight. Do not refrigerate.

Marker Compounds: Fumarine, Protopine

Vehicle (Anupana): Equal quantity of water after meals

Synergistic Combinations

• Key herbs: Parpataka (Fumaria), Dhataki, Guda; fermentation creates unique metabolite profile with enhanced therapeutic activity

Patolamuladi Kwath {#patolamuladi-kwath}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Patolamuladi Kwath

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Tikta	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Laghu	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Sheeta	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Katu	Post-digestive effect

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Kashayam (decoction), Kashayam tablet, Concentrated liquid

Standard Dosage: 40-80ml twice daily

Optimal Timing: Before meals, typically morning and evening

Storage: Fresh: refrigerate, use within 24h. Tablet/liquid: cool dry place, airtight

Marker Compounds: Cucurbitacin B, Kutkin, Tinosporin

Vehicle (Anupana): Warm, usually taken on empty stomach

Synergistic Combinations

• Classical combination of Patola, Katuki, Guduchi, Nimba provides synergistic therapeutic effect

Phala Kalyana Ghrita {#phala-kalyana-ghrita}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Phala Kalyana Ghrita

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Madhura	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Guru, Snigdha	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Sheeta	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Madhura	Post-digestive effect

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Ghrita (medicated ghee), Capsule (for convenience)

Standard Dosage: 12-24ml with milk for fertility

Optimal Timing: Before meals on empty stomach for best absorption

Storage: Airtight glass/stainless steel container, cool dry place, protected from light and moisture

Marker Compounds: Shatavarin, Withaferin A

Vehicle (Anupana): Warm water or warm milk

Synergistic Combinations

• Key herbs: Kashmari, Brihati, Shalaparni, fertility herbs + milk; ghee enhances tissue penetration (yogavahi property)

Phalatrikadi Kwath {#phalatrikadi-kwath}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Phalatrikadi Kwath

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Tikta, Kashaya	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Laghu, Ruksha	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Sheeta	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Katu	Post-digestive effect

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Kashayam (decoction), Kashayam tablet, Concentrated liquid

Standard Dosage: 40-80ml twice daily

Optimal Timing: Before meals, typically morning and evening

Storage: Fresh: refrigerate, use within 24h. Tablet/liquid: cool dry place, airtight

Marker Compounds: Gallic acid, Tinosporin

Vehicle (Anupana): Warm, usually taken on empty stomach

Synergistic Combinations

• Classical combination of Triphala, Guduchi, Musta provides synergistic therapeutic effect

Phanita {#phanita}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Phanita

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Madhura	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Guru	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Ushna	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Madhura	Post-digestive effect

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Semi-solid jaggery syrup, Vehicle for formulations

Standard Dosage: 5–15 mL as vehicle

Optimal Timing: With formulations as directed

Storage: Cool, dry place; airtight container

Marker Compounds: Sucrose, Glucose, Fructose, Iron, Minerals

Vehicle (Anupana): Sweet vehicle for Vata-pacifying and nutritive formulations

Pitta Balancing Herbs {#pitta-balancing}

28 herbs + 6 formulations that pacify Pitta

Single Herbs (28)

• Chandana, Santalum album L.
• Coriander
• Coriander Herb
• Dhataki
• Durva
• Gambhari Phala, Gmelina arborea Roxb.
• Hrivera
• Ikshu
• Jati
• Kamala, Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.
• Kumbhika
• Kumud
• Kumuda
• Madayantika
• Nagakesara
• Palankya, Spinacia oleracea L.
• Rohisha
• Saffron, Crocus sativus
• Saireyaka
• Sariva, Hemidesmus indicus
• Sharapunkha
• Shrigataka, Trapa natans L. (syn. Trapa bispinosa Roxb.)
• Taruni
• Trapusha
• Triphala Herbs
• Ushira, Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash (syn. Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty)
• Utpala
• Yashtimadhu

Classical Formulations (6)

• Coconut Oil Narikela Taila
• Himasagara Thailam
• Kalyanaka Ghritam
• Kushmanda Khanda
• Panchatikta Ghrita
• Srikhandasava

Other Preparations (10)

• Akika Pishti
• Coconut Oil
• Godanti Bhasma
• Laghu Sutshekhar Ras
• Mukta Pishti
• Panna Pishti
• Pravala Pishti
• Shankha Bhasma
• Sita
• Tapyadi Loha

See Also

• Vata-Balancing Herbs

Prabhakar Vati {#prabhakar-vati}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Prabhakar Vati

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Madhura, Kashaya	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Guru	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Sheeta	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Madhura	Post-digestive effect

