# Ayurvedic concepts (A-M)

> Ayurvedic concepts (A-M) is a reference glossary of 62 entries drawn from the Ayurvedic materia medica, each listing the herbs it occurs in and the compounds it commonly appears alongside.

### Aja Dugdha {#aja-dugdha}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | [Aja Dugdha](/glossary/concepts-a-m/#aja-dugdha) |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Madhura, Kashaya | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Laghu, Ruksha | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Sheeta | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Madhura | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Nutritional Profile

- **Protein:** 3.6g/100ml
- **Fat:** 3.8g/100ml (rich in medium-chain fatty acids)
- **Lactose:** 4.1g/100ml
- **Calcium:** 134mg/100ml
- **Phosphorus:** 111mg/100ml
- **Vitamin A:** 185 IU/100ml
- **Oligosaccharides:** Rich (prebiotic)

**Analytical Methods:** AOAC methods, HPLC (sugars), ICP-OES (minerals)

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Fresh milk, Boiled milk, Medicated milk (Kshirapaka)

**Standard Dosage:** 100–200 mL twice daily

**Bioavailability:** High; easily digestible due to smaller fat globules and A2 casein

**Optimal Timing:** Morning or before bed; warm

**Standardized Extract:** N/A — used as whole food/vehicle

**Shelf Life:** Fresh: 24–48 hours refrigerated

**Storage:** Refrigerated at 4°C

**Marker Compounds:** A2 beta-casein, Medium-chain triglycerides, Calcium, [Phosphorus](/glossary/compounds-o-q/#phosphorus)

**Quality Parameters:** Fat content 3.5–4%, SNF >8%, no adulteration ([starch](/glossary/compounds-q-t/#starch)/urea negative)

**Vehicle (Anupana):** Used as anupana for [Rasayana](/reference/rasayana/) herbs and bhasmas

### Asphota {#asphota}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | Asphota |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Tikta, Kashaya | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Laghu | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Sheeta | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Katu | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Mineral/Elemental Profile

- **Primary component:** Mineral-derived preparation
- **Note:** Composition varies by specific preparation method

**Analytical Methods:** XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Churna (powder), Kashayam (decoction), Capsule, Swarasa (fresh juice), Lepa (paste — external)

**Standard Dosage:** 3-5g powder twice daily; 40-80ml decoction twice daily; 10-20ml fresh juice

**Bioavailability:** Limited modern pharmacokinetic data. Traditional herb with limited modern investigation. Presumed moderate bioavailability based on phytochemical class ([flavonoids](/reference/flavonoids/), [terpenoids](/glossary/compounds-t-z/#terpenoids)). Traditional anupana (warm water, honey, ghee) recommended based on Dosha indication.

**Optimal Timing:** Before meals with warm water as per traditional guidelines

**Standardized Extract:** Limited standardization data. Develop HPTLC fingerprint for identity confirmation. Document extractive values (water-soluble and alcohol-soluble).

**Shelf Life:** 18 months (powder); 2 years (capsules/tablets)

**Storage:** Airtight containers, cool and dry place, protected from light and moisture.

**Marker Compounds:** Total phenolics, Total flavonoids, TLC/HPTLC fingerprint markers (to be established)

### Extraction Methods

- Aqueous decoction (classical method)
- Hydroalcoholic extraction (60:40)
- Fresh juice expression
- Cold maceration

### Synergistic Combinations

- With [Guduchi](/herb/guduchi/) for fever management
- With [Nimba](/herb/nimba/) for skin disorders
- With [Triphala](/herb/triphala/) for digestive regulation

### Brain & Nervous System — Across Traditions {#brain-nervous-system-across-traditions}

*Comparing approaches to brain & nervous system across 5 healing traditions*

- **Ayurveda:** 128 entries
- **TCM:** 117 entries
- **Global:** 164 entries
- **Nutraceutical:** 33 entries

#### Ayurveda Approach

- [Vidarikand](/herb/vidarikand/) *Pueraria tuberosa (Willd.) DC.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Aphrodisiac
- [Gambhari Phala](/herb/gambhari-phala/) *Gmelina arborea Roxb.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Galactagogue, Wound Healing
- [Kushmanda](/herb/kushmanda/) *Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Nootropic, Medhya (Nootropic)
- [Kharjura](/herb/kharjura/) *Phoenix dactylifera L.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Aphrodisiac
- [Jatamansi](/herb/jatamansi/)
  Actions: Antioxidant, Nootropic, Medhya (Nootropic)
- [Vacha](/herb/vacha/)
  Actions: Antioxidant, Nootropic, Medhya (Nootropic)
- [Aparajita](/herb/aparajita/) *Clitoria ternatea L.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Nootropic
- [Gokarna](/herb/gokarna/) *Clitoria ternatea L. (same species as [Aparajita](/herb/aparajita/); Gokarna is a regional Ayurvedic synonym)*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Wound Healing, Nootropic
- [Nagabala](/herb/nagabala/) *Grewia hirsuta Vahl / Sida veronicifolia Lam. (syn. Sida veronicaefolia)*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Aphrodisiac, Medhya (Nootropic)
- [Shatavari Ksheera](/herb/shatavari-ksheera/) *Asparagus racemosus Willd.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Galactagogue
- [Shati](/herb/shati/) *Hedychium spicatum Buch.-Ham. ex Sm.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Bronchodilator, Antidiabetic
- [Bijapura](/herb/bijapura/) *Citrus medica L.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Antidiabetic
- [Akarakarabha](/herb/akarakarabha/) *Anacyclus pyrethrum (L.) Lag.*
  Actions: Anticancer, Aphrodisiac, Wound Healing
- [Amlaparni](/herb/amlaparni/) *Oxalis corniculata L.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Wound Healing
- [Dhanyaka](/herb/dhanyaka/) *Coriandrum sativum L.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Antidiabetic, Neuroprotective

### Chana {#chana}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | Chana |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Kashaya | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Guru, Ruksha | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Sheeta | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Katu | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Isoflavones

- Biochanin A
- Formononetin
- Genistein

### Phenolics

- Chlorogenic acid
- Gallic acid

### Nutritional Profile

- **Protein:** 20.5g/100g
- **Fiber:** 17g/100g
- **Iron:** 4.3mg/100g
- **Folate:** 557μg/100g
- **Magnesium:** 115mg/100g

**Analytical Methods:** AOAC methods, HPLC (isoflavones), ICP-OES

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Whole grain, Flour (Besan), Roasted (Bhuna Chana), Sattu (roasted flour)

**Standard Dosage:** As dietary item; therapeutic: 20–50 g grain/flour daily

**Bioavailability:** Moderate; soaking/sprouting increases protein digestibility by 20–30%

**Optimal Timing:** Lunch; avoid at night for heavy digestion

**Standardized Extract:** N/A — whole food; Sattu preparation for therapeutic use

**Shelf Life:** Whole: 12 months; flour: 3–6 months; Sattu: 2–3 months

**Storage:** Cool, dry place; flour in airtight container

**Marker Compounds:** Protein (20–22%), Dietary fiber, Iron, [Folate](/glossary/compounds-d-g/#folate), [Isoflavones](/glossary/compounds-g-l/#isoflavones)

**Quality Parameters:** Moisture <12%, no weevil infestation, aflatoxin <15 ppb

### Chyawanprash Extract {#chyawanprash-extract}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | [Chyawanprash](/formulation/chyawanprash/) Extract |

#### What is it made of?

### Key Active Markers

- Derived from constituent herbs (see individual herb profiles)
- Standardized on primary bioactive markers

**Analytical Methods:** HPLC fingerprinting, TLC (identity), LC-MS/MS (marker quantification)

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Concentrated extract (semi-solid), Capsules (modern), Tablets (modern), Sachets (modern)

**Standard Dosage:** 5-10 g daily or as per label (concentrated form), as per manufacturer's specifications based on AFI equivalence

**Bioavailability:** Higher concentration per gram means enhanced active compound delivery. Reduced sugar matrix may slightly alter dissolution profile. Standardized extracts provide more consistent bioavailability batch-to-batch compared to classical preparation.

**Optimal Timing:** Morning on empty stomach with warm milk

**Shelf Life:** 2-3 years from date of manufacture

**Storage:** Store in airtight containers in a cool, dry place. Temperature not exceeding 25°C. Some variants require refrigeration. Protect from moisture.

**Marker Compounds:** Ascorbic acid, Gallic acid, [Piperine](/reference/piperine/), Ellagic acid, [Cinnamaldehyde](/glossary/compounds-c-d/#cinnamaldehyde)

**Quality Parameters:** Total solids (NLT 70%), vitamin C content (typically higher per gram than classical), gallic acid content by HPLC, piperine content, total phenolics, total [flavonoids](/reference/flavonoids/), [antioxidant](/reference/antioxidant/) activity (ORAC/DPPH), sugar content (lower than classical), microbial limits, heavy metals, aflatoxins

**Vehicle (Anupana):** Warm milk or warm water

### Synergistic Combinations

- [Ashwagandha](/herb/ashwagandha/) extract
- [Shatavari](/herb/shatavari/) extract
- [Brahmi](/herb/brahmi/) extract
- Warm milk

### Chyawanprash Herbs {#chyawanprash-herbs}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | [Chyawanprash](/formulation/chyawanprash/) Herbs |

#### What is it made of?

### Key Active Markers

- Derived from constituent herbs (see individual herb profiles)
- Standardized on primary bioactive markers

**Analytical Methods:** HPLC fingerprinting, TLC (identity), LC-MS/MS (marker quantification)

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Herbal blend churna (powder), Capsules (modern), Tea bags (modern)

**Standard Dosage:** 3-6 g daily as powder or infusion, as per manufacturer's specifications based on classical ratios

**Bioavailability:** Dry powder form provides rapid dissolution. Requires co-administration with lipid (ghee/milk) for optimal absorption of fat-soluble compounds. [Piperine](/reference/piperine/) enhances absorption of other herb constituents.

**Optimal Timing:** Morning on empty stomach

**Shelf Life:** 2 years from date of manufacture as per ASU guidelines for Churna

**Storage:** Store in airtight containers in a cool, dry place. Temperature not exceeding 25°C. Protect from moisture and light. Volatile oils dissipate if exposed — sealed packaging essential.

**Marker Compounds:** Piperine, [Cinnamaldehyde](/glossary/compounds-c-d/#cinnamaldehyde), [Eugenol](/glossary/compounds-d-g/#eugenol), 1,8-[Cineole](/glossary/compounds-c-d/#cineole), 6-[Gingerol](/glossary/compounds-d-g/#gingerol)

**Quality Parameters:** Loss on drying (<10%), total ash, acid-insoluble ash, particle size (pass sieve #85), volatile oil content, HPTLC fingerprint for piperine, cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, microbial limits, heavy metals, aflatoxins, pesticide residues

**Vehicle (Anupana):** Warm milk with ghee and honey (to approximate [Chyawanprash](/formulation/chyawanprash/) delivery)

### Synergistic Combinations

- Amalaki Churna (to reconstruct full [Chyawanprash](/formulation/chyawanprash/))
- Ghee
- Honey
- Warm milk

### Coconut Oil {#coconut-oil}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | [Coconut Oil](/glossary/concepts-a-m/#coconut-oil) |

#### What is it made of?

### Nutritional Profile

- **Fat:** 100g/100g
- **Lauric acid (C12:0):** 47-53%
- **Myristic acid (C14:0):** 16-21%
- **Caprylic acid (C8:0):** 5-10%
- **Capric acid (C10:0):** 4.5-8%
- **Palmitic acid (C16:0):** 7.5-10%
- **Oleic acid (C18:1):** 5-8%
- **Linoleic acid (C18:2):** 1-2.5%

**Analytical Methods:** GC-FID (fatty acid profile), Iodine value, Saponification value, Peroxide value

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Cold-pressed oil, Virgin [coconut oil](/glossary/concepts-a-m/#coconut-oil), External application (Taila)

**Standard Dosage:** 5–15 mL orally; external: as needed

**Bioavailability:** Rapid MCT absorption via portal vein; does not require bile for digestion

**Optimal Timing:** With meals; external use anytime

**Standardized Extract:** Virgin cold-pressed [coconut oil](/glossary/concepts-a-m/#coconut-oil) ([Narikela](/herb/narikela/) Taila)

**Shelf Life:** 12–24 months

**Storage:** Room temperature; liquefies above 24°C

**Marker Compounds:** Lauric acid (45–53%), Myristic acid, Capric acid, Medium-chain triglycerides

**Quality Parameters:** FFA <0.5%, peroxide value <5 meq/kg, moisture <0.1%, [iodine](/glossary/compounds-g-l/#iodine) value 7–10

**Vehicle (Anupana):** Base oil for medicated oils (Taila Kalpana); cooling Pitta-pacifying vehicle

### Extraction Methods

- Cold pressing (Ghani)
- Expeller pressing
- Centrifugal extraction for virgin oil

### Stability Notes

Highly stable due to >90% saturated fat content. Resistant to oxidation

*Generated for the AgeAyurveda Herb Catalogue*

### Dhanadanayanadi Kashayam {#dhanadanayanadi-kashayam}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | [Dhanadanayanadi Kashayam](/glossary/concepts-a-m/#dhanadanayanadi-kashayam) |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Tikta, Kashaya | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Laghu | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Ushna | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Katu | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Mineral/Elemental Profile

- **Primary component:** Mineral-derived preparation
- **Note:** Composition varies by specific preparation method

**Analytical Methods:** XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Kashayam (decoction), Kashayam tablet (modern), Concentrated liquid (modern)

**Standard Dosage:** 15-30 mL or 2 tablets twice daily before meals, as per Sahasrayogam

**Bioavailability:** Hot decoction provides rapid absorption of [alkaloids](/glossary/compounds-1-a/#alkaloids) and [glycosides](/glossary/compounds-g-l/#glycosides). [Berberine](/glossary/compounds-a-c/#berberine) from [Daruharidra](/herb/daruharidra/) has moderate oral bioavailability (~5%) — enhanced in hot aqueous medium.

