snehana: what the term means and how it is translated

Charaka SamhitaSutrasthana 22 (Langhanabrimhaniya):Standard (Trikamji, per carakasamhitaonline) 22.11 first half; Kaviratna prints '7-9' AFTER the block covering all six definitions · checked against the source

Kaviratna: "That which leads to secretions of oily matter, softness of the body, and increase of impurities, is said to be Snehana." Sanskrit (carakasamhitaonline): "स्नेहनं स्नेहविष्यन्दमार्दवक्लेदकारकम् | स्तम्भगौरवशीतघ्नं स्वेदनं स्वेदकारकम्||११||"

Charaka's operational definition of snehana as the therapy producing unctuousness (sneha), liquefaction/flow (vishyanda), softness (mardava) and moistening (kleda). Kaviratna's number 7-9 and the standard 11 are both recorded; no arithmetic conversion applied.

Charaka SamhitaSutrasthana 22:Standard 22.15 (carakasamhitaonline, Trikamji numbering); Kaviratna prints '13' after the sentence, p. 245, Lesson XXII (archive.org BIUSante_47357 leaf 347, read from the page image) · checked against the source

Kaviratna: "Such things as are liquid, subtile, stable, oily, slimy, heavy, cooling, not pungent or mild, and soft, are generally regarded as Snehana." Sanskrit: "द्रवं सूक्ष्मं सरं स्निग्धं पिच्छिलं गुरु शीतलम्| प्रायो मन्दं मृदु च यद्द्रव्यं तत्स्नेहनं मतम्||१५||"

The nine gunas Caraka assigns to snehana substances at Su 22.15, 'as a rule' (prayah): drava, suksma, sara, snigdha, picchila, guru, sitala, manda, mrdu. Kaviratna's English (his aphorism 13, p. 245) renders these as liquid, subtile, stable, oily, slimy, heavy, cooling, not pungent or mild, and soft. His 'stable' for saram is a slip: on the same page he renders saram as 'unstable' in the Langhana (his 10) and Swedana (his 14) aphorisms, where sthiram is 'stable', and his footnote glosses 'Sara' as 'moving or unstable'. Sthira does not occur in 22.15. Use the Sanskrit for the guna list; the English is evidence of Kaviratna's rendering only.

Sushruta SamhitaChikitsasthana 31 (Snehopayaugika):Bhishagratna sections 2-3 (his own numbering); Sanskrit verses 31.3-4 per siva.sh edition · checked against the source

Bhishagratna: "A Sneha or an oleaginous substance forms the essential factor of the physical organism, and the self- conscious animated element (which contributes directly to its vitality and makes life possible) abounds in oleaginous principles; both are consequently in constant want of a Sneha. Snehas or oleaginous substances are enjoined to be administered in food and drinks as well as in Anuvasana, Mastikya-shiro-vasti and Uttara-vasti (urethral or vaginal enemas), errhines (Nasya), ear-drops (Karna-purana) and unguents (Abhyanga). 2." and "There are four kinds of Snehas which, however, are divided into two classes according to their origin: viz., vegetable and animal. Clarified butter prepared from cow's milk is the best of the animal Snehas, while Sesamum oil is the best of the vegetable ones, 3." Sanskrit 31.3: "स्नेहसारोऽयं पुरुषः, प्राणाश्च स्नेहभूयिष्ठाः स्नेहसाध्याश्च भवन्ति । स्नेहो हि पानानुवासनमस्तिष्कशिरोबस्त्युत्तरबस्तिनस्यकर्णपूरणगात्राभ्यङ्गभोजनेषूपयोज्यः ॥३॥"

Sushruta's rationale (the person is sneha-sara) and the full list of routes: drink, enema, head-basti, uttara-basti, nasya, ear filling, body massage, food. Shows snehana is not restricted to external massage.

Charaka SamhitaSutrasthana 13 (Snehadhyaya):whole chapter

Quotation withheld: nobody has yet read this quotation against its printed source, and an unchecked quotation is not published here. The passage is at this address.

Location of Charaka's dedicated snehana chapter. Not quoted in detail here; a human should extract the 24 modes / 64 sub-modes and the samyak-snigdha signs from Kaviratna Lesson XIII against the Sanskrit of Su.13.