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Vati (pill/tablet), Capsule

Standard Dosage: 2 tablets twice daily for cardiac health

Optimal Timing: Before or after meals as indicated

Storage: Airtight container, cool dry place, protected from moisture

Marker Compounds: Arjunolic acid, Fulvic acid, Guggulsterones

Vehicle (Anupana): Warm water or as specified

Synergistic Combinations

• Key herbs: Arjuna, Shilajit, Guggulu, minerals

Rajamasha {#rajamasha}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Rajamasha

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Madhura, Kashaya	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Guru, Ruksha	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Sheeta	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Katu	Post-digestive effect

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Whole bean, Cooked dal

Standard Dosage: As dietary: 30–50 g cooked

Optimal Timing: Lunch

Storage: Cool, dry place

Marker Compounds: Protein (22%), Phaseolin, Iron, Dietary fiber

Rajapravartini Vati {#rajapravartini-vati}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Rajapravartini Vati

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Katu, Tikta	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Tikshna	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Ushna	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Katu	Post-digestive effect

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Vati (pill/tablet), Capsule

Standard Dosage: 1-2 tablets twice daily

Optimal Timing: Before or after meals as indicated

Storage: Airtight container, cool dry place, protected from moisture

Marker Compounds: Ferrous compounds, Aloin

Vehicle (Anupana): Warm water or as specified

Synergistic Combinations

• Key herbs: Kasis bhasma, Hingu, Tankan, Aloe

Rasnadi Kwath {#rasnadi-kwath}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Rasnadi Kwath

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Tikta	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Guru	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Ushna	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Katu	Post-digestive effect

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Kashayam (decoction), Kashayam tablet, Concentrated liquid

Standard Dosage: 40-80ml twice daily

Optimal Timing: Before meals, typically morning and evening

Storage: Fresh: refrigerate, use within 24h. Tablet/liquid: cool dry place, airtight

Marker Compounds: Isorasnol, Tinosporin

Vehicle (Anupana): Warm, usually taken on empty stomach

Synergistic Combinations

• Classical combination of Rasna, Guduchi, Devadaru, Eranda mula provides synergistic therapeutic effect

Rasnairandadi Kwath {#rasnairandadi-kwath}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Rasnairandadi Kwath

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Tikta, Madhura	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Guru	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Ushna	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Madhura	Post-digestive effect

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Kashayam (decoction), Kashayam tablet, Concentrated liquid

Standard Dosage: 40-80ml twice daily for rheumatic conditions

Optimal Timing: Before meals, typically morning and evening

Storage: Fresh: refrigerate, use within 24h. Tablet/liquid: cool dry place, airtight

Marker Compounds: Isorasnol, Ricinoleic acid

Vehicle (Anupana): Warm, usually taken on empty stomach

Synergistic Combinations

• Classical combination of Rasna, Eranda, Guduchi, Devadaru, Dashamoola provides synergistic therapeutic effect

Respiratory Health: Across Traditions {#respiratory-health-across-traditions}

Comparing approaches to respiratory health across 5 healing traditions

• Ayurveda: 118 entries
• TCM: 103 entries
• Global: 105 entries
• Nutraceutical: 5 entries

Ayurveda Approach

• Ajwain Trachyspermum ammi Actions: Antioxidant, Bronchodilator, Antidiabetic
• Pippali Moola Piper longum L. (root) Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Bronchodilator
• Shati Hedychium spicatum Buch.-Ham. ex Sm. Actions: Antioxidant, Bronchodilator, Antidiabetic
• Pudina Mentha spicata Actions: Antioxidant, Bronchodilator, Antidiabetic
• Bijapura Citrus medica L. Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Antidiabetic
• Vasa Adhatoda vasica Nees (syn. Justicia adhatoda L.) Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Hepatoprotective
• Laung Syzygium aromaticum Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Antitumor
• Devadaru Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex D.Don) G.Don Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Bronchodilator
• Kapittha Limonia acidissima Groff (syn. Feronia limonia (L.) Swingle) Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Wound Healing
• Mahasudarshan Churna Actions: Antioxidant, Hepatoprotective, Bronchodilator
• Bhadra Aerva lanata (L.) Juss. ex Schult. Actions: Antioxidant, Hepatoprotective, Bronchodilator
• Chandrashura Lepidium sativum L. Actions: Antioxidant, Galactagogue, Antidiabetic
• Kulattha Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc. (syn. Dolichos biflorus L.) Actions: Antioxidant, Bronchodilator, Antidiabetic
• Pushkarmool Inula racemosa Hook. f. Actions: Anticancer, Hepatoprotective, Bronchodilator
• Vanapsa Viola odorata L. Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Diuretic