**Optimal Timing:** Before meals, morning and evening, for Jwara (fever) conditions

**Shelf Life:** Same day (fresh), 6 months (preserved), 3 years (tablet)

**Storage:** Fresh: use same day. Concentrates: amber glass at room temperature. Tablets: airtight containers at room temperature.

**Marker Compounds:** [Berberine](/glossary/compounds-a-c/#berberine), [Palmatine](/glossary/compounds-o-q/#palmatine), [Jatrorrhizine](/glossary/compounds-g-l/#jatrorrhizine) (from [Daruharidra](/herb/daruharidra/))

**Quality Parameters:** pH, specific gravity, total solids, extractive values, berberine content from Daruharidra by HPLC, HPTLC fingerprint, microbial limits, heavy metals

**Vehicle (Anupana):** Warm water (tablets); as is (liquid)

### Synergistic Combinations

- [Amritarishta](/formulation/amritarishta/)
- Sudarshana Churna
- [Guduchi](/herb/guduchi/) preparations
- Musta Churna

### Diabetes & Metabolism — Across Traditions {#diabetes-metabolism-across-traditions}

*Comparing approaches to diabetes & metabolism across 5 healing traditions*

- **Ayurveda:** 117 entries
- **TCM:** 49 entries
- **Global:** 149 entries
- **Nutraceutical:** 23 entries

#### Ayurveda Approach

- [Vidarikand](/herb/vidarikand/) *Pueraria tuberosa (Willd.) DC.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Aphrodisiac
- [Kushmanda](/herb/kushmanda/) *Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Nootropic, Medhya (Nootropic)
- [Kharjura](/herb/kharjura/) *Phoenix dactylifera L.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Aphrodisiac
- [Jatamansi](/herb/jatamansi/)
  Actions: Antioxidant, Nootropic, Medhya (Nootropic)
- [Akhuparni](/herb/akhuparni/) *Ipomoea reniformis Choisy (syn. Merremia emarginata (Burm.f.) Hallier f.)*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Nootropic
- [Giloy Satva](/herb/giloy-satva/) *Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers (aqueous starch extract)*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Adaptogenic
- [Jivanti](/herb/jivanti/) *Leptadenia reticulata (Retz.) Wight & Arn.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Galactagogue
- [Madhuka](/herb/madhuka/) *Madhuca longifolia (J.Koenig ex L.) J.F.Macbr.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Galactagogue
- [Ajwain](/herb/ajwain/) *Trachyspermum ammi*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Bronchodilator, Antidiabetic
- [Aparajita](/herb/aparajita/) *Clitoria ternatea L.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Nootropic
- [Shati](/herb/shati/) *Hedychium spicatum Buch.-Ham. ex Sm.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Bronchodilator, Antidiabetic
- [Bijapura](/herb/bijapura/) *Citrus medica L.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Antidiabetic
- [Kovidara](/herb/kovidara/) *Bauhinia purpurea L.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Wound Healing
- [Sala](/herb/sala/) *Shorea robusta Gaertn.f.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Hepatoprotective
- [Amlaparni](/herb/amlaparni/) *Oxalis corniculata L.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Wound Healing

### Digestive Health — Across Traditions {#digestive-health-across-traditions}

*Comparing approaches to digestive health across 5 healing traditions*

- **Ayurveda:** 447 entries
- **TCM:** 45 entries
- **Global:** 94 entries
- **Nutraceutical:** 2 entries

#### Ayurveda Approach

- [Triphala Churna](/formulation/triphala-churna/)
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Wound Healing
- [Ajwain](/herb/ajwain/) *Trachyspermum ammi*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Bronchodilator, Antidiabetic
- [Pippali Moola](/herb/pippali-moola/) *Piper longum L. (root)*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Bronchodilator
- [Shati](/herb/shati/) *Hedychium spicatum Buch.-Ham. ex Sm.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Bronchodilator, Antidiabetic
- [Pudina](/herb/pudina/) *Mentha spicata*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Bronchodilator, Antidiabetic
- [Bijapura](/herb/bijapura/) *Citrus medica L.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Antidiabetic
- [Dhanyaka](/herb/dhanyaka/) *Coriandrum sativum L.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Antidiabetic, Neuroprotective
- [Mishreya](/herb/mishreya/) *Foeniculum vulgare Mill.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Galactagogue
- [Laung](/herb/laung/) *Syzygium aromaticum*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Antitumor
- [Mahasudarshan Churna](/formulation/mahasudarshan-churna/)
  Actions: Antioxidant, Hepatoprotective, Bronchodilator
- [Rishabhaka](/herb/rishabhaka/) *Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.) Dubard*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Aphrodisiac, Adaptogenic
- [Mandukparni](/herb/mandukparni/)
  Actions: Wound Healing, Nootropic, Medhya (Nootropic)
- [Changeri](/herb/changeri/) *Oxalis corniculata L.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Wound Healing
- [Chitrak](/herb/chitrak/) *Plumbago zeylanica L.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Wound Healing
- [Hingu](/herb/hingu/) *Ferula asafoetida*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Bronchodilator, Antimicrobial

### DistillationSublimation Apparatus Directional {#distillationsublimation-apparatus-directional}

Apparatus for directional sublimation or distillation: Urdhwa Patana (upward), Adha/Adhah Patana (downward), and Tiryak Patana (lateral/sideways). Each direction uses a different pot arrangement.

#### Where is it described in the classical texts?

Rasa Tarangini Taranga 4; Rasaratna Samuchaya; Rasaprakasha Sudhakara.

#### How is it used traditionally?

Sublimation and distillation of mercury, sulfur, arsenic, and other volatile mineral substances at different temperature ranges and collection directions.

#### Traditional materials

- Earthen pots (Mrit Patra)
- Bamboo or metal connecting tubes
- Mud-cloth-plaster sealing

#### Modern variants

- Glass retort apparatus
- Metal distillation columns
- Rotary evaporators

#### Regulatory status

- **India Cdsco:** Pharmaceutical equipment under AYUSH GMP.
- **Us Fda:** Subject to cGMP requirements.
- **Eu Mdr:** Not classified as a medical device.

### Drakshadi Kwath {#drakshadi-kwath}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | [Drakshadi Kwath](/glossary/concepts-a-m/#drakshadi-kwath) |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Madhura | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Snigdha | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Sheeta | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Madhura | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Mineral/Elemental Profile

- **Primary component:** Mineral-derived preparation
- **Note:** Composition varies by specific preparation method

**Analytical Methods:** XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Kwath (decoction), Kwath Churna (decoction powder), Tablet (modern)

**Standard Dosage:** 40-80 mL twice daily, or 3-6 g Kwath Churna boiled in water, as per AFI

**Bioavailability:** Same as [Drakshadi Kashayam](/formulation/drakshadi-kashayam/). Kwath Churna form allows fresh preparation at home — freshly prepared decoction has optimal bioavailability.

**Optimal Timing:** Before meals, morning and evening

**Shelf Life:** Same day (fresh), 2 years (Kwath Churna)

**Storage:** Fresh kwath: same day. Kwath Churna: airtight containers in cool, dry place. Temperature not exceeding 30°C.

**Marker Compounds:** [Resveratrol](/glossary/compounds-q-t/#resveratrolresveratrol), [Piperine](/reference/piperine/), Gallic acid, [Quercetin](/reference/quercetinquercetin/), Ellagic acid

**Quality Parameters:** Similar to [Drakshadi Kashayam](/formulation/drakshadi-kashayam/) — pH, specific gravity, total solids, [resveratrol](/glossary/compounds-q-t/#resveratrolresveratrol), total [polyphenols](/glossary/compounds-o-q/#polyphenols), HPTLC fingerprint, microbial limits, heavy metals

**Vehicle (Anupana):** Taken as warm decoction; may add honey

### Synergistic Combinations

- [Draksharishta](/formulation/draksharishta/)
- Drakshadi Kashayam
- [Avipattikar](/herb/avipattikar/) Churna
- [Yashtimadhu](/herb/yashtimadhu/)

### Eye Health — Across Traditions {#eye-health-across-traditions}

*Comparing approaches to eye health across 5 healing traditions*

- **Ayurveda:** 76 entries
- **TCM:** 14 entries
- **Global:** 21 entries
- **Nutraceutical:** 4 entries

#### Ayurveda Approach

- [Triphala Churna](/formulation/triphala-churna/)
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Wound Healing
- [Vacha](/herb/vacha/)
  Actions: Antioxidant, Nootropic, Medhya (Nootropic)
- [Aparajita](/herb/aparajita/) *Clitoria ternatea L.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Nootropic
- [Gokarna](/herb/gokarna/) *Clitoria ternatea L. (same species as [Aparajita](/herb/aparajita/); Gokarna is a regional Ayurvedic synonym)*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Wound Healing, Nootropic
- [Changeri](/herb/changeri/) *Oxalis corniculata L.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Wound Healing
- [Swarna Bhasma](/herb/swarna-bhasma/)
  Actions: Antioxidant, Medhya (Nootropic), Rasayana
- [Maha Narayana Thailam](/formulation/maha-narayana-thailam/)
  Actions: Antioxidant, Neuroprotective, Anti-inflammatory
- [Kataka](/herb/kataka/) *Strychnos potatorum L.f.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Antidiabetic, Anti-inflammatory
- [Palankya](/herb/palankya/) *Spinacia oleracea L.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Neuroprotective, Laxative
- [Daruharidra](/herb/daruharidra/) *Berberis aristata DC.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Wound Healing
- [Himasagara Thailam](/formulation/himasagara-thailam/)
  Actions: Anxiolytic, Neuroprotective, Anti-inflammatory
- [Kshirabala Thailam](/formulation/kshirabala-thailam/)
  Actions: Bronchodilator, Neuroprotective, Anti-inflammatory
- [Triphaladi Thailam](/formulation/triphaladi-thailam/)
  Actions: Antioxidant, Neuroprotective, Anti-inflammatory
- [Prapunnada](/herb/prapunnada/)
  Actions: Laxative, Rasayana, Hepatoprotective
- [Yashada Bhasma](/herb/yashada-bhasma/)
  Actions: Antioxidant, Wound Healing, Antidiabetic

