Age Ayurveda Nighantu

Ayurvedic concepts (A-M)

Ayurvedic concepts (A-M) is a reference glossary of 62 entries drawn from the Ayurvedic materia medica, each listing the herbs it occurs in and the compounds it commonly appears alongside.

Aja Dugdha {#aja-dugdha}

Names and identification

LanguageName
EnglishAja Dugdha

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

PropertyValueDescription
Rasa (Taste)Madhura, KashayaPrimary taste
Guna (Quality)Laghu, RukshaPhysical quality
Virya (Potency)SheetaHeating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)MadhuraPost-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Nutritional Profile

Analytical Methods: AOAC methods, HPLC (sugars), ICP-OES (minerals)

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Fresh milk, Boiled milk, Medicated milk (Kshirapaka)

Standard Dosage: 100–200 mL twice daily

Bioavailability: High; easily digestible due to smaller fat globules and A2 casein

Optimal Timing: Morning or before bed; warm

Standardized Extract: N/A — used as whole food/vehicle

Shelf Life: Fresh: 24–48 hours refrigerated

Storage: Refrigerated at 4°C

Marker Compounds: A2 beta-casein, Medium-chain triglycerides, Calcium, Phosphorus

Quality Parameters: Fat content 3.5–4%, SNF >8%, no adulteration (starch/urea negative)

Vehicle (Anupana): Used as anupana for Rasayana herbs and bhasmas

Asphota {#asphota}

Names and identification

LanguageName
EnglishAsphota

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

PropertyValueDescription
Rasa (Taste)Tikta, KashayaPrimary taste
Guna (Quality)LaghuPhysical quality
Virya (Potency)SheetaHeating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)KatuPost-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Mineral/Elemental Profile

Analytical Methods: XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Churna (powder), Kashayam (decoction), Capsule, Swarasa (fresh juice), Lepa (paste — external)

Standard Dosage: 3-5g powder twice daily; 40-80ml decoction twice daily; 10-20ml fresh juice

Bioavailability: Limited modern pharmacokinetic data. Traditional herb with limited modern investigation. Presumed moderate bioavailability based on phytochemical class (flavonoids, terpenoids). Traditional anupana (warm water, honey, ghee) recommended based on Dosha indication.

Optimal Timing: Before meals with warm water as per traditional guidelines

Standardized Extract: Limited standardization data. Develop HPTLC fingerprint for identity confirmation. Document extractive values (water-soluble and alcohol-soluble).

Shelf Life: 18 months (powder); 2 years (capsules/tablets)

Storage: Airtight containers, cool and dry place, protected from light and moisture.

Marker Compounds: Total phenolics, Total flavonoids, TLC/HPTLC fingerprint markers (to be established)

Extraction Methods

Synergistic Combinations

Brain & Nervous System — Across Traditions {#brain-nervous-system-across-traditions}

Comparing approaches to brain & nervous system across 5 healing traditions

Ayurveda Approach

Chana {#chana}

Names and identification

LanguageName
EnglishChana

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

PropertyValueDescription
Rasa (Taste)KashayaPrimary taste
Guna (Quality)Guru, RukshaPhysical quality
Virya (Potency)SheetaHeating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)KatuPost-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Isoflavones

Phenolics

Nutritional Profile

Analytical Methods: AOAC methods, HPLC (isoflavones), ICP-OES

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Whole grain, Flour (Besan), Roasted (Bhuna Chana), Sattu (roasted flour)

Standard Dosage: As dietary item; therapeutic: 20–50 g grain/flour daily

Bioavailability: Moderate; soaking/sprouting increases protein digestibility by 20–30%

Optimal Timing: Lunch; avoid at night for heavy digestion

Standardized Extract: N/A — whole food; Sattu preparation for therapeutic use

Shelf Life: Whole: 12 months; flour: 3–6 months; Sattu: 2–3 months

Storage: Cool, dry place; flour in airtight container

Marker Compounds: Protein (20–22%), Dietary fiber, Iron, Folate, Isoflavones

Quality Parameters: Moisture <12%, no weevil infestation, aflatoxin <15 ppb

Chyawanprash Extract {#chyawanprash-extract}

Names and identification

LanguageName
EnglishChyawanprash Extract

What is it made of?

Key Active Markers

Analytical Methods: HPLC fingerprinting, TLC (identity), LC-MS/MS (marker quantification)

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Concentrated extract (semi-solid), Capsules (modern), Tablets (modern), Sachets (modern)

Standard Dosage: 5-10 g daily or as per label (concentrated form), as per manufacturer’s specifications based on AFI equivalence

Bioavailability: Higher concentration per gram means enhanced active compound delivery. Reduced sugar matrix may slightly alter dissolution profile. Standardized extracts provide more consistent bioavailability batch-to-batch compared to classical preparation.

Optimal Timing: Morning on empty stomach with warm milk

Shelf Life: 2-3 years from date of manufacture

Storage: Store in airtight containers in a cool, dry place. Temperature not exceeding 25°C. Some variants require refrigeration. Protect from moisture.

Marker Compounds: Ascorbic acid, Gallic acid, Piperine, Ellagic acid, Cinnamaldehyde

Quality Parameters: Total solids (NLT 70%), vitamin C content (typically higher per gram than classical), gallic acid content by HPLC, piperine content, total phenolics, total flavonoids, antioxidant activity (ORAC/DPPH), sugar content (lower than classical), microbial limits, heavy metals, aflatoxins

Vehicle (Anupana): Warm milk or warm water

Synergistic Combinations

Chyawanprash Herbs {#chyawanprash-herbs}

Names and identification

LanguageName
EnglishChyawanprash Herbs

What is it made of?

Key Active Markers

Analytical Methods: HPLC fingerprinting, TLC (identity), LC-MS/MS (marker quantification)

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Herbal blend churna (powder), Capsules (modern), Tea bags (modern)

Standard Dosage: 3-6 g daily as powder or infusion, as per manufacturer’s specifications based on classical ratios

Bioavailability: Dry powder form provides rapid dissolution. Requires co-administration with lipid (ghee/milk) for optimal absorption of fat-soluble compounds. Piperine enhances absorption of other herb constituents.

Optimal Timing: Morning on empty stomach

Shelf Life: 2 years from date of manufacture as per ASU guidelines for Churna

Storage: Store in airtight containers in a cool, dry place. Temperature not exceeding 25°C. Protect from moisture and light. Volatile oils dissipate if exposed — sealed packaging essential.

Marker Compounds: Piperine, Cinnamaldehyde, Eugenol, 1,8-Cineole, 6-Gingerol

Quality Parameters: Loss on drying (<10%), total ash, acid-insoluble ash, particle size (pass sieve #85), volatile oil content, HPTLC fingerprint for piperine, cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, microbial limits, heavy metals, aflatoxins, pesticide residues

Vehicle (Anupana): Warm milk with ghee and honey (to approximate Chyawanprash delivery)

Synergistic Combinations

Coconut Oil {#coconut-oil}

Names and identification

LanguageName
EnglishCoconut Oil

What is it made of?