Samudra Phena {#samudra-phena}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Samudra Phena

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Kashaya	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Laghu, Ruksha	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Sheeta	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Katu	Post-digestive effect

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Bhasma, Churna, External paste

Standard Dosage: 250–500 mg internally; external: as needed

Optimal Timing: With meals for better calcium absorption

Storage: Dry, airtight container

Marker Compounds: Calcium carbonate (85–90%), Chitin, Trace minerals

Vehicle (Anupana): Honey or warm water

Sarshapa Taila {#sarshapa-taila}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Sarshapa Taila

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Katu	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Tikshna, Snigdha	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Ushna	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Katu	Post-digestive effect

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Thailam (medicated mustard oil), External application

Standard Dosage: External massage for pain

Optimal Timing: External: before bath or at bedtime. Internal: before meals

Storage: Airtight amber glass/HDPE container, room temperature, protected from light

Marker Compounds: Allyl isothiocyanate, Erucic acid

Vehicle (Anupana): External: massage into affected area. Internal: with warm water/milk

Synergistic Combinations

• Key herbs: Sarshapa (mustard) base with herbs; oil base acts as lipid carrier for enhanced tissue penetration

Satavari Ghrita {#satavari-ghrita}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Satavari Ghrita

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Madhura	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Guru, Snigdha	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Sheeta	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Madhura	Post-digestive effect

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Ghrita (medicated ghee), Capsule (for convenience)

Standard Dosage: 12-24ml with warm milk for reproductive health

Optimal Timing: Before meals on empty stomach for best absorption

Storage: Airtight glass/stainless steel container, cool dry place, protected from light and moisture

Marker Compounds: Shatavarin IV, Glycyrrhizin

Vehicle (Anupana): Warm water or warm milk

Synergistic Combinations

• Key herbs: Shatavari, Yashtimadhu, Ashwagandha; ghee enhances tissue penetration (yogavahi property)

Satina {#satina}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Satina

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Madhura, Kashaya	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Laghu, Ruksha	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Sheeta	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Madhura	Post-digestive effect

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Churna (powder), Kwatha (decoction), Vati (tablet), Capsule, Lepa (external paste)

Standard Dosage: 3-5 g powder per day; 50-100 mL kwatha twice daily; 500-1000 mg extract capsule twice daily

Optimal Timing: After meals with warm water or milk; morning and evening doses

Storage: Store below 25 deg C in airtight containers, protected from light and moisture. RH <60%.

Marker Compounds: Beta-sitosterol, Stigmasterol, Oleanolic acid, Gallic acid

Synergistic Combinations

• Shatavari (general tonic synergy)
• Ashwagandha (adaptogenic combinations)
• Vidari (nourishing and Brihana formulations)

Sesame Oil {#sesame-oil}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Sesame Oil

What is it made of?

Key Active Markers

• Derived from constituent herbs (see individual herb profiles)
• Standardized on primary bioactive markers

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Cold-pressed oil (Tila Taila), Medicated oils, External application

Standard Dosage: 5–15 mL orally; external: as needed for Abhyanga

Optimal Timing: External: morning Abhyanga; oral: with meals

Storage: Cool, dark place; amber glass preferred

Marker Compounds: Sesamin, Sesamolin, Sesamol, Linoleic acid (40–48%), Oleic acid (35–43%), Vitamin E

Vehicle (Anupana): Premier oil vehicle (Taila) in Ayurveda; base for >300 medicated oils

Stability Notes

Natural sesamol and sesaminol provide excellent oxidative stability. Shelf life superior to most vegetable oils

Shaka {#shaka}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Shaka

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Kashaya	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Laghu, Ruksha	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Sheeta	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Katu	Post-digestive effect

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Churna (powder), Kwatha (decoction), Vati (tablet), Capsule, Phanita (syrup)

Standard Dosage: 3-6 g powder per day; 50-100 mL kwatha twice daily; 500-1000 mg extract capsule twice daily

Optimal Timing: After meals with warm water; morning and evening dosing schedule

Storage: Store below 25 deg C in airtight containers, protected from light and moisture.

Marker Compounds: Gallic acid, Beta-sitosterol, Quercetin, Tannins (total)

Synergistic Combinations

• Guduchi (immunomodulatory combinations)
• Haritaki (digestive and mild laxative formulations)
• Amalaki (antioxidant synergy)

Shallaki Herb {#shallaki-herb}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Shallaki_Herb

What is it made of?