### Fever & Infection — Across Traditions {#fever-infection-across-traditions}

*Comparing approaches to fever & infection across 4 healing traditions*

- **Ayurveda:** 54 entries
- **TCM:** 20 entries
- **Global:** 37 entries

#### Ayurveda Approach

- [Gambhari Phala](/herb/gambhari-phala/) *Gmelina arborea Roxb.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Galactagogue, Wound Healing
- [Akhuparni](/herb/akhuparni/) *Ipomoea reniformis Choisy (syn. Merremia emarginata (Burm.f.) Hallier f.)*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Nootropic
- [Giloy Satva](/herb/giloy-satva/) *Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers (aqueous starch extract)*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Adaptogenic
- [Shati](/herb/shati/) *Hedychium spicatum Buch.-Ham. ex Sm.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Bronchodilator, Antidiabetic
- [Pudina](/herb/pudina/) *Mentha spicata*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Bronchodilator, Antidiabetic
- [Sala](/herb/sala/) *Shorea robusta Gaertn.f.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Hepatoprotective
- [Meda](/herb/meda/) *Polygonatum verticillatum (L.) All. / Polygonatum cirrhifolium (Wall.) Royle*
  Actions: Galactagogue, Adaptogenic, Bronchodilator
- [Giloy](/herb/guduchi/) *Tinospora cordifolia*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Medhya (Nootropic)
- [Mahasudarshan Churna](/formulation/mahasudarshan-churna/)
  Actions: Antioxidant, Hepatoprotective, Bronchodilator
- [Aragwadha](/herb/aragwadha/) *Cassia fistula L.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Antidiabetic
- [Guduchi](/herb/guduchi/) *Tinospora cordifolia*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Medhya (Nootropic), Adaptogenic
- [Changeri](/herb/changeri/) *Oxalis corniculata L.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Wound Healing
- [Agnikarna](/herb/agnikarna/) *Gloriosa superba L. ([Agnikumarika](/herb/agnikumarika/)/Agnimukhi); also associated with Litsea species in some texts*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Wound Healing
- [Kantakari](/herb/kantakari/) *Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad. & Wendl. (syn. S. surattense Burm. f., S. virginianum L.)*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Bronchodilator, Anti-inflammatory
- [Mahabala](/herb/mahabala/) *Sida rhombifolia L.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Wound Healing, Adaptogenic

### Gairika {#gairika}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | Gairika |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Madhura, Kashaya | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Snigdha | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Sheeta | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Madhura | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Mineral/Elemental Profile

- **Iron oxide (Fe2O3):** Major component (red ochre)
- **Iron (Fe):** ~50-70%
- **Silicon (Si):** Trace
- **Aluminum (Al):** Trace

**Analytical Methods:** XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Shuddha Gairika (purified red ochre), Bhasma, External application

**Standard Dosage:** 250–500 mg internally; external: as needed

**Bioavailability:** Moderate; natural iron oxide with clay matrix

**Optimal Timing:** With honey or ghee

**Standardized Extract:** Purified red ochre (hydrated iron oxide)

**Shelf Life:** Indefinite (mineral)

**Storage:** Dry, airtight container

**Marker Compounds:** Iron oxide (Fe2O3, hematite), [Silica](/glossary/compounds-q-t/#silica), Alumina, Trace minerals

**Quality Parameters:** Iron >50%, heavy metals within limits, no free silica (respirable)

**Vehicle (Anupana):** Honey, ghee, or herbal decoctions

### Gandhaka {#gandhaka}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | Gandhaka |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Katu | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Tikshna | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Ushna | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Katu | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Mineral/Elemental Profile

- **Sulfur (S):** Major component (>98% elemental sulfur after Shodhana)
- **Trace elements:** Depends on source

**Analytical Methods:** XRD, FTIR, Melting point, ICP-OES

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Shuddha Gandhaka (purified sulfur), Gandhaka [Rasayana](/reference/rasayana/), Component in Kajjali

**Standard Dosage:** 125–500 mg twice daily (as Gandhaka Rasayana)

**Bioavailability:** Good; sulfur compounds absorbed well; key component of amino acid metabolism

**Optimal Timing:** After meals with milk or ghee

**Standardized Extract:** Shuddha Gandhaka — purified elemental sulfur; Gandhaka Rasayana is therapeutic form

**Shelf Life:** Indefinite (purified sulfur); 2–3 years (Rasayana form)

**Storage:** Airtight container; away from heat (flammable)

**Marker Compounds:** Elemental sulfur (S8), Sulfur dioxide traces, Purification media residues

**Quality Parameters:** Purity >99.5%, arsenic <3 ppm (critical — arsenic contamination common in natural sulfur), no free acid

**Vehicle (Anupana):** Milk, ghee, or [Triphala](/herb/triphala/)

### Godhuma {#godhuma}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | Godhuma |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Madhura | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Guru, Snigdha | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Sheeta | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Madhura | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Phenolics

- Ferulic acid (bound)
- p-Coumaric acid
- Vanillic acid

### Alkylresorcinols

- Present (outer bran layers)

### Nutritional Profile

- **Protein:** 12g/100g
- **Fiber:** 12.2g/100g (whole grain)
- **Iron:** 3.5mg/100g
- **Zinc:** 2.7mg/100g
- **B Vitamins:** Thiamine, Riboflavin, Niacin

**Analytical Methods:** AOAC methods, HPLC, NIR spectroscopy

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Whole grain, Flour (Atta), Wheat grass juice, Godhuma Churna

**Standard Dosage:** As dietary staple; therapeutic wheat grass: 30–60 mL juice

**Bioavailability:** Moderate; gluten content affects some individuals; sprouting increases bioavailability

**Optimal Timing:** Meals; wheat grass juice on empty stomach

**Standardized Extract:** Wheat grass extract — [chlorophyll](/glossary/compounds-c-d/#chlorophyll)-rich

**Shelf Life:** Grain: 12+ months; flour: 3–4 months; fresh juice: consume immediately

**Storage:** Cool, dry place; flour in airtight container

**Marker Compounds:** Gluten [proteins](/glossary/compounds-o-q/#proteins), Dietary fiber, B-[vitamins](/glossary/compounds-t-z/#vitamins), Iron, Chlorophyll (grass)

**Quality Parameters:** Moisture <12%, no ergot contamination, gluten content as labeled

### Gojihvadi Kwath {#gojihvadi-kwath}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | [Gojihvadi Kwath](/glossary/concepts-a-m/#gojihvadi-kwath) |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Tikta | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Laghu | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Sheeta | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Katu | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Mineral/Elemental Profile

- **Primary component:** Mineral-derived preparation
- **Note:** Composition varies by specific preparation method

**Analytical Methods:** XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Kwath (decoction), Kwath Churna (for home preparation), Tablet (modern)

**Standard Dosage:** 40-80 mL twice daily, as per AFI

**Bioavailability:** Hot decoction provides rapid absorption of [vasicine](/glossary/compounds-t-z/#vasicine) and [vasicinone](/glossary/compounds-t-z/#vasicinone) (bronchodilatory [alkaloids](/glossary/compounds-1-a/#alkaloids)). Oral bioavailability of vasicine is good (~60-70%) in aqueous medium.

**Optimal Timing:** Before meals, morning and evening, for respiratory conditions

**Shelf Life:** Same day (fresh), 2 years (Kwath Churna)

**Storage:** Fresh: use same day. Kwath Churna: airtight containers in cool, dry place. Temperature not exceeding 30°C.

**Marker Compounds:** Vasicine, Vasicinone, [Deoxyvasicine](/glossary/compounds-c-d/#deoxyvasicine), [Solasodine](/glossary/compounds-q-t/#solasodine) (from [Kantakari](/herb/kantakari/))

**Quality Parameters:** pH, specific gravity, total solids, vasicine content from [Vasa](/herb/vasa/) by HPLC, total alkaloids, HPTLC fingerprint, microbial limits, heavy metals

**Vehicle (Anupana):** Honey for Kasa-Shwasa (cough/asthma) conditions

### Synergistic Combinations

- Vasarishta
- [Sitopaladi Churna](/formulation/sitopaladi-churna/)
- [Talisadi Churna](/formulation/talisadi-churna/)
- Kanakasava

### Gold Silver Vessels for Medicine Preparation {#gold-silver-vessels-for-medicine-preparation}

Vessels made of gold (Suvarna) or silver (Rajata) used for preparation and storage of high-value Ayurvedic medicines, especially Bhasma and Prash preparations. Gold and silver have specific therapeutic attributes in Rasashastra.

#### Where is it described in the classical texts?

Charaka Samhita describes gold vessels as Tridosha-balancing and silver as cooling (Sheeta). Rasaratna Samuchaya extensively describes properties of gold and silver in medicine.

#### How is it used traditionally?

Preparation of Suvarna Prashana (gold-based immunization), storage of precious Bhasma preparations, preparation of medicines requiring inert and non-reactive containers.

#### Traditional materials

- Pure gold (Suvarna)
- Pure silver (Rajata)

#### Modern variants

- Gold-plated vessels
- Silver-coated copper vessels

#### Regulatory status

- **India Cdsco:** Not classified as medical devices.
- **Us Fda:** Not regulated as medical devices.
- **Eu Mdr:** Not classified as medical devices.

### Gourd Instrument Gourd Cupping {#gourd-instrument-gourd-cupping}

A dried bottle gourd ([Alabu](/herb/alabu/)/Lagenaria siceraria) used for dry cupping/suction over a small incision for blood-letting. Heat is applied inside the gourd to create vacuum.

#### Where is it described in the classical texts?

Sushruta Samhita Sutrasthana Chapter 14. [Alabu](/herb/alabu/) is recommended for Kapha-type blood disorders.

#### How is it used traditionally?

Blood-letting for Kapha-Rakta conditions, localized edema, skin disorders.

#### Traditional materials

- Dried bottle gourd ([Alabu](/herb/alabu/)/Lagenaria siceraria)
- Candle/wick for creating vacuum

#### Modern variants

- Fire cupping with glass cups
- Modern cupping therapy sets

#### Regulatory status

- **India Cdsco:** Not specifically classified.
- **Us Fda:** Not specifically regulated.
- **Eu Mdr:** Not specifically classified.

### Guda {#guda}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | Guda |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Madhura | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Guru, Snigdha | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Ushna | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Madhura | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Nutritional Profile

- **Sucrose:** 65-85%
- **Reducing sugars:** 10-15%
- **Iron:** 11mg/100g
- **Calcium:** 40-100mg/100g
- **Magnesium:** 70-90mg/100g
- **Potassium:** 1056mg/100g
- **Phosphorus:** 20-90mg/100g
- **Phenolics:** Present

**Analytical Methods:** HPLC (sugars), ICP-OES (minerals), Colorimetry

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Solid jaggery block, Powder (Guda Churna), Liquid jaggery, Vehicle in formulations

**Standard Dosage:** 5–15 g; as vehicle in Avaleha/Modaka preparations

**Bioavailability:** Rapid sugar absorption; iron and mineral content higher than refined sugar

**Optimal Timing:** Post-meal (small quantity); as vehicle: per formulation

**Standardized Extract:** Purana Guda (aged jaggery, 1+ year) preferred therapeutically

**Shelf Life:** Fresh: 3–6 months; aged: 12+ months (improves with age)

**Storage:** Cool, dry place; wrap to prevent moisture absorption

**Marker Compounds:** [Sucrose](/glossary/compounds-q-t/#sucrose) (65–85%), Iron (10–13 mg/100g), Calcium, [Magnesium](/glossary/compounds-l-o/#magnesium), Phenolic compounds

**Quality Parameters:** Sucrose >65%, moisture <10%, iron >8 mg/100g, no chemical bleaching (SO2 <70 ppm)

**Vehicle (Anupana):** Sweet vehicle in Avaleha, Modaka, Guda [Pippali](/herb/pippali/); used in iron-deficiency formulations

### Hair Health — Across Traditions {#hair-health-across-traditions}

*Comparing approaches to hair health across 5 healing traditions*

- **Ayurveda:** 18 entries
- **TCM:** 8 entries
- **Global:** 18 entries
- **Nutraceutical:** 3 entries

#### Ayurveda Approach

- [Jatamansi](/herb/jatamansi/)
  Actions: Antioxidant, Nootropic, Medhya (Nootropic)
- [Adhaki](/herb/adhaki/) *Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Antidiabetic
- [Kankshi](/herb/kankshi/) *Abrus precatorius L. (seed coat/outer coating)*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Hepatoprotective, Antitumor
- [Amla](/herb/amla/) *Phyllanthus emblica (syn. Emblica officinalis)*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Neuroprotective, Rasayana
- [Kasturi](/herb/kasturi/)
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Neuroprotective
- [Atasi](/herb/atasi/) *Linum usitatissimum L.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Laxative, Anti-inflammatory
- [Triphaladi Thailam](/formulation/triphaladi-thailam/)
  Actions: Antioxidant, Neuroprotective, Anti-inflammatory
- [Bhringraj](/herb/bhringraj/)
  Actions: Antioxidant, Hepatoprotective, Anti-inflammatory
  Actions: Anticancer, Antimicrobial, Anti-inflammatory
- [Bakuchi Taila](/formulation/bakuchi-taila/)
  Actions: Rasayana, Anti-inflammatory, Immunomodulatory
- [Shadbindu Taila](/formulation/shadbindu-taila/)
  Actions: Antimicrobial, Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic
- [Coconut Oil Narikela Taila](/formulation/coconut-oil-narikela-taila/)
  Actions: Antimicrobial, Anti-inflammatory
- [Nili](/herb/nili/) *Indigofera tinctoria L.*
  Actions: Wound Healing, Anti-inflammatory
- [Bhringaraja Svarasa](/formulation/bhringaraja-svarasa/)
  Actions: Hepatoprotective
- [Neelibringadi Thailam](/formulation/neelibringadi-thailam/)
  Actions: Antioxidant

### Hamsapadi {#hamsapadi}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | Hamsapadi |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Tikta, Kashaya | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Laghu, Ruksha | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Sheeta | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Katu | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Mineral/Elemental Profile

- **Primary component:** Mineral-derived preparation
- **Note:** Composition varies by specific preparation method

**Analytical Methods:** XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Churna (powder), Kashayam (decoction), Swarasa (fresh juice), Capsule

**Standard Dosage:** 3-6g powder twice daily; 50-100ml decoction

**Bioavailability:** Limited modern bioavailability data. Traditional preparation as decoction with warm water enhances aqueous-soluble constituent absorption. Co-administration with [Pippali](/herb/pippali/) or [ginger](/herb/ginger/) may improve bioavailability via enhanced gastrointestinal absorption.