Nutritional Profile

Analytical Methods: GC-FID (fatty acid profile), Iodine value, Saponification value, Peroxide value

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Cold-pressed oil, Virgin coconut oil, External application (Taila)

Standard Dosage: 5–15 mL orally; external: as needed

Bioavailability: Rapid MCT absorption via portal vein; does not require bile for digestion

Optimal Timing: With meals; external use anytime

Standardized Extract: Virgin cold-pressed coconut oil (Narikela Taila)

Shelf Life: 12–24 months

Storage: Room temperature; liquefies above 24°C

Marker Compounds: Lauric acid (45–53%), Myristic acid, Capric acid, Medium-chain triglycerides

Quality Parameters: FFA <0.5%, peroxide value <5 meq/kg, moisture <0.1%, iodine value 7–10

Vehicle (Anupana): Base oil for medicated oils (Taila Kalpana); cooling Pitta-pacifying vehicle

Extraction Methods

Stability Notes

Highly stable due to >90% saturated fat content. Resistant to oxidation

Generated for the AgeAyurveda Herb Catalogue

Dhanadanayanadi Kashayam {#dhanadanayanadi-kashayam}

Names and identification

LanguageName
EnglishDhanadanayanadi Kashayam

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

PropertyValueDescription
Rasa (Taste)Tikta, KashayaPrimary taste
Guna (Quality)LaghuPhysical quality
Virya (Potency)UshnaHeating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)KatuPost-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Mineral/Elemental Profile

Analytical Methods: XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Kashayam (decoction), Kashayam tablet (modern), Concentrated liquid (modern)

Standard Dosage: 15-30 mL or 2 tablets twice daily before meals, as per Sahasrayogam

Bioavailability: Hot decoction provides rapid absorption of alkaloids and glycosides. Berberine from Daruharidra has moderate oral bioavailability (~5%) — enhanced in hot aqueous medium.

Optimal Timing: Before meals, morning and evening, for Jwara (fever) conditions

Shelf Life: Same day (fresh), 6 months (preserved), 3 years (tablet)

Storage: Fresh: use same day. Concentrates: amber glass at room temperature. Tablets: airtight containers at room temperature.

Marker Compounds: Berberine, Palmatine, Jatrorrhizine (from Daruharidra)

Quality Parameters: pH, specific gravity, total solids, extractive values, berberine content from Daruharidra by HPLC, HPTLC fingerprint, microbial limits, heavy metals

Vehicle (Anupana): Warm water (tablets); as is (liquid)

Synergistic Combinations

Diabetes & Metabolism — Across Traditions {#diabetes-metabolism-across-traditions}

Comparing approaches to diabetes & metabolism across 5 healing traditions

Ayurveda Approach

Digestive Health — Across Traditions {#digestive-health-across-traditions}

Comparing approaches to digestive health across 5 healing traditions

Ayurveda Approach

DistillationSublimation Apparatus Directional {#distillationsublimation-apparatus-directional}

Apparatus for directional sublimation or distillation: Urdhwa Patana (upward), Adha/Adhah Patana (downward), and Tiryak Patana (lateral/sideways). Each direction uses a different pot arrangement.

Where is it described in the classical texts?

Rasa Tarangini Taranga 4; Rasaratna Samuchaya; Rasaprakasha Sudhakara.

How is it used traditionally?

Sublimation and distillation of mercury, sulfur, arsenic, and other volatile mineral substances at different temperature ranges and collection directions.

Traditional materials

Modern variants

Regulatory status

Drakshadi Kwath {#drakshadi-kwath}

Names and identification

LanguageName
EnglishDrakshadi Kwath

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

PropertyValueDescription
Rasa (Taste)MadhuraPrimary taste
Guna (Quality)SnigdhaPhysical quality
Virya (Potency)SheetaHeating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)MadhuraPost-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Mineral/Elemental Profile

Analytical Methods: XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Kwath (decoction), Kwath Churna (decoction powder), Tablet (modern)

Standard Dosage: 40-80 mL twice daily, or 3-6 g Kwath Churna boiled in water, as per AFI

Bioavailability: Same as Drakshadi Kashayam. Kwath Churna form allows fresh preparation at home — freshly prepared decoction has optimal bioavailability.

Optimal Timing: Before meals, morning and evening

Shelf Life: Same day (fresh), 2 years (Kwath Churna)

Storage: Fresh kwath: same day. Kwath Churna: airtight containers in cool, dry place. Temperature not exceeding 30°C.

Marker Compounds: Resveratrol, Piperine, Gallic acid, Quercetin, Ellagic acid

Quality Parameters: Similar to Drakshadi Kashayam — pH, specific gravity, total solids, resveratrol, total polyphenols, HPTLC fingerprint, microbial limits, heavy metals

Vehicle (Anupana): Taken as warm decoction; may add honey

Synergistic Combinations

Eye Health — Across Traditions {#eye-health-across-traditions}

Comparing approaches to eye health across 5 healing traditions

Ayurveda Approach

Fever & Infection — Across Traditions {#fever-infection-across-traditions}

Comparing approaches to fever & infection across 4 healing traditions

Ayurveda Approach

Gairika {#gairika}

Names and identification

LanguageName
EnglishGairika

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

PropertyValueDescription
Rasa (Taste)Madhura, KashayaPrimary taste
Guna (Quality)SnigdhaPhysical quality
Virya (Potency)SheetaHeating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)MadhuraPost-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Mineral/Elemental Profile

Analytical Methods: XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Shuddha Gairika (purified red ochre), Bhasma, External application

Standard Dosage: 250–500 mg internally; external: as needed

Bioavailability: Moderate; natural iron oxide with clay matrix

Optimal Timing: With honey or ghee

Standardized Extract: Purified red ochre (hydrated iron oxide)

Shelf Life: Indefinite (mineral)

Storage: Dry, airtight container

Marker Compounds: Iron oxide (Fe2O3, hematite), Silica, Alumina, Trace minerals

Quality Parameters: Iron >50%, heavy metals within limits, no free silica (respirable)

Vehicle (Anupana): Honey, ghee, or herbal decoctions

Gandhaka {#gandhaka}

Names and identification

LanguageName
EnglishGandhaka

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

PropertyValueDescription
Rasa (Taste)KatuPrimary taste
Guna (Quality)TikshnaPhysical quality
Virya (Potency)UshnaHeating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)KatuPost-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Mineral/Elemental Profile

Analytical Methods: XRD, FTIR, Melting point, ICP-OES

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Shuddha Gandhaka (purified sulfur), Gandhaka Rasayana, Component in Kajjali

Standard Dosage: 125–500 mg twice daily (as Gandhaka Rasayana)

Bioavailability: Good; sulfur compounds absorbed well; key component of amino acid metabolism

Optimal Timing: After meals with milk or ghee

Standardized Extract: Shuddha Gandhaka — purified elemental sulfur; Gandhaka Rasayana is therapeutic form

Shelf Life: Indefinite (purified sulfur); 2–3 years (Rasayana form)

Storage: Airtight container; away from heat (flammable)

Marker Compounds: Elemental sulfur (S8), Sulfur dioxide traces, Purification media residues

Quality Parameters: Purity >99.5%, arsenic <3 ppm (critical — arsenic contamination common in natural sulfur), no free acid

Vehicle (Anupana): Milk, ghee, or Triphala

Godhuma {#godhuma}

Names and identification

LanguageName
EnglishGodhuma

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

PropertyValueDescription
Rasa (Taste)MadhuraPrimary taste
Guna (Quality)Guru, SnigdhaPhysical quality
Virya (Potency)SheetaHeating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)MadhuraPost-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Phenolics

Alkylresorcinols

Nutritional Profile

Analytical Methods: AOAC methods, HPLC, NIR spectroscopy

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Whole grain, Flour (Atta), Wheat grass juice, Godhuma Churna

Standard Dosage: As dietary staple; therapeutic wheat grass: 30–60 mL juice

Bioavailability: Moderate; gluten content affects some individuals; sprouting increases bioavailability

Optimal Timing: Meals; wheat grass juice on empty stomach

Standardized Extract: Wheat grass extract — chlorophyll-rich

Shelf Life: Grain: 12+ months; flour: 3–4 months; fresh juice: consume immediately

Storage: Cool, dry place; flour in airtight container

Marker Compounds: Gluten proteins, Dietary fiber, B-vitamins, Iron, Chlorophyll (grass)

Quality Parameters: Moisture <12%, no ergot contamination, gluten content as labeled

Gojihvadi Kwath {#gojihvadi-kwath}

Names and identification

LanguageName
EnglishGojihvadi Kwath

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

PropertyValueDescription
Rasa (Taste)TiktaPrimary taste
Guna (Quality)LaghuPhysical quality
Virya (Potency)SheetaHeating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)KatuPost-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Mineral/Elemental Profile

Analytical Methods: XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Kwath (decoction), Kwath Churna (for home preparation), Tablet (modern)

Standard Dosage: 40-80 mL twice daily, as per AFI

Bioavailability: Hot decoction provides rapid absorption of vasicine and vasicinone (bronchodilatory alkaloids). Oral bioavailability of vasicine is good (~60-70%) in aqueous medium.

