{"name":"Age Ayurveda Nighantu Ayurvedic terminology lexicon","licenceNote":"This download is CC BY 4.0, WITH ONE CARVE-OUT. Where a rendering is marked nd-attribution or restricted, the source's own wording has been removed and the field says so: those sources permit reproduction on an attributed page but not inclusion in a dataset offered for modification. A locator is reduced to its identifier, which is a pointer rather than expression. The English equivalent and the source name are facts about usage and are present throughout, and the full text is on the term page named in `page`. THE CARVE-OUT: the fields holding this project's own critical prose, which are `assessment`, `distinguishFrom`, `mistranslations` and `openQuestions`, are CC BY 4.0, but where any of them quotes a source briefly in order to discuss it, those quoted words remain under their own licence and are not granted by this one. Quotation for comment is not a derivative work; sub-licensing someone else's wording would be. A build-time check refuses to write this file if a twenty-word run of any NoDerivs or uncleared DEFINITION appears in those fields, so what remains are short quotations and not republication.","description":"How Ayurvedic technical terms are rendered into English by the WHO standard terminologies, by the published Samhita translations and by the secondary literature, with an assessment of each rendering and the classical passages that bear on the term. Every quoted classical citation was checked against its source.","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","updatedAt":"2026-10-08","provenance":{"quotePolicy":"A classical quote publishes only if it is Sanskrit mula, which is ancient, or a translation this project has cleared: Kaviratna's Charaka 1896-1913 or Bhishagratna's Sushruta 1907-1916. Anything else publishes as an address and a characterisation, with the quoted words withheld and the reason stated on the citation.","recordPolicy":"A record publishes only if every quoted citation in it has been checked against its source and carries a verdict."},"families":[{"id":"foundations","label":"Foundations and categories"},{"id":"dosha","label":"Dosha and its subtypes"},{"id":"body","label":"Body: tissues, wastes and channels"},{"id":"mind","label":"Mind"},{"id":"pharmacology","label":"Pharmacology and the action of substances"},{"id":"disease","label":"Causation and the course of disease"},{"id":"clinic","label":"Examination and treatment"},{"id":"daily-life","label":"Regimen and constitution"}],"summary":{"terms":277,"renderings":1631,"classicalCitations":1233,"quotationsPublished":1135,"quotationsWithheld":38,"citationsThatAreAddressOnly":60,"termsWithARecordedMistranslation":277},"entries":[{"slug":"achara-rasayana","page":"/lexicon/achara-rasayana/","iast":"ācāra-rasāyana","devanagari":"आचाररसायन","alternates":["ācārarasāyanam","achar rasayan","acara rasayana"],"category":"swasthavritta","family":"daily-life","renderings":[{"english":"Rejuvenation therapy through behaviour and practices","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator-standard","locator":"ITA-9.8.7","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Read from the PDF (ISBN 978-92-4-006493-5) via mirror https://www.ayurvedadoctor.co.uk/WHO%20terminologies%20on%20Ayurveda.pdf; official IRIS download returned an HTML shell. Term appears twice in WHO 2022 with two different English terms.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Code and conduct","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator-standard","locator":"ITA-10.3.8","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Second WHO entry for the same Sanskrit term; note sadvṛttam is the adjacent ITA-10.3.7 'Harmonious way of living'.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":null,"sourceName":"NIA Jaipur / WHO-APW draft 'Standardization of Non-Clinical Terminologies of Ayurveda' (2011)","sourceKind":"comparator-draft","locator":"SV0001","verbatim":true,"assessment":"This is the 2011 NIA draft, NOT the WHO 2022 standard. 'Conductible virility' is not meaningful English.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Rasayana of conduct","sourceName":"Kaviratna, Charaka-Samhita (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"Chikitsasthana Lesson I, section heading 'RASAYANA OF CONDUCT' and translator's footnote: 'This section is headed Achara-Rasayanam, that is, the Rasayana of conduct'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Translator's footnote adds the gloss 'Such a person does not require the aid of any Rasayana of drugs' - that is Kaviratna's note, not the text.