**Optimal Timing:** Before meals with warm water or honey

**Standardized Extract:** No standardized extract specifications established. Traditional aqueous extract used. Further phytochemical profiling recommended.

**Shelf Life:** 1 year (powder); 2 years (capsule with desiccant)

**Storage:** Cool, dry place (below 25°C), protected from light and moisture in airtight containers

**Marker Compounds:** [Flavonoids](/reference/flavonoids/) (general TLC profiling), Phenolic acids (tentative identification)

### Extraction Methods

- Aqueous decoction (1:16 herb-to-water, reduced to 1/4)
- Hydroalcoholic extraction (50:50 ethanol:water)
- Cold maceration for fresh herb

### Synergistic Combinations

- With [Guduchi](/herb/guduchi/) for [antipyretic](/reference/antipyretic/) action
- With Musta for digestive disorders
- With [Haridra](/herb/haridra/) for anti-inflammatory support

### Hastikarna Palasha {#hastikarna-palasha}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | Hastikarna [Palasha](/herb/palasha/)|Hastikarna Palasha |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Kashaya | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Laghu, Ruksha | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Ushna | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Katu | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Mineral/Elemental Profile

- **Primary component:** Mineral-derived preparation
- **Note:** Composition varies by specific preparation method

**Analytical Methods:** XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Churna (powder), Kashayam (decoction), Swarasa (fresh juice), Lepa (external paste)

**Standard Dosage:** 3-5g powder twice daily; 50-100ml decoction; external paste as needed

**Bioavailability:** Limited modern pharmacokinetic data available. Traditional aqueous decoction preparation is standard route of administration. The leaf-based preparations likely contain [flavonoids](/reference/flavonoids/) with moderate oral absorption. Further bioavailability studies warranted.

**Optimal Timing:** Before meals with warm water; external paste application on affected area twice daily

**Standardized Extract:** No standardized extract commercially established. Aqueous or hydroalcoholic extracts with TLC/HPTLC fingerprint recommended for quality control.

**Shelf Life:** 1 year (powder); 2 years (capsule with desiccant)

**Storage:** Cool, dry place below 25°C in airtight containers, protected from light and moisture

**Marker Compounds:** Butein, [Butrin](/glossary/compounds-a-c/#butrin), Palasonin, Flavonoids (general profiling)

### Extraction Methods

- Aqueous decoction (traditional 1:16 reduced to 1/4)
- Hydroalcoholic extraction (60:40 ethanol:water)
- Cold pressing of fresh leaves for Swarasa

### Synergistic Combinations

- With [Nimba](/herb/nimba/) ([Neem](/herb/neem/)) for skin conditions
- With [Haridra](/herb/haridra/) for anti-inflammatory action
- With [Triphala](/herb/triphala/) for wound healing support

### Heart & Cardiovascular — Across Traditions {#heart-cardiovascular-across-traditions}

*Comparing approaches to heart & cardiovascular across 5 healing traditions*

- **Ayurveda:** 70 entries
- **TCM:** 75 entries
- **Global:** 47 entries
- **Nutraceutical:** 12 entries

#### Ayurveda Approach

- [Gambhari Phala](/herb/gambhari-phala/) *Gmelina arborea Roxb.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Galactagogue, Wound Healing
- [Nagabala](/herb/nagabala/) *Grewia hirsuta Vahl / Sida veronicifolia Lam. (syn. Sida veronicaefolia)*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Aphrodisiac, Medhya (Nootropic)
- [Kovidara](/herb/kovidara/) *Bauhinia purpurea L.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Wound Healing
- [Tila](/herb/tila/) *Sesamum indicum L.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Wound Healing, Adaptogenic
- [Giloy](/herb/guduchi/) *Tinospora cordifolia*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Medhya (Nootropic)
- [Pushkarmool](/herb/pushkarmool/) *Inula racemosa Hook. f.*
  Actions: Anticancer, Hepatoprotective, Bronchodilator
- [Rasona Garlic](/herb/rasona-garlic/) *Allium sativum L.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Neuroprotective
- [Shrigataka](/herb/shrigataka/) *Trapa natans L. (syn. Trapa bispinosa Roxb.)*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Antidiabetic
- [Guduchi](/herb/guduchi/) *Tinospora cordifolia*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Medhya (Nootropic), Adaptogenic
- [Karkatashringi](/herb/karkatashringi/) *Pistacia integerrima J.L. Stewart ex Brandis*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Bronchodilator
- [Lasuna](/herb/lasuna/) *Allium sativum L.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Hepatoprotective
- [Matulunga](/herb/matulunga/) *Citrus medica L.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Antidiabetic
- [Sthneyaka](/herb/sthneyaka/) *Taxus baccata L. (possibly Taxus wallichiana Zucc. in Indian context)*
  Actions: Anticancer, Antispasmodic, Anti-inflammatory
- [Amra](/herb/amra/) *Mangifera indica L.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Hepatoprotective
- [Bakula](/herb/bakula/) *Mimusops elengi L.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Anti-inflammatory

### Hijal {#hijal}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | Hijal |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Kashaya, Katu | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Laghu, Ruksha | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Sheeta | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Katu | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Mineral/Elemental Profile

- **Primary component:** Mineral-derived preparation
- **Note:** Composition varies by specific preparation method

**Analytical Methods:** XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Churna (powder), Kashayam (decoction), Kwath (decoction concentrate), Capsule

**Standard Dosage:** 3-6g bark powder twice daily; 50-100ml decoction

**Bioavailability:** Barringtonia acutangula bark is rich in [tannins](/reference/tannins/) and [saponins](/reference/saponins/). Tannins have limited oral bioavailability due to large molecular size and protein binding. Saponin fractions may show better absorption. Traditional decoction preparation may partially hydrolyze tannins improving absorption of smaller phenolic fragments.

**Optimal Timing:** Before meals with warm water or honey

**Standardized Extract:** Aqueous extract with HPTLC fingerprint for authentication. No formal standardized extract specifications established in pharmacopoeial monographs.

**Shelf Life:** 2 years (powder); 3 years (capsule)

**Storage:** Cool, dry place below 25°C, protected from moisture. Bark powder is relatively stable but hygroscopic.

**Marker Compounds:** Barringtogenol, Tannins (as gallic acid equivalent), Saponins (general assay), Ellagic acid

### Extraction Methods

- Aqueous decoction (bark, 1:16 reduced to 1/4)
- Hydroalcoholic extraction (50:50)
- Methanol extraction for saponin-enriched fraction

### Synergistic Combinations

- With [Lodhra](/herb/lodhra/) for gynecological disorders
- With [Ashoka](/herb/ashoka/) bark for uterine tonic action
- With Kutaja for antidiarrheal effect

### Horn Instrument Cupping Horn {#horn-instrument-cupping-horn}

A hollow cow horn (Shringi) used for dry cupping therapy. Applied over an incision to draw out vitiated blood through suction created by the therapist.

#### Where is it described in the classical texts?

Sushruta Samhita Sutrasthana Chapter 14 describes Shringi as one of the Raktamokshana methods suitable for Vata-type blood disorders.

#### How is it used traditionally?

Localized blood-letting for Vata-Rakta disorders, musculoskeletal pain, deep-tissue blood stagnation.

#### Traditional materials

- Cow horn (Go-Shringi)
- Gourd

#### Modern variants

- Silicone cupping cups
- Glass cupping cups
- Vacuum pump cupping sets
- Hijama cupping kits

#### Regulatory status

- **India Cdsco:** Not specifically classified. Modern cupping devices may fall under Class A.
- **Us Fda:** Cupping devices are not specifically FDA-classified but are widely sold as wellness devices.
- **Eu Mdr:** Generally considered wellness devices unless medical claims are made.

### Immune System & Rasayana — Across Traditions {#immune-system-rasayana-across-traditions}

*Comparing approaches to immune system & rasayana across 5 healing traditions*

- **Ayurveda:** 78 entries
- **TCM:** 64 entries
- **Global:** 111 entries
- **Nutraceutical:** 14 entries

#### Ayurveda Approach

- [Jivanti](/herb/jivanti/) *Leptadenia reticulata (Retz.) Wight & Arn.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Galactagogue
- [Akarakarabha](/herb/akarakarabha/) *Anacyclus pyrethrum (L.) Lag.*
  Actions: Anticancer, Aphrodisiac, Wound Healing
- [Danti](/herb/danti/) *Baliospermum montanum (Willd.) Muell.-Arg.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Hepatoprotective
- [Giloy](/herb/guduchi/) *Tinospora cordifolia*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Medhya (Nootropic)
- [Mahasudarshan Churna](/formulation/mahasudarshan-churna/)
  Actions: Antioxidant, Hepatoprotective, Bronchodilator
- [Akshotaka](/herb/akshotaka/) *Juglans regia L.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Wound Healing, Adaptogenic
- [Chhatraka](/herb/chhatraka/) *Agaricus campestris L.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Adaptogenic, Antitumor
- [Kakoli](/herb/kakoli/) *Roscoea purpurea Sm. (also identified with Fritillaria roylei)*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Galactagogue
- [Rasona Garlic](/herb/rasona-garlic/) *Allium sativum L.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Neuroprotective
- [Guduchi](/herb/guduchi/) *Tinospora cordifolia*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Medhya (Nootropic), Adaptogenic
- [Gomutra](/herb/gomutra/)
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Hepatoprotective
- [Balarishta](/formulation/balarishta/)
  Actions: Antioxidant, Adaptogenic, Neuroprotective
- [Chyawanprash](/formulation/chyawanprash/)
  Actions: Antioxidant, Medhya (Nootropic), Adaptogenic
- [Yashtimadhu](/herb/yashtimadhu/)
  Actions: Antioxidant, Adaptogenic, Neuroprotective
- [Kalajaji](/herb/kalajaji/) *Nigella sativa L.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Antidiabetic

### Jaitun Taila {#jaitun-taila}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | [Jaitun Taila](/glossary/concepts-a-m/#jaitun-taila) |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Madhura, Kashaya | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Guru, Snigdha | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Sheeta | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Madhura | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Polyphenols

- Oleuropein
- Hydroxytyrosol
- Tyrosol
- Oleocanthal

### Squalene

- Present (200-700mg/100g)

### Nutritional Profile

- **Fat:** 100g/100g
- **Oleic acid (C18:1):** 55-83%
- **Palmitic acid (C16:0):** 7.5-20%
- **Linoleic acid (C18:2):** 3.5-21%
- **Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol):** 12mg/100g
- **Polyphenols:** 50-800mg/kg (extra virgin)

**Analytical Methods:** GC-FID (fatty acids), HPLC-UV (polyphenols), UV absorbance (K232, K270)

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Extra virgin olive oil, Refined olive oil, External massage oil

**Standard Dosage:** 5–15 mL orally; external: as needed

**Bioavailability:** Good; monounsaturated fat profile supports absorption

**Optimal Timing:** With meals; external: as needed

**Standardized Extract:** Extra virgin cold-pressed (first pressing)

**Shelf Life:** 18–24 months (EVOO); 24–36 months (refined)

**Storage:** Cool, dark place; tinted glass bottles

**Marker Compounds:** Oleic acid (55–83%), Hydroxytyrosol, [Oleuropein](/glossary/compounds-o-q/#oleuropein), [Squalene](/glossary/compounds-q-t/#squalene), Vitamin E

**Quality Parameters:** FFA <0.8% (EVOO), peroxide value <20 meq/kg, polyphenol content >250 mg/kg

**Vehicle (Anupana):** Used in Unani medicine (Roghan-e-Zaitoon); Ayurvedic use primarily external

### Jalapippali {#jalapippali}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | Jalapippali |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Tikta | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Laghu | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Sheeta | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Katu | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Mineral/Elemental Profile

- **Primary component:** Mineral-derived preparation
- **Note:** Composition varies by specific preparation method

**Analytical Methods:** XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Churna (powder), Kashayam (decoction), Capsule, Vati (tablet)

**Standard Dosage:** 1-3g powder twice daily; 30-60ml decoction

**Bioavailability:** Phyla nodiflora (Lippia nodiflora) contains [flavonoids](/reference/flavonoids/) ([hispidulin](/glossary/compounds-g-l/#hispidulin), eupafolin) and [triterpenes](/glossary/compounds-t-z/#triterpenes) with moderate oral bioavailability. Hispidulin shows reasonable absorption with Tmax of ~2 hours. Lipid-based formulations may enhance terpenoid absorption.