Optimal Timing: Before meals, morning and evening, for respiratory conditions

Shelf Life: Same day (fresh), 2 years (Kwath Churna)

Storage: Fresh: use same day. Kwath Churna: airtight containers in cool, dry place. Temperature not exceeding 30°C.

Marker Compounds: Vasicine, Vasicinone, Deoxyvasicine, Solasodine (from Kantakari)

Quality Parameters: pH, specific gravity, total solids, vasicine content from Vasa by HPLC, total alkaloids, HPTLC fingerprint, microbial limits, heavy metals

Vehicle (Anupana): Honey for Kasa-Shwasa (cough/asthma) conditions

Synergistic Combinations

Gold Silver Vessels for Medicine Preparation {#gold-silver-vessels-for-medicine-preparation}

Vessels made of gold (Suvarna) or silver (Rajata) used for preparation and storage of high-value Ayurvedic medicines, especially Bhasma and Prash preparations. Gold and silver have specific therapeutic attributes in Rasashastra.

Where is it described in the classical texts?

Charaka Samhita describes gold vessels as Tridosha-balancing and silver as cooling (Sheeta). Rasaratna Samuchaya extensively describes properties of gold and silver in medicine.

How is it used traditionally?

Preparation of Suvarna Prashana (gold-based immunization), storage of precious Bhasma preparations, preparation of medicines requiring inert and non-reactive containers.

Traditional materials

Modern variants

Regulatory status

Gourd Instrument Gourd Cupping {#gourd-instrument-gourd-cupping}

A dried bottle gourd (Alabu/Lagenaria siceraria) used for dry cupping/suction over a small incision for blood-letting. Heat is applied inside the gourd to create vacuum.

Where is it described in the classical texts?

Sushruta Samhita Sutrasthana Chapter 14. Alabu is recommended for Kapha-type blood disorders.

How is it used traditionally?

Blood-letting for Kapha-Rakta conditions, localized edema, skin disorders.

Traditional materials

Modern variants

Regulatory status

Guda {#guda}

Names and identification

LanguageName
EnglishGuda

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

PropertyValueDescription
Rasa (Taste)MadhuraPrimary taste
Guna (Quality)Guru, SnigdhaPhysical quality
Virya (Potency)UshnaHeating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)MadhuraPost-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Nutritional Profile

Analytical Methods: HPLC (sugars), ICP-OES (minerals), Colorimetry

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Solid jaggery block, Powder (Guda Churna), Liquid jaggery, Vehicle in formulations

Standard Dosage: 5–15 g; as vehicle in Avaleha/Modaka preparations

Bioavailability: Rapid sugar absorption; iron and mineral content higher than refined sugar

Optimal Timing: Post-meal (small quantity); as vehicle: per formulation

Standardized Extract: Purana Guda (aged jaggery, 1+ year) preferred therapeutically

Shelf Life: Fresh: 3–6 months; aged: 12+ months (improves with age)

Storage: Cool, dry place; wrap to prevent moisture absorption

Marker Compounds: Sucrose (65–85%), Iron (10–13 mg/100g), Calcium, Magnesium, Phenolic compounds

Quality Parameters: Sucrose >65%, moisture <10%, iron >8 mg/100g, no chemical bleaching (SO2 <70 ppm)

Vehicle (Anupana): Sweet vehicle in Avaleha, Modaka, Guda Pippali; used in iron-deficiency formulations

Hair Health — Across Traditions {#hair-health-across-traditions}

Comparing approaches to hair health across 5 healing traditions

Ayurveda Approach

Hamsapadi {#hamsapadi}

Names and identification

LanguageName
EnglishHamsapadi

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

PropertyValueDescription
Rasa (Taste)Tikta, KashayaPrimary taste
Guna (Quality)Laghu, RukshaPhysical quality
Virya (Potency)SheetaHeating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)KatuPost-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Mineral/Elemental Profile

Analytical Methods: XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Churna (powder), Kashayam (decoction), Swarasa (fresh juice), Capsule

Standard Dosage: 3-6g powder twice daily; 50-100ml decoction

Bioavailability: Limited modern bioavailability data. Traditional preparation as decoction with warm water enhances aqueous-soluble constituent absorption. Co-administration with Pippali or ginger may improve bioavailability via enhanced gastrointestinal absorption.

Optimal Timing: Before meals with warm water or honey

Standardized Extract: No standardized extract specifications established. Traditional aqueous extract used. Further phytochemical profiling recommended.

Shelf Life: 1 year (powder); 2 years (capsule with desiccant)

Storage: Cool, dry place (below 25°C), protected from light and moisture in airtight containers

Marker Compounds: Flavonoids (general TLC profiling), Phenolic acids (tentative identification)

Extraction Methods

Synergistic Combinations

Hastikarna Palasha {#hastikarna-palasha}

Names and identification

LanguageName
EnglishHastikarna Palasha

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

PropertyValueDescription
Rasa (Taste)KashayaPrimary taste
Guna (Quality)Laghu, RukshaPhysical quality
Virya (Potency)UshnaHeating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)KatuPost-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Mineral/Elemental Profile

Analytical Methods: XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Churna (powder), Kashayam (decoction), Swarasa (fresh juice), Lepa (external paste)

Standard Dosage: 3-5g powder twice daily; 50-100ml decoction; external paste as needed

Bioavailability: Limited modern pharmacokinetic data available. Traditional aqueous decoction preparation is standard route of administration. The leaf-based preparations likely contain flavonoids with moderate oral absorption. Further bioavailability studies warranted.

Optimal Timing: Before meals with warm water; external paste application on affected area twice daily

Standardized Extract: No standardized extract commercially established. Aqueous or hydroalcoholic extracts with TLC/HPTLC fingerprint recommended for quality control.

Shelf Life: 1 year (powder); 2 years (capsule with desiccant)

Storage: Cool, dry place below 25°C in airtight containers, protected from light and moisture

Marker Compounds: Butein, Butrin, Palasonin, Flavonoids (general profiling)

Extraction Methods

Synergistic Combinations

Heart & Cardiovascular — Across Traditions {#heart-cardiovascular-across-traditions}

Comparing approaches to heart & cardiovascular across 5 healing traditions

Ayurveda Approach

Hijal {#hijal}

Names and identification

LanguageName
EnglishHijal

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

PropertyValueDescription
Rasa (Taste)Kashaya, KatuPrimary taste
Guna (Quality)Laghu, RukshaPhysical quality
Virya (Potency)SheetaHeating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)KatuPost-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Mineral/Elemental Profile

Analytical Methods: XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Churna (powder), Kashayam (decoction), Kwath (decoction concentrate), Capsule

Standard Dosage: 3-6g bark powder twice daily; 50-100ml decoction

Bioavailability: Barringtonia acutangula bark is rich in tannins and saponins. Tannins have limited oral bioavailability due to large molecular size and protein binding. Saponin fractions may show better absorption. Traditional decoction preparation may partially hydrolyze tannins improving absorption of smaller phenolic fragments.