Key Active Markers

• Derived from constituent herbs (see individual herb profiles)
• Standardized on primary bioactive markers

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Kwatha (decoction), Churna (powder), Capsule, Taila (medicated oil), Lepa (external paste)

Standard Dosage: 3-6 g bark/leaf powder per day; 50-100 mL kwatha twice daily; 500-1000 mg extract capsule twice daily

Optimal Timing: After meals with warm water; traditionally used as part of multi-herb kwatha formulations

Storage: Store below 25 deg C in airtight containers, protected from light and moisture.

Marker Compounds: Gallic acid, Ellagic acid, Beta-sitosterol, Incensole, Lupeol

Synergistic Combinations

• Guggulu (Yogaraj Guggulu-type formulations)
• Shunthi (anti-inflammatory and analgesic combination)
• Eranda (Vatahara, anti-rheumatic formulations)
• Nirgundi (external pain relief preparations)

Shankha Vati {#shankha-vati}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Shankha Vati

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Lavana, Amla	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Laghu, Tikshna	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Ushna	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Katu	Post-digestive effect

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Vati (pill/tablet), Capsule

Standard Dosage: 1-2 tablets after meals

Optimal Timing: Before or after meals as indicated

Storage: Airtight container, cool dry place, protected from moisture

Marker Compounds: Calcium carbonate, Piperine, Gingerol

Vehicle (Anupana): Warm water or as specified

Synergistic Combinations

• Key herbs: Shankha bhasma, Shunthi, Maricha, Pippali, Hingu

Shringyadi Churna {#shringyadi-churna}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Shringyadi Churna

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Kashaya, Tikta	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Laghu	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Ushna	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Katu	Post-digestive effect

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Churna (fine powder), Capsule, Tablet

Standard Dosage: 1-3g with honey for children

Optimal Timing: Before meals

Storage: Airtight container, cool dry place, protected from moisture

Marker Compounds: Pistacienoic acid, Piperine

Vehicle (Anupana): Warm water or honey

Synergistic Combinations

• With Warm water or honey as vehicle for enhanced absorption

Shuddha Guggulu {#shuddha-guggulu}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Shuddha Guggulu

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Tikta, Katu	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Laghu, Tikshna	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Ushna	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Katu	Post-digestive effect

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Vati (pill/tablet), Capsule

Standard Dosage: 250-500mg twice daily

Optimal Timing: After meals, twice daily

Storage: Airtight container, cool dry place; guggulu preparations are hygroscopic

Marker Compounds: Guggulsterone Z, Guggulsterone E

Vehicle (Anupana): Warm water

Synergistic Combinations

• Key herbs: Purified guggulu resin only; guggulu potentiates anti-inflammatory and hypolipidemic actions

Sita {#sita}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Sita

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Madhura	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Guru, Snigdha	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Sheeta	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Madhura	Post-digestive effect

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Mishri (rock candy), Powdered sugar candy, Vehicle in formulations

Standard Dosage: 3–10 g as vehicle; as adjuvant in formulations

Optimal Timing: Post-meal for digestive aid; as directed in formulations

Storage: Dry, airtight container; moisture-sensitive

Marker Compounds: Sucrose (>99%), Trace minerals from traditional preparation

Vehicle (Anupana): Cooling sweet vehicle; used with Pitta-shamaka formulations, Sharbats, and eye preparations (Netra Prakshalana)

Skin & Beauty: Across Traditions {#skin-beauty-across-traditions}

Comparing approaches to skin & beauty across 5 healing traditions

• Ayurveda: 163 entries
• TCM: 28 entries
• Global: 164 entries
• Nutraceutical: 17 entries

Ayurveda Approach

• Vidarikand Pueraria tuberosa (Willd.) DC. Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Aphrodisiac
• Jatamansi Actions: Antioxidant, Nootropic, Medhya (Nootropic)
• Madhuka Madhuca longifolia (J.Koenig ex L.) J.F.Macbr. Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Galactagogue
• Gokarna Clitoria ternatea L. (same species as Aparajita; Gokarna is a regional Ayurvedic synonym) Actions: Antioxidant, Wound Healing, Nootropic
• Pudina Mentha spicata Actions: Antioxidant, Bronchodilator, Antidiabetic
• Amlaparni Oxalis corniculata L. Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Wound Healing
• Danti Baliospermum montanum (Willd.) Muell.-Arg. Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Hepatoprotective
• Laung Syzygium aromaticum Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Antitumor
• Devadaru Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex D.Don) G.Don Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Bronchodilator
• Narikela Cocos nucifera L. Actions: Antioxidant, Hepatoprotective, Wound Healing
• Aivana Salvia officinalis L. Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Wound Healing
• Aragwadha Cassia fistula L. Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Antidiabetic
• Tanduliyaka Amaranthus spinosus L. Actions: Antioxidant, Hepatoprotective, Wound Healing
• Shrigataka Trapa natans L. (syn. Trapa bispinosa Roxb.) Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Antidiabetic
• Ushira Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash (syn. Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty) Actions: Antioxidant, Wound Healing, Nootropic