**Optimal Timing:** Before meals with warm water or honey

**Standardized Extract:** Hydroalcoholic extract standardized to 1-2% hispidulin by HPLC; aqueous extract per traditional methods

**Shelf Life:** 2 years (powder); 3 years (standardized capsule/tablet)

**Storage:** Cool, dry place below 25°C, protected from light and moisture in airtight containers

**Marker Compounds:** Hispidulin, Eupafolin, Nodifloretin, Betulinic acid, [Stigmasterol](/reference/stigmasterol/)

### Extraction Methods

- Aqueous decoction (traditional)
- Hydroalcoholic extraction (60:40 ethanol:water)
- Methanol extraction for flavonoid-enriched fraction
- Fresh plant juice (Swarasa)

### Synergistic Combinations

- With [Pippali](/herb/pippali/) for respiratory disorders
- With [Guduchi](/herb/guduchi/) for [antipyretic](/reference/antipyretic/) action
- With [Kantakari](/herb/kantakari/) for cough and bronchitis

### Jamun Herb {#jamun-herb}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | Jamun_Herb |

#### What is it made of?

### Mineral/Elemental Profile

- **Primary component:** Mineral-derived preparation
- **Note:** Composition varies by specific preparation method

**Analytical Methods:** XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Churna (leaf powder), Kashayam (leaf decoction), Capsule, Swarasa (leaf juice)

**Standard Dosage:** 3-5g leaf powder twice daily; 50-100ml leaf decoction; 10-20ml fresh leaf juice

**Bioavailability:** Syzygium cumini leaf (referred here as [Jamun](/herb/jamun/) Herb to differentiate from seed/fruit) contains [myricetin](/glossary/compounds-l-o/#myricetin), [quercetin](/reference/quercetinquercetin/), [isoquercetin](/glossary/compounds-g-l/#isoquercetin), and [tannins](/reference/tannins/). Myricetin has poor bioavailability (~2%) due to extensive glucuronidation. Quercetin bioavailability is ~5-10%, improved with lipids. Leaf extract shows hypoglycemic activity via different mechanisms than seed extract.

**Optimal Timing:** Before meals with water for blood sugar support; fresh juice in the morning on empty stomach

**Standardized Extract:** Leaf hydroalcoholic extract standardized to 2% myricetin and 1% quercetin by HPLC

**Shelf Life:** 1.5 years (leaf powder); 2 years (capsule); 3 months (fresh juice, preserved)

**Storage:** Cool, dry place below 25°C, protected from light ([flavonoids](/reference/flavonoids/) are photosensitive). Airtight containers.

**Marker Compounds:** Myricetin, Quercetin, Isoquercetin, Gallic acid, Ellagic acid, Betulinic acid

### Extraction Methods

- Aqueous decoction of dried leaves
- Hydroalcoholic extraction (60:40)
- Ethanol extraction for flavonoid-rich fraction
- Fresh leaf juice (Swarasa)

### Synergistic Combinations

- With [Neem](/herb/neem/) leaves for anti-hyperglycemic action
- With [Tulsi](/herb/tulsi/) for immune support
- With [Guduchi](/herb/guduchi/) for [antipyretic](/reference/antipyretic/) action

### Jatamansi Herb {#jatamansi-herb}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | Jatamansi_Herb |

#### What is it made of?

### Key Active Markers

- Derived from constituent herbs (see individual herb profiles)
- Standardized on primary bioactive markers

**Analytical Methods:** HPLC fingerprinting, TLC (identity), LC-MS/MS (marker quantification)

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Churna (whole plant powder), Kashayam (decoction), Capsule, Taila (medicated oil)

**Standard Dosage:** 3-5g powder twice daily; 50-100ml decoction; external oil application as needed

**Bioavailability:** When [Jatamansi](/herb/jatamansi/) Herb refers to the whole plant preparation (as distinguished from rhizome-only Jatamansi), the bioavailability profile is similar but with additional aerial part constituents including [flavonoids](/reference/flavonoids/) and phenolic acids. The sesquiterpene content may be lower per gram compared to rhizome-only preparations. Leaf and stem fractions contribute additional [antioxidant](/reference/antioxidant/) [polyphenols](/glossary/compounds-o-q/#polyphenols).

**Optimal Timing:** At bedtime for calming effect; twice daily for chronic neurological support

**Standardized Extract:** Whole plant hydroalcoholic extract with HPTLC fingerprint for identity; standardization to [jatamansone](/glossary/compounds-g-l/#jatamansone) if detectable in aerial parts

**Shelf Life:** 1.5 years (whole plant powder); 2 years (capsule)

**Storage:** Cool, dry place below 25°C, protected from light and moisture in airtight containers

**Marker Compounds:** Jatamansone (if present in aerial parts), [Nardosinone](/glossary/compounds-l-o/#nardosinone), Ursolic acid, Oleanolic acid, Chlorogenic acid

### Extraction Methods

- Aqueous decoction (whole plant)
- Hydroalcoholic extraction (60:40)
- Traditional oil maceration for Taila preparation

### Synergistic Combinations

- With [Brahmi](/herb/brahmi/) for neurological support
- With [Ashwagandha](/herb/ashwagandha/) for [adaptogenic](/reference/adaptogenic/) action
- With Mandukaparni for cognitive enhancement

### Joint & Musculoskeletal — Across Traditions {#joint-musculoskeletal-across-traditions}

*Comparing approaches to joint & musculoskeletal across 5 healing traditions*

- **Ayurveda:** 75 entries
- **TCM:** 29 entries
- **Global:** 56 entries
- **Nutraceutical:** 9 entries

#### Ayurveda Approach

- [Laung](/herb/laung/) *Syzygium aromaticum*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Antitumor
- [Devadaru](/herb/devadaru/) *Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex D.Don) G.Don*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Bronchodilator
- [Jyotishmati](/herb/jyotishmati/)
  Actions: Antioxidant, Wound Healing, Nootropic
- [Balarishta](/formulation/balarishta/)
  Actions: Antioxidant, Adaptogenic, Neuroprotective
- [Agnikarna](/herb/agnikarna/) *Gloriosa superba L. ([Agnikumarika](/herb/agnikumarika/)/Agnimukhi); also associated with Litsea species in some texts*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Wound Healing
- [Mahabala](/herb/mahabala/) *Sida rhombifolia L.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Wound Healing, Adaptogenic
- [Nirgundi](/herb/nirgundi/) *Vitex negundo L.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Antitumor, Anti-inflammatory
- [Shirisha](/herb/shirisha/) *Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Medhya (Nootropic)
- [Trivrit](/herb/trivrit/) *Operculina turpethum (L.) Silva Manso (syn. Ipomoea turpethum R. Br.)*
  Actions: Hepatoprotective, Antidiabetic, Laxative
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Hepatoprotective
- [Parijata](/herb/parijata/) *Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Neuroprotective, Antimicrobial
- [Plaksha](/herb/plaksha/) *Ficus lacor Buch.-Ham.*
  Actions: Wound Healing, Antidiabetic, Antimicrobial
- [Simhanada Guggulu](/formulation/simhanada-guggulu/)
  Actions: Antioxidant, Hypolipidemic, Laxative
- [Ankola](/herb/ankola/) *Alangium salviifolium (L.f.) Wangerin*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Wound Healing
- [Eranda](/herb/eranda/) *Ricinus communis L.*
  Actions: Wound Healing, Laxative, Anti-inflammatory

### Kakajangha {#kakajangha}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | Kakajangha |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Tikta | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Laghu | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Sheeta | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Katu | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Mineral/Elemental Profile

- **Primary component:** Mineral-derived preparation
- **Note:** Composition varies by specific preparation method

**Analytical Methods:** XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Churna (powder), Kashayam (decoction), Capsule, Lepa (paste for external use)

**Standard Dosage:** 3-5g powder twice daily; 30-60ml decoction; external paste as needed

**Bioavailability:** Peristrophe bicalyculata - limited modern pharmacokinetic data. Contains [flavonoids](/reference/flavonoids/), [alkaloids](/glossary/compounds-1-a/#alkaloids), and [terpenoids](/glossary/compounds-t-z/#terpenoids). Flavonoid components likely have moderate bioavailability similar to other Acanthaceae family members. Alkaloid fraction may contribute to observed biological activities. Traditional decoction preparation is the validated route of administration.

**Optimal Timing:** Before meals with warm water

**Standardized Extract:** No standardized extract established. HPTLC fingerprint recommended for identity and quality control.

**Shelf Life:** 1.5 years (powder); 2 years (capsule)

**Storage:** Cool, dry place below 25°C in airtight containers, protected from light and moisture

**Marker Compounds:** Flavonoids (general TLC profiling), Alkaloids (Dragendorff's reagent positive), Beta-[sitosterol](/glossary/compounds-q-t/#sitosterol), [Lupeol](/reference/lupeol/)

### Extraction Methods

- Aqueous decoction (whole plant)
- Hydroalcoholic extraction (60:40)
- Methanol extraction for phytochemical screening

### Synergistic Combinations

- With [Guduchi](/herb/guduchi/) for [antipyretic](/reference/antipyretic/) action
- With [Nimba](/herb/nimba/) for blood purification
- With [Triphala](/herb/triphala/) for detoxification

### Kalamba {#kalamba}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | Kalamba |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Madhura | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Guru, Snigdha | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Sheeta | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Madhura | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Mineral/Elemental Profile

- **Primary component:** Mineral-derived preparation
- **Note:** Composition varies by specific preparation method

**Analytical Methods:** XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Churna (bark powder), Kashayam (decoction), Capsule, Lepa (paste for external use)

**Standard Dosage:** 3-6g bark powder twice daily; 50-100ml decoction

**Bioavailability:** Ipomoea aquatica (water spinach) or Mitragyna parvifolia (depending on regional interpretation of Kalamba). Contains [flavonoids](/reference/flavonoids/), [tannins](/reference/tannins/), and [alkaloids](/glossary/compounds-1-a/#alkaloids) with moderate oral absorption. Limited modern pharmacokinetic studies. Traditional aqueous decoction is the standard preparation method facilitating extraction of hydrophilic compounds.