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"Achara Rasayana (section heading, untranslated); 'code of conduct (Achara Rasayana)'","sourceName":"Charak Samhita New Edition wiki (carakasamhitaonline.com) and PMID 22557248","sourceKind":"textbook/secondary","locator":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Rasayana_Adhyaya","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"the CSRTSDC/Charak Samhita New Edition English, in copyright","downloadable":false},{"english":"behavioural rasayana; moral ethics (NAMASTE, as reported in secondary summaries)","sourceName":"Common textbook / secondary renderings","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"The NAMASTE rendering 'moral ethics' was seen only in a search-engine summary of secondary literature, not on the NAMASTE portal itself; treat as unverified.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Chikitsasthana","chapter":"1 (Rasayana), pada 4 (Ayurvedasamutthaniya)","verse":"30-35 (numbering as printed on carakasamhitaonline.com; edition not named on page)","establishes":"The locus classicus: a list of conduct qualities (truthful, free from anger, abstaining from wine and sex, non-violent, calm, pleasant-spoken, etc.) whose possessor 'should be known as one on perpetual rasayana' (nityarasāyanam); the colophon names the section ācāra-rasāyana.","quote":"सत्यवादिनमक्रोधं निवृत्तं मद्यमैथुनात्| अहिंसकमनायासं प्रशान्तं प्रियवादिनम्||३०|| जपशौचपरं धीरं दाननित्यं तपस्विनम्| देवगोब्राह्मणाचार्यगुरुवृद्धार्चने रतम्||३१|| आनृशंस्यपरं नित्यं नित्यं करुणवेदिनम् | समजागरणस्वप्नं नित्यं क्षीरघृताशिनम्||३२|| देशकालप्रमाणज्ञं युक्तिज्ञमनहङ्कृतम्| शस्ताचारमसङ्कीर्णमध्यात्मप्रवणेन्द्रियम्||३३|| उपासितारं वृद्धानामास्तिकानां जितात्मनाम्| धर्मशास्त्रपरं विद्यान्नरं नित्यरसायनम्||३४|| गुणैरेतैः समुदितैः प्रयुङ्क्ते यो रसायनम्| रसायनगुणान् सर्वान् यथोक्तान् स समश्नुते||३५|| (इत्याचाररसायनम्)|","translator":"none (Sanskrit)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Rasayana_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Chikitsasthana","chapter":"Lesson I (Kaviratna's numbering)","verse":"Kaviratna prints '52-&' (OCR-damaged; probably 52-56) after the long sentence and 57 after the next; standard numbering 30-34 and 35 per carakasamhitaonline - do not convert by arithmetic","establishes":"Kaviratna's English for the achara rasayana passage; his aphorism numbers are printed AFTER each passage; OCR text from archive.org item BIUSante_47357, quoted with OCR artefacts normalised only for spacing.","quote":"One that is truthful, and free from wrath, that abstains from wine and sexual indulgence, that has no animosity, that undergoes only such labour as involves no fatigue, that is tranquil and of amiable speech, that is accustomed to the silent recitation of sacred texts, and is pure (in body and mind), that is endued with gravity and firmness, that is always charitable and engaged in penances, that honours the deities and kine and Brahmanas and preceptors and spiritual guides and men of advanced years, that is always averse to cruelty, that is always compassionate, that is regular in respect of sleep and wakefulness, that takes milk and ghee, that has knowledge of time and place as also authority, that is conversant with reasons, that is reft of pride, that is of practices which are praiseworthy, that is possessed of a liberal mind, that has senses directed towards the soul, that honours men of advanced years as also those who are endued with faith and who have their souls under control, that is devoted to the scriptures, should be known as a user of 'Rasayana.' ... (Further) he who, endued with these high attributes, uses Rasayana', enjoys all the effects enumerated of 'Rasayana.'","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"sadvṛtta","why":"Code of good conduct for the healthy taught in Ca.Su.8 (Indriyopakramaniya); WHO 2022 gives it a separate entry ITA-10.3.7 'Harmonious way of living'. Achara rasayana is taught inside the Rasayana chapter and is defined by its rasayana (rejuvenative) outcome, not merely as ethics."},{"term":"dravya-rasāyana (drug-based rasayana)","why":"Achara rasayana is explicitly non-pharmacological; the text contrasts it with the kutipraveshika/vatatapika drug regimens that precede it."},{"term":"dhāraṇīya vega","why":"Restraint of harmful mental/verbal/physical urges (Ca.Su.7.26-29) overlaps in content, and the NIA 2011 draft folds dharaniya vega into its achara rasayana definition, but they are separate concepts in the Samhita."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"Conductible virility","why":"NIA 2011 draft wording; not meaningful English and 'virility' imports vajikarana connotations absent from the text."},{"rendering":"Moral ethics / ethics","why":"Drops the rasayana claim entirely; the text's point is that conduct produces rasayana effects (nityarasāyanam), not merely that it is virtuous."