Somaraji Taila {#somaraji-taila}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Somaraji Taila

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Tikta	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Tikshna	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Ushna	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Katu	Post-digestive effect

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Thailam (medicated sesame oil), External application

Standard Dosage: External for skin conditions (leukoderma)

Optimal Timing: External: before bath or at bedtime. Internal: before meals

Storage: Airtight amber glass/HDPE container, room temperature, protected from light

Marker Compounds: Psoralen, Isopsoralen, Karanjin

Vehicle (Anupana): External: massage into affected area. Internal: with warm water/milk

Synergistic Combinations

• Key herbs: Bakuchi (Psoralea corylifolia), Karanja; oil base acts as lipid carrier for enhanced tissue penetration

Suranjana {#suranjana}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Suranjana

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Tikta, Katu	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Laghu, Tikshna	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Ushna	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Katu	Post-digestive effect

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Churna, External paste (Lepa)

Standard Dosage: 1–3 g internally; external: paste application

Optimal Timing: With warm water or castor oil for joint conditions

Storage: Cool, dry place; light-protected

Marker Compounds: Colchicine, Colchicoside, Luteoline

Vehicle (Anupana): Warm water, Eranda Taila (castor oil), or Dashamula Kwatha

Sutra Neti ThreadCatheter {#sutra-neti-threadcatheter}

A waxed cotton thread or rubber catheter inserted through the nostril and pulled out through the mouth, used for deep nasal passage cleansing. More advanced than Jala Neti.

Where is it described in the classical texts?

Hatha Yoga Pradipika Chapter 2; Gheranda Samhita. Described as one of the six Shatkarmas.

How is it used traditionally?

Deep nasal cleansing, removal of chronic nasal blockages, preparation for advanced Pranayama, stimulation of Ajna chakra region.

Traditional materials

• Waxed cotton thread (Sutra)
• Rubber catheter (modern)

Modern variants

• Medical-grade silicone nasal catheters
• Disposable sutra neti tubes

Regulatory status

• India (CDSCO): Rubber catheters fall under Class A/B medical devices.
• US (FDA): Nasal catheters are FDA-regulated Class I/II medical devices.
• EU (MDR): Classified under Class I or IIa depending on material and duration of use.

Svalpa Khadiradi Vati {#svalpa-khadiradi-vati}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Svalpa Khadiradi Vati

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Kashaya, Tikta	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Ruksha	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Sheeta	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Katu	Post-digestive effect

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Vati (pill/tablet), Capsule

Standard Dosage: 1-2 tablets to dissolve in mouth

Optimal Timing: Before or after meals as indicated

Storage: Airtight container, cool dry place, protected from moisture

Marker Compounds: Catechin, Epicatechin

Vehicle (Anupana): Warm water or as specified

Synergistic Combinations

• Key herbs: Khadira (Acacia catechu), Javitri, Karpura, Ela

Swarnamakshika {#swarnamakshika}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Swarnamakshika

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Tikta, Kashaya	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Laghu	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Ushna	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Katu	Post-digestive effect

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Bhasma

Standard Dosage: 125–250 mg twice daily

Optimal Timing: With honey or Triphala Kwatha after meals

Storage: Airtight container

Marker Compounds: Iron oxide, Copper oxide, Sulfur compounds

Vehicle (Anupana): Honey, Triphala Kwatha, or Guduchi Swarasa

Tila Taila {#tila-taila}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Tila Taila

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Madhura	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Guru, Snigdha	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Ushna	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Madhura	Post-digestive effect

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Thailam (medicated sesame oil), External application

Standard Dosage: Massage: liberal; Internal: 5-15ml

Optimal Timing: External: before bath or at bedtime. Internal: before meals

Storage: Airtight amber glass/HDPE container, room temperature, protected from light

Marker Compounds: Sesamin, Sesamolin, Sesamol

Vehicle (Anupana): External: massage into affected area. Internal: with warm water/milk

Synergistic Combinations

• Key herbs: Pure Tila (sesame), base oil for many preparations; oil base acts as lipid carrier for enhanced tissue penetration

Tortoise shaped Apparatus {#tortoise-shaped-apparatus}

A shallow, tortoise-shell-shaped earthen vessel used for slow evaporation and controlled heating of liquids at low temperatures. Named for its resemblance to a tortoise (Kachchapa).

Where is it described in the classical texts?

Rasaratna Samuchaya; Rasa Tarangini.

How is it used traditionally?