Optimal Timing: Before meals with warm water or honey

Standardized Extract: Aqueous extract with HPTLC fingerprint for authentication. No formal standardized extract specifications established in pharmacopoeial monographs.

Shelf Life: 2 years (powder); 3 years (capsule)

Storage: Cool, dry place below 25°C, protected from moisture. Bark powder is relatively stable but hygroscopic.

Marker Compounds: Barringtogenol, Tannins (as gallic acid equivalent), Saponins (general assay), Ellagic acid

Extraction Methods

Synergistic Combinations

Horn Instrument Cupping Horn {#horn-instrument-cupping-horn}

A hollow cow horn (Shringi) used for dry cupping therapy. Applied over an incision to draw out vitiated blood through suction created by the therapist.

Where is it described in the classical texts?

Sushruta Samhita Sutrasthana Chapter 14 describes Shringi as one of the Raktamokshana methods suitable for Vata-type blood disorders.

How is it used traditionally?

Localized blood-letting for Vata-Rakta disorders, musculoskeletal pain, deep-tissue blood stagnation.

Traditional materials

Modern variants

Regulatory status

Immune System & Rasayana — Across Traditions {#immune-system-rasayana-across-traditions}

Comparing approaches to immune system & rasayana across 5 healing traditions

Ayurveda Approach

Jaitun Taila {#jaitun-taila}

Names and identification

LanguageName
EnglishJaitun Taila

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

PropertyValueDescription
Rasa (Taste)Madhura, KashayaPrimary taste
Guna (Quality)Guru, SnigdhaPhysical quality
Virya (Potency)SheetaHeating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)MadhuraPost-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Polyphenols

Squalene

Nutritional Profile

Analytical Methods: GC-FID (fatty acids), HPLC-UV (polyphenols), UV absorbance (K232, K270)

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Extra virgin olive oil, Refined olive oil, External massage oil

Standard Dosage: 5–15 mL orally; external: as needed

Bioavailability: Good; monounsaturated fat profile supports absorption

Optimal Timing: With meals; external: as needed

Standardized Extract: Extra virgin cold-pressed (first pressing)

Shelf Life: 18–24 months (EVOO); 24–36 months (refined)

Storage: Cool, dark place; tinted glass bottles

Marker Compounds: Oleic acid (55–83%), Hydroxytyrosol, Oleuropein, Squalene, Vitamin E

Quality Parameters: FFA <0.8% (EVOO), peroxide value <20 meq/kg, polyphenol content >250 mg/kg

Vehicle (Anupana): Used in Unani medicine (Roghan-e-Zaitoon); Ayurvedic use primarily external

Jalapippali {#jalapippali}

Names and identification

LanguageName
EnglishJalapippali

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

PropertyValueDescription
Rasa (Taste)TiktaPrimary taste
Guna (Quality)LaghuPhysical quality
Virya (Potency)SheetaHeating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)KatuPost-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Mineral/Elemental Profile

Analytical Methods: XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Churna (powder), Kashayam (decoction), Capsule, Vati (tablet)

Standard Dosage: 1-3g powder twice daily; 30-60ml decoction

Bioavailability: Phyla nodiflora (Lippia nodiflora) contains flavonoids (hispidulin, eupafolin) and triterpenes with moderate oral bioavailability. Hispidulin shows reasonable absorption with Tmax of ~2 hours. Lipid-based formulations may enhance terpenoid absorption.

Optimal Timing: Before meals with warm water or honey

Standardized Extract: Hydroalcoholic extract standardized to 1-2% hispidulin by HPLC; aqueous extract per traditional methods

Shelf Life: 2 years (powder); 3 years (standardized capsule/tablet)

Storage: Cool, dry place below 25°C, protected from light and moisture in airtight containers

Marker Compounds: Hispidulin, Eupafolin, Nodifloretin, Betulinic acid, Stigmasterol

Extraction Methods

Synergistic Combinations

Jamun Herb {#jamun-herb}

Names and identification

LanguageName
EnglishJamun_Herb

What is it made of?

Mineral/Elemental Profile

Analytical Methods: XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Churna (leaf powder), Kashayam (leaf decoction), Capsule, Swarasa (leaf juice)

Standard Dosage: 3-5g leaf powder twice daily; 50-100ml leaf decoction; 10-20ml fresh leaf juice

Bioavailability: Syzygium cumini leaf (referred here as Jamun Herb to differentiate from seed/fruit) contains myricetin, quercetin, isoquercetin, and tannins. Myricetin has poor bioavailability (~2%) due to extensive glucuronidation. Quercetin bioavailability is ~5-10%, improved with lipids. Leaf extract shows hypoglycemic activity via different mechanisms than seed extract.

Optimal Timing: Before meals with water for blood sugar support; fresh juice in the morning on empty stomach

Standardized Extract: Leaf hydroalcoholic extract standardized to 2% myricetin and 1% quercetin by HPLC

Shelf Life: 1.5 years (leaf powder); 2 years (capsule); 3 months (fresh juice, preserved)

Storage: Cool, dry place below 25°C, protected from light (flavonoids are photosensitive). Airtight containers.

Marker Compounds: Myricetin, Quercetin, Isoquercetin, Gallic acid, Ellagic acid, Betulinic acid

Extraction Methods

Synergistic Combinations

Jatamansi Herb {#jatamansi-herb}

Names and identification

LanguageName
EnglishJatamansi_Herb

What is it made of?

Key Active Markers

Analytical Methods: HPLC fingerprinting, TLC (identity), LC-MS/MS (marker quantification)

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Churna (whole plant powder), Kashayam (decoction), Capsule, Taila (medicated oil)

Standard Dosage: 3-5g powder twice daily; 50-100ml decoction; external oil application as needed

Bioavailability: When Jatamansi Herb refers to the whole plant preparation (as distinguished from rhizome-only Jatamansi), the bioavailability profile is similar but with additional aerial part constituents including flavonoids and phenolic acids. The sesquiterpene content may be lower per gram compared to rhizome-only preparations. Leaf and stem fractions contribute additional antioxidant polyphenols.

Optimal Timing: At bedtime for calming effect; twice daily for chronic neurological support

Standardized Extract: Whole plant hydroalcoholic extract with HPTLC fingerprint for identity; standardization to jatamansone if detectable in aerial parts

Shelf Life: 1.5 years (whole plant powder); 2 years (capsule)

Storage: Cool, dry place below 25°C, protected from light and moisture in airtight containers

Marker Compounds: Jatamansone (if present in aerial parts), Nardosinone, Ursolic acid, Oleanolic acid, Chlorogenic acid

Extraction Methods

Synergistic Combinations

Joint & Musculoskeletal — Across Traditions {#joint-musculoskeletal-across-traditions}

Comparing approaches to joint & musculoskeletal across 5 healing traditions

Ayurveda Approach

Kakajangha {#kakajangha}

Names and identification

LanguageName
EnglishKakajangha

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

PropertyValueDescription
Rasa (Taste)TiktaPrimary taste
Guna (Quality)LaghuPhysical quality
Virya (Potency)SheetaHeating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)KatuPost-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Mineral/Elemental Profile

Analytical Methods: XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Churna (powder), Kashayam (decoction), Capsule, Lepa (paste for external use)

Standard Dosage: 3-5g powder twice daily; 30-60ml decoction; external paste as needed

Bioavailability: Peristrophe bicalyculata - limited modern pharmacokinetic data. Contains flavonoids, alkaloids, and terpenoids. Flavonoid components likely have moderate bioavailability similar to other Acanthaceae family members. Alkaloid fraction may contribute to observed biological activities. Traditional decoction preparation is the validated route of administration.

