# Ayurvedic concepts (M-Y)

> Ayurvedic concepts (M-Y) is a reference glossary of 61 entries drawn from the Ayurvedic materia medica, each listing the herbs it occurs in and the compounds it commonly appears alongside.

### Men's Health & Vitality — Across Traditions {#mens-health-vitality-across-traditions}

*Comparing approaches to men's health & vitality across 5 healing traditions*

- **Ayurveda:** 56 entries
- **TCM:** 3 entries
- **Global:** 12 entries
- **Nutraceutical:** 7 entries

#### Ayurveda Approach

- [Vidarikand](/herb/vidarikand/) *Pueraria tuberosa (Willd.) DC.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Aphrodisiac
- [Kharjura](/herb/kharjura/) *Phoenix dactylifera L.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Aphrodisiac
- [Giloy Satva](/herb/giloy-satva/) *Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers (aqueous starch extract)*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Adaptogenic
- [Ajwain](/herb/ajwain/) *Trachyspermum ammi*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Bronchodilator, Antidiabetic
- [Nagabala](/herb/nagabala/) *Grewia hirsuta Vahl / Sida veronicifolia Lam. (syn. Sida veronicaefolia)*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Aphrodisiac, Medhya (Nootropic)
- [Akarakarabha](/herb/akarakarabha/) *Anacyclus pyrethrum (L.) Lag.*
  Actions: Anticancer, Aphrodisiac, Wound Healing
- [Danti](/herb/danti/) *Baliospermum montanum (Willd.) Muell.-Arg.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Hepatoprotective
- [Mochras](/herb/mochras/) *Salmalia malabarica (DC.) Schott & Endl. (syn. Bombax ceiba L.) - resin exudate*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Aphrodisiac, Wound Healing
- [Giloy](/herb/guduchi/) *Tinospora cordifolia*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Medhya (Nootropic)
- [Kapittha](/herb/kapittha/) *Limonia acidissima Groff (syn. Feronia limonia (L.) Swingle)*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Wound Healing
- [Rishabhaka](/herb/rishabhaka/) *Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.) Dubard*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Aphrodisiac, Adaptogenic
- [Guduchi](/herb/guduchi/) *Tinospora cordifolia*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Medhya (Nootropic), Adaptogenic
- [Himsra](/herb/himsra/) *Capparis spinosa L.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Antidiabetic
- [Saffron](/herb/saffron/) *Crocus sativus*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Aphrodisiac
- [Ashoka](/herb/ashoka/)
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Hemostatic

### Mudga {#mudga}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | Mudga |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Madhura, Kashaya | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Laghu, Ruksha | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Sheeta | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Madhura | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Phenolics

- Vitexin
- Isovitexin
- Gallic acid

### Flavonoids

- Quercetin
- Kaempferol
- Myricetin

### Nutritional Profile

- **Protein:** 24g/100g
- **Fiber:** 16g/100g
- **Iron:** 6.7mg/100g
- **Folate:** 625μg/100g
- **Potassium:** 1246mg/100g
- **Magnesium:** 189mg/100g
- **Phytic acid:** 0.3-0.5% (antinutrient)

**Analytical Methods:** AOAC methods, HPLC (phenolics), ICP-OES (minerals)

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Whole mung bean, Split dal, Sprouts, Yusha (medicinal soup)

**Standard Dosage:** As dietary: 30–50 g; Yusha: 100–200 mL

**Bioavailability:** Highest among pulses in Ayurveda; light and easy to digest

**Optimal Timing:** Any meal; Yusha during illness/convalescence

**Standardized Extract:** Mudga Yusha (therapeutic mung soup) — premier pathya (dietary therapy)

**Shelf Life:** Whole: 12+ months; sprouts: 2–3 days; Yusha: consume fresh

**Storage:** Cool, dry place; sprouts refrigerated

**Marker Compounds:** Protein (24%), [Vitexin](/glossary/compounds-t-z/#vitexin), [Isovitexin](/glossary/compounds-g-l/#isovitexin), Iron, Dietary fiber

**Quality Parameters:** Moisture <12%, germination rate >85% for sprout quality, no aflatoxin

**Vehicle (Anupana):** Ghee; [cumin](/herb/cumin/)-[coriander](/herb/coriander/) seasoning for digestibility

### Nag Bhasma {#nag-bhasma}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | [Nag Bhasma](/glossary/concepts-m-y/#nag-bhasma) |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Madhura, Tikta | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Guru | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Ushna | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Katu | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Mineral/Elemental Profile

- **Lead oxide (PbO):** Major component (traditionally)
- **Note:** Contains heavy metals — restricted use; modern preparations use purification (Shodhana) to reduce toxicity

**Analytical Methods:** AAS (lead quantification), ICP-MS, XRD

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Bhasma

**Standard Dosage:** 30–60 mg (lead preparation — strict dosing)

**Bioavailability:** Converted to lead oxide nanoparticles through Marana; toxicity eliminated per traditional parameters

**Optimal Timing:** As directed by experienced physician; with specific anupana only

**Standardized Extract:** Calcined lead bhasma — Schedule E1 restricted

**Shelf Life:** Indefinite

**Storage:** Airtight, labeled container; restricted drug storage

**Marker Compounds:** Lead oxide (PbO), Lead sulfide traces

**Quality Parameters:** Free lead <1 ppm (critical), standard bhasma tests, bioavailability validation

**Vehicle (Anupana):** As part of specific formulations only; honey or ghee

### Narikela Lavana {#narikela-lavana}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | [Narikela](/herb/narikela/) Lavana |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Lavana, Madhura | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Laghu | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Sheeta | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Madhura | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Mineral/Elemental Profile

- **Primary component:** Mineral-derived preparation
- **Note:** Composition varies by specific preparation method

**Analytical Methods:** XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Lavana (medicated salt)

**Standard Dosage:** 1–3 g with warm water before meals

**Bioavailability:** Good; salt form ensures rapid absorption; coconut adds medium-chain fatty acids

**Optimal Timing:** Before meals with warm water or buttermilk

**Standardized Extract:** Coconut shell ash + rock salt preparation

**Shelf Life:** 12–18 months

**Storage:** Airtight container; moisture-protected

**Marker Compounds:** Sodium chloride, [Potassium](/glossary/compounds-o-q/#potassium) carbonate (from coconut ash), Coconut carbon, Trace minerals

**Quality Parameters:** Chloride content as labeled, heavy metals within limits, no excess free alkali

**Vehicle (Anupana):** Warm water or buttermilk

### Navakarshika Churna {#navakarshika-churna}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | [Navakarshika Churna](/glossary/concepts-m-y/#navakarshika-churna) |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Tikta, Kashaya | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Laghu, Ruksha | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Sheeta | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Katu | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Mineral/Elemental Profile

- **Primary component:** Mineral-derived preparation
- **Note:** Composition varies by specific preparation method

**Analytical Methods:** XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Churna (fine powder), Capsule, Tablet

**Standard Dosage:** 3-6g twice daily

**Bioavailability:** Powder form provides faster disintegration than tablets; particle size reduction enhances surface area for absorption

**Optimal Timing:** Before meals

**Shelf Life:** 2 years (as per ASU guidelines for churna)

**Storage:** Airtight container, cool dry place, protected from moisture

**Marker Compounds:** Gallic acid, [Tinosporin](/glossary/compounds-t-z/#tinosporin), [Berberine](/glossary/compounds-a-c/#berberine)

**Quality Parameters:** Mesh size NLT 85#, moisture NMT 6%, total ash per pharmacopoeia, assay of marker compounds: Gallic acid, Tinosporin, [Berberine](/glossary/compounds-a-c/#berberine)

**Vehicle (Anupana):** Warm water

### Synergistic Combinations

- With Warm water as vehicle for enhanced absorption

### Navaneeta {#navaneeta}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | Navaneeta |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Madhura | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Snigdha | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Sheeta | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Madhura | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Mineral/Elemental Profile

- **Primary component:** Mineral-derived preparation
- **Note:** Composition varies by specific preparation method

**Analytical Methods:** XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Fresh butter, Medicated butter

**Standard Dosage:** 5–10 g

**Bioavailability:** High lipid bioavailability; precursor to ghee

**Optimal Timing:** With meals

**Standardized Extract:** N/A — dairy product; precursor for [Ghrita](/herb/ghrita/) preparation

**Shelf Life:** 5–7 days refrigerated

**Storage:** Refrigerated at 4°C

**Marker Compounds:** Milk fat (80%+), Fat-soluble [vitamins](/glossary/compounds-t-z/#vitamins), Short-chain fatty acids

**Quality Parameters:** Fat >80%, moisture <16%, no rancidity

**Vehicle (Anupana):** Used fresh for Pitta and bleeding disorders; base for ghee production

### Nimba Taila {#nimba-taila}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | [Nimba](/herb/nimba/) Taila |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Tikta | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Laghu | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Sheeta | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Katu | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Mineral/Elemental Profile

- **Primary component:** Mineral-derived preparation
- **Note:** Composition varies by specific preparation method

**Analytical Methods:** XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Thailam (medicated [sesame oil](/glossary/concepts-m-y/#tila-taila)), External application

**Standard Dosage:** External application for skin conditions

**Bioavailability:** Oil base ([sesame oil](/glossary/concepts-m-y/#tila-taila)) enhances dermal absorption of lipophilic active compounds; for internal thailams, oil base enhances absorption of fat-soluble actives

**Optimal Timing:** External: before bath or at bedtime. Internal: before meals

**Shelf Life:** 3 years (medicated oils per ASU guidelines)

**Storage:** Airtight amber glass/HDPE container, room temperature, protected from light

**Marker Compounds:** [Azadirachtin](/glossary/compounds-a-c/#azadirachtin), [Nimbin](/glossary/compounds-l-o/#nimbin), [Nimbidin](/glossary/compounds-l-o/#nimbidin)

**Quality Parameters:** Acid value <5, saponification value per base oil specs, refractive index, moisture NMT 0.5%, specific gravity, marker: Azadirachtin, Nimbin, Nimbidin

**Vehicle (Anupana):** External: massage into affected area. Internal: with warm water/milk

### Synergistic Combinations

- Key herbs: [Nimba](/herb/nimba/) ([neem](/herb/neem/)) leaves and bark; oil base acts as lipid carrier for enhanced tissue penetration

### Nimbadi Churna {#nimbadi-churna}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | [Nimbadi Churna](/glossary/concepts-m-y/#nimbadi-churna) |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Tikta | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Laghu, Ruksha | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Sheeta | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Katu | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Mineral/Elemental Profile

- **Primary component:** Mineral-derived preparation
- **Note:** Composition varies by specific preparation method

**Analytical Methods:** XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Churna (fine powder), Capsule, Tablet

**Standard Dosage:** 3-6g twice daily

**Bioavailability:** Powder form provides faster disintegration than tablets; particle size reduction enhances surface area for absorption