Slow evaporation, gentle drying, and low-temperature processing of sensitive Rasaushadhi preparations.

Traditional materials

• Earthenware (Mrittika)

Modern variants

• Flat evaporating dishes
• Porcelain evaporating basins

Regulatory status

• India (CDSCO): Not classified as a medical device.
• US (FDA): Not regulated as a medical device.
• EU (MDR): Not classified as a medical device.

Tuttha {#tuttha}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Tuttha

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Kashaya, Katu	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Laghu, Tikshna	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Ushna	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Katu	Post-digestive effect

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Shuddha Tuttha (purified copper sulfate), External application

Standard Dosage: 30–60 mg internally (strict); external: collyrium/eye drops

Optimal Timing: As directed; primarily external use in modern practice

Storage: Airtight container; avoid moisture

Marker Compounds: Copper sulfate (CuSO4·5H2O), Copper ions

Vehicle (Anupana): Honey (internal); rose water (external eye preparations)

Ushiradi Churna {#ushiradi-churna}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Ushiradi Churna

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Tikta, Madhura	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Laghu	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Sheeta	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Madhura	Post-digestive effect

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Churna (fine powder), Capsule, Tablet

Standard Dosage: 3-6g twice daily

Optimal Timing: After meals for pitta conditions

Storage: Airtight container, cool dry place, protected from moisture

Marker Compounds: Vetiverol, Santalol

Vehicle (Anupana): Cold water or sugar water

Synergistic Combinations

• With Cold water or sugar water as vehicle for enhanced absorption

Ushtra Dugdha {#ushtra-dugdha}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Ushtra Dugdha

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Lavana, Madhura	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Laghu, Ruksha	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Ushna	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Katu	Post-digestive effect

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Fresh camel milk, Dried camel milk powder

Standard Dosage: 100–250 mL daily

Optimal Timing: Morning, empty stomach for diabetes management

Storage: Fresh: refrigerated; powder: cool, dry place

Marker Compounds: Insulin-like proteins, Lactoferrin, Immunoglobulins, Vitamin C

Vehicle (Anupana): Used in Madhumeha (diabetes) and autoimmune conditions

Vacha Taila {#vacha-taila}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Vacha Taila

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Katu, Tikta	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Laghu, Tikshna	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Ushna	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Katu	Post-digestive effect

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Thailam (medicated sesame oil), External application

Standard Dosage: Nasya: 2-4 drops; External: scalp massage

Optimal Timing: External: before bath or at bedtime. Internal: before meals

Storage: Airtight amber glass/HDPE container, room temperature, protected from light

Marker Compounds: Beta-asarone, Alpha-asarone

Vehicle (Anupana): External: massage into affected area. Internal: with warm water/milk

Synergistic Combinations

• Key herbs: Vacha (Acorus calamus); oil base acts as lipid carrier for enhanced tissue penetration

Vaiswanara Churna {#vaiswanara-churna}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Vaiswanara Churna

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Lavana, Katu	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Laghu, Tikshna	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Ushna	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Katu	Post-digestive effect

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Churna (fine powder), Capsule, Tablet

Standard Dosage: 3-6g before meals

Optimal Timing: Before meals for digestive conditions

Storage: Airtight container, cool dry place, protected from moisture

Marker Compounds: Thymol, Gingerol, Chebulagic acid

Vehicle (Anupana): Warm water

Synergistic Combinations

• With Warm water as vehicle for enhanced absorption

Vajraka Thailam {#vajraka-thailam}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Vajraka Thailam

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Katu	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Tikshna, Snigdha	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Ushna	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Katu	Post-digestive effect

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Thailam (medicated sesame oil), External application

Standard Dosage: External massage

Optimal Timing: External: before bath or at bedtime. Internal: before meals

Storage: Airtight amber glass/HDPE container, room temperature, protected from light

Marker Compounds: Sesamin

Vehicle (Anupana): External: massage into affected area. Internal: with warm water/milk

Synergistic Combinations

• Key herbs: Vajraka herbs for musculoskeletal strength; oil base acts as lipid carrier for enhanced tissue penetration

Vajrakapata Rasa {#vajrakapata-rasa}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Vajrakapata Rasa

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Kashaya	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Laghu	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Sheeta	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Madhura	Post-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Mineral/Elemental Profile

• Primary component: Mercury-based preparation (Parada) with herbal processing
• Note: Restricted use, requires strict Shodhana protocols and expert supervision

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Vati

Standard Dosage: 125 mg twice daily

Optimal Timing: With honey or specific herbal vehicles

Storage: Airtight container

Marker Compounds: Mercury sulfide, Iron oxide, Herbal nervine compounds

Vehicle (Anupana): Honey, Brahmi Swarasa, or as directed

Varunadi Kwath {#varunadi-kwath}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Varunadi Kwath