Optimal Timing: Before meals with warm water

Standardized Extract: No standardized extract established. HPTLC fingerprint recommended for identity and quality control.

Shelf Life: 1.5 years (powder); 2 years (capsule)

Storage: Cool, dry place below 25°C in airtight containers, protected from light and moisture

Marker Compounds: Flavonoids (general TLC profiling), Alkaloids (Dragendorff’s reagent positive), Beta-sitosterol, Lupeol

Extraction Methods

Synergistic Combinations

Kalamba {#kalamba}

Names and identification

LanguageName
EnglishKalamba

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

PropertyValueDescription
Rasa (Taste)MadhuraPrimary taste
Guna (Quality)Guru, SnigdhaPhysical quality
Virya (Potency)SheetaHeating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)MadhuraPost-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Mineral/Elemental Profile

Analytical Methods: XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Churna (bark powder), Kashayam (decoction), Capsule, Lepa (paste for external use)

Standard Dosage: 3-6g bark powder twice daily; 50-100ml decoction

Bioavailability: Ipomoea aquatica (water spinach) or Mitragyna parvifolia (depending on regional interpretation of Kalamba). Contains flavonoids, tannins, and alkaloids with moderate oral absorption. Limited modern pharmacokinetic studies. Traditional aqueous decoction is the standard preparation method facilitating extraction of hydrophilic compounds.

Optimal Timing: Before meals with warm water for fever; external paste for skin conditions

Standardized Extract: Aqueous or hydroalcoholic extract with verified HPTLC fingerprint for species authentication

Shelf Life: 2 years (powder); 2 years (capsule)

Storage: Cool, dry place below 25°C, protected from moisture. Airtight containers.

Marker Compounds: Species-dependent - requires botanical confirmation, Flavonoids (general profiling), Alkaloids (Dragendorff-positive fractions), Tannins

Extraction Methods

Synergistic Combinations

Kalyana Ksharam {#kalyana-ksharam}

Names and identification

LanguageName
EnglishKalyana Ksharam

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

PropertyValueDescription
Rasa (Taste)Lavana, KatuPrimary taste
Guna (Quality)Tikshna, LaghuPhysical quality
Virya (Potency)UshnaHeating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)KatuPost-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Mineral/Elemental Profile

Analytical Methods: XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Kshara (alkaline preparation)

Standard Dosage: 0.5–1 g with honey or warm water

Bioavailability: Good; alkaline salts readily absorbed

Optimal Timing: Before meals for digestive conditions

Standardized Extract: Alkaline ash extract from specific plant materials

Shelf Life: 12–18 months

Storage: Airtight, moisture-proof container (hygroscopic)

Marker Compounds: Potassium carbonate, Sodium carbonate, Potassium hydroxide, Plant-derived alkaloids

Quality Parameters: pH 10–12, total alkalinity as labeled, no excess free alkali beyond therapeutic range

Vehicle (Anupana): Honey, warm water, or buttermilk

Kharbhuja {#kharbhuja}

Names and identification

LanguageName
EnglishKharbhuja

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

PropertyValueDescription
Rasa (Taste)MadhuraPrimary taste
Guna (Quality)Guru, SnigdhaPhysical quality
Virya (Potency)SheetaHeating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)MadhuraPost-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Nutritional Profile

Analytical Methods: AOAC methods, HPLC (vitamins), ICP-OES

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Fresh fruit, Seeds (Magaz-e-Kharbuja), Seed oil

Standard Dosage: Seeds: 3–6 g; fruit: as dietary item

Bioavailability: Seeds: moderate; requires crushing for oil release

Optimal Timing: Seeds: with milk or as Sharbat in summer

Standardized Extract: Cold-pressed seed oil; seed powder

Shelf Life: Seeds: 6–12 months; oil: 6 months

Storage: Cool, dry place; oil in dark bottles

Marker Compounds: Linoleic acid (seeds), Cucurbitacin, Protein (seeds 30%), Vitamin A (fruit)

Quality Parameters: Seeds: moisture <8%, no mold; oil: FFA <2%

Vehicle (Anupana): Milk or sugar syrup

Ksharasutra {#ksharasutra}

Names and identification

LanguageName
EnglishKsharasutra

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

PropertyValueDescription
Rasa (Taste)Katu, LavanaPrimary taste
Guna (Quality)Tikshna, LekhanaPhysical quality
Virya (Potency)UshnaHeating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)KatuPost-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Mineral/Elemental Profile

Analytical Methods: XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Medicated thread (surgical device)

Standard Dosage: External surgical application — not for ingestion

Bioavailability: Topical/surgical — sustained local release of alkaline and proteolytic agents

Optimal Timing: Applied surgically; changed weekly

Standardized Extract: Linen thread coated with Snuhi Kshira (Euphorbia latex) + Apamarga Kshara (Achyranthes ash alkali) + Haridra (turmeric)

Shelf Life: 6–12 months (sealed, sterile packaging)

Storage: Sterile container; cool, dry place; protected from light

Marker Compounds: Latex proteases (from Snuhi), Potassium carbonate (from Apamarga Kshara), Curcumin (from Haridra)

Quality Parameters: 21 coatings minimum (11 Snuhi + 7 Snuhi+Kshara + 3 Haridra), pH 9.5–10.5, thread strength >2 kg breaking load, sterility test pass

Vehicle (Anupana): N/A — surgical device

Kushmanda Avaleha {#kushmanda-avaleha}

Names and identification

LanguageName
EnglishKushmanda Avaleha

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

PropertyValueDescription
Rasa (Taste)MadhuraPrimary taste
Guna (Quality)Guru, SnigdhaPhysical quality
Virya (Potency)SheetaHeating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)MadhuraPost-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Mineral/Elemental Profile

Analytical Methods: XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Avaleha (confection/jam), Capsule

Standard Dosage: 6-12g twice daily with milk

Bioavailability: Sugar-based matrix provides sustained release; ghee component enhances lipophilic compound absorption

Optimal Timing: Morning and evening, before meals

Shelf Life: 1 year (avaleha per ASU)

Storage: Airtight glass/HDPE jar, cool dry place

Marker Compounds: Cucurbitacins, Ascorbic acid

Quality Parameters: Total sugar 60-70%, moisture NMT 15%, pH 4.0-5.5, total ash, marker: cucurbitacins

Vehicle (Anupana): Warm milk

Synergistic Combinations

Kushmanda Khanda {#kushmanda-khanda}

Names and identification

LanguageName
EnglishKushmanda Khanda

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

PropertyValueDescription
Rasa (Taste)MadhuraPrimary taste
Guna (Quality)Guru, SnigdhaPhysical quality
Virya (Potency)SheetaHeating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)MadhuraPost-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Mineral/Elemental Profile

Analytical Methods: XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Khanda (granular confection)

Standard Dosage: 10-20g twice daily

Bioavailability: Granular form with sugar matrix provides moderate absorption

Optimal Timing: After meals

Shelf Life: 1 year

Storage: Airtight container, dry place

Marker Compounds: Cucurbitacins

Quality Parameters: Moisture NMT 8%, granule uniformity, total sugar content

Vehicle (Anupana): Water or milk

Synergistic Combinations

Kushmanda Svarasa {#kushmanda-svarasa}

Names and identification

LanguageName
EnglishKushmanda Svarasa

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

PropertyValueDescription
Rasa (Taste)MadhuraPrimary taste
Guna (Quality)Laghu, SnigdhaPhysical quality
Virya (Potency)SheetaHeating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)MadhuraPost-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Mineral/Elemental Profile