**Optimal Timing:** Before meals

**Shelf Life:** 2 years (as per ASU guidelines for churna)

**Storage:** Airtight container, cool dry place, protected from moisture

**Marker Compounds:** [Azadirachtin](/glossary/compounds-a-c/#azadirachtin), [Curcumin](/herb/curcumin/), Gallic acid

**Quality Parameters:** Mesh size NLT 85#, moisture NMT 6%, total ash per pharmacopoeia, assay of marker compounds: Azadirachtin, [Curcumin](/herb/curcumin/), Gallic acid

**Vehicle (Anupana):** Warm water

### Synergistic Combinations

- With Warm water as vehicle for enhanced absorption

### Nirgundi Ghana Vati {#nirgundi-ghana-vati}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | [Nirgundi](/herb/nirgundi/) Ghana Vati |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Tikta, Katu | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Laghu, Ruksha | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Ushna | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Katu | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Mineral/Elemental Profile

- **Primary component:** Mineral-derived preparation
- **Note:** Composition varies by specific preparation method

**Analytical Methods:** XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Vati (pill/tablet), Capsule

**Standard Dosage:** 2 tablets thrice daily

**Bioavailability:** Tablet/pill form provides controlled disintegration; some vatis use honey/[guggulu](/formulation/guggulu/) as bioenhancing binders

**Optimal Timing:** Before or after meals as indicated

**Shelf Life:** 2 years per ASU guidelines for vati

**Storage:** Airtight container, cool dry place, protected from moisture

**Marker Compounds:** [Casticin](/glossary/compounds-c-d/#casticin), [Agnuside](/glossary/compounds-1-a/#agnuside), [Vitexin](/glossary/compounds-t-z/#vitexin)

**Quality Parameters:** Weight variation ±5%, disintegration <30 min, friability <1%, marker: Casticin, Agnuside, Vitexin

**Vehicle (Anupana):** Warm water or as specified

### Synergistic Combinations

- Key herbs: [Nirgundi](/herb/nirgundi/) (Vitex negundo) aqueous extract, concentrated (ghana)

### Nirgundi Taila {#nirgundi-taila}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | [Nirgundi](/herb/nirgundi/) Taila |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Tikta, Katu | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Laghu, Ruksha | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Ushna | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Katu | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Mineral/Elemental Profile

- **Primary component:** Mineral-derived preparation
- **Note:** Composition varies by specific preparation method

**Analytical Methods:** XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Thailam (medicated [sesame oil](/glossary/concepts-m-y/#tila-taila)), External application

**Standard Dosage:** External massage for joint pain

**Bioavailability:** Oil base ([sesame oil](/glossary/concepts-m-y/#tila-taila)) enhances dermal absorption of lipophilic active compounds; for internal thailams, oil base enhances absorption of fat-soluble actives

**Optimal Timing:** External: before bath or at bedtime. Internal: before meals

**Shelf Life:** 3 years (medicated oils per ASU guidelines)

**Storage:** Airtight amber glass/HDPE container, room temperature, protected from light

**Marker Compounds:** [Casticin](/glossary/compounds-c-d/#casticin), [Agnuside](/glossary/compounds-1-a/#agnuside)

**Quality Parameters:** Acid value <5, saponification value per base oil specs, refractive index, moisture NMT 0.5%, specific gravity, marker: Casticin, Agnuside

**Vehicle (Anupana):** External: massage into affected area. Internal: with warm water/milk

### Synergistic Combinations

- Key herbs: [Nirgundi](/herb/nirgundi/) (Vitex negundo); oil base acts as lipid carrier for enhanced tissue penetration

### Panchamla Thailam {#panchamla-thailam}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | [Panchamla Thailam](/glossary/concepts-m-y/#panchamla-thailam) |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Amla | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Snigdha, Tikshna | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Ushna | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Amla | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Mineral/Elemental Profile

- **Primary component:** Mineral-derived preparation
- **Note:** Composition varies by specific preparation method

**Analytical Methods:** XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Thailam (medicated [sesame oil](/glossary/concepts-m-y/#tila-taila)), External application

**Standard Dosage:** External application for Vata disorders

**Bioavailability:** Oil base ([sesame oil](/glossary/concepts-m-y/#tila-taila)) enhances dermal absorption of lipophilic active compounds; for internal thailams, oil base enhances absorption of fat-soluble actives

**Optimal Timing:** External: before bath or at bedtime. Internal: before meals

**Shelf Life:** 3 years (medicated oils per ASU guidelines)

**Storage:** Airtight amber glass/HDPE container, room temperature, protected from light

**Marker Compounds:** [Citric acid](/glossary/compounds-c-d/#citric-acidcitric-acid), Gallic acid

**Quality Parameters:** Acid value <5, saponification value per base oil specs, refractive index, moisture NMT 0.5%, specific gravity, marker: [Citric acid](/glossary/compounds-c-d/#citric-acidcitric-acid), Gallic acid

**Vehicle (Anupana):** External: massage into affected area. Internal: with warm water/milk

### Synergistic Combinations

- Key herbs: 5 sour substances: [Amla](/herb/amla/), [Dadima](/herb/dadima/), [Changeri](/herb/changeri/), [Bijapura](/herb/bijapura/), [Matulunga](/herb/matulunga/); oil base acts as lipid carrier for enhanced tissue penetration

### Panchavalkala Kwath {#panchavalkala-kwath}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | [Panchavalkala Kwath](/glossary/concepts-m-y/#panchavalkala-kwath) |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Kashaya | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Ruksha | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Sheeta | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Katu | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Mineral/Elemental Profile

- **Primary component:** Mineral-derived preparation
- **Note:** Composition varies by specific preparation method

**Analytical Methods:** XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Kashayam (decoction), Kashayam tablet, Concentrated liquid

**Standard Dosage:** For external wash: 50-100ml

**Bioavailability:** Aqueous decoction provides good bioavailability for water-soluble compounds; concentration step may reduce volatile components

**Optimal Timing:** Before meals, typically morning and evening

**Shelf Life:** 1 day (fresh kashayam); 2 years (kashayam tablet); 6 months (concentrated liquid with preservative)

**Storage:** Fresh: refrigerate, use within 24h. Tablet/liquid: cool dry place, airtight

**Marker Compounds:** [Tannins](/reference/tannins/), [Flavonoids](/reference/flavonoids/)

**Quality Parameters:** pH 4.0-6.5, specific gravity 1.01-1.05, total solids 2-8%, marker assay: Tannins, Flavonoids

**Vehicle (Anupana):** Warm, usually taken on empty stomach

### Synergistic Combinations

- Classical combination of 5 barks: Vata, [Udumbara](/herb/udumbara/), [Ashwattha](/herb/ashwattha/), [Plaksha](/herb/plaksha/), Parisha provides synergistic therapeutic effect

### Parpatakarishta {#parpatakarishta}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | Parpatakarishta |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Tikta | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Laghu | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Sheeta | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Katu | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Mineral/Elemental Profile

- **Primary component:** Mineral-derived preparation
- **Note:** Composition varies by specific preparation method

**Analytical Methods:** XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Arishta/Asava (fermented liquid), Syrup (modern adaptation)

**Standard Dosage:** 15-30ml with equal water

**Bioavailability:** Self-generated alcohol enhances extraction and absorption of both water-soluble and fat-soluble compounds; fermentation produces bioactive metabolites not present in raw herbs

**Optimal Timing:** After meals, twice daily

**Shelf Life:** Indefinite per classical texts; commercially labeled 5-10 years. Improves with age.

**Storage:** Room temperature, tightly sealed, away from direct sunlight. Do not refrigerate.

**Marker Compounds:** Fumarine, [Protopine](/glossary/compounds-o-q/#protopine)

**Quality Parameters:** Alcohol content 5-12% v/v, pH 3.0-4.5, specific gravity 1.01-1.08, total solids 15-25%, marker: Fumarine, Protopine

**Vehicle (Anupana):** Equal quantity of water after meals

### Synergistic Combinations

- Key herbs: [Parpataka](/herb/parpataka/) (Fumaria), [Dhataki](/herb/dhataki/), [Guda](/glossary/concepts-a-m/#guda); fermentation creates unique metabolite profile with enhanced therapeutic activity

### Patolamuladi Kwath {#patolamuladi-kwath}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | [Patolamuladi Kwath](/glossary/concepts-m-y/#patolamuladi-kwath) |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Tikta | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Laghu | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Sheeta | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Katu | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Mineral/Elemental Profile

- **Primary component:** Mineral-derived preparation
- **Note:** Composition varies by specific preparation method

**Analytical Methods:** XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Kashayam (decoction), Kashayam tablet, Concentrated liquid

**Standard Dosage:** 40-80ml twice daily

**Bioavailability:** Aqueous decoction provides good bioavailability for water-soluble compounds; concentration step may reduce volatile components

**Optimal Timing:** Before meals, typically morning and evening

**Shelf Life:** 1 day (fresh kashayam); 2 years (kashayam tablet); 6 months (concentrated liquid with preservative)

**Storage:** Fresh: refrigerate, use within 24h. Tablet/liquid: cool dry place, airtight

**Marker Compounds:** Cucurbitacin B, Kutkin, [Tinosporin](/glossary/compounds-t-z/#tinosporin)

**Quality Parameters:** pH 4.0-6.5, specific gravity 1.01-1.05, total solids 2-8%, marker assay: Cucurbitacin B, Kutkin, Tinosporin

**Vehicle (Anupana):** Warm, usually taken on empty stomach

### Synergistic Combinations

- Classical combination of [Patola](/herb/patola/), [Katuki](/herb/katuki/), [Guduchi](/herb/guduchi/), [Nimba](/herb/nimba/) provides synergistic therapeutic effect

### Phala Kalyana Ghrita {#phala-kalyana-ghrita}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | Phala Kalyana [Ghrita](/herb/ghrita/)|Phala Kalyana Ghrita |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Madhura | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Guru, Snigdha | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Sheeta | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Madhura | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Mineral/Elemental Profile

- **Primary component:** Mineral-derived preparation
- **Note:** Composition varies by specific preparation method

**Analytical Methods:** XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** [Ghrita](/herb/ghrita/) (medicated ghee), Capsule (for convenience)

**Standard Dosage:** 12-24ml with milk for fertility

**Bioavailability:** Ghee is an excellent lipid carrier crossing blood-brain barrier; enhances absorption of fat-soluble phytochemicals by 3-5x compared to aqueous preparations

**Optimal Timing:** Before meals on empty stomach for best absorption

**Shelf Life:** 2 years (as per ASU guidelines for [ghrita](/herb/ghrita/) preparations); improves with aging (Purana Ghrita concept)

**Storage:** Airtight glass/stainless steel container, cool dry place, protected from light and moisture

**Marker Compounds:** Shatavarin, Withaferin A

**Quality Parameters:** Acid value <4, peroxide value <5 meq/kg, moisture <0.5%, rancidity test negative, marker: Shatavarin, Withaferin A