},{"rendering":"Behavioural rejuvenation drug","why":"There is no drug; the Sanskrit colophon and WHO both make it a regimen of conduct."}],"openQuestions":["Does NAMASTE carry a SAT code for achara rasayana, and with what English? The portal (namaste.ayush.gov.in) loads but the term list was not reachable without sign-in.","Standard (Trikamji) verse numbers were taken from carakasamhitaonline.com, which does not name its edition; verify against a printed Trikamji edition."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/achara-rasayana/","canary":"6b4827915d30f080"},{"slug":"adana-kala","page":"/lexicon/adana-kala/","iast":"ādāna-kāla","devanagari":"आदानकाल","alternates":["ādāna","uttarāyaṇa (as used synonymously by Charaka)","adan kal"],"category":"swasthavritta","family":"daily-life","renderings":[{"english":"the period when the Sun takes (i.e., sucks up the liquid portion of every earthly object); the period of Taking","sourceName":"Kaviratna, Charaka-Samhita (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"Sutrasthana Lesson VI, his aphorisms 2-5","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna never transliterates 'adana'; he glosses it as 'Taking' and 'Giving' for visarga.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"Uttarayana ... Summer Solstice","sourceName":"Bhishagratna, Sushruta Samhita Sutrasthana Ch. VI (1907)","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122894.html","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Bhishagratna renders Uttarayana as 'Summer Solstice' and Dakshinayana as 'Winter Solstice'; he does not use the words adana/visarga in the retrieved passage. 'Solstice' is a doctrinally misleading word choice (see mistranslations).","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"Adana kala (the period with lesser strength)","sourceName":"Charak Samhita New Edition wiki (carakasamhitaonline.com), Tasyashiteeya Adhyaya","sourceKind":"textbook/secondary","locator":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Tasyashiteeya_Adhyaya","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"the CSRTSDC/Charak Samhita New Edition English, in copyright","downloadable":false},{"english":null,"sourceName":"NIA Jaipur / WHO-APW draft (2011)","sourceKind":"comparator-draft","locator":"BP0002 ādāna","verbatim":true,"assessment":"2011 draft, not WHO 2022.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"(no entry found)","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator-standard","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"Searched the WHO 2022 PDF text for 'ādāna', 'uttarāyaṇ', 'āyana': only unrelated hits (jīvādāna, anilāyanam). ṛtucaryā ITA-10.3.3 and ṛtusandhiḥ ITA-10.3.4 exist but no ādānakāla entry was found.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true},{"english":"absorbing period; debilitating period; northern solstice period; dehydrating period","sourceName":"Common textbook renderings","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":null,"licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"6 (Tasyashitiya)","verse":"4 (numbering as printed on carakasamhitaonline.com)","establishes":"Defines the year as six seasons; the sun's northward course (udagayana) = ādāna, comprising the three seasons śiśira to grīṣma; varṣā to hemanta = dakṣiṇāyana = visarga.","quote":"इह खलु संवत्सरं षडङ्गमृतुविभागेन विद्यात्| तत्रादित्यस्योदगयनमादानं च त्रीनृतूञ्छिशिरादीन् ग्रीष्मान्तान् व्यवस्येत्, वर्षादीन् पुनर्हेमन्तान्तान् दक्षिणायनं विसर्गं च||४||","translator":"none (Sanskrit)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Tasyashiteeya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"6","verse":"5 (carakasamhitaonline numbering)","establishes":"Visarga is saumya (lunar/cooling), ādāna is āgneya (fiery); sun, wind and moon determine season, rasa, dosha and bodily strength.","quote":"विसर्गे पुनर्वायवो नातिरूक्षाः प्रवान्ति, इतरे पुनरादाने; सोमश्चाव्याहतबलः शिशिराभिर्भाभिरापूरयञ्जगदाप्याययति शश्वत्, अतो विसर्गः सौम्यः| आदानं पुनराग्नेयं; तावेतावर्कवायू सोमश्च कालस्वभावमार्गपरिगृहीताः कालर्तुरसदोषदेहबलनिर्वृत्तिप्रत्ययभूताःसमुपदिश्यन्ते||५||","translator":"none (Sanskrit)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Tasyashiteeya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"6","verse":"8 (carakasamhitaonline numbering)","establishes":"Strength is lowest at the start of visarga and end of ādāna, medium in the middle, highest at the end of visarga and start of ādāna.","quote":"भवन्ति चात्र- आदावन्ते च दौर्बल्यं विसर्गादानयोर्नृणाम्| मध्ये मध्यबलं, त्वन्ते श्रेष्ठमग्रे च निर्दिशेत्||८||","translator":"none (Sanskrit)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Tasyashiteeya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"Lesson VI (Kaviratna)","verse":"Kaviratna's printed aphorisms 2, 3, 4 (printed after each passage); standard numbers 4 and 5 per carakasamhitaonline - recorded separately, not converted","establishes":"Kaviratna's rendering of ādāna/visarga as 'Taking'/'Giving' periods; his footnote (not the text) supplies the month equivalences of the six seasons.","quote":"For the purposes of this lesson, the year should be known as consisting of six portions, divided according to the seasons. Of these, the three seasons commencing with the season of dews and ending with summer constitute the period when the Sun travels in the region lying to the north of the equinoctial. That is again the period when the Sun takes (i. e., sucks up the liquid portion of every earthly object). The three other seasons commencing with the season of rains and ending with Hemanta constitutes the period of the Sun's southerly course. That is, besides, the time when the Sun gives (or yields moisture to all earthly objects). ... Hence the period of Giving is mild (and agreeable). The period of Taking is fiery.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"VI (Ritucharya; Bhishagratna's chapter number)","verse":"Sushruta Sutrasthana 6.7 (standard numbering; siva.sh Devanagari closes the passage ॥७॥). Bhishagratna Ch. VI, paragraph beginning 'The two Ayanams are ushered in', wisdomlib doc122894; he prints no verse numbers.","establishes":"Sushruta's parallel division of the year into two ayanas: śiśira, vasanta and grīṣma belong to uttarāyaṇa, in which the sun strengthens, three rasas grow strong, and the strength of all beings progressively declines (Su.Su.6.7). Two translator's choices to note: 'Summer Solstice' for uttarāyaṇa is Bhishagratna's English, not a doctrine; and his 'sour' is a mistranslation. The Sanskrit reads 'तिक्तकषायकटुकाश्च रसा बलवन्तो भवन्ति', bitter, ASTRINGENT (kaṣāya) and pungent; sour (amla) is assigned in the same sutra to dakṣiṇāyana ('अम्ललवणमधुराश्च रसा बलवन्तो भवन्ति'), which agrees with Caraka Su.6.6 as cited above (Kaviratna: 'dry, bitter, astringent, and pungent').","quote":"Winter, spring and summer mark the passing of the sun over the Summer Solstice (Uttarayana). The sun grows stronger in heat and light, and saps (rasas) of bitter, pungent and sour tastes increase in intensity, and all animals gradually begin to lose strength and energy.","translator":"Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122894.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Ashtanga Hridaya","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"3 (Ritucharya)","verse":"opening verses (page gives no verse numbers; conventionally 1-6)","establishes":"Vagbhata restates ādāna/visarga with the etymology 'tad ādatte nṛṇāṁ pratidinaṁ balam' (it takes away men's strength day by day). Verse numbers not shown on the retrieved page.","quote":null,"quoteWithheld":"nobody has yet read this quotation against its printed source, and an unchecked quotation is not published here","translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://ahsutrasthana.blogspot.com/2013/10/3-ritucharya-adhyaya-seasonal-regimen_2.html"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"visarga-kāla","why":"The complementary half-year (varṣā, śarad, hemanta), saumya, in which strength is 'given back'; the two are defined together in Ca.Su.6.4-5."},{"term":"uttarāyaṇa","why":"Charaka equates ādāna with the sun's northward course, but uttarāyaṇa is an astronomical term; ādāna names the physiological effect (strength-taking). Bhishagratna's 'Summer Solstice' collapses a six-month course into a single day."},{"term":"ṛtusandhi","why":"The 14-day transition between two seasons (WHO ITA-10.3.4); not a half-year."},{"term":"grīṣma (summer)","why":"Only the last of the three ādāna seasons; ādāna also includes the cold śiśira, so 'hot season' is wrong."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"Summer solstice","why":"Bhishagratna's rendering of Uttarayana; the solstice is an instant/day, whereas ādāna/uttarāyaṇa is a six-month course beginning in śiśira (cold season)."},{"rendering":"Hot season / dry season","why":"Reduces a three-season period that begins in late winter to its final season."},{"rendering":"Dehydration period (as a clinical state)","why":"The text describes environmental absorption of sneha (unctuousness) and rasa changes, not a disease state."}],"openQuestions":["Confirm standard verse numbers 4-8 against a printed Trikamji edition.","Does WHO 2022 encode ādāna/visarga anywhere (e.g., in Chapter 7 time units)? My text search found nothing."