**Optimal Timing:** Before meals with warm water for fever; external paste for skin conditions

**Standardized Extract:** Aqueous or hydroalcoholic extract with verified HPTLC fingerprint for species authentication

**Shelf Life:** 2 years (powder); 2 years (capsule)

**Storage:** Cool, dry place below 25°C, protected from moisture. Airtight containers.

**Marker Compounds:** Species-dependent - requires botanical confirmation, Flavonoids (general profiling), Alkaloids (Dragendorff-positive fractions), Tannins

### Extraction Methods

- Aqueous decoction (bark or whole plant depending on species)
- Hydroalcoholic extraction (60:40)
- Fresh juice of leaves (if Ipomoea species)

### Synergistic Combinations

- With [Guduchi](/herb/guduchi/) for fever management
- With [Nimba](/herb/nimba/) for blood purification
- With Kutaja for diarrheal conditions

### Kalyana Ksharam {#kalyana-ksharam}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | [Kalyana Ksharam](/glossary/concepts-a-m/#kalyana-ksharam) |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Lavana, Katu | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Tikshna, Laghu | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Ushna | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Katu | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Mineral/Elemental Profile

- **Primary component:** Mineral-derived preparation
- **Note:** Composition varies by specific preparation method

**Analytical Methods:** XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Kshara (alkaline preparation)

**Standard Dosage:** 0.5–1 g with honey or warm water

**Bioavailability:** Good; alkaline salts readily absorbed

**Optimal Timing:** Before meals for digestive conditions

**Standardized Extract:** Alkaline ash extract from specific plant materials

**Shelf Life:** 12–18 months

**Storage:** Airtight, moisture-proof container (hygroscopic)

**Marker Compounds:** [Potassium](/glossary/compounds-o-q/#potassium) carbonate, Sodium carbonate, Potassium hydroxide, Plant-derived [alkaloids](/glossary/compounds-1-a/#alkaloids)

**Quality Parameters:** pH 10–12, total alkalinity as labeled, no excess free alkali beyond therapeutic range

**Vehicle (Anupana):** Honey, warm water, or buttermilk

### Kharbhuja {#kharbhuja}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | Kharbhuja |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Madhura | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Guru, Snigdha | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Sheeta | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Madhura | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Nutritional Profile

- **Water:** 90%
- **Vitamin C:** 36mg/100g
- **Vitamin A:** 3382 IU/100g (from beta-carotene)
- **Potassium:** 267mg/100g
- **Fiber:** 0.9g/100g

**Analytical Methods:** AOAC methods, HPLC (vitamins), ICP-OES

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Fresh fruit, Seeds (Magaz-e-Kharbuja), Seed oil

**Standard Dosage:** Seeds: 3–6 g; fruit: as dietary item

**Bioavailability:** Seeds: moderate; requires crushing for oil release

**Optimal Timing:** Seeds: with milk or as Sharbat in summer

**Standardized Extract:** Cold-pressed seed oil; seed powder

**Shelf Life:** Seeds: 6–12 months; oil: 6 months

**Storage:** Cool, dry place; oil in dark bottles

**Marker Compounds:** Linoleic acid (seeds), Cucurbitacin, Protein (seeds 30%), Vitamin A (fruit)

**Quality Parameters:** Seeds: moisture <8%, no mold; oil: FFA <2%

**Vehicle (Anupana):** Milk or sugar syrup

### Ksharasutra {#ksharasutra}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | Ksharasutra |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Katu, Lavana | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Tikshna, Lekhana | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Ushna | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Katu | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Mineral/Elemental Profile

- **Primary component:** Mineral-derived preparation
- **Note:** Composition varies by specific preparation method

**Analytical Methods:** XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Medicated thread (surgical device)

**Standard Dosage:** External surgical application — not for ingestion

**Bioavailability:** Topical/surgical — sustained local release of alkaline and proteolytic agents

**Optimal Timing:** Applied surgically; changed weekly

**Standardized Extract:** Linen thread coated with Snuhi Kshira (Euphorbia latex) + [Apamarga](/herb/apamarga/) Kshara (Achyranthes ash alkali) + [Haridra](/herb/haridra/) ([turmeric](/herb/turmeric/))

**Shelf Life:** 6–12 months (sealed, sterile packaging)

**Storage:** Sterile container; cool, dry place; protected from light

**Marker Compounds:** Latex proteases (from Snuhi), [Potassium](/glossary/compounds-o-q/#potassium) carbonate (from [Apamarga](/herb/apamarga/) Kshara), [Curcumin](/herb/curcumin/) (from [Haridra](/herb/haridra/))

**Quality Parameters:** 21 coatings minimum (11 Snuhi + 7 Snuhi+Kshara + 3 Haridra), pH 9.5–10.5, thread strength >2 kg breaking load, sterility test pass

**Vehicle (Anupana):** N/A — surgical device

### Kushmanda Avaleha {#kushmanda-avaleha}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | [Kushmanda](/herb/kushmanda/) Avaleha |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Madhura | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Guru, Snigdha | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Sheeta | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Madhura | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Mineral/Elemental Profile

- **Primary component:** Mineral-derived preparation
- **Note:** Composition varies by specific preparation method

**Analytical Methods:** XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Avaleha (confection/jam), Capsule

**Standard Dosage:** 6-12g twice daily with milk

**Bioavailability:** Sugar-based matrix provides sustained release; ghee component enhances lipophilic compound absorption

**Optimal Timing:** Morning and evening, before meals

**Shelf Life:** 1 year (avaleha per ASU)

**Storage:** Airtight glass/HDPE jar, cool dry place

**Marker Compounds:** [Cucurbitacins](/glossary/compounds-c-d/#cucurbitacins), Ascorbic acid

**Quality Parameters:** Total sugar 60-70%, moisture NMT 15%, pH 4.0-5.5, total ash, marker: cucurbitacins

**Vehicle (Anupana):** Warm milk

### Synergistic Combinations

- With warm milk for respiratory and nutritive benefits

### Kushmanda Khanda {#kushmanda-khanda}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | [Kushmanda](/herb/kushmanda/) Khanda |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Madhura | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Guru, Snigdha | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Sheeta | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Madhura | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Mineral/Elemental Profile

- **Primary component:** Mineral-derived preparation
- **Note:** Composition varies by specific preparation method

**Analytical Methods:** XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Khanda (granular confection)

**Standard Dosage:** 10-20g twice daily

**Bioavailability:** Granular form with sugar matrix provides moderate absorption

**Optimal Timing:** After meals

**Shelf Life:** 1 year

**Storage:** Airtight container, dry place

**Marker Compounds:** [Cucurbitacins](/glossary/compounds-c-d/#cucurbitacins)

**Quality Parameters:** Moisture NMT 8%, granule uniformity, total sugar content

**Vehicle (Anupana):** Water or milk

### Synergistic Combinations

- Pitta-pacifying herbs synergize with cooling [kushmanda](/herb/kushmanda/)

### Kushmanda Svarasa {#kushmanda-svarasa}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | [Kushmanda](/herb/kushmanda/) Svarasa |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Madhura | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Laghu, Snigdha | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Sheeta | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Madhura | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Mineral/Elemental Profile

- **Primary component:** Mercury-based preparation (Parada) with herbal processing
- **Note:** Restricted use — requires strict Shodhana protocols and expert supervision

**Analytical Methods:** AAS/ICP-MS (heavy metals), XRD, Namburi phased spot test

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Svarasa (fresh juice)

**Standard Dosage:** 10-20ml twice daily

**Bioavailability:** Fresh juice provides maximum bioavailability of water-soluble [vitamins](/glossary/compounds-t-z/#vitamins) and minerals

**Optimal Timing:** Morning on empty stomach

**Shelf Life:** Use within 6-12 hours fresh; preserved form 3-6 months with approved preservatives

**Storage:** Refrigerate immediately; use same day for svarasa

**Marker Compounds:** Ascorbic acid, [Cucurbitacins](/glossary/compounds-c-d/#cucurbitacins)

**Quality Parameters:** pH 5.0-6.5, total solids, microbial limits, vitamin C content

**Vehicle (Anupana):** Honey or sugar

### Synergistic Combinations

- With honey for respiratory benefits
- With sugar for pitta conditions

### Kusumbha Taila {#kusumbha-taila}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | [Kusumbha](/herb/kusumbha/) Taila |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Katu, Madhura | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Tikshna, Snigdha | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Ushna | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Katu | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Mineral/Elemental Profile

- **Primary component:** Mineral-derived preparation
- **Note:** Composition varies by specific preparation method

**Analytical Methods:** XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Thailam (medicated safflower oil), External application

**Standard Dosage:** External: liberal massage; Internal: 5-10ml

**Bioavailability:** Oil base (safflower oil) enhances dermal absorption of lipophilic active compounds; for internal thailams, oil base enhances absorption of fat-soluble actives

**Optimal Timing:** External: before bath or at bedtime. Internal: before meals

**Shelf Life:** 3 years (medicated oils per ASU guidelines)

**Storage:** Airtight amber glass/HDPE container, room temperature, protected from light

**Marker Compounds:** Linoleic acid, Oleic acid

**Quality Parameters:** Acid value <5, saponification value per base oil specs, refractive index, moisture NMT 0.5%, specific gravity, marker: Linoleic acid, Oleic acid

**Vehicle (Anupana):** External: massage into affected area. Internal: with warm water/milk

### Synergistic Combinations

- Key herbs: [Kusumbha](/herb/kusumbha/) (safflower) with specified herbs; oil base acts as lipid carrier for enhanced tissue penetration

### Laksha {#laksha}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | Laksha |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Tikta, Kashaya | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Ruksha | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Sheeta | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Katu | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Resin Acids

- Aleuritic acid (35%)
- Shellolic acid (10%)
- Jalaric acid (5%)
- Laccijalaric acid

### Dye Components

- Laccaic acid A-E (lac dye)

### Wax

- Present (5-6%)

**Analytical Methods:** HPLC (resin acids, dye), FTIR, GC-MS

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Purified resin, Laksha Churna, Laksha [Guggulu](/formulation/guggulu/)

**Standard Dosage:** 1–3 g powder; as per formulation

**Bioavailability:** Moderate; resinous compounds require lipid vehicle for optimal absorption

**Optimal Timing:** With warm milk or ghee

**Standardized Extract:** Purified lac resin (Shodhita Laksha)

**Shelf Life:** 2–3 years

**Storage:** Cool, dry place; moisture-protected

**Marker Compounds:** Shellac (aleuritic acid, shellolic acid), Laccaic acid (red pigment), Jalaric acid

**Quality Parameters:** Acid value 65–75, colour index within range, heavy metals <10 ppm

**Vehicle (Anupana):** Milk or ghee

### Lasunadi Vati {#lasunadi-vati}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | [Lasunadi Vati](/glossary/concepts-a-m/#lasunadi-vati) |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Katu, Lavana | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Laghu, Snigdha | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Ushna | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Katu | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Mineral/Elemental Profile

- **Primary component:** Mineral-derived preparation
- **Note:** Composition varies by specific preparation method

**Analytical Methods:** XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Vati (pill/tablet), Capsule

**Standard Dosage:** 2 tablets twice daily

**Bioavailability:** Tablet/pill form provides controlled disintegration; some vatis use honey/[guggulu](/formulation/guggulu/) as bioenhancing binders

**Optimal Timing:** Before or after meals as indicated

**Shelf Life:** 2 years per ASU guidelines for vati

**Storage:** Airtight container, cool dry place, protected from moisture

**Marker Compounds:** [Allicin](/glossary/compounds-1-a/#allicin), [Ajoene](/glossary/compounds-1-a/#ajoene)

**Quality Parameters:** Weight variation ±5%, disintegration <30 min, friability <1%, marker: Allicin, Ajoene

**Vehicle (Anupana):** Warm water or as specified

### Synergistic Combinations

- Key herbs: [Lasuna](/herb/lasuna/) (garlic), Maricha, [Hingu](/herb/hingu/)

### Lavan Bhaskar Churna {#lavan-bhaskar-churna}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | [Lavan Bhaskar Churna](/glossary/concepts-a-m/#lavan-bhaskar-churna) |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Lavana, Katu | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Laghu, Tikshna | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Ushna | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Katu | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Mineral/Elemental Profile

- **Primary component:** Mineral-derived preparation
- **Note:** Composition varies by specific preparation method

**Analytical Methods:** XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Churna (fine powder), Capsule, Tablet

**Standard Dosage:** 3-6g before meals

**Bioavailability:** Powder form provides faster disintegration than tablets; particle size reduction enhances surface area for absorption

**Optimal Timing:** Before meals

**Shelf Life:** 2 years (as per ASU guidelines for churna)

**Storage:** Airtight container, cool dry place, protected from moisture

**Marker Compounds:** [Piperine](/reference/piperine/), Sodium chloride content

**Quality Parameters:** Mesh size NLT 85#, moisture NMT 6%, total ash per pharmacopoeia, assay of marker compounds: Piperine, Sodium chloride content

**Vehicle (Anupana):** Buttermilk or warm water

### Synergistic Combinations

- With Buttermilk or warm water as vehicle for enhanced absorption

### Liver & Detoxification — Across Traditions {#liver-detoxification-across-traditions}

*Comparing approaches to liver & detoxification across 5 healing traditions*

- **Ayurveda:** 247 entries
- **TCM:** 146 entries
- **Global:** 204 entries
- **Nutraceutical:** 21 entries