**Vehicle (Anupana):** Warm water or warm milk

### Synergistic Combinations

- Key herbs: Kashmari, [Brihati](/herb/brihati/), Shalaparni, fertility herbs + milk; ghee enhances tissue penetration (yogavahi property)

### Phalatrikadi Kwath {#phalatrikadi-kwath}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | [Phalatrikadi Kwath](/glossary/concepts-m-y/#phalatrikadi-kwath) |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Tikta, Kashaya | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Laghu, Ruksha | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Sheeta | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Katu | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Mineral/Elemental Profile

- **Primary component:** Mineral-derived preparation
- **Note:** Composition varies by specific preparation method

**Analytical Methods:** XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Kashayam (decoction), Kashayam tablet, Concentrated liquid

**Standard Dosage:** 40-80ml twice daily

**Bioavailability:** Aqueous decoction provides good bioavailability for water-soluble compounds; concentration step may reduce volatile components

**Optimal Timing:** Before meals, typically morning and evening

**Shelf Life:** 1 day (fresh kashayam); 2 years (kashayam tablet); 6 months (concentrated liquid with preservative)

**Storage:** Fresh: refrigerate, use within 24h. Tablet/liquid: cool dry place, airtight

**Marker Compounds:** Gallic acid, [Tinosporin](/glossary/compounds-t-z/#tinosporin)

**Quality Parameters:** pH 4.0-6.5, specific gravity 1.01-1.05, total solids 2-8%, marker assay: Gallic acid, Tinosporin

**Vehicle (Anupana):** Warm, usually taken on empty stomach

### Synergistic Combinations

- Classical combination of [Triphala](/herb/triphala/), [Guduchi](/herb/guduchi/), Musta provides synergistic therapeutic effect

### Phanita {#phanita}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | Phanita |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Madhura | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Guru | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Ushna | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Madhura | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Mineral/Elemental Profile

- **Primary component:** Mineral-derived preparation
- **Note:** Composition varies by specific preparation method

**Analytical Methods:** XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Semi-solid jaggery syrup, Vehicle for formulations

**Standard Dosage:** 5–15 mL as vehicle

**Bioavailability:** Rapid absorption of sugars; enhances palatability

**Optimal Timing:** With formulations as directed

**Standardized Extract:** N/A — partially processed sugarcane juice

**Shelf Life:** 3–6 months

**Storage:** Cool, dry place; airtight container

**Marker Compounds:** [Sucrose](/glossary/compounds-q-t/#sucrose), [Glucose](/glossary/compounds-d-g/#glucose), [Fructose](/glossary/compounds-d-g/#fructose), Iron, Minerals

**Quality Parameters:** Brix 65–70°, no fermentation, no adulteration

**Vehicle (Anupana):** Sweet vehicle for Vata-pacifying and nutritive formulations

### Pitta Balancing Herbs {#pitta-balancing}

*28 herbs + 6 formulations that pacify Pitta*

#### Single Herbs (28)

- [Chandana](/herb/chandana/) — *Santalum album L.*
- [Coriander](/herb/coriander/)
- [Coriander Herb](/herb/coriander-herb/)
- [Dhataki](/herb/dhataki/)
- [Durva](/herb/durva/)
- [Gambhari Phala](/herb/gambhari-phala/) — *Gmelina arborea Roxb.*
- [Hrivera](/herb/hrivera/)
- [Ikshu](/herb/ikshu/)
- [Jati](/herb/jati/)
- [Kamala](/herb/kamala/) — *Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.*
- [Kumbhika](/herb/kumbhika/)
- [Kumud](/herb/kumud/)
- [Kumuda](/herb/kumuda/)
- [Madayantika](/herb/madayantika/)
- [Nagakesara](/herb/nagakesara/)
- [Palankya](/herb/palankya/) — *Spinacia oleracea L.*
- [Rohisha](/herb/rohisha/)
- [Saffron](/herb/saffron/) — *Crocus sativus*
- [Saireyaka](/herb/saireyaka/)
- [Sariva](/herb/sariva/) — *Hemidesmus indicus*
- [Sharapunkha](/herb/sharapunkha/)
- [Shrigataka](/herb/shrigataka/) — *Trapa natans L. (syn. Trapa bispinosa Roxb.)*
- [Taruni](/herb/taruni/)
- [Trapusha](/herb/trapusha/)
- [Triphala Herbs](/herb/triphala-herbs/)
- [Ushira](/herb/ushira/) — *Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash (syn. Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty)*
- [Utpala](/herb/utpala/)
- [Yashtimadhu](/herb/yashtimadhu/)

#### Classical Formulations (6)

- [Coconut Oil Narikela Taila](/formulation/coconut-oil-narikela-taila/)
- [Himasagara Thailam](/formulation/himasagara-thailam/)
- [Kalyanaka Ghritam](/formulation/kalyanaka-ghritam/)
- [Kushmanda Khanda](/glossary/concepts-a-m/#kushmanda-khanda)
- [Panchatikta Ghrita](/formulation/panchatikta-ghrita/)
- [Srikhandasava](/formulation/srikhandasava/)

#### Other Preparations (10)

- [Akika Pishti](/herb/akika-pishti/)
- [Coconut Oil](/glossary/concepts-a-m/#coconut-oil)
- [Godanti Bhasma](/herb/godanti-bhasma/)
- [Laghu Sutshekhar Ras](/herb/laghu-sutshekhar-ras/)
- [Mukta Pishti](/herb/mukta-pishti/)
- [Panna Pishti](/herb/panna-pishti/)
- [Pravala Pishti](/herb/pravala-pishti/)
- [Shankha Bhasma](/herb/shankha-bhasma/)
- [Sita](/glossary/concepts-m-y/#sita)
- [Tapyadi Loha](/herb/tapyadi-loha/)

#### See Also

- [Vata-Balancing Herbs](/glossary/concepts-m-y/#vata-balancing)

### Prabhakar Vati {#prabhakar-vati}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | [Prabhakar Vati](/glossary/concepts-m-y/#prabhakar-vati) |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Madhura, Kashaya | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Guru | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Sheeta | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Madhura | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Mineral/Elemental Profile

- **Primary component:** Mineral-derived preparation
- **Note:** Composition varies by specific preparation method

**Analytical Methods:** XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Vati (pill/tablet), Capsule

**Standard Dosage:** 2 tablets twice daily for cardiac health

**Bioavailability:** Tablet/pill form provides controlled disintegration; some vatis use honey/[guggulu](/formulation/guggulu/) as bioenhancing binders

**Optimal Timing:** Before or after meals as indicated

**Shelf Life:** 2 years per ASU guidelines for vati

**Storage:** Airtight container, cool dry place, protected from moisture

**Marker Compounds:** Arjunolic acid, Fulvic acid, Guggulsterones

**Quality Parameters:** Weight variation ±5%, disintegration <30 min, friability <1%, marker: Arjunolic acid, Fulvic acid, Guggulsterones

**Vehicle (Anupana):** Warm water or as specified

### Synergistic Combinations

- Key herbs: [Arjuna](/herb/arjuna/), [Shilajit](/herb/shilajit/), [Guggulu](/formulation/guggulu/), minerals

### Rajamasha {#rajamasha}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | Rajamasha |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Madhura, Kashaya | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Guru, Ruksha | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Sheeta | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Katu | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Mineral/Elemental Profile

- **Primary component:** Mineral-derived preparation
- **Note:** Composition varies by specific preparation method

**Analytical Methods:** XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Whole bean, Cooked dal

**Standard Dosage:** As dietary: 30–50 g cooked

**Bioavailability:** Moderate; requires thorough cooking

**Optimal Timing:** Lunch

**Standardized Extract:** N/A — whole food

**Shelf Life:** 12 months

**Storage:** Cool, dry place

**Marker Compounds:** Protein (22%), Phaseolin, Iron, Dietary fiber

**Quality Parameters:** Moisture <12%, cooking quality acceptable

### Rajapravartini Vati {#rajapravartini-vati}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | [Rajapravartini Vati](/glossary/concepts-m-y/#rajapravartini-vati) |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Katu, Tikta | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Tikshna | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Ushna | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Katu | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Mineral/Elemental Profile

- **Primary component:** Mineral-derived preparation
- **Note:** Composition varies by specific preparation method

**Analytical Methods:** XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Vati (pill/tablet), Capsule

**Standard Dosage:** 1-2 tablets twice daily

**Bioavailability:** Tablet/pill form provides controlled disintegration; some vatis use honey/[guggulu](/formulation/guggulu/) as bioenhancing binders

**Optimal Timing:** Before or after meals as indicated

**Shelf Life:** 2 years per ASU guidelines for vati

**Storage:** Airtight container, cool dry place, protected from moisture

**Marker Compounds:** Ferrous compounds, Aloin

**Quality Parameters:** Weight variation ±5%, disintegration <30 min, friability <1%, marker: Ferrous compounds, Aloin

**Vehicle (Anupana):** Warm water or as specified

### Synergistic Combinations

- Key herbs: [Kasis bhasma](/herb/kasis-bhasma/), [Hingu](/herb/hingu/), Tankan, Aloe

### Rasnadi Kwath {#rasnadi-kwath}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | [Rasnadi Kwath](/glossary/concepts-m-y/#rasnadi-kwath) |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Tikta | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Guru | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Ushna | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Katu | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Mineral/Elemental Profile

- **Primary component:** Mineral-derived preparation
- **Note:** Composition varies by specific preparation method

**Analytical Methods:** XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Kashayam (decoction), Kashayam tablet, Concentrated liquid

**Standard Dosage:** 40-80ml twice daily

**Bioavailability:** Aqueous decoction provides good bioavailability for water-soluble compounds; concentration step may reduce volatile components

**Optimal Timing:** Before meals, typically morning and evening

**Shelf Life:** 1 day (fresh kashayam); 2 years (kashayam tablet); 6 months (concentrated liquid with preservative)

**Storage:** Fresh: refrigerate, use within 24h. Tablet/liquid: cool dry place, airtight

**Marker Compounds:** Isorasnol, [Tinosporin](/glossary/compounds-t-z/#tinosporin)

**Quality Parameters:** pH 4.0-6.5, specific gravity 1.01-1.05, total solids 2-8%, marker assay: Isorasnol, Tinosporin

**Vehicle (Anupana):** Warm, usually taken on empty stomach

### Synergistic Combinations

- Classical combination of [Rasna](/herb/rasna/), [Guduchi](/herb/guduchi/), [Devadaru](/herb/devadaru/), [Eranda](/herb/eranda/) mula provides synergistic therapeutic effect

### Rasnairandadi Kwath {#rasnairandadi-kwath}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | [Rasnairandadi Kwath](/glossary/concepts-m-y/#rasnairandadi-kwath) |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Tikta, Madhura | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Guru | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Ushna | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Madhura | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Mineral/Elemental Profile

- **Primary component:** Mineral-derived preparation
- **Note:** Composition varies by specific preparation method

**Analytical Methods:** XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Kashayam (decoction), Kashayam tablet, Concentrated liquid