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/adana-kala/","canary":"1be86c01b34ed686"},{"slug":"adharaniya-vega","page":"/lexicon/adharaniya-vega/","iast":"adhāraṇīya-vega","devanagari":"अधारणीयवेग","alternates":["adhāraṇīya-vegaḥ","adharaneeya vega","vegadharana (the act of suppressing them)"],"category":"swasthavritta","family":"daily-life","renderings":[{"english":"Non-suppressible urges","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator-standard","locator":"ITA-2.7.3","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO lists 12 items (omits śrama-śvāsa qualification; Charaka's list is 13 with niḥśvāsa śrameṇa).","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":null,"sourceName":"NIA Jaipur / WHO-APW draft (2011)","sourceKind":"comparator-draft","locator":"SV0014","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"urgings of nature; the calls of Nature","sourceName":"Kaviratna, Charaka-Samhita (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"Sutrasthana Lesson VII: 'the inadvisability of suppressing the urgings of nature'; 'born of suppressing the calls of Nature'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna never uses the term adhāraṇīya; the concept appears only as 'urgings ... should not suppress'.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"natural urging(s)","sourceName":"Bhishagratna, Sushruta Samhita Uttara-tantra Ch. LV (1916)","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-6-uttara-tantra/d/doc143073.html","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"Non-suppressible urges","sourceName":"Charak Samhita New Edition wiki (carakasamhitaonline.com), Naveganadharaniya Adhyaya","sourceKind":"textbook/secondary","locator":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Naveganadharaniya_Adhyaya","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"the CSRTSDC/Charak Samhita New Edition English, in copyright","downloadable":false},{"english":"natural urges that should not be suppressed; unsuppressible urges; non-suppressible reflexes","sourceName":"Common textbook renderings","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":null,"licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"7 (Naveganadharaniya)","verse":"3-4 (numbering as printed on carakasamhitaonline.com)","establishes":"The list of 13 urges not to be suppressed: urine, faeces, semen, flatus, vomiting, sneezing, belching, yawning, hunger, thirst, tears, sleep, and breathing from exertion. The chapter's own title (7.1 अथातो नवेगान्धारणीयमध्यायं व्याख्यास्यामः) is the phrase 'na vegān dhāraṇīya'; the passage says nothing about when the compound adhāraṇīya-vega came into use.","quote":"न वेगान् धारयेद्धीमाञ्जातान् मूत्रपुरीषयोः| न रेतसो न वातस्य न छर्द्याः क्षवथोर्न च||३|| नोद्गारस्य न जृम्भाया न वेगान् क्षुत्पिपासयोः| न बाष्पस्य न निद्राया निःश्वासस्य श्रमेण च||४||","translator":"none (Sanskrit)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/details/TheCarakasahitOrCharakasamhitaOfCarakaEditedByYadavaarman/page/n117/mode/2up","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"7","verse":"25 (carakasamhitaonline numbering)","establishes":"Summary injunction: one wishing to avoid vega-nigraha-ja diseases should not hold these urges.","quote":"वेगनिग्रहजा रोगा य एते परिकीर्तिताः| इच्छंस्तेषामनुत्पत्तिं वेगानेतान्न धारयेत्||२५||","translator":"none (Sanskrit)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Naveganadharaniya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"Lesson VII (Kaviratna)","verse":"Kaviratna's printed numbers (page images, archive.org BIUSante_47357 leaves 104-105 = printed pp. 73-74): '1' after '...vomitting and sneezing' (p. 73) and '3' after '...pronounced forms' (p. 74); no '2' is printed, his paragraph covering standard 4 and 5 carries only the closing '3'. His next numbers '*4', '†5', '6', '7' sit on standard 6, 7, 8, 9. Standard address of the quote: Su 7.3-5 (carakasamhitaonline: ||३|| ||४|| and एतान् धारयतो जातान् वेगान् रोगा भवन्ति ये | पृथक्पृथक्चिकित्सार्थं तान्मे निगदतः शृणु ||५||). Recorded separately, not converted.","establishes":"Kaviratna's English of the 13-urge list and of the transition verse (std 7.5). In this chapter his printed numbers sit two behind the standard (his 1 = std 3, his 3 = std 5, his 4 = std 6), with no '2' printed; this is a measured local fact and must not be generalised to other chapters.","quote":"One endued with intelligence should not suppress urgings, that have become pronounced, in respect of urine and faeces ; as also of the semen and the wind, and of vomitting and sneezing. The urgings also in respect of eructations, of yawns, of hunger and of thirst, of tears, of sleep, and of heavy breathing induced by toil (should not to be suppressed). Listen now to me as I discourse (to you) on the topic of treating the several diseases that are generated of the person who suppresses the urgings of these when they appear in pronounced forms.