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Tikta, Kashaya	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Laghu, Ruksha	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Ushna	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Katu	Post-digestive effect

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Kashayam (decoction), Kashayam tablet, Concentrated liquid

Standard Dosage: 40-80ml twice daily

Optimal Timing: Before meals, typically morning and evening

Storage: Fresh: refrigerate, use within 24h. Tablet/liquid: cool dry place, airtight

Marker Compounds: Lupeol, Punarnavine

Vehicle (Anupana): Warm, usually taken on empty stomach

Synergistic Combinations

• Classical combination of Varuna, Punarnava, Gokshura, Pashanbheda provides synergistic therapeutic effect

Vata Balancing Herbs {#vata-balancing}

10 herbs + 6 formulations that pacify Vata

Single Herbs (10)

• Eranda Moola
• Eranda Patra, Ricinus communis L. (leaves)
• Kharjura, Phoenix dactylifera L.
• Lasuna Ksheerapaka
• Nagabala, Grewia hirsuta Vahl / Sida veronicifolia Lam. (syn. Sida veronicaefolia)
• Triphala Herbs
• Vathada
• Vidari
• Vidarikand, Pueraria tuberosa (Willd.) DC.
• Vriddhadaru

Classical Formulations (6)

• Dashmool Dashmoolarishta
• Dhanwantaram Thailam
• Indukantham Ghritam
• Mahayograj Guggul
• Narayana Thailam
• Sukumaram Ghritam

Other Preparations (2)

• Phanita
• Vatagajankush Rasa

See Also

• Pitta-Balancing Herbs

Venesection Instruments Blood Letting Blades {#venesection-instruments-blood-letting-blades}

Sharp instruments specifically designed for Siravyadha (venipuncture/venesection) - controlled blood-letting from specific veins. Different blade shapes for different body locations.

Where is it described in the classical texts?

Sushruta Samhita Sutrasthana Chapter 14; Sharira Sthana Chapter 8 describes specific veins (Sira) for blood-letting at different body locations.

How is it used traditionally?

Therapeutic venesection for Pitta-Rakta disorders, hypertension, skin diseases, gout, liver disorders, and conditions requiring systemic blood purification.

Traditional materials

• Steel blades (Kushapatra Shastra - lancet)
• Vrihimukha Shastra (fine-point blade)

Modern variants

• Sterile disposable lancets
• Phlebotomy needles
• Blood-letting lancets

Regulatory status

• India (CDSCO): Lancets and phlebotomy needles are Class A/B medical devices under CDSCO MDR 2017.
• US (FDA): Blood lancets are Class I/II medical devices (various product codes).
• EU (MDR): Class IIa medical devices under EU MDR.

Vidaryadi Kashayam {#vidaryadi-kashayam}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Vidaryadi Kashayam

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Madhura	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Guru	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Sheeta	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Madhura	Post-digestive effect

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Kashayam (decoction), Kashayam tablet, Concentrated liquid

Standard Dosage: 40-80ml twice daily

Optimal Timing: Before meals, typically morning and evening

Storage: Fresh: refrigerate, use within 24h. Tablet/liquid: cool dry place, airtight

Marker Compounds: Puerarin, Shatavarin

Vehicle (Anupana): Warm, usually taken on empty stomach

Synergistic Combinations

• Classical combination of Vidari, Shatavari, Ashwagandha, Bala provides synergistic therapeutic effect

Vidaryadyasava {#vidaryadyasava}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Vidaryadyasava

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Madhura, Tikta	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Guru	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Sheeta	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Madhura	Post-digestive effect

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Arishta/Asava (fermented liquid), Syrup (modern adaptation)

Standard Dosage: 15-30ml with equal water for nutritive support

Optimal Timing: After meals, twice daily

Storage: Room temperature, tightly sealed, away from direct sunlight. Do not refrigerate.

Marker Compounds: Puerarin, Shatavarin

Vehicle (Anupana): Equal quantity of water after meals

Synergistic Combinations

• Key herbs: Vidari, Shatavari, Guduchi, Dhataki; fermentation creates unique metabolite profile with enhanced therapeutic activity

Vidhyadhara Apparatus Specialized Distillation {#vidhyadhara-apparatus-specialized-distillation}

A specialized distillation apparatus consisting of multiple pots arranged for complex distillation procedures, named after the celestial Vidhyadhara beings. Used for advanced Rasashastra preparations.

Where is it described in the classical texts?

Rasaratna Samuchaya; Rasa Tarangini.