**Standard Dosage:** 40-80ml twice daily for rheumatic conditions

**Bioavailability:** Aqueous decoction provides good bioavailability for water-soluble compounds; concentration step may reduce volatile components

**Optimal Timing:** Before meals, typically morning and evening

**Shelf Life:** 1 day (fresh kashayam); 2 years (kashayam tablet); 6 months (concentrated liquid with preservative)

**Storage:** Fresh: refrigerate, use within 24h. Tablet/liquid: cool dry place, airtight

**Marker Compounds:** Isorasnol, Ricinoleic acid

**Quality Parameters:** pH 4.0-6.5, specific gravity 1.01-1.05, total solids 2-8%, marker assay: Isorasnol, Ricinoleic acid

**Vehicle (Anupana):** Warm, usually taken on empty stomach

### Synergistic Combinations

- Classical combination of [Rasna](/herb/rasna/), [Eranda](/herb/eranda/), [Guduchi](/herb/guduchi/), [Devadaru](/herb/devadaru/), [Dashamoola](/herb/dashamoola/) provides synergistic therapeutic effect

### Respiratory Health — Across Traditions {#respiratory-health-across-traditions}

*Comparing approaches to respiratory health across 5 healing traditions*

- **Ayurveda:** 118 entries
- **TCM:** 103 entries
- **Global:** 105 entries
- **Nutraceutical:** 5 entries

#### Ayurveda Approach

- [Ajwain](/herb/ajwain/) *Trachyspermum ammi*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Bronchodilator, Antidiabetic
- [Pippali Moola](/herb/pippali-moola/) *Piper longum L. (root)*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Bronchodilator
- [Shati](/herb/shati/) *Hedychium spicatum Buch.-Ham. ex Sm.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Bronchodilator, Antidiabetic
- [Pudina](/herb/pudina/) *Mentha spicata*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Bronchodilator, Antidiabetic
- [Bijapura](/herb/bijapura/) *Citrus medica L.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Antidiabetic
- [Vasa](/herb/vasa/) *Adhatoda vasica Nees (syn. Justicia adhatoda L.)*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Hepatoprotective
- [Laung](/herb/laung/) *Syzygium aromaticum*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Antitumor
- [Devadaru](/herb/devadaru/) *Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex D.Don) G.Don*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Bronchodilator
- [Kapittha](/herb/kapittha/) *Limonia acidissima Groff (syn. Feronia limonia (L.) Swingle)*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Wound Healing
- [Mahasudarshan Churna](/formulation/mahasudarshan-churna/)
  Actions: Antioxidant, Hepatoprotective, Bronchodilator
- [Bhadra](/herb/bhadra/) *Aerva lanata (L.) Juss. ex Schult.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Hepatoprotective, Bronchodilator
- [Chandrashura](/herb/chandrashura/) *Lepidium sativum L.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Galactagogue, Antidiabetic
- [Kulattha](/herb/kulattha/) *Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc. (syn. Dolichos biflorus L.)*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Bronchodilator, Antidiabetic
- [Pushkarmool](/herb/pushkarmool/) *Inula racemosa Hook. f.*
  Actions: Anticancer, Hepatoprotective, Bronchodilator
- [Vanapsa](/herb/vanapsa/) *Viola odorata L.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Diuretic

### Samudra Phena {#samudra-phena}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | [Samudra Phena](/glossary/concepts-m-y/#samudra-phena) |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Kashaya | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Laghu, Ruksha | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Sheeta | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Katu | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Mineral/Elemental Profile

- **Primary component:** Mineral-derived preparation
- **Note:** Composition varies by specific preparation method

**Analytical Methods:** XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Bhasma, Churna, External paste

**Standard Dosage:** 250–500 mg internally; external: as needed

**Bioavailability:** Calcium carbonate form; acid-dependent absorption

**Optimal Timing:** With meals for better calcium absorption

**Standardized Extract:** Purified cuttlefish bone powder

**Shelf Life:** 3–5 years (bhasma form)

**Storage:** Dry, airtight container

**Marker Compounds:** Calcium carbonate (85–90%), Chitin, Trace minerals

**Quality Parameters:** Calcium >30%, heavy metals within limits, particle size <50 μm for bhasma

**Vehicle (Anupana):** Honey or warm water

### Sarshapa Taila {#sarshapa-taila}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | [Sarshapa Taila](/glossary/concepts-m-y/#sarshapa-taila) |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Katu | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Tikshna, Snigdha | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Ushna | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Katu | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Mineral/Elemental Profile

- **Primary component:** Mineral-derived preparation
- **Note:** Composition varies by specific preparation method

**Analytical Methods:** XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Thailam (medicated mustard oil), External application

**Standard Dosage:** External massage for pain

**Bioavailability:** Oil base (mustard oil) enhances dermal absorption of lipophilic active compounds; for internal thailams, oil base enhances absorption of fat-soluble actives

**Optimal Timing:** External: before bath or at bedtime. Internal: before meals

**Shelf Life:** 3 years (medicated oils per ASU guidelines)

**Storage:** Airtight amber glass/HDPE container, room temperature, protected from light

**Marker Compounds:** Allyl isothiocyanate, Erucic acid

**Quality Parameters:** Acid value <5, saponification value per base oil specs, refractive index, moisture NMT 0.5%, specific gravity, marker: Allyl isothiocyanate, Erucic acid

**Vehicle (Anupana):** External: massage into affected area. Internal: with warm water/milk

### Synergistic Combinations

- Key herbs: Sarshapa (mustard) base with herbs; oil base acts as lipid carrier for enhanced tissue penetration

### Satavari Ghrita {#satavari-ghrita}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | Satavari [Ghrita](/herb/ghrita/)|Satavari Ghrita |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Madhura | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Guru, Snigdha | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Sheeta | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Madhura | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Mineral/Elemental Profile

- **Primary component:** Mineral-derived preparation
- **Note:** Composition varies by specific preparation method

**Analytical Methods:** XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** [Ghrita](/herb/ghrita/) (medicated ghee), Capsule (for convenience)

**Standard Dosage:** 12-24ml with warm milk for reproductive health

**Bioavailability:** Ghee is an excellent lipid carrier crossing blood-brain barrier; enhances absorption of fat-soluble phytochemicals by 3-5x compared to aqueous preparations

**Optimal Timing:** Before meals on empty stomach for best absorption

**Shelf Life:** 2 years (as per ASU guidelines for [ghrita](/herb/ghrita/) preparations); improves with aging (Purana Ghrita concept)

**Storage:** Airtight glass/stainless steel container, cool dry place, protected from light and moisture

**Marker Compounds:** Shatavarin IV, [Glycyrrhizin](/glossary/compounds-g-l/#glycyrrhizinglycyrrhizin)

**Quality Parameters:** Acid value <4, peroxide value <5 meq/kg, moisture <0.5%, rancidity test negative, marker: Shatavarin IV, [Glycyrrhizin](/glossary/compounds-g-l/#glycyrrhizinglycyrrhizin)

**Vehicle (Anupana):** Warm water or warm milk

### Synergistic Combinations

- Key herbs: [Shatavari](/herb/shatavari/), [Yashtimadhu](/herb/yashtimadhu/), [Ashwagandha](/herb/ashwagandha/); ghee enhances tissue penetration (yogavahi property)

### Satina {#satina}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | Satina |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Madhura, Kashaya | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Laghu, Ruksha | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Sheeta | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Madhura | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Mineral/Elemental Profile

- **Primary component:** Mineral-derived preparation
- **Note:** Composition varies by specific preparation method

**Analytical Methods:** XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Churna (powder), Kwatha (decoction), Vati (tablet), Capsule, Lepa (external paste)

**Standard Dosage:** 3-5 g powder per day; 50-100 mL kwatha twice daily; 500-1000 mg extract capsule twice daily

**Bioavailability:** Moderate bioavailability for [phytosterols](/glossary/compounds-o-q/#phytosterols) and flavonoid [glycosides](/glossary/compounds-g-l/#glycosides) (20-35%). Saponin constituents undergo intestinal hydrolysis. Lipophilic aglycones show improved absorption with lipid-based formulations.

**Optimal Timing:** After meals with warm water or milk; morning and evening doses

**Standardized Extract:** Aqueous-ethanolic extract (6:1), standardized to NLT 2% total [saponins](/reference/saponins/) by [vanillin](/glossary/compounds-t-z/#vanillin)-sulfuric acid method; total phenolic content NLT 3% as gallic acid equivalents

**Shelf Life:** 24 months for churna; 30 months for capsules and tablets

**Storage:** Store below 25 deg C in airtight containers, protected from light and moisture. RH <60%.

**Marker Compounds:** Beta-[sitosterol](/glossary/compounds-q-t/#sitosterol), [Stigmasterol](/reference/stigmasterol/), Oleanolic acid, Gallic acid

### Extraction Methods

- Aqueous decoction
- Hydroalcoholic extraction (50-60% ethanol)
- Cold maceration
- Percolation with graded alcohol

### Synergistic Combinations

- [Shatavari](/herb/shatavari/) (general tonic synergy)
- [Ashwagandha](/herb/ashwagandha/) ([adaptogenic](/reference/adaptogenic/) combinations)
- [Vidari](/herb/vidari/) (nourishing and Brihana formulations)

### Sesame Oil {#sesame-oil}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | [Sesame Oil](/glossary/concepts-m-y/#tila-taila) |

#### What is it made of?

### Key Active Markers

- Derived from constituent herbs (see individual herb profiles)
- Standardized on primary bioactive markers

**Analytical Methods:** HPLC fingerprinting, TLC (identity), LC-MS/MS (marker quantification)

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Cold-pressed oil ([Tila](/herb/tila/) Taila), Medicated oils, External application

**Standard Dosage:** 5–15 mL orally; external: as needed for Abhyanga

**Bioavailability:** Excellent; penetrates all 7 dhatus per Ayurvedic texts; Sukshma (subtle) property

**Optimal Timing:** External: morning Abhyanga; oral: with meals

**Standardized Extract:** Cold-pressed black [sesame oil](/glossary/concepts-m-y/#tila-taila) ([Tila](/herb/tila/) Taila) — king of oils in Ayurveda

**Shelf Life:** 12–18 months

**Storage:** Cool, dark place; amber glass preferred

**Marker Compounds:** [Sesamin](/glossary/compounds-q-t/#sesamin), [Sesamolin](/glossary/compounds-q-t/#sesamolin), [Sesamol](/glossary/compounds-q-t/#sesamol), Linoleic acid (40–48%), Oleic acid (35–43%), Vitamin E

**Quality Parameters:** FFA <1.5%, peroxide value <10 meq/kg, sesamin content >0.4%, [iodine](/glossary/compounds-g-l/#iodine) value 104–120

**Vehicle (Anupana):** Premier oil vehicle (Taila) in Ayurveda; base for >300 medicated oils

### Extraction Methods

- Traditional Ghani (wood press)
- Expeller pressing
- Cold pressing

### Stability Notes

Natural sesamol and sesaminol provide excellent oxidative stability. Shelf life superior to most vegetable oils

*Generated for the AgeAyurveda Herb Catalogue*

### Shaka {#shaka}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | Shaka |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Kashaya | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Laghu, Ruksha | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Sheeta | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Katu | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Mineral/Elemental Profile

- **Primary component:** Mineral-derived preparation
- **Note:** Composition varies by specific preparation method

**Analytical Methods:** XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Churna (powder), Kwatha (decoction), Vati (tablet), Capsule, [Phanita](/glossary/concepts-m-y/#phanita) (syrup)

**Standard Dosage:** 3-6 g powder per day; 50-100 mL kwatha twice daily; 500-1000 mg extract capsule twice daily

**Bioavailability:** Moderate oral bioavailability for phenolic and flavonoid constituents (25-40%). Tannin-rich preparations may reduce bioavailability of co-administered nutrients. Terpenoid fraction is lipophilic and benefits from lipid co-administration.