Analytical Methods: AAS/ICP-MS (heavy metals), XRD, Namburi phased spot test

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Svarasa (fresh juice)

Standard Dosage: 10-20ml twice daily

Bioavailability: Fresh juice provides maximum bioavailability of water-soluble vitamins and minerals

Optimal Timing: Morning on empty stomach

Shelf Life: Use within 6-12 hours fresh; preserved form 3-6 months with approved preservatives

Storage: Refrigerate immediately; use same day for svarasa

Marker Compounds: Ascorbic acid, Cucurbitacins

Quality Parameters: pH 5.0-6.5, total solids, microbial limits, vitamin C content

Vehicle (Anupana): Honey or sugar

Synergistic Combinations

Kusumbha Taila {#kusumbha-taila}

Names and identification

LanguageName
EnglishKusumbha Taila

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

PropertyValueDescription
Rasa (Taste)Katu, MadhuraPrimary taste
Guna (Quality)Tikshna, SnigdhaPhysical quality
Virya (Potency)UshnaHeating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)KatuPost-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Mineral/Elemental Profile

Analytical Methods: XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Thailam (medicated safflower oil), External application

Standard Dosage: External: liberal massage; Internal: 5-10ml

Bioavailability: Oil base (safflower oil) enhances dermal absorption of lipophilic active compounds; for internal thailams, oil base enhances absorption of fat-soluble actives

Optimal Timing: External: before bath or at bedtime. Internal: before meals

Shelf Life: 3 years (medicated oils per ASU guidelines)

Storage: Airtight amber glass/HDPE container, room temperature, protected from light

Marker Compounds: Linoleic acid, Oleic acid

Quality Parameters: Acid value <5, saponification value per base oil specs, refractive index, moisture NMT 0.5%, specific gravity, marker: Linoleic acid, Oleic acid

Vehicle (Anupana): External: massage into affected area. Internal: with warm water/milk

Synergistic Combinations

Laksha {#laksha}

Names and identification

LanguageName
EnglishLaksha

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

PropertyValueDescription
Rasa (Taste)Tikta, KashayaPrimary taste
Guna (Quality)RukshaPhysical quality
Virya (Potency)SheetaHeating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)KatuPost-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Resin Acids

Dye Components

Wax

Analytical Methods: HPLC (resin acids, dye), FTIR, GC-MS

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Purified resin, Laksha Churna, Laksha Guggulu

Standard Dosage: 1–3 g powder; as per formulation

Bioavailability: Moderate; resinous compounds require lipid vehicle for optimal absorption

Optimal Timing: With warm milk or ghee

Standardized Extract: Purified lac resin (Shodhita Laksha)

Shelf Life: 2–3 years

Storage: Cool, dry place; moisture-protected

Marker Compounds: Shellac (aleuritic acid, shellolic acid), Laccaic acid (red pigment), Jalaric acid

Quality Parameters: Acid value 65–75, colour index within range, heavy metals <10 ppm

Vehicle (Anupana): Milk or ghee

Lasunadi Vati {#lasunadi-vati}

Names and identification

LanguageName
EnglishLasunadi Vati

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

PropertyValueDescription
Rasa (Taste)Katu, LavanaPrimary taste
Guna (Quality)Laghu, SnigdhaPhysical quality
Virya (Potency)UshnaHeating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)KatuPost-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Mineral/Elemental Profile

Analytical Methods: XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Vati (pill/tablet), Capsule

Standard Dosage: 2 tablets twice daily

Bioavailability: Tablet/pill form provides controlled disintegration; some vatis use honey/guggulu as bioenhancing binders

Optimal Timing: Before or after meals as indicated

Shelf Life: 2 years per ASU guidelines for vati

Storage: Airtight container, cool dry place, protected from moisture

Marker Compounds: Allicin, Ajoene

Quality Parameters: Weight variation ±5%, disintegration <30 min, friability <1%, marker: Allicin, Ajoene

Vehicle (Anupana): Warm water or as specified

Synergistic Combinations

Lavan Bhaskar Churna {#lavan-bhaskar-churna}

Names and identification

LanguageName
EnglishLavan Bhaskar Churna

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

PropertyValueDescription
Rasa (Taste)Lavana, KatuPrimary taste
Guna (Quality)Laghu, TikshnaPhysical quality
Virya (Potency)UshnaHeating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)KatuPost-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Mineral/Elemental Profile

Analytical Methods: XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Churna (fine powder), Capsule, Tablet

Standard Dosage: 3-6g before meals

Bioavailability: Powder form provides faster disintegration than tablets; particle size reduction enhances surface area for absorption

Optimal Timing: Before meals

Shelf Life: 2 years (as per ASU guidelines for churna)

Storage: Airtight container, cool dry place, protected from moisture

Marker Compounds: Piperine, Sodium chloride content

Quality Parameters: Mesh size NLT 85#, moisture NMT 6%, total ash per pharmacopoeia, assay of marker compounds: Piperine, Sodium chloride content

Vehicle (Anupana): Buttermilk or warm water

Synergistic Combinations

Liver & Detoxification — Across Traditions {#liver-detoxification-across-traditions}

Comparing approaches to liver & detoxification across 5 healing traditions

Ayurveda Approach

Lodhradi Churna {#lodhradi-churna}

Names and identification

LanguageName
EnglishLodhradi Churna

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

PropertyValueDescription
Rasa (Taste)KashayaPrimary taste
Guna (Quality)RukshaPhysical quality
Virya (Potency)SheetaHeating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)KatuPost-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Mineral/Elemental Profile

Analytical Methods: XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Churna (fine powder), Capsule, Tablet

Standard Dosage: 3-6g twice daily

Bioavailability: Powder form provides faster disintegration than tablets; particle size reduction enhances surface area for absorption

Optimal Timing: Before meals

Shelf Life: 2 years (as per ASU guidelines for churna)

Storage: Airtight container, cool dry place, protected from moisture

Marker Compounds: Loturine, Loturidine

Quality Parameters: Mesh size NLT 85#, moisture NMT 6%, total ash per pharmacopoeia, assay of marker compounds: Loturine, Loturidine

Vehicle (Anupana): Rice water or honey

Synergistic Combinations

Madhuyashtyadi Thailam {#madhuyashtyadi-thailam}

Names and identification

LanguageName
EnglishMadhuyashtyadi Thailam

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

PropertyValueDescription
Rasa (Taste)MadhuraPrimary taste
Guna (Quality)SnigdhaPhysical quality
Virya (Potency)SheetaHeating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)MadhuraPost-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Mineral/Elemental Profile

Analytical Methods: XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Thailam (medicated sesame oil), External application

Standard Dosage: External application for skin

Bioavailability: Oil base (sesame oil) enhances dermal absorption of lipophilic active compounds; for internal thailams, oil base enhances absorption of fat-soluble actives

Optimal Timing: External: before bath or at bedtime. Internal: before meals

Shelf Life: 3 years (medicated oils per ASU guidelines)

Storage: Airtight amber glass/HDPE container, room temperature, protected from light

Marker Compounds: Glycyrrhizin, Glabridin

Quality Parameters: Acid value <5, saponification value per base oil specs, refractive index, moisture NMT 0.5%, specific gravity, marker: Glycyrrhizin, Glabridin

Vehicle (Anupana): External: massage into affected area. Internal: with warm water/milk

Synergistic Combinations

Mahakalyanaka Ghritam {#mahakalyanaka-ghritam}

Names and identification

LanguageName
EnglishMahakalyanaka Ghritam

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

PropertyValueDescription
Rasa (Taste)Tikta, MadhuraPrimary taste
Guna (Quality)Guru, SnigdhaPhysical quality
Virya (Potency)SheetaHeating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)MadhuraPost-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Mineral/Elemental Profile