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Uttara-tantra","chapter":"LV (Udavarta-pratishedha; Bhishagratna's chapter number)","verse":"Bhishagratna's section 2 (his own numbering, not Sanskrit verse numbers)","establishes":"Sushruta treats the suppressed urges as the cause of the disease group udāvarta (13 varieties per PMID 22556468) rather than in a swasthavritta chapter.","quote":"Udavarta is so called from its origin from the repression of any natural urging such as Vata (flatus), evacuation of bowels, micturition, yawning, lacrimation, sneezing, eructation, vomiting and discharge of semen...","translator":"Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-6-uttara-tantra/d/doc143073.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Ashtanga Hridaya","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"4 (Roganutpadaniya)","verse":"1 (verse numbers not printed on the retrieved page; conventionally 4.1)","establishes":"Vagbhata's list adds kāsa (cough) and reads 14 items; chapter is titled 'prevention of disease'. Retrieved page shows the Sanskrit with evident typos (क्षवतृट्क्षुधाम्) and no verse numbers.","quote":null,"quoteWithheld":"nobody has yet read this quotation against its printed source, and an unchecked quotation is not published here","translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://ahsutrasthana.blogspot.com/2013/10/4-roganutpadaniya.html"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"dhāraṇīya-vega","why":"The urges that SHOULD be restrained (greed, grief, anger, harsh speech, violence, etc.), Ca.Su.7.26-29; the opposite category."},{"term":"udāvarta","why":"The disease produced by suppressing urges (Su.Ut.55), not the urge itself."},{"term":"vega-dhāraṇa / vega-vidhāraṇa","why":"The act of suppressing; adhāraṇīya-vega names the urges."},{"term":"vega (ICD/TM2 sense)","why":"In toxicology and fever contexts vega means a paroxysm/impulse of poison (NIA 2011: vegāntara 'interval between two attacks'); unrelated."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"Suppressible urges","why":"Direct inversion; adhāraṇīya means not-to-be-held."},{"rendering":"Natural reflexes","why":"Hunger, thirst, sleep and tears are not reflexes in the physiological sense; 'urge' is the sense intended."},{"rendering":"13 urges (as fixed number)","why":"Charaka lists 13, Vagbhata 14 (adds cough), WHO 2022 lists 12; the count is text-dependent."}],"openQuestions":["Verify Kaviratna's second aphorism number (OCR shows '3' where '2' is expected).","Verify AH.Su.4.1 verse number against a numbered Sanskrit edition."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/adharaniya-vega/","canary":"1c0e528a0873d950"},{"slug":"agantu-roga","page":"/lexicon/agantu-roga/","iast":"āgantu-roga","devanagari":"आगन्तुरोगः","alternates":["agantuja roga","agantuka roga","āgantuja-vyādhi","āgantuka","agantu vyadhi"],"category":"disease-kinds","family":"disease","renderings":[{"english":"Accidental","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, trans. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","sourceKind":"translation (public domain)","locator":"Sutrasthana ch. 11 (Tistraishaniya); full sentence: 'Accidental are those that arise from the action of spirits, of poison, of wind, of fire, of acts of violence done to the body, such as beating, &c.'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna renders agantu as 'Accidental' in both Sutrasthana 11 and Nidana 1, so unlike his nija he is consistent here.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"accidental","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, trans. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","sourceKind":"translation (public domain)","locator":"Nidana Sthana ch. 1, his aphorism 9 (= Ni.1/12 modern): 'Diseases are of two kinds, as natural and accidental.'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"Traumatic or of extraneous origin (agantuka)","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, trans. Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","sourceKind":"translation (public domain)","locator":"Sutrasthana ch. I (Vedotpatti), 'Disease:—its Definition'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Bhishagratna gives a doubled rendering, 'Traumatic' plus 'of extraneous origin', which is more faithful than either alone: the class covers trauma AND poisons, spirits and external agents.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"A disease due to an extraneous blow or hurt is called agantuka.","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, trans. Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","sourceKind":"translation (public domain)","locator":"Sutrasthana ch. I, explanation of the four types","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Note that Bhishagratna's gloss here narrows to blow/hurt, while the Sanskrit of Su.Su.1/25 (आगन्तवोऽभिघातनिमित्ताः) is also narrow (abhighata = assault/injury). Sushruta's agantu is narrower than Charaka's, which includes bhuta, visha, vayu and agni.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"Traumatic wound","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-5.54.11","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Again a compound, not a disease-class headword. WHO ISTA has no āgantu-roga entry.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Extrinsic, exogenous diseases","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-4.2.21","verbatim":true,"assessment":"This is the entry WHO actually offers where a reader would look for agantu. It is adhibhautika, a different Sanskrit term from a different classification, and its description is very close to Charaka's agantu. Recording the substitution is the point.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Traumatic physical injury","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-4.2.22","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO's coverage of traumatic disease follows Sushruta's seven-fold bala-pravritta scheme rather than Charaka's agantu.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"exogenous disease","sourceName":"common BAMS/textbook rendering","sourceKind":"textbook usage","locator":"","verbatim":false,"assessment":"Standard modern classroom pairing with nija = endogenous.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"24","establishes":"Sushruta's fourfold classification of vyadhi: agantu, sharira, manasa, svabhavika, with the verse number as printed. Agantu is listed first. SOURCE CAVEAT: the verse number is verified only against this site's presentation of the mula text, not against a critical edition.","quote":"ते चतुर्विधाः- आगन्तवः, शारीराः, मानसाः, स्वाभाविकाश्चेति ||२४||","translator":"","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/2023/05/04/sushruta-samhita-sutrasthanam-chapter-1-vedotpatti-adhyaya-origin-of-the-science-of-life/","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"25","establishes":"Definitions of all four classes. Agantu = abhighata-nimitta, caused by assault/injury. Narrower than Charaka's agantu.","quote":"तेषामागन्तवोऽभिघातनिमित्ताः शारीरास्त्वन्नपानमूला वातापित्तकफशोणितसन्निपातवैषम्यनिमित्ताः मानसास्तु क्रोधशोकभयहर्षविषादेर्ष्याभ्यसूयादैन्यमात्सर्यकामलोभप्रभृतयः इच्छा द्वेषभेदैर्भवन्ति; स्वाभाविकास्तु क्षुत्पिपासाजरामृत्युनिद्राप्रकृ(भृ)तयः ॥२५॥","translator":"","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/2023/05/04/sushruta-samhita-sutrasthanam-chapter-1-vedotpatti-adhyaya-origin-of-the-science-of-life/","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"","establishes":"The lawfully quotable English of Su.Su.1/24-25. Verse numbers are not printed on this page (the bracketed [9] and [10] are Bhishagratna's footnote markers, NOT verse numbers), so the verse field is left empty here and the numbers are carried separately from the Sanskrit.","quote":"There are four different types of disease such as, Traumatic or of extraneous origin (agantuka), Bodily (Sharira), Mental (Manasa) and Natural (Svabhavika). A disease due to an extraneous blow or hurt is called agantuka.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122887.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"11","verse":"45","establishes":"Charaka's agantu: bhūta-viṣa-vāyu-agni-samprahāra-ādi-samuttha, arising from spirits, poison, wind, fire, assault and the like. Notably broader than Sushruta's abhighata-only agantu.","quote":"त्रयो रोगा इति- निजागन्तुमानसाः| तत्र निजः शारीरदोषसमुत्थः, आगन्तुर्भूतविषवाय्वग्निसम्प्रहारादिसमुत्थः, मानसः पुनरिष्टस्यलाभाल्लाभाच्चानिष्टस्योपजायते||४५||","translator":"","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Tistraishaniya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Nidana Sthana","chapter":"1","verse":"12","establishes":"The twofold nija/agantu division under vidhi-samprapti.","quote":"विधिर्नाम- द्विविधा व्याधयो निजागन्तुभेदेन,त्रिविधास्त्रिदोषभेदेन, चतुर्विधाः साध्यासाध्यमृदुदारुणभेदेन|१२|","translator":"","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Jwara_Nidana","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"nija-roga","why":"The complementary class. Nija arises from one's own doshas, agantu from an external agent. The complementarity is real but the boundary is not: Charaka's agantu includes bhuta (possessing entities) and Sushruta's does not."},{"term":"adhibhautika-roga","why":"WHO ISTA glosses adhibhautika as 'Extrinsic, exogenous diseases' with a description nearly identical to Charaka's agantu. They belong to different classifications (tapa-traya vs nija/agantu) and must not be merged just because their English descriptions converge."