**Optimal Timing:** After meals with warm water; morning and evening dosing schedule

**Standardized Extract:** Aqueous-ethanolic extract (5:1 DER), standardized to NLT 3% total phenolics (as gallic acid equivalents by Folin-Ciocalteu method)

**Shelf Life:** 24 months for churna and capsules; 18 months for kwatha with preservatives

**Storage:** Store below 25 deg C in airtight containers, protected from light and moisture.

**Marker Compounds:** Gallic acid, Beta-[sitosterol](/glossary/compounds-q-t/#sitosterol), [Quercetin](/reference/quercetinquercetin/), [Tannins](/reference/tannins/) (total)

### Extraction Methods

- Aqueous decoction
- Hydroalcoholic extraction (50-60% ethanol)
- Cold maceration
- Soxhlet extraction with methanol for comprehensive phytochemical profiling

### Synergistic Combinations

- [Guduchi](/herb/guduchi/) ([immunomodulatory](/reference/immunomodulatory/) combinations)
- [Haritaki](/herb/haritaki/) (digestive and mild [laxative](/reference/laxative/) formulations)
- Amalaki ([antioxidant](/reference/antioxidant/) synergy)

### Shallaki Herb {#shallaki-herb}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | Shallaki_Herb |

#### What is it made of?

### Key Active Markers

- Derived from constituent herbs (see individual herb profiles)
- Standardized on primary bioactive markers

**Analytical Methods:** HPLC fingerprinting, TLC (identity), LC-MS/MS (marker quantification)

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Kwatha (decoction), Churna (powder), Capsule, Taila (medicated oil), Lepa (external paste)

**Standard Dosage:** 3-6 g bark/leaf powder per day; 50-100 mL kwatha twice daily; 500-1000 mg extract capsule twice daily

**Bioavailability:** Flavonoid [glycosides](/glossary/compounds-g-l/#glycosides) from the herb (as distinct from resin) show moderate bioavailability (25-35%). [Tannins](/reference/tannins/) and phenolic acids are partially absorbed and undergo extensive phase II metabolism (glucuronidation, sulfation). Terpenoid constituents benefit from lipid co-administration.

**Optimal Timing:** After meals with warm water; traditionally used as part of multi-herb kwatha formulations

**Standardized Extract:** Aqueous-ethanolic bark extract (6:1), characterized by HPTLC fingerprint; standardized to NLT 2% total phenolics (as gallic acid equivalents) and NLT 1% total [flavonoids](/reference/flavonoids/)

**Shelf Life:** 24 months for churna; 30 months for capsules

**Storage:** Store below 25 deg C in airtight containers, protected from light and moisture.

**Marker Compounds:** Gallic acid, Ellagic acid, Beta-[sitosterol](/glossary/compounds-q-t/#sitosterol), Incensole, [Lupeol](/reference/lupeol/)

### Extraction Methods

- Aqueous decoction of bark/leaves
- Hydroalcoholic extraction (50-60% ethanol)
- Cold maceration
- Sequential extraction for fractionation of polar and non-polar constituents

### Synergistic Combinations

- [Guggulu](/formulation/guggulu/) (Yogaraj Guggulu-type formulations)
- Shunthi (anti-inflammatory and [analgesic](/reference/analgesic/) combination)
- [Eranda](/herb/eranda/) (Vatahara — anti-rheumatic formulations)
- [Nirgundi](/herb/nirgundi/) (external pain relief preparations)

### Shankha Vati {#shankha-vati}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | [Shankha Vati](/glossary/concepts-m-y/#shankha-vati) |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Lavana, Amla | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Laghu, Tikshna | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Ushna | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Katu | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Mineral/Elemental Profile

- **Primary component:** Mineral-derived preparation
- **Note:** Composition varies by specific preparation method

**Analytical Methods:** XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Vati (pill/tablet), Capsule

**Standard Dosage:** 1-2 tablets after meals

**Bioavailability:** Tablet/pill form provides controlled disintegration; some vatis use honey/[guggulu](/formulation/guggulu/) as bioenhancing binders

**Optimal Timing:** Before or after meals as indicated

**Shelf Life:** 2 years per ASU guidelines for vati

**Storage:** Airtight container, cool dry place, protected from moisture

**Marker Compounds:** Calcium carbonate, [Piperine](/reference/piperine/), [Gingerol](/glossary/compounds-d-g/#gingerol)

**Quality Parameters:** Weight variation ±5%, disintegration <30 min, friability <1%, marker: Calcium carbonate, Piperine, Gingerol

**Vehicle (Anupana):** Warm water or as specified

### Synergistic Combinations

- Key herbs: [Shankha bhasma](/herb/shankha-bhasma/), Shunthi, Maricha, [Pippali](/herb/pippali/), [Hingu](/herb/hingu/)

### Shringyadi Churna {#shringyadi-churna}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | [Shringyadi Churna](/glossary/concepts-m-y/#shringyadi-churna) |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Kashaya, Tikta | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Laghu | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Ushna | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Katu | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Mineral/Elemental Profile

- **Primary component:** Mineral-derived preparation
- **Note:** Composition varies by specific preparation method

**Analytical Methods:** XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Churna (fine powder), Capsule, Tablet

**Standard Dosage:** 1-3g with honey for children

**Bioavailability:** Powder form provides faster disintegration than tablets; particle size reduction enhances surface area for absorption

**Optimal Timing:** Before meals

**Shelf Life:** 2 years (as per ASU guidelines for churna)

**Storage:** Airtight container, cool dry place, protected from moisture

**Marker Compounds:** Pistacienoic acid, [Piperine](/reference/piperine/)

**Quality Parameters:** Mesh size NLT 85#, moisture NMT 6%, total ash per pharmacopoeia, assay of marker compounds: Pistacienoic acid, Piperine

**Vehicle (Anupana):** Warm water or honey

### Synergistic Combinations

- With Warm water or honey as vehicle for enhanced absorption

### Shuddha Guggulu {#shuddha-guggulu}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | Shuddha [Guggulu](/formulation/guggulu/)|Shuddha Guggulu |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Tikta, Katu | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Laghu, Tikshna | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Ushna | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Katu | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Mineral/Elemental Profile

- **Primary component:** Mineral-derived preparation
- **Note:** Composition varies by specific preparation method

**Analytical Methods:** XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Vati (pill/tablet), Capsule

**Standard Dosage:** 250-500mg twice daily

**Bioavailability:** [Guggulu](/formulation/guggulu/) resin acts as natural bioenhancer; guggulsterones have moderate oral bioavailability (~40%); lipophilic matrix aids absorption of co-formulated herbs

**Optimal Timing:** After meals, twice daily

**Shelf Life:** 2 years ([guggulu](/formulation/guggulu/) preparations per ASU); potency may decrease after 1 year

**Storage:** Airtight container, cool dry place; guggulu preparations are hygroscopic

**Marker Compounds:** Guggulsterone Z, Guggulsterone E

**Quality Parameters:** Weight variation ±5%, disintegration <60 min, hardness 4-8 kP, assay: Guggulsterone Z, Guggulsterone E, guggulsterone content

**Vehicle (Anupana):** Warm water

### Synergistic Combinations

- Key herbs: Purified guggulu resin only; guggulu potentiates anti-inflammatory and [hypolipidemic](/glossary/pharmacology/#hypolipidemic) actions

### Sita {#sita}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | Sita |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Madhura | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Guru, Snigdha | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Sheeta | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Madhura | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Mineral/Elemental Profile

- **Primary component:** Mineral-derived preparation
- **Note:** Composition varies by specific preparation method

**Analytical Methods:** XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Mishri (rock candy), Powdered sugar candy, Vehicle in formulations

**Standard Dosage:** 3–10 g as vehicle; as adjuvant in formulations

**Bioavailability:** Rapid absorption; enhances palatability

**Optimal Timing:** Post-meal for digestive aid; as directed in formulations

**Standardized Extract:** Crystalline rock candy (Mishri) — traditionally prepared

**Shelf Life:** 12–24 months

**Storage:** Dry, airtight container; moisture-sensitive

**Marker Compounds:** [Sucrose](/glossary/compounds-q-t/#sucrose) (>99%), Trace minerals from traditional preparation

**Quality Parameters:** Purity >99%, moisture <0.5%, no chemical additives, traditional thread (Tantu) formation test

**Vehicle (Anupana):** Cooling sweet vehicle; used with Pitta-shamaka formulations, Sharbats, and eye preparations (Netra Prakshalana)

### Skin & Beauty — Across Traditions {#skin-beauty-across-traditions}

*Comparing approaches to skin & beauty across 5 healing traditions*

- **Ayurveda:** 163 entries
- **TCM:** 28 entries
- **Global:** 164 entries
- **Nutraceutical:** 17 entries

#### Ayurveda Approach

- [Vidarikand](/herb/vidarikand/) *Pueraria tuberosa (Willd.) DC.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Aphrodisiac
- [Jatamansi](/herb/jatamansi/)
  Actions: Antioxidant, Nootropic, Medhya (Nootropic)
- [Madhuka](/herb/madhuka/) *Madhuca longifolia (J.Koenig ex L.) J.F.Macbr.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Galactagogue
- [Gokarna](/herb/gokarna/) *Clitoria ternatea L. (same species as [Aparajita](/herb/aparajita/); Gokarna is a regional Ayurvedic synonym)*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Wound Healing, Nootropic
- [Pudina](/herb/pudina/) *Mentha spicata*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Bronchodilator, Antidiabetic
- [Amlaparni](/herb/amlaparni/) *Oxalis corniculata L.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Wound Healing
- [Danti](/herb/danti/) *Baliospermum montanum (Willd.) Muell.-Arg.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Hepatoprotective
- [Laung](/herb/laung/) *Syzygium aromaticum*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Antitumor
- [Devadaru](/herb/devadaru/) *Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex D.Don) G.Don*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Bronchodilator
- [Narikela](/herb/narikela/) *Cocos nucifera L.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Hepatoprotective, Wound Healing
- [Aivana](/herb/aivana/) *Salvia officinalis L.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Wound Healing
- [Aragwadha](/herb/aragwadha/) *Cassia fistula L.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Antidiabetic
- [Kshavaka](/herb/kshavaka/) *Amaranthus spinosus L.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Hepatoprotective, Wound Healing
- [Shrigataka](/herb/shrigataka/) *Trapa natans L. (syn. Trapa bispinosa Roxb.)*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Antidiabetic
- [Ushira](/herb/ushira/) *Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash (syn. Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty)*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Wound Healing, Nootropic