Analytical Methods: XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Ghrita (medicated ghee), Capsule (for convenience)

Standard Dosage: 12-24ml twice daily with warm water

Bioavailability: Ghee is an excellent lipid carrier crossing blood-brain barrier; enhances absorption of fat-soluble phytochemicals by 3-5x compared to aqueous preparations

Optimal Timing: Before meals on empty stomach for best absorption

Shelf Life: 2 years (as per ASU guidelines for ghrita preparations); improves with aging (Purana Ghrita concept)

Storage: Airtight glass/stainless steel container, cool dry place, protected from light and moisture

Marker Compounds: Gallic acid, Ellagic acid

Quality Parameters: Acid value <4, peroxide value <5 meq/kg, moisture <0.5%, rancidity test negative, marker: Gallic acid, Ellagic acid

Vehicle (Anupana): Warm water or warm milk

Synergistic Combinations

Mahamarichyadi Taila {#mahamarichyadi-taila}

Names and identification

LanguageName
EnglishMahamarichyadi Taila

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

PropertyValueDescription
Rasa (Taste)Katu, TiktaPrimary taste
Guna (Quality)TikshnaPhysical quality
Virya (Potency)UshnaHeating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)KatuPost-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Mineral/Elemental Profile

Analytical Methods: XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Thailam (medicated sesame oil), External application

Standard Dosage: External application for skin conditions

Bioavailability: Oil base (sesame oil) enhances dermal absorption of lipophilic active compounds; for internal thailams, oil base enhances absorption of fat-soluble actives

Optimal Timing: External: before bath or at bedtime. Internal: before meals

Shelf Life: 3 years (medicated oils per ASU guidelines)

Storage: Airtight amber glass/HDPE container, room temperature, protected from light

Marker Compounds: Piperine, Curcumin

Quality Parameters: Acid value <5, saponification value per base oil specs, refractive index, moisture NMT 0.5%, specific gravity, marker: Piperine, Curcumin

Vehicle (Anupana): External: massage into affected area. Internal: with warm water/milk

Synergistic Combinations

Mahatiktaka Ghrita {#mahatiktaka-ghrita}

Names and identification

LanguageName
EnglishMahatiktaka Ghrita

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

PropertyValueDescription
Rasa (Taste)TiktaPrimary taste
Guna (Quality)SnigdhaPhysical quality
Virya (Potency)SheetaHeating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)KatuPost-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Mineral/Elemental Profile

Analytical Methods: XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Ghrita (medicated ghee), Capsule (for convenience)

Standard Dosage: 12-24ml twice daily

Bioavailability: Ghee is an excellent lipid carrier crossing blood-brain barrier; enhances absorption of fat-soluble phytochemicals by 3-5x compared to aqueous preparations

Optimal Timing: Before meals on empty stomach for best absorption

Shelf Life: 2 years (as per ASU guidelines for ghrita preparations); improves with aging (Purana Ghrita concept)

Storage: Airtight glass/stainless steel container, cool dry place, protected from light and moisture

Marker Compounds: Kutkin, Berberine, Tinosporin

Quality Parameters: Acid value <4, peroxide value <5 meq/kg, moisture <0.5%, rancidity test negative, marker: Kutkin, Berberine, Tinosporin

Vehicle (Anupana): Warm water or warm milk

Synergistic Combinations

Mahatriphala Ghrita {#mahatriphala-ghrita}

Names and identification

LanguageName
EnglishMahatriphala Ghrita

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

PropertyValueDescription
Rasa (Taste)Kashaya, MadhuraPrimary taste
Guna (Quality)SnigdhaPhysical quality
Virya (Potency)SheetaHeating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)MadhuraPost-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Mineral/Elemental Profile

Analytical Methods: XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Ghrita (medicated ghee), Capsule (for convenience)

Standard Dosage: 6-12ml twice daily for eye health

Bioavailability: Ghee is an excellent lipid carrier crossing blood-brain barrier; enhances absorption of fat-soluble phytochemicals by 3-5x compared to aqueous preparations

Optimal Timing: Before meals on empty stomach for best absorption

Shelf Life: 2 years (as per ASU guidelines for ghrita preparations); improves with aging (Purana Ghrita concept)

Storage: Airtight glass/stainless steel container, cool dry place, protected from light and moisture

Marker Compounds: Gallic acid, Ellagic acid, Glycyrrhizin

Quality Parameters: Acid value <4, peroxide value <5 meq/kg, moisture <0.5%, rancidity test negative, marker: Gallic acid, Ellagic acid, Glycyrrhizin

Vehicle (Anupana): Warm water or warm milk

Synergistic Combinations

Mahishi Dugdha {#mahishi-dugdha}

Names and identification

LanguageName
EnglishMahishi Dugdha

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

PropertyValueDescription
Rasa (Taste)MadhuraPrimary taste
Guna (Quality)Guru, SnigdhaPhysical quality
Virya (Potency)SheetaHeating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)MadhuraPost-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Nutritional Profile

Analytical Methods: AOAC methods, ICP-OES

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Fresh buffalo milk, Boiled milk

Standard Dosage: 100–200 mL

Bioavailability: High fat content (7–8%); superior for lipophilic drug delivery

Optimal Timing: Evening; promotes sleep (Nidrajanana)

Standardized Extract: N/A — whole food

Shelf Life: 24–48 hours refrigerated

Storage: Refrigerated at 4°C

Marker Compounds: A2 beta-casein, High-fat content, Calcium, Iron

Quality Parameters: Fat >6%, SNF >9%, no adulteration

Vehicle (Anupana): Vehicle for sleep-promoting and strength-building formulations; heavier than cow milk

Makshika Madhu {#makshika-madhu}

Names and identification

LanguageName
EnglishMakshika Madhu

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

PropertyValueDescription
Rasa (Taste)Madhura, KashayaPrimary taste
Guna (Quality)Laghu, RukshaPhysical quality
Virya (Potency)UshnaHeating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)KatuPost-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Mineral/Elemental Profile

Analytical Methods: XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Raw honey, Vehicle/adjuvant, Topical application, Component in Leha/Avaleha

Standard Dosage: 5–15 mL; as vehicle: sufficient quantity

Bioavailability: Bioenhancer — increases absorption and tissue penetration of co-administered herbs

Optimal Timing: Not with hot substances (Ayurvedic contraindication); morning preferred for Kapha conditions

Standardized Extract: Raw, unprocessed (Apakva Madhu); aged 1+ year (Purana Madhu) for therapeutic use

Shelf Life: Indefinite if unadulterated; best within 1–2 years

Storage: Room temperature; never refrigerate; glass or food-grade plastic

Marker Compounds: Fructose/glucose (60–75%), Hydrogen peroxide, Methylglyoxal, Defensin-1, Polyphenols

Quality Parameters: Moisture <20%, HMF <40 mg/kg, diastase activity >8 DN, no added sugars (C4 sugar ratio test)

Vehicle (Anupana): Premier Yogavahi (bioenhancer/vehicle) in Ayurveda; Kapha-reducing vehicle; used in >200 formulations

Manashila {#manashila}

Names and identification

LanguageName
EnglishManashila

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

PropertyValueDescription
Rasa (Taste)Tikta, KatuPrimary taste
Guna (Quality)Guru, SnigdhaPhysical quality
Virya (Potency)UshnaHeating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)KatuPost-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Mineral/Elemental Profile

Analytical Methods: XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Shuddha Manashila (purified realgar/arsenic disulfide)

Standard Dosage: 30–60 mg (strict dosing — arsenic compound)

Bioavailability: Converted to therapeutic form through Shodhana; reduced toxicity