#### Ayurveda Approach

- [Vidarikand](/herb/vidarikand/) *Pueraria tuberosa (Willd.) DC.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Aphrodisiac
- [Gambhari Phala](/herb/gambhari-phala/) *Gmelina arborea Roxb.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Galactagogue, Wound Healing
- [Kharjura](/herb/kharjura/) *Phoenix dactylifera L.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Aphrodisiac
- [Jatamansi](/herb/jatamansi/)
  Actions: Antioxidant, Nootropic, Medhya (Nootropic)
- [Akhuparni](/herb/akhuparni/) *Ipomoea reniformis Choisy (syn. Merremia emarginata (Burm.f.) Hallier f.)*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Nootropic
- [Giloy Satva](/herb/giloy-satva/) *Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers (aqueous starch extract)*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Adaptogenic
- [Madhuka](/herb/madhuka/) *Madhuca longifolia (J.Koenig ex L.) J.F.Macbr.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Galactagogue
- [Aparajita](/herb/aparajita/) *Clitoria ternatea L.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Nootropic
- [Shati](/herb/shati/) *Hedychium spicatum Buch.-Ham. ex Sm.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Bronchodilator, Antidiabetic
- [Kovidara](/herb/kovidara/) *Bauhinia purpurea L.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Wound Healing
- [Amlaparni](/herb/amlaparni/) *Oxalis corniculata L.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Wound Healing
- [Danti](/herb/danti/) *Baliospermum montanum (Willd.) Muell.-Arg.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Hepatoprotective
- [Dhanyaka](/herb/dhanyaka/) *Coriandrum sativum L.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Antidiabetic, Neuroprotective
- [Mishreya](/herb/mishreya/) *Foeniculum vulgare Mill.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Galactagogue
- [Nyagrodha](/herb/nyagrodha/) *Ficus benghalensis L.*
  Actions: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Wound Healing

### Lodhradi Churna {#lodhradi-churna}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | [Lodhradi Churna](/glossary/concepts-a-m/#lodhradi-churna) |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Kashaya | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Ruksha | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Sheeta | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Katu | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Mineral/Elemental Profile

- **Primary component:** Mineral-derived preparation
- **Note:** Composition varies by specific preparation method

**Analytical Methods:** XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Churna (fine powder), Capsule, Tablet

**Standard Dosage:** 3-6g twice daily

**Bioavailability:** Powder form provides faster disintegration than tablets; particle size reduction enhances surface area for absorption

**Optimal Timing:** Before meals

**Shelf Life:** 2 years (as per ASU guidelines for churna)

**Storage:** Airtight container, cool dry place, protected from moisture

**Marker Compounds:** [Loturine](/glossary/compounds-l-o/#loturine), Loturidine

**Quality Parameters:** Mesh size NLT 85#, moisture NMT 6%, total ash per pharmacopoeia, assay of marker compounds: Loturine, Loturidine

**Vehicle (Anupana):** Rice water or honey

### Synergistic Combinations

- With Rice water or honey as vehicle for enhanced absorption

### Madhuyashtyadi Thailam {#madhuyashtyadi-thailam}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | [Madhuyashtyadi Thailam](/glossary/concepts-a-m/#madhuyashtyadi-thailam) |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Madhura | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Snigdha | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Sheeta | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Madhura | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Mineral/Elemental Profile

- **Primary component:** Mineral-derived preparation
- **Note:** Composition varies by specific preparation method

**Analytical Methods:** XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Thailam (medicated [sesame oil](/glossary/concepts-m-y/#tila-taila)), External application

**Standard Dosage:** External application for skin

**Bioavailability:** Oil base ([sesame oil](/glossary/concepts-m-y/#tila-taila)) enhances dermal absorption of lipophilic active compounds; for internal thailams, oil base enhances absorption of fat-soluble actives

**Optimal Timing:** External: before bath or at bedtime. Internal: before meals

**Shelf Life:** 3 years (medicated oils per ASU guidelines)

**Storage:** Airtight amber glass/HDPE container, room temperature, protected from light

**Marker Compounds:** [Glycyrrhizin](/glossary/compounds-g-l/#glycyrrhizinglycyrrhizin), [Glabridin](/glossary/compounds-d-g/#glabridin)

**Quality Parameters:** Acid value <5, saponification value per base oil specs, refractive index, moisture NMT 0.5%, specific gravity, marker: [Glycyrrhizin](/glossary/compounds-g-l/#glycyrrhizinglycyrrhizin), Glabridin

**Vehicle (Anupana):** External: massage into affected area. Internal: with warm water/milk

### Synergistic Combinations

- Key herbs: [Yashtimadhu](/herb/yashtimadhu/), [Manjistha](/herb/manjistha/), [Sariva](/herb/sariva/); oil base acts as lipid carrier for enhanced tissue penetration

### Mahakalyanaka Ghritam {#mahakalyanaka-ghritam}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | [Mahakalyanaka Ghritam](/glossary/concepts-a-m/#mahakalyanaka-ghritam) |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Tikta, Madhura | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Guru, Snigdha | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Sheeta | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Madhura | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Mineral/Elemental Profile

- **Primary component:** Mineral-derived preparation
- **Note:** Composition varies by specific preparation method

**Analytical Methods:** XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** [Ghrita](/herb/ghrita/) (medicated ghee), Capsule (for convenience)

**Standard Dosage:** 12-24ml twice daily with warm water

**Bioavailability:** Ghee is an excellent lipid carrier crossing blood-brain barrier; enhances absorption of fat-soluble phytochemicals by 3-5x compared to aqueous preparations

**Optimal Timing:** Before meals on empty stomach for best absorption

**Shelf Life:** 2 years (as per ASU guidelines for [ghrita](/herb/ghrita/) preparations); improves with aging (Purana Ghrita concept)

**Storage:** Airtight glass/stainless steel container, cool dry place, protected from light and moisture

**Marker Compounds:** Gallic acid, Ellagic acid

**Quality Parameters:** Acid value <4, peroxide value <5 meq/kg, moisture <0.5%, rancidity test negative, marker: Gallic acid, Ellagic acid

**Vehicle (Anupana):** Warm water or warm milk

### Synergistic Combinations

- Key herbs: [Triphala](/herb/triphala/), [Draksha](/herb/draksha/), [Vidari](/herb/vidari/), multiple herbs (30+); ghee enhances tissue penetration (yogavahi property)

### Mahamarichyadi Taila {#mahamarichyadi-taila}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | [Mahamarichyadi Taila](/glossary/concepts-a-m/#mahamarichyadi-taila) |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Katu, Tikta | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Tikshna | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Ushna | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Katu | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Mineral/Elemental Profile

- **Primary component:** Mineral-derived preparation
- **Note:** Composition varies by specific preparation method

**Analytical Methods:** XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Thailam (medicated [sesame oil](/glossary/concepts-m-y/#tila-taila)), External application

**Standard Dosage:** External application for skin conditions

**Bioavailability:** Oil base ([sesame oil](/glossary/concepts-m-y/#tila-taila)) enhances dermal absorption of lipophilic active compounds; for internal thailams, oil base enhances absorption of fat-soluble actives

**Optimal Timing:** External: before bath or at bedtime. Internal: before meals

**Shelf Life:** 3 years (medicated oils per ASU guidelines)

**Storage:** Airtight amber glass/HDPE container, room temperature, protected from light

**Marker Compounds:** [Piperine](/reference/piperine/), [Curcumin](/herb/curcumin/)

**Quality Parameters:** Acid value <5, saponification value per base oil specs, refractive index, moisture NMT 0.5%, specific gravity, marker: Piperine, [Curcumin](/herb/curcumin/)

**Vehicle (Anupana):** External: massage into affected area. Internal: with warm water/milk

### Synergistic Combinations

- Key herbs: Maricha ([black pepper](/herb/black-pepper/)), [Haridra](/herb/haridra/), Kushtha; oil base acts as lipid carrier for enhanced tissue penetration

### Mahatiktaka Ghrita {#mahatiktaka-ghrita}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | Mahatiktaka [Ghrita](/herb/ghrita/)|Mahatiktaka Ghrita |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Tikta | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Snigdha | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Sheeta | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Katu | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Mineral/Elemental Profile

- **Primary component:** Mineral-derived preparation
- **Note:** Composition varies by specific preparation method

**Analytical Methods:** XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** [Ghrita](/herb/ghrita/) (medicated ghee), Capsule (for convenience)

**Standard Dosage:** 12-24ml twice daily

**Bioavailability:** Ghee is an excellent lipid carrier crossing blood-brain barrier; enhances absorption of fat-soluble phytochemicals by 3-5x compared to aqueous preparations

**Optimal Timing:** Before meals on empty stomach for best absorption

**Shelf Life:** 2 years (as per ASU guidelines for [ghrita](/herb/ghrita/) preparations); improves with aging (Purana Ghrita concept)

**Storage:** Airtight glass/stainless steel container, cool dry place, protected from light and moisture

**Marker Compounds:** Kutkin, [Berberine](/glossary/compounds-a-c/#berberine), [Tinosporin](/glossary/compounds-t-z/#tinosporin)

**Quality Parameters:** Acid value <4, peroxide value <5 meq/kg, moisture <0.5%, rancidity test negative, marker: Kutkin, [Berberine](/glossary/compounds-a-c/#berberine), Tinosporin

**Vehicle (Anupana):** Warm water or warm milk

### Synergistic Combinations

- Key herbs: [Nimba](/herb/nimba/), [Patola](/herb/patola/), [Katuki](/herb/katuki/), [Guduchi](/herb/guduchi/) and bitter herbs; ghee enhances tissue penetration (yogavahi property)

### Mahatriphala Ghrita {#mahatriphala-ghrita}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | Mahatriphala [Ghrita](/herb/ghrita/)|Mahatriphala Ghrita |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Kashaya, Madhura | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Snigdha | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Sheeta | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Madhura | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Mineral/Elemental Profile

- **Primary component:** Mineral-derived preparation
- **Note:** Composition varies by specific preparation method

**Analytical Methods:** XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** [Ghrita](/herb/ghrita/) (medicated ghee), Capsule (for convenience)

**Standard Dosage:** 6-12ml twice daily for eye health

**Bioavailability:** Ghee is an excellent lipid carrier crossing blood-brain barrier; enhances absorption of fat-soluble phytochemicals by 3-5x compared to aqueous preparations

**Optimal Timing:** Before meals on empty stomach for best absorption

**Shelf Life:** 2 years (as per ASU guidelines for [ghrita](/herb/ghrita/) preparations); improves with aging (Purana Ghrita concept)

**Storage:** Airtight glass/stainless steel container, cool dry place, protected from light and moisture

**Marker Compounds:** Gallic acid, Ellagic acid, [Glycyrrhizin](/glossary/compounds-g-l/#glycyrrhizinglycyrrhizin)

**Quality Parameters:** Acid value <4, peroxide value <5 meq/kg, moisture <0.5%, rancidity test negative, marker: Gallic acid, Ellagic acid, [Glycyrrhizin](/glossary/compounds-g-l/#glycyrrhizinglycyrrhizin)

**Vehicle (Anupana):** Warm water or warm milk

### Synergistic Combinations

- Key herbs: [Triphala](/herb/triphala/) (Amalaki, [Haritaki](/herb/haritaki/), [Bibhitaki](/herb/bibhitaki/)), Bhringaraj, [Yashtimadhu](/herb/yashtimadhu/); ghee enhances tissue penetration (yogavahi property)

### Mahishi Dugdha {#mahishi-dugdha}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | [Mahishi Dugdha](/glossary/concepts-a-m/#mahishi-dugdha) |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Madhura | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Guru, Snigdha | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Sheeta | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Madhura | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Nutritional Profile

- **Protein:** 4.5g/100ml
- **Fat:** 6.5-7.5g/100ml
- **Lactose:** 4.9g/100ml
- **Calcium:** 195mg/100ml
- **Iron:** 0.12mg/100ml
- **Vitamin A:** 130 IU/100ml

**Analytical Methods:** AOAC methods, ICP-OES

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Fresh buffalo milk, Boiled milk

**Standard Dosage:** 100–200 mL

**Bioavailability:** High fat content (7–8%); superior for lipophilic drug delivery

**Optimal Timing:** Evening; promotes sleep (Nidrajanana)

**Standardized Extract:** N/A — whole food

**Shelf Life:** 24–48 hours refrigerated

**Storage:** Refrigerated at 4°C

**Marker Compounds:** A2 beta-casein, High-fat content, Calcium, Iron

**Quality Parameters:** Fat >6%, SNF >9%, no adulteration

**Vehicle (Anupana):** Vehicle for sleep-promoting and strength-building formulations; heavier than cow milk

### Makshika Madhu {#makshika-madhu}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | Makshika [Madhu](/herb/madhu/)|Makshika Madhu |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Madhura, Kashaya | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Laghu, Ruksha | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Ushna | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Katu | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Mineral/Elemental Profile