### Somaraji Taila {#somaraji-taila}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | [Somaraji Taila](/glossary/concepts-m-y/#somaraji-taila) |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Tikta | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Tikshna | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Ushna | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Katu | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Mineral/Elemental Profile

- **Primary component:** Mineral-derived preparation
- **Note:** Composition varies by specific preparation method

**Analytical Methods:** XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Thailam (medicated [sesame oil](/glossary/concepts-m-y/#tila-taila)), External application

**Standard Dosage:** External for skin conditions (leukoderma)

**Bioavailability:** Oil base ([sesame oil](/glossary/concepts-m-y/#tila-taila)) enhances dermal absorption of lipophilic active compounds; for internal thailams, oil base enhances absorption of fat-soluble actives

**Optimal Timing:** External: before bath or at bedtime. Internal: before meals

**Shelf Life:** 3 years (medicated oils per ASU guidelines)

**Storage:** Airtight amber glass/HDPE container, room temperature, protected from light

**Marker Compounds:** [Psoralen](/glossary/compounds-o-q/#psoralen), [Isopsoralen](/glossary/compounds-g-l/#isopsoralen), [Karanjin](/glossary/compounds-g-l/#karanjin)

**Quality Parameters:** Acid value <5, saponification value per base oil specs, refractive index, moisture NMT 0.5%, specific gravity, marker: Psoralen, Isopsoralen, Karanjin

**Vehicle (Anupana):** External: massage into affected area. Internal: with warm water/milk

### Synergistic Combinations

- Key herbs: [Bakuchi](/herb/bakuchi/) (Psoralea corylifolia), [Karanja](/herb/karanja/); oil base acts as lipid carrier for enhanced tissue penetration

### Suranjana {#suranjana}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | Suranjana |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Tikta, Katu | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Laghu, Tikshna | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Ushna | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Katu | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Mineral/Elemental Profile

- **Primary component:** Mineral-derived preparation
- **Note:** Composition varies by specific preparation method

**Analytical Methods:** XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Churna, External paste (Lepa)

**Standard Dosage:** 1–3 g internally; external: paste application

**Bioavailability:** Moderate; [colchicine](/glossary/compounds-c-d/#colchicine)-like [alkaloids](/glossary/compounds-1-a/#alkaloids) absorbed through GI tract and transdermally

**Optimal Timing:** With warm water or castor oil for joint conditions

**Standardized Extract:** Purified Suranjana (Colchicum luteum) corm extract

**Shelf Life:** 12–18 months

**Storage:** Cool, dry place; light-protected

**Marker Compounds:** Colchicine, Colchicoside, Luteoline

**Quality Parameters:** Colchicine content within therapeutic range (critical — narrow therapeutic index), heavy metals within limits

**Vehicle (Anupana):** Warm water, [Eranda](/herb/eranda/) Taila (castor oil), or Dashamula Kwatha

### Sutra Neti ThreadCatheter {#sutra-neti-threadcatheter}

A waxed cotton thread or rubber catheter inserted through the nostril and pulled out through the mouth, used for deep nasal passage cleansing. More advanced than Jala Neti.

#### Where is it described in the classical texts?

Hatha Yoga Pradipika Chapter 2; Gheranda Samhita. Described as one of the six Shatkarmas.

#### How is it used traditionally?

Deep nasal cleansing, removal of chronic nasal blockages, preparation for advanced Pranayama, stimulation of Ajna chakra region.

#### Traditional materials

- Waxed cotton thread (Sutra)
- Rubber catheter (modern)

#### Modern variants

- Medical-grade silicone nasal catheters
- Disposable sutra neti tubes

#### Regulatory status

- **India Cdsco:** Rubber catheters fall under Class A/B medical devices.
- **Us Fda:** Nasal catheters are FDA-regulated Class I/II medical devices.
- **Eu Mdr:** Classified under Class I or IIa depending on material and duration of use.

### Svalpa Khadiradi Vati {#svalpa-khadiradi-vati}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | Svalpa [Khadiradi Vati](/formulation/khadiradi-vati/)|Svalpa Khadiradi Vati |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Kashaya, Tikta | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Ruksha | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Sheeta | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Katu | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Mineral/Elemental Profile

- **Primary component:** Mineral-derived preparation
- **Note:** Composition varies by specific preparation method

**Analytical Methods:** XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Vati (pill/tablet), Capsule

**Standard Dosage:** 1-2 tablets to dissolve in mouth

**Bioavailability:** Tablet/pill form provides controlled disintegration; some vatis use honey/[guggulu](/formulation/guggulu/) as bioenhancing binders

**Optimal Timing:** Before or after meals as indicated

**Shelf Life:** 2 years per ASU guidelines for vati

**Storage:** Airtight container, cool dry place, protected from moisture

**Marker Compounds:** [Catechin](/reference/catechin/), [Epicatechin](/glossary/compounds-d-g/#epicatechin)

**Quality Parameters:** Weight variation ±5%, disintegration <30 min, friability <1%, marker: Catechin, Epicatechin

**Vehicle (Anupana):** Warm water or as specified

### Synergistic Combinations

- Key herbs: [Khadira](/herb/khadira/) (Acacia catechu), [Javitri](/herb/javitri/), Karpura, Ela

### Swarnamakshika {#swarnamakshika}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | Swarnamakshika |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Tikta, Kashaya | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Laghu | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Ushna | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Katu | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Mineral/Elemental Profile

- **Primary component:** Mineral-derived preparation
- **Note:** Composition varies by specific preparation method

**Analytical Methods:** XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Bhasma

**Standard Dosage:** 125–250 mg twice daily

**Bioavailability:** Good; chalcopyrite converted to iron-copper nanooxide complex

**Optimal Timing:** With honey or [Triphala](/herb/triphala/) Kwatha after meals

**Standardized Extract:** Calcined chalcopyrite (copper-iron sulfide) bhasma

**Shelf Life:** Indefinite

**Storage:** Airtight container

**Marker Compounds:** Iron oxide, Copper oxide, Sulfur compounds

**Quality Parameters:** Iron + copper content as labeled, free metals <1 ppm, standard bhasma tests

**Vehicle (Anupana):** Honey, [Triphala](/herb/triphala/) Kwatha, or [Guduchi](/herb/guduchi/) Swarasa

### Tila Taila {#tila-taila}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | [Tila](/herb/tila/) Taila |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Madhura | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Guru, Snigdha | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Ushna | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Madhura | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Mineral/Elemental Profile

- **Primary component:** Mineral-derived preparation
- **Note:** Composition varies by specific preparation method

**Analytical Methods:** XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Thailam (medicated [sesame oil](/glossary/concepts-m-y/#tila-taila)), External application

**Standard Dosage:** Massage: liberal; Internal: 5-15ml

**Bioavailability:** Oil base ([sesame oil](/glossary/concepts-m-y/#tila-taila)) enhances dermal absorption of lipophilic active compounds; for internal thailams, oil base enhances absorption of fat-soluble actives

**Optimal Timing:** External: before bath or at bedtime. Internal: before meals

**Shelf Life:** 3 years (medicated oils per ASU guidelines)

**Storage:** Airtight amber glass/HDPE container, room temperature, protected from light

**Marker Compounds:** [Sesamin](/glossary/compounds-q-t/#sesamin), [Sesamolin](/glossary/compounds-q-t/#sesamolin), [Sesamol](/glossary/compounds-q-t/#sesamol)

**Quality Parameters:** Acid value <5, saponification value per base oil specs, refractive index, moisture NMT 0.5%, specific gravity, marker: Sesamin, Sesamolin, Sesamol

**Vehicle (Anupana):** External: massage into affected area. Internal: with warm water/milk

### Synergistic Combinations

- Key herbs: Pure [Tila](/herb/tila/) (sesame) — base oil for many preparations; oil base acts as lipid carrier for enhanced tissue penetration

### Tortoise shaped Apparatus {#tortoise-shaped-apparatus}

A shallow, tortoise-shell-shaped earthen vessel used for slow evaporation and controlled heating of liquids at low temperatures. Named for its resemblance to a tortoise (Kachchapa).

#### Where is it described in the classical texts?

Rasaratna Samuchaya; Rasa Tarangini.

#### How is it used traditionally?

Slow evaporation, gentle drying, and low-temperature processing of sensitive Rasaushadhi preparations.

#### Traditional materials

- Earthenware (Mrittika)

#### Modern variants

- Flat evaporating dishes
- Porcelain evaporating basins

#### Regulatory status

- **India Cdsco:** Not classified as a medical device.
- **Us Fda:** Not regulated as a medical device.
- **Eu Mdr:** Not classified as a medical device.

### Tuttha {#tuttha}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | Tuttha |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Kashaya, Katu | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Laghu, Tikshna | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Ushna | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Katu | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Mineral/Elemental Profile

- **Primary component:** Mineral-derived preparation
- **Note:** Composition varies by specific preparation method

**Analytical Methods:** XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Shuddha Tuttha (purified copper sulfate), External application

**Standard Dosage:** 30–60 mg internally (strict); external: collyrium/eye drops

**Bioavailability:** High; copper sulfate highly soluble and bioavailable

**Optimal Timing:** As directed; primarily external use in modern practice

**Standardized Extract:** Purified copper sulfate (Neela Tuttha/blue vitriol)

**Shelf Life:** Indefinite (inorganic salt)

**Storage:** Airtight container; avoid moisture

**Marker Compounds:** Copper sulfate (CuSO4·5H2O), Copper ions

**Quality Parameters:** Copper content as labeled, no excess free acid, purity >98%

**Vehicle (Anupana):** Honey (internal); rose water (external eye preparations)

### Ushiradi Churna {#ushiradi-churna}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | [Ushiradi Churna](/glossary/concepts-m-y/#ushiradi-churna) |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Tikta, Madhura | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Laghu | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Sheeta | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Madhura | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Mineral/Elemental Profile

- **Primary component:** Mineral-derived preparation
- **Note:** Composition varies by specific preparation method

**Analytical Methods:** XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Churna (fine powder), Capsule, Tablet

**Standard Dosage:** 3-6g twice daily

**Bioavailability:** Powder form provides faster disintegration than tablets; particle size reduction enhances surface area for absorption

**Optimal Timing:** After meals for pitta conditions

**Shelf Life:** 2 years (as per ASU guidelines for churna)

**Storage:** Airtight container, cool dry place, protected from moisture

**Marker Compounds:** [Vetiverol](/glossary/compounds-t-z/#vetiverol), Santalol

**Quality Parameters:** Mesh size NLT 85#, moisture NMT 6%, total ash per pharmacopoeia, assay of marker compounds: Vetiverol, Santalol