How is it used traditionally?

Complex distillation and sublimation of mercury compounds and other volatile metallic preparations.

Traditional materials

• Multiple earthen pots
• Metal connecting tubes
• Mud-cloth sealing

Modern variants

• Multi-stage glass distillation apparatus

Regulatory status

• India (CDSCO): Pharmaceutical equipment under AYUSH GMP.
• US (FDA): Subject to cGMP requirements.
• EU (MDR): Not classified as a medical device.

Vite React Shadcn Ts {#vite-react-shadcn-ts}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Vite_React_Shadcn_Ts

What is it made of?

Flavonoids

• Quercetin
• Kaempferol
• Rutin

Phenolic Acids

• Gallic acid
• Caffeic acid
• Chlorogenic acid

Terpenoids

• Beta-sitosterol
• Ursolic acid
• Oleanolic acid

Tannins

• Condensed tannins
• Hydrolyzable tannins

Vrihi {#vrihi}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Vrihi

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Madhura	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Guru, Snigdha	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Sheeta	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Madhura	Post-digestive effect

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Whole grain rice, Laja (puffed rice), Tandulodaka (rice water), Peya/Manda (rice gruel)

Standard Dosage: As dietary staple; Peya: 100–200 mL during illness

Optimal Timing: Meals; Peya/Manda during fever and illness

Storage: Cool, dry place; protected from insects

Marker Compounds: Starch (80%), Protein (6–7%), B-vitamins, Iron, Oryzanol (in bran)

Vehicle (Anupana): Peya and Manda are premier vehicles during illness (Langhana therapy)

Vyoshadi Vati {#vyoshadi-vati}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Vyoshadi Vati

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Katu	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Laghu, Tikshna	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Ushna	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Katu	Post-digestive effect

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Vati (pill/tablet), Capsule

Standard Dosage: 2 tablets twice daily for throat/voice

Optimal Timing: Before or after meals as indicated

Storage: Airtight container, cool dry place, protected from moisture

Marker Compounds: Piperine, Gingerol, Plumbagin

Vehicle (Anupana): Warm water or as specified

Synergistic Combinations

• Key herbs: Trikatu, Chitraka, Musta

Women’s Health: Across Traditions {#womens-health-across-traditions}

Comparing approaches to women’s health across 5 healing traditions

• Ayurveda: 45 entries
• TCM: 24 entries
• Global: 43 entries
• Nutraceutical: 1 entries

Ayurveda Approach

• Jivanti Leptadenia reticulata (Retz.) Wight & Arn. Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Galactagogue
• Mishreya Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Galactagogue
• Vasa Adhatoda vasica Nees (syn. Justicia adhatoda L.) Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Hepatoprotective
• Aragwadha Cassia fistula L. Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Antidiabetic
• Agnikarna Gloriosa superba L. (Agnikumarika/Agnimukhi); also associated with Litsea species in some texts Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Wound Healing
• Kantakari Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad. & Wendl. (syn. S. surattense Burm. f., S. virginianum L.) Actions: Antioxidant, Bronchodilator, Anti-inflammatory
• Ashoka Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Hemostatic
• Ambasthaki Cissampelos pareira L. Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Antidiabetic
• Priyangu Callicarpa macrophylla Vahl. Actions: Antidiabetic, Anti-inflammatory, Antipyretic
• Pushyanuga Churna Actions: Wound Healing, Antimicrobial, Anti-inflammatory
• Nagarmotha Cyperus rotundus Actions: Laxative, Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory
• Kusumbha Actions: Antioxidant, Hypolipidemic, Anti-inflammatory
• Lodhra Symplocos racemosa Roxb. Actions: Antioxidant, Wound Healing, Anti-inflammatory
• Mamsarohini Actions: Wound Healing, Hepatoprotective, Anti-inflammatory
• Pradarantak Lauh Actions: Antioxidant, Rasayana, Anti-inflammatory

Yakuti Rasayana {#yakuti-rasayana}

Names and identification

Language	Name
English	Yakuti Rasayana

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

Property	Value	Description
Rasa (Taste)	Madhura	Primary taste
Guna (Quality)	Snigdha	Physical quality
Virya (Potency)	Sheeta	Heating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)	Madhura	Post-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Rasayana (confection), Capsule

Standard Dosage: 3-6g twice daily with milk

Optimal Timing: Morning on empty stomach

Storage: Airtight container, cool dry place

Marker Compounds: Gold nanoparticles, Calcium from mukta, Fulvic acid

Vehicle (Anupana): Warm milk with ghee

Synergistic Combinations

• Rasayana herbs with mineral bhasmas for synergistic rejuvenation