- **Primary component:** Mineral-derived preparation
- **Note:** Composition varies by specific preparation method

**Analytical Methods:** XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Raw honey, Vehicle/adjuvant, Topical application, Component in Leha/Avaleha

**Standard Dosage:** 5–15 mL; as vehicle: sufficient quantity

**Bioavailability:** Bioenhancer — increases absorption and tissue penetration of co-administered herbs

**Optimal Timing:** Not with hot substances (Ayurvedic contraindication); morning preferred for Kapha conditions

**Standardized Extract:** Raw, unprocessed (Apakva [Madhu](/herb/madhu/)); aged 1+ year (Purana [Madhu](/herb/madhu/)) for therapeutic use

**Shelf Life:** Indefinite if unadulterated; best within 1–2 years

**Storage:** Room temperature; never refrigerate; glass or food-grade plastic

**Marker Compounds:** [Fructose](/glossary/compounds-d-g/#fructose)/[glucose](/glossary/compounds-d-g/#glucose) (60–75%), Hydrogen peroxide, Methylglyoxal, Defensin-1, [Polyphenols](/glossary/compounds-o-q/#polyphenols)

**Quality Parameters:** Moisture <20%, HMF <40 mg/kg, diastase activity >8 DN, no added sugars (C4 sugar ratio test)

**Vehicle (Anupana):** Premier Yogavahi (bioenhancer/vehicle) in Ayurveda; Kapha-reducing vehicle; used in >200 formulations

### Manashila {#manashila}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | Manashila |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Tikta, Katu | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Guru, Snigdha | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Ushna | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Katu | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Mineral/Elemental Profile

- **Primary component:** Mineral-derived preparation
- **Note:** Composition varies by specific preparation method

**Analytical Methods:** XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Shuddha Manashila (purified realgar/arsenic disulfide)

**Standard Dosage:** 30–60 mg (strict dosing — arsenic compound)

**Bioavailability:** Converted to therapeutic form through Shodhana; reduced toxicity

**Optimal Timing:** As directed by experienced physician only

**Standardized Extract:** Purified realgar (As2S2/As4S4)

**Shelf Life:** Indefinite

**Storage:** Airtight, labeled container; Schedule E1

**Marker Compounds:** Arsenic disulfide, Sulfur compounds

**Quality Parameters:** Free arsenic <3 ppm (critical), standard purification validation

**Vehicle (Anupana):** Honey or as part of specific formulations only

### Manibhadra Guda {#manibhadra-guda}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | Manibhadra [Guda](/glossary/concepts-a-m/#guda)|Manibhadra Guda |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Tikta, Katu | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Tikshna | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Ushna | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Katu | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Mineral/Elemental Profile

- **Primary component:** Mineral-derived preparation
- **Note:** Composition varies by specific preparation method

**Analytical Methods:** XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** [Guda](/glossary/concepts-a-m/#guda) (jaggery-based preparation)

**Standard Dosage:** 6-12g at bedtime

**Bioavailability:** Jaggery matrix provides sustained release of [laxative](/reference/laxative/) compounds

**Optimal Timing:** At bedtime for morning evacuation

**Shelf Life:** 1 year

**Storage:** Airtight container

**Marker Compounds:** Chebulagic acid, Chebulinic acid

**Quality Parameters:** Total sugar, moisture, chebulagic acid content

**Vehicle (Anupana):** Warm water

### Synergistic Combinations

- [Haritaki](/herb/haritaki/) with jaggery enhances mild laxative action

### Manjisthadi Kwath {#manjisthadi-kwath}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | [Manjisthadi Kwath](/glossary/concepts-a-m/#manjisthadi-kwath) |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Tikta, Kashaya | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Laghu, Ruksha | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Sheeta | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Katu | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Mineral/Elemental Profile

- **Primary component:** Mineral-derived preparation
- **Note:** Composition varies by specific preparation method

**Analytical Methods:** XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Kashayam (decoction), Kashayam tablet, Concentrated liquid

**Standard Dosage:** 40-80ml twice daily

**Bioavailability:** Aqueous decoction provides good bioavailability for water-soluble compounds; concentration step may reduce volatile components

**Optimal Timing:** Before meals, typically morning and evening

**Shelf Life:** 1 day (fresh kashayam); 2 years (kashayam tablet); 6 months (concentrated liquid with preservative)

**Storage:** Fresh: refrigerate, use within 24h. Tablet/liquid: cool dry place, airtight

**Marker Compounds:** [Alizarin](/glossary/compounds-1-a/#alizarin), [Purpurin](/glossary/compounds-o-q/#purpurin), [Berberine](/glossary/compounds-a-c/#berberine)

**Quality Parameters:** pH 4.0-6.5, specific gravity 1.01-1.05, total solids 2-8%, marker assay: Alizarin, Purpurin, [Berberine](/glossary/compounds-a-c/#berberine)

**Vehicle (Anupana):** Warm, usually taken on empty stomach

### Synergistic Combinations

- Classical combination of [Manjistha](/herb/manjistha/), [Guduchi](/herb/guduchi/), [Nimba](/herb/nimba/) provides synergistic therapeutic effect

### Marichyadi Vati {#marichyadi-vati}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | [Marichyadi Vati](/glossary/concepts-a-m/#marichyadi-vati) |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Katu | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Laghu, Tikshna | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Ushna | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Katu | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Mineral/Elemental Profile

- **Primary component:** Mineral-derived preparation
- **Note:** Composition varies by specific preparation method

**Analytical Methods:** XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Vati (pill/tablet), Capsule

**Standard Dosage:** 2 tablets twice daily

**Bioavailability:** Tablet/pill form provides controlled disintegration; some vatis use honey/[guggulu](/formulation/guggulu/) as bioenhancing binders

**Optimal Timing:** Before or after meals as indicated

**Shelf Life:** 2 years per ASU guidelines for vati

**Storage:** Airtight container, cool dry place, protected from moisture

**Marker Compounds:** [Piperine](/reference/piperine/), [Gingerol](/glossary/compounds-d-g/#gingerol), [Piperlongumine](/glossary/compounds-o-q/#piperlongumine)

**Quality Parameters:** Weight variation ±5%, disintegration <30 min, friability <1%, marker: Piperine, Gingerol, Piperlongumine

**Vehicle (Anupana):** Warm water or as specified

### Synergistic Combinations

- Key herbs: Maricha ([black pepper](/herb/black-pepper/)), Shunthi, [Pippali](/herb/pippali/)

### Masha {#masha}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | Masha |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Madhura | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Guru, Snigdha | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Ushna | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Madhura | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Flavonoids

- Quercetin
- Kaempferol
- Myricetin

### Phenolics

- Gallic acid
- Caffeic acid

### Nutritional Profile

- **Protein:** 25g/100g
- **Fiber:** 18g/100g
- **Iron:** 7.6mg/100g
- **Calcium:** 138mg/100g
- **Phosphorus:** 379mg/100g

**Analytical Methods:** AOAC methods, HPLC, ICP-OES

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Whole bean, Dal (split), Flour, [Masha Taila](/glossary/concepts-a-m/#masha-taila)

**Standard Dosage:** As dietary: 30–50 g; [Masha Taila](/glossary/concepts-a-m/#masha-taila): external application

**Bioavailability:** Moderate; soaking and cooking required; anti-nutritional factors reduced by processing

**Optimal Timing:** Lunch or dinner; best in winter

**Standardized Extract:** Masha Taila (medicated oil with black gram)

**Shelf Life:** Whole: 12 months; dal: 6 months; Taila: 12–18 months

**Storage:** Cool, dry place; airtight container

**Marker Compounds:** Protein (24%), Iron, [Phosphorus](/glossary/compounds-o-q/#phosphorus), Phytoestrogens

**Quality Parameters:** Moisture <12%, no weevil infestation, cooking quality test

**Vehicle (Anupana):** Ghee or [sesame oil](/glossary/concepts-m-y/#tila-taila)

### Masha Taila {#masha-taila}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | [Masha](/glossary/concepts-a-m/#masha) Taila |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Madhura | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Guru, Snigdha | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Ushna | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Madhura | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Mineral/Elemental Profile

- **Primary component:** Mineral-derived preparation
- **Note:** Composition varies by specific preparation method

**Analytical Methods:** XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Thailam (medicated [sesame oil](/glossary/concepts-m-y/#tila-taila)), External application

**Standard Dosage:** External massage for Vata disorders

**Bioavailability:** Oil base ([sesame oil](/glossary/concepts-m-y/#tila-taila)) enhances dermal absorption of lipophilic active compounds; for internal thailams, oil base enhances absorption of fat-soluble actives

**Optimal Timing:** External: before bath or at bedtime. Internal: before meals

**Shelf Life:** 3 years (medicated oils per ASU guidelines)

**Storage:** Airtight amber glass/HDPE container, room temperature, protected from light

**Marker Compounds:** [Withanolides](/glossary/compounds-t-z/#withanolides), [Sesamin](/glossary/compounds-q-t/#sesamin)

**Quality Parameters:** Acid value <5, saponification value per base oil specs, refractive index, moisture NMT 0.5%, specific gravity, marker: Withanolides, Sesamin

**Vehicle (Anupana):** External: massage into affected area. Internal: with warm water/milk

### Synergistic Combinations

- Key herbs: [Masha](/glossary/concepts-a-m/#masha) (black gram), [Bala](/herb/bala/), [Ashwagandha](/herb/ashwagandha/); oil base acts as lipid carrier for enhanced tissue penetration

### Mastu {#mastu}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | Mastu |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Kashaya, Amla | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Laghu | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Ushna | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Madhura | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Mineral/Elemental Profile

- **Primary component:** Mineral-derived preparation
- **Note:** Composition varies by specific preparation method

**Analytical Methods:** XRD, ICP-OES, SEM-EDS

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Whey liquid, Medicated whey

**Standard Dosage:** 50–100 mL

**Bioavailability:** High; aqueous medium with predigested [proteins](/glossary/compounds-o-q/#proteins)

**Optimal Timing:** With meals or post-meal

**Standardized Extract:** N/A — byproduct of curd/cheese making

**Shelf Life:** 12–24 hours fresh

**Storage:** Refrigerated; use fresh

**Marker Compounds:** Whey proteins, Lactic acid, Minerals, B-[vitamins](/glossary/compounds-t-z/#vitamins)

**Quality Parameters:** pH 4.5–5.5, no off-odors, microbial limits per FSSAI

**Vehicle (Anupana):** Light vehicle for digestive formulations

### Masura {#masura}

#### Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | Masura |

#### Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna)

| Property | Value | Description |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| **Rasa** (Taste) | Madhura, Kashaya | Primary taste |
| **Guna** (Quality) | Laghu, Ruksha | Physical quality |
| **Virya** (Potency) | Sheeta | Heating/Cooling effect |
| **Vipaka** (Post-digestive) | Madhura | Post-digestive effect |

#### What is it made of?

### Flavonoids

- Catechins
- Procyanidins

### Phenolics

- Gallic acid
- p-Hydroxybenzoic acid

### Nutritional Profile

- **Protein:** 26g/100g
- **Fiber:** 11g/100g
- **Iron:** 7.5mg/100g
- **Folate:** 479μg/100g
- **Potassium:** 955mg/100g

**Analytical Methods:** AOAC methods, HPLC, ICP-OES

#### Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Whole lentil, Split dal, Flour

**Standard Dosage:** As dietary: 30–50 g cooked

**Bioavailability:** Moderate; improves with soaking and pressure cooking

**Optimal Timing:** Meals; suitable for all seasons

**Standardized Extract:** N/A — whole food

**Shelf Life:** 12 months whole; 6 months split

**Storage:** Cool, dry place

**Marker Compounds:** Protein (25%), Iron, [Folate](/glossary/compounds-d-g/#folate), Dietary fiber, [Polyphenols](/glossary/compounds-o-q/#polyphenols)

**Quality Parameters:** Moisture <12%, cooking time <30 min, no insect damage

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Canonical version of this page: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/glossary/concepts-a-m/

Published by Age Ayurveda in the Nighantu. Educational reference only.
Incorporates material from the Amidha Ayurveda Herb Database under CC BY 4.0.