**Vehicle (Anupana):** Cold water or sugar water

### Synergistic Combinations

- With Cold water or sugar water as vehicle for enhanced absorption

### Ushtra Dugdha {#ushtra-dugdha}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | [Ushtra Dugdha](/glossary/concepts-m-y/#ushtra-dugdha) |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Lavana, Madhura | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Laghu, Ruksha | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Ushna | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Katu | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Mineral/Elemental Profile

- **Primary component:** Mineral-derived preparation
- **Note:** Composition varies by specific preparation method

**Analytical Methods:** XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Fresh camel milk, Dried camel milk powder

**Standard Dosage:** 100–250 mL daily

**Bioavailability:** High; unique insulin-like [proteins](/glossary/compounds-o-q/#proteins); does not curdle in stomach acid

**Optimal Timing:** Morning, empty stomach for diabetes management

**Standardized Extract:** N/A — whole food

**Shelf Life:** Fresh: 24 hours; powder: 12 months

**Storage:** Fresh: refrigerated; powder: cool, dry place

**Marker Compounds:** Insulin-like proteins, [Lactoferrin](/glossary/compounds-g-l/#lactoferrin), [Immunoglobulins](/glossary/compounds-g-l/#immunoglobulins), Vitamin C

**Quality Parameters:** Fat 2.5–3.5%, protein >3%, no adulteration

**Vehicle (Anupana):** Used in Madhumeha (diabetes) and autoimmune conditions

### Vacha Taila {#vacha-taila}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | [Vacha](/herb/vacha/) Taila |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Katu, Tikta | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Laghu, Tikshna | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Ushna | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Katu | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Mineral/Elemental Profile

- **Primary component:** Mineral-derived preparation
- **Note:** Composition varies by specific preparation method

**Analytical Methods:** XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Thailam (medicated [sesame oil](/glossary/concepts-m-y/#tila-taila)), External application

**Standard Dosage:** Nasya: 2-4 drops; External: scalp massage

**Bioavailability:** Oil base ([sesame oil](/glossary/concepts-m-y/#tila-taila)) enhances dermal absorption of lipophilic active compounds; for internal thailams, oil base enhances absorption of fat-soluble actives

**Optimal Timing:** External: before bath or at bedtime. Internal: before meals

**Shelf Life:** 3 years (medicated oils per ASU guidelines)

**Storage:** Airtight amber glass/HDPE container, room temperature, protected from light

**Marker Compounds:** Beta-asarone, Alpha-asarone

**Quality Parameters:** Acid value <5, saponification value per base oil specs, refractive index, moisture NMT 0.5%, specific gravity, marker: Beta-asarone, Alpha-asarone

**Vehicle (Anupana):** External: massage into affected area. Internal: with warm water/milk

### Synergistic Combinations

- Key herbs: [Vacha](/herb/vacha/) (Acorus calamus); oil base acts as lipid carrier for enhanced tissue penetration

### Vaiswanara Churna {#vaiswanara-churna}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | [Vaiswanara Churna](/glossary/concepts-m-y/#vaiswanara-churna) |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Lavana, Katu | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Laghu, Tikshna | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Ushna | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Katu | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Mineral/Elemental Profile

- **Primary component:** Mineral-derived preparation
- **Note:** Composition varies by specific preparation method

**Analytical Methods:** XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Churna (fine powder), Capsule, Tablet

**Standard Dosage:** 3-6g before meals

**Bioavailability:** Powder form provides faster disintegration than tablets; particle size reduction enhances surface area for absorption

**Optimal Timing:** Before meals for digestive conditions

**Shelf Life:** 2 years (as per ASU guidelines for churna)

**Storage:** Airtight container, cool dry place, protected from moisture

**Marker Compounds:** [Thymol](/glossary/compounds-t-z/#thymol), [Gingerol](/glossary/compounds-d-g/#gingerol), Chebulagic acid

**Quality Parameters:** Mesh size NLT 85#, moisture NMT 6%, total ash per pharmacopoeia, assay of marker compounds: Thymol, Gingerol, Chebulagic acid

**Vehicle (Anupana):** Warm water

### Synergistic Combinations

- With Warm water as vehicle for enhanced absorption

### Vajraka Thailam {#vajraka-thailam}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | [Vajraka Thailam](/glossary/concepts-m-y/#vajraka-thailam) |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Katu | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Tikshna, Snigdha | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Ushna | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Katu | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Mineral/Elemental Profile

- **Primary component:** Mineral-derived preparation
- **Note:** Composition varies by specific preparation method

**Analytical Methods:** XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Thailam (medicated [sesame oil](/glossary/concepts-m-y/#tila-taila)), External application

**Standard Dosage:** External massage

**Bioavailability:** Oil base ([sesame oil](/glossary/concepts-m-y/#tila-taila)) enhances dermal absorption of lipophilic active compounds; for internal thailams, oil base enhances absorption of fat-soluble actives

**Optimal Timing:** External: before bath or at bedtime. Internal: before meals

**Shelf Life:** 3 years (medicated oils per ASU guidelines)

**Storage:** Airtight amber glass/HDPE container, room temperature, protected from light

**Marker Compounds:** [Sesamin](/glossary/compounds-q-t/#sesamin)

**Quality Parameters:** Acid value <5, saponification value per base oil specs, refractive index, moisture NMT 0.5%, specific gravity, marker: Sesamin

**Vehicle (Anupana):** External: massage into affected area. Internal: with warm water/milk

### Synergistic Combinations

- Key herbs: Vajraka herbs for musculoskeletal strength; oil base acts as lipid carrier for enhanced tissue penetration

### Vajrakapata Rasa {#vajrakapata-rasa}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | [Vajrakapata Rasa](/glossary/concepts-m-y/#vajrakapata-rasa) |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Kashaya | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Laghu | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Sheeta | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Madhura | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Mineral/Elemental Profile

- **Primary component:** Mercury-based preparation (Parada) with herbal processing
- **Note:** Restricted use — requires strict Shodhana protocols and expert supervision

**Analytical Methods:** AAS/ICP-MS (heavy metals), XRD, Namburi phased spot test

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Vati

**Standard Dosage:** 125 mg twice daily

**Bioavailability:** Good; Rasaushadhi with neurological tropism

**Optimal Timing:** With honey or specific herbal vehicles

**Standardized Extract:** Kajjali + Loha + other metals with nervine herbs

**Shelf Life:** Indefinite

**Storage:** Airtight container

**Marker Compounds:** Mercury sulfide, Iron oxide, Herbal nervine compounds

**Quality Parameters:** Standard Rasaushadhi tests, free metals below limits

**Vehicle (Anupana):** Honey, [Brahmi](/herb/brahmi/) Swarasa, or as directed

### Varunadi Kwath {#varunadi-kwath}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | [Varunadi Kwath](/glossary/concepts-m-y/#varunadi-kwath) |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Tikta, Kashaya | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Laghu, Ruksha | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Ushna | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Katu | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Mineral/Elemental Profile

- **Primary component:** Mineral-derived preparation
- **Note:** Composition varies by specific preparation method

**Analytical Methods:** XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Kashayam (decoction), Kashayam tablet, Concentrated liquid

**Standard Dosage:** 40-80ml twice daily

**Bioavailability:** Aqueous decoction provides good bioavailability for water-soluble compounds; concentration step may reduce volatile components

**Optimal Timing:** Before meals, typically morning and evening

**Shelf Life:** 1 day (fresh kashayam); 2 years (kashayam tablet); 6 months (concentrated liquid with preservative)

**Storage:** Fresh: refrigerate, use within 24h. Tablet/liquid: cool dry place, airtight

**Marker Compounds:** [Lupeol](/reference/lupeol/), Punarnavine

**Quality Parameters:** pH 4.0-6.5, specific gravity 1.01-1.05, total solids 2-8%, marker assay: Lupeol, Punarnavine

**Vehicle (Anupana):** Warm, usually taken on empty stomach

### Synergistic Combinations

- Classical combination of [Varuna](/herb/varuna/), [Punarnava](/herb/punarnava/), [Gokshura](/herb/gokshura/), Pashanbheda provides synergistic therapeutic effect

### Vata Balancing Herbs {#vata-balancing}

*10 herbs + 6 formulations that pacify Vata*

#### Single Herbs (10)

- [Eranda Moola](/herb/eranda-moola/)
- [Eranda Patra](/herb/eranda-patra/) — *Ricinus communis L. (leaves)*
- [Kharjura](/herb/kharjura/) — *Phoenix dactylifera L.*
- [Lasuna Ksheerapaka](/herb/lasuna-ksheerapaka/)
- [Nagabala](/herb/nagabala/) — *Grewia hirsuta Vahl / Sida veronicifolia Lam. (syn. Sida veronicaefolia)*
- [Triphala Herbs](/herb/triphala-herbs/)
- [Vathada](/herb/vathada/)
- [Vidari](/herb/vidari/)
- [Vidarikand](/herb/vidarikand/) — *Pueraria tuberosa (Willd.) DC.*
- [Vriddhadaru](/herb/vriddhadaru/)

#### Classical Formulations (6)

- [Dashmool Dashmoolarishta](/formulation/dashmool-dashmoolarishta/)
- [Dhanwantaram Thailam](/formulation/dhanwantaram-thailam/)
- [Indukantham Ghritam](/formulation/indukantham-ghritam/)
- [Mahayograj Guggul](/formulation/mahayograj-guggul/)
- [Narayana Thailam](/formulation/narayana-thailam/)
- [Sukumaram Ghritam](/formulation/sukumaram-ghritam/)

#### Other Preparations (2)

- [Phanita](/glossary/concepts-m-y/#phanita)
- [Vatagajankush Rasa](/herb/vatagajankush-rasa/)

#### See Also

- [Pitta-Balancing Herbs](/glossary/concepts-m-y/#pitta-balancing)

### Venesection Instruments Blood Letting Blades {#venesection-instruments-blood-letting-blades}

Sharp instruments specifically designed for Siravyadha (venipuncture/venesection) - controlled blood-letting from specific veins. Different blade shapes for different body locations.

#### Where is it described in the classical texts?

Sushruta Samhita Sutrasthana Chapter 14; Sharira Sthana Chapter 8 describes specific veins (Sira) for blood-letting at different body locations.

#### How is it used traditionally?

Therapeutic venesection for Pitta-Rakta disorders, hypertension, skin diseases, gout, liver disorders, and conditions requiring systemic blood purification.

#### Traditional materials

- Steel blades (Kushapatra Shastra - lancet)
- Vrihimukha Shastra (fine-point blade)

#### Modern variants

- Sterile disposable lancets
- Phlebotomy needles
- Blood-letting lancets

#### Regulatory status

- **India Cdsco:** Lancets and phlebotomy needles are Class A/B medical devices under CDSCO MDR 2017.
- **Us Fda:** Blood lancets are Class I/II medical devices (various product codes).
- **Eu Mdr:** Class IIa medical devices under EU MDR.