Optimal Timing: As directed by experienced physician only

Standardized Extract: Purified realgar (As2S2/As4S4)

Shelf Life: Indefinite

Storage: Airtight, labeled container; Schedule E1

Marker Compounds: Arsenic disulfide, Sulfur compounds

Quality Parameters: Free arsenic <3 ppm (critical), standard purification validation

Vehicle (Anupana): Honey or as part of specific formulations only

Manibhadra Guda {#manibhadra-guda}

Names and identification

LanguageName
EnglishManibhadra Guda

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

PropertyValueDescription
Rasa (Taste)Tikta, KatuPrimary taste
Guna (Quality)TikshnaPhysical quality
Virya (Potency)UshnaHeating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)KatuPost-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Mineral/Elemental Profile

Analytical Methods: XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Guda (jaggery-based preparation)

Standard Dosage: 6-12g at bedtime

Bioavailability: Jaggery matrix provides sustained release of laxative compounds

Optimal Timing: At bedtime for morning evacuation

Shelf Life: 1 year

Storage: Airtight container

Marker Compounds: Chebulagic acid, Chebulinic acid

Quality Parameters: Total sugar, moisture, chebulagic acid content

Vehicle (Anupana): Warm water

Synergistic Combinations

Manjisthadi Kwath {#manjisthadi-kwath}

Names and identification

LanguageName
EnglishManjisthadi Kwath

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

PropertyValueDescription
Rasa (Taste)Tikta, KashayaPrimary taste
Guna (Quality)Laghu, RukshaPhysical quality
Virya (Potency)SheetaHeating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)KatuPost-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Mineral/Elemental Profile

Analytical Methods: XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Kashayam (decoction), Kashayam tablet, Concentrated liquid

Standard Dosage: 40-80ml twice daily

Bioavailability: Aqueous decoction provides good bioavailability for water-soluble compounds; concentration step may reduce volatile components

Optimal Timing: Before meals, typically morning and evening

Shelf Life: 1 day (fresh kashayam); 2 years (kashayam tablet); 6 months (concentrated liquid with preservative)

Storage: Fresh: refrigerate, use within 24h. Tablet/liquid: cool dry place, airtight

Marker Compounds: Alizarin, Purpurin, Berberine

Quality Parameters: pH 4.0-6.5, specific gravity 1.01-1.05, total solids 2-8%, marker assay: Alizarin, Purpurin, Berberine

Vehicle (Anupana): Warm, usually taken on empty stomach

Synergistic Combinations

Marichyadi Vati {#marichyadi-vati}

Names and identification

LanguageName
EnglishMarichyadi Vati

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

PropertyValueDescription
Rasa (Taste)KatuPrimary taste
Guna (Quality)Laghu, TikshnaPhysical quality
Virya (Potency)UshnaHeating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)KatuPost-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Mineral/Elemental Profile

Analytical Methods: XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Vati (pill/tablet), Capsule

Standard Dosage: 2 tablets twice daily

Bioavailability: Tablet/pill form provides controlled disintegration; some vatis use honey/guggulu as bioenhancing binders

Optimal Timing: Before or after meals as indicated

Shelf Life: 2 years per ASU guidelines for vati

Storage: Airtight container, cool dry place, protected from moisture

Marker Compounds: Piperine, Gingerol, Piperlongumine

Quality Parameters: Weight variation ±5%, disintegration <30 min, friability <1%, marker: Piperine, Gingerol, Piperlongumine

Vehicle (Anupana): Warm water or as specified

Synergistic Combinations

Masha {#masha}

Names and identification

LanguageName
EnglishMasha

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

PropertyValueDescription
Rasa (Taste)MadhuraPrimary taste
Guna (Quality)Guru, SnigdhaPhysical quality
Virya (Potency)UshnaHeating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)MadhuraPost-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Flavonoids

Phenolics

Nutritional Profile

Analytical Methods: AOAC methods, HPLC, ICP-OES

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Whole bean, Dal (split), Flour, Masha Taila

Standard Dosage: As dietary: 30–50 g; Masha Taila: external application

Bioavailability: Moderate; soaking and cooking required; anti-nutritional factors reduced by processing

Optimal Timing: Lunch or dinner; best in winter

Standardized Extract: Masha Taila (medicated oil with black gram)

Shelf Life: Whole: 12 months; dal: 6 months; Taila: 12–18 months

Storage: Cool, dry place; airtight container

Marker Compounds: Protein (24%), Iron, Phosphorus, Phytoestrogens

Quality Parameters: Moisture <12%, no weevil infestation, cooking quality test

Vehicle (Anupana): Ghee or sesame oil

Masha Taila {#masha-taila}

Names and identification

LanguageName
EnglishMasha Taila

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

PropertyValueDescription
Rasa (Taste)MadhuraPrimary taste
Guna (Quality)Guru, SnigdhaPhysical quality
Virya (Potency)UshnaHeating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)MadhuraPost-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Mineral/Elemental Profile

Analytical Methods: XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Thailam (medicated sesame oil), External application

Standard Dosage: External massage for Vata disorders

Bioavailability: Oil base (sesame oil) enhances dermal absorption of lipophilic active compounds; for internal thailams, oil base enhances absorption of fat-soluble actives

Optimal Timing: External: before bath or at bedtime. Internal: before meals

Shelf Life: 3 years (medicated oils per ASU guidelines)

Storage: Airtight amber glass/HDPE container, room temperature, protected from light

Marker Compounds: Withanolides, Sesamin

Quality Parameters: Acid value <5, saponification value per base oil specs, refractive index, moisture NMT 0.5%, specific gravity, marker: Withanolides, Sesamin

Vehicle (Anupana): External: massage into affected area. Internal: with warm water/milk

Synergistic Combinations

Mastu {#mastu}

Names and identification

LanguageName
EnglishMastu

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

PropertyValueDescription
Rasa (Taste)Kashaya, AmlaPrimary taste
Guna (Quality)LaghuPhysical quality
Virya (Potency)UshnaHeating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)MadhuraPost-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Mineral/Elemental Profile

Analytical Methods: XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Whey liquid, Medicated whey

Standard Dosage: 50–100 mL

Bioavailability: High; aqueous medium with predigested proteins

Optimal Timing: With meals or post-meal

Standardized Extract: N/A — byproduct of curd/cheese making

Shelf Life: 12–24 hours fresh

Storage: Refrigerated; use fresh

Marker Compounds: Whey proteins, Lactic acid, Minerals, B-vitamins

Quality Parameters: pH 4.5–5.5, no off-odors, microbial limits per FSSAI

Vehicle (Anupana): Light vehicle for digestive formulations

Masura {#masura}

Names and identification

LanguageName
EnglishMasura

Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

PropertyValueDescription
Rasa (Taste)Madhura, KashayaPrimary taste
Guna (Quality)Laghu, RukshaPhysical quality
Virya (Potency)SheetaHeating/Cooling effect
Vipaka (Post-digestive)MadhuraPost-digestive effect

What is it made of?

Flavonoids

Phenolics

Nutritional Profile

Analytical Methods: AOAC methods, HPLC, ICP-OES

Dosage forms and preparation

Dosage Forms: Whole lentil, Split dal, Flour

Standard Dosage: As dietary: 30–50 g cooked

Bioavailability: Moderate; improves with soaking and pressure cooking

Optimal Timing: Meals; suitable for all seasons

Standardized Extract: N/A — whole food

Shelf Life: 12 months whole; 6 months split

Storage: Cool, dry place

Marker Compounds: Protein (25%), Iron, Folate, Dietary fiber, Polyphenols

Quality Parameters: Moisture <12%, cooking time <30 min, no insect damage