### Vidaryadi Kashayam {#vidaryadi-kashayam}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | [Vidaryadi Kashayam](/glossary/concepts-m-y/#vidaryadi-kashayam) |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Madhura | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Guru | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Sheeta | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Madhura | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Mineral/Elemental Profile

- **Primary component:** Mineral-derived preparation
- **Note:** Composition varies by specific preparation method

**Analytical Methods:** XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Kashayam (decoction), Kashayam tablet, Concentrated liquid

**Standard Dosage:** 40-80ml twice daily

**Bioavailability:** Aqueous decoction provides good bioavailability for water-soluble compounds; concentration step may reduce volatile components

**Optimal Timing:** Before meals, typically morning and evening

**Shelf Life:** 1 day (fresh kashayam); 2 years (kashayam tablet); 6 months (concentrated liquid with preservative)

**Storage:** Fresh: refrigerate, use within 24h. Tablet/liquid: cool dry place, airtight

**Marker Compounds:** [Puerarin](/glossary/compounds-o-q/#puerarin), Shatavarin

**Quality Parameters:** pH 4.0-6.5, specific gravity 1.01-1.05, total solids 2-8%, marker assay: Puerarin, Shatavarin

**Vehicle (Anupana):** Warm, usually taken on empty stomach

### Synergistic Combinations

- Classical combination of [Vidari](/herb/vidari/), [Shatavari](/herb/shatavari/), [Ashwagandha](/herb/ashwagandha/), [Bala](/herb/bala/) provides synergistic therapeutic effect

### Vidaryadyasava {#vidaryadyasava}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | Vidaryadyasava |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Madhura, Tikta | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Guru | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Sheeta | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Madhura | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Mineral/Elemental Profile

- **Primary component:** Mineral-derived preparation
- **Note:** Composition varies by specific preparation method

**Analytical Methods:** XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Arishta/Asava (fermented liquid), Syrup (modern adaptation)

**Standard Dosage:** 15-30ml with equal water for nutritive support

**Bioavailability:** Self-generated alcohol enhances extraction and absorption of both water-soluble and fat-soluble compounds; fermentation produces bioactive metabolites not present in raw herbs

**Optimal Timing:** After meals, twice daily

**Shelf Life:** Indefinite per classical texts; commercially labeled 5-10 years. Improves with age.

**Storage:** Room temperature, tightly sealed, away from direct sunlight. Do not refrigerate.

**Marker Compounds:** [Puerarin](/glossary/compounds-o-q/#puerarin), Shatavarin

**Quality Parameters:** Alcohol content 5-12% v/v, pH 3.0-4.5, specific gravity 1.01-1.08, total solids 15-25%, marker: Puerarin, Shatavarin

**Vehicle (Anupana):** Equal quantity of water after meals

### Synergistic Combinations

- Key herbs: [Vidari](/herb/vidari/), [Shatavari](/herb/shatavari/), [Guduchi](/herb/guduchi/), [Dhataki](/herb/dhataki/); fermentation creates unique metabolite profile with enhanced therapeutic activity

### Vidhyadhara Apparatus Specialized Distillation {#vidhyadhara-apparatus-specialized-distillation}

A specialized distillation apparatus consisting of multiple pots arranged for complex distillation procedures, named after the celestial Vidhyadhara beings. Used for advanced Rasashastra preparations.

#### Where is it described in the classical texts?

Rasaratna Samuchaya; Rasa Tarangini.

#### How is it used traditionally?

Complex distillation and sublimation of mercury compounds and other volatile metallic preparations.

#### Traditional materials

- Multiple earthen pots
- Metal connecting tubes
- Mud-cloth sealing

#### Modern variants

- Multi-stage glass distillation apparatus

#### Regulatory status

- **India Cdsco:** Pharmaceutical equipment under AYUSH GMP.
- **Us Fda:** Subject to cGMP requirements.
- **Eu Mdr:** Not classified as a medical device.

### Vite React Shadcn Ts {#vite-react-shadcn-ts}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | Vite_React_Shadcn_Ts |

#### What is it made of?

### Flavonoids

- Quercetin
- Kaempferol
- Rutin

### Phenolic Acids

- Gallic acid
- Caffeic acid
- Chlorogenic acid

### Terpenoids

- Beta-sitosterol
- Ursolic acid
- Oleanolic acid

### Tannins

- Condensed tannins
- Hydrolyzable tannins

**Analytical Methods:** HPLC-UV/PDA, LC-MS/MS, GC-MS (if volatile compounds), TLC

*Generated for the AgeAyurveda Herb Catalogue*

### Vrihi {#vrihi}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | Vrihi |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Madhura | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Guru, Snigdha | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Sheeta | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Madhura | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Mineral/Elemental Profile

- **Primary component:** Mineral-derived preparation
- **Note:** Composition varies by specific preparation method

**Analytical Methods:** XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Whole grain rice, Laja (puffed rice), Tandulodaka (rice water), Peya/Manda (rice gruel)

**Standard Dosage:** As dietary staple; Peya: 100–200 mL during illness

**Bioavailability:** High glycemic index; quickly digestible; Laja is lightest form

**Optimal Timing:** Meals; Peya/Manda during fever and illness

**Standardized Extract:** Tandulodaka (rice wash water); Laja (puffed rice) for therapeutic use

**Shelf Life:** Aged rice (Purana Vrihi, 1+ year): preferred therapeutically; fresh: 6–12 months

**Storage:** Cool, dry place; protected from insects

**Marker Compounds:** [Starch](/glossary/compounds-q-t/#starch) (80%), Protein (6–7%), B-[vitamins](/glossary/compounds-t-z/#vitamins), Iron, Oryzanol (in bran)

**Quality Parameters:** Moisture <14%, broken grains <5% (for aged rice), no aflatoxin

**Vehicle (Anupana):** Peya and Manda are premier vehicles during illness (Langhana therapy)

### Vyoshadi Vati {#vyoshadi-vati}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | [Vyoshadi Vati](/glossary/concepts-m-y/#vyoshadi-vati) |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Katu | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Laghu, Tikshna | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Ushna | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Katu | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Mineral/Elemental Profile

- **Primary component:** Mineral-derived preparation
- **Note:** Composition varies by specific preparation method

**Analytical Methods:** XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Vati (pill/tablet), Capsule

**Standard Dosage:** 2 tablets twice daily for throat/voice

**Bioavailability:** Tablet/pill form provides controlled disintegration; some vatis use honey/[guggulu](/formulation/guggulu/) as bioenhancing binders

**Optimal Timing:** Before or after meals as indicated

**Shelf Life:** 2 years per ASU guidelines for vati

**Storage:** Airtight container, cool dry place, protected from moisture

**Marker Compounds:** [Piperine](/reference/piperine/), [Gingerol](/glossary/compounds-d-g/#gingerol), [Plumbagin](/glossary/compounds-o-q/#plumbagin)

**Quality Parameters:** Weight variation ±5%, disintegration <30 min, friability <1%, marker: Piperine, Gingerol, Plumbagin

**Vehicle (Anupana):** Warm water or as specified

### Synergistic Combinations

- Key herbs: [Trikatu](/herb/trikatu/), Chitraka, Musta

### Women's Health — Across Traditions {#womens-health-across-traditions}

*Comparing approaches to women's health across 5 healing traditions*

- **Ayurveda:** 45 entries
- **TCM:** 24 entries
- **Global:** 43 entries
- **Nutraceutical:** 1 entries

#### Ayurveda Approach

- [Jivanti](/herb/jivanti/) *Leptadenia reticulata (Retz.) Wight & Arn.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Galactagogue
- [Mishreya](/herb/mishreya/) *Foeniculum vulgare Mill.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Galactagogue
- [Vasa](/herb/vasa/) *Adhatoda vasica Nees (syn. Justicia adhatoda L.)*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Hepatoprotective
- [Aragwadha](/herb/aragwadha/) *Cassia fistula L.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Antidiabetic
- [Agnikarna](/herb/agnikarna/) *Gloriosa superba L. ([Agnikumarika](/herb/agnikumarika/)/Agnimukhi); also associated with Litsea species in some texts*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Wound Healing
- [Kantakari](/herb/kantakari/) *Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad. & Wendl. (syn. S. surattense Burm. f., S. virginianum L.)*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Bronchodilator, Anti-inflammatory
- [Ashoka](/herb/ashoka/)
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Hemostatic
- [Ambasthaki](/herb/ambasthaki/) *Cissampelos pareira L.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Antidiabetic
- [Priyangu](/herb/priyangu/) *Callicarpa macrophylla Vahl.*
  Actions: Antidiabetic, Anti-inflammatory, Antipyretic
- [Pushyanuga Churna](/formulation/pushyanuga-churna/)
  Actions: Wound Healing, Antimicrobial, Anti-inflammatory
- [Nagarmotha](/herb/nagarmotha/) *Cyperus rotundus*
  Actions: Laxative, Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory
- [Kusumbha](/herb/kusumbha/)
  Actions: Antioxidant, Hypolipidemic, Anti-inflammatory
- [Lodhra](/herb/lodhra/) *Symplocos racemosa Roxb.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Wound Healing, Anti-inflammatory
- [Mamsarohini](/herb/mamsarohini/)
  Actions: Wound Healing, Hepatoprotective, Anti-inflammatory
- [Pradarantak Lauh](/herb/pradarantak-lauh/)
  Actions: Antioxidant, Rasayana, Anti-inflammatory

### Yakuti Rasayana {#yakuti-rasayana}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | [Yakuti Rasayana](/glossary/concepts-m-y/#yakuti-rasayana) |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Madhura | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Snigdha | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Sheeta | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Madhura | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Mineral/Elemental Profile

- **Primary component:** Mercury-based preparation (Parada) with herbal processing
- **Note:** Restricted use — requires strict Shodhana protocols and expert supervision

**Analytical Methods:** AAS/ICP-MS (heavy metals), XRD, Namburi phased spot test

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** [Rasayana](/reference/rasayana/) (confection), Capsule

**Standard Dosage:** 3-6g twice daily with milk

**Bioavailability:** Bhasma nanoparticles provide high bioavailability; mineral matrix enhances herb absorption

**Optimal Timing:** Morning on empty stomach

**Shelf Life:** 5 years (contains mineral bhasmas)

**Storage:** Airtight container, cool dry place

**Marker Compounds:** Gold nanoparticles, Calcium from mukta, Fulvic acid

**Quality Parameters:** Heavy metal limits per ASU Schedule T, Namburi test for bhasmas, assay of metallic content

**Vehicle (Anupana):** Warm milk with ghee

### Synergistic Combinations

- Rasayana herbs with mineral bhasmas for synergistic rejuvenation

---

Canonical version of this page: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/glossary/concepts-m-y/

Published by Age Ayurveda in the Nighantu. Educational reference only.
Incorporates material from the Amidha Ayurveda Herb Database under CC BY 4.0.