},{"term":"samghata-bala-pravritta roga","why":"Sushruta's traumatic class in the seven-fold bala-pravritta scheme of Su.Su.24. Overlaps agantu in extension but sits in a different taxonomy within the same text, so Sushruta classifies trauma twice, in two schemes."},{"term":"svabhavika-roga","why":"Sushruta's fourth class. 'Natural' processes are not caused by an external agent and are not agantu, though both are sometimes lumped as 'not caused by dosha'."},{"term":"agantuja-jvara / agantuja-vrana","why":"Specific disease entities (fever of external origin, traumatic ulcer) that carry the agantu qualifier. WHO ISTA codes these individual compounds and not the class term, so retrieving them and treating them as the class definition is an error."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"accidental disease","why":"Kaviratna's own choice, and misleading in modern English because 'accidental' implies chance. Agantu means 'arriving, coming from outside'; a deliberate assault and a snakebite are agantu and neither is accidental."},{"rendering":"infectious disease","why":"A very common modern over-reading, encouraged by the gloss of bhuta as 'invisible organisms'. Agantu is defined by externality of the agent, not transmissibility. WHO ISTA codes contagious disease separately (ITA-4.2.32, samsargajarogaḥ)."},{"rendering":"traumatic disease","why":"Correct for Sushruta (abhighata-nimitta) and too narrow for Charaka, whose agantu includes poison, fire, wind and bhuta. A single English word cannot serve both texts and the lexicon should say so rather than pick one."},{"rendering":"idiopathic","why":"Occasionally seen by confusion with 'of unknown cause'. Agantu is the class with the most conspicuous cause of all."}],"openQuestions":["Do the commentators note the discrepancy between Charaka's broad agantu (bhuta, visha, vayu, agni, samprahara) and Sushruta's narrow abhighata-only agantu, or is it simply left standing?","Where does Sushruta's own agantu class sit relative to his samghata-bala-pravritta class in Su.Su.24? The two taxonomies coexist in one sthana and I did not find a passage reconciling them."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/agantu-roga/","canary":"919a2a56a6d2102e"},{"slug":"agni","page":"/lexicon/agni/","iast":"agni","devanagari":"अग्नि","alternates":["deha-agni","dehāgni","antarāgni","koṣṭhāgni","pācakāgni","kāyāgni","vahni","ūṣman","pācaka pitta"],"category":"physiology / core concept","family":"body","renderings":[{"english":"Digestive, metabolic factors","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"terminology-standard","locator":"ITA-2.6.1","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO deliberately avoids 'fire'. Full WHO description, verbatim: 'The collective term for the various factors governing digestion and metabolism or food transformation which are basic element fire -predominant.' Retrieved and re-verified against the live IRIS PDF.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false},{"english":"Metabolic factors of the body","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"terminology-standard","locator":"ITA-2.6.2","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO treats kāyāgni as a separate headword from agni, which most textbooks do not.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"digestive fire","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"passim; e.g. Sūtrasthāna Lesson V, Chikitsāsthāna Lesson XV","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna's default rendering throughout. He also uses bare 'fire' and 'heat' for the same word, and 'heats' in the plural for the bhūtāgni/dhātvagni sets.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"internal fire","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, tr. Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907-1916)","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"Sūtrasthāna Chapter XXI, p. 196","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Bhishagratna's rendering of antarāgni, applied to pitta: 'Pittam therefore is called internal fire.'","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"digestive fire or heat (Pachakagni)","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, tr. Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907-1916)","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"Sūtrasthāna Chapter XXI, p. 197","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Bhishagratna glosses pācakāgni this way; note he equates it with pitta, following Sushruta's own doctrine.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"Agni includes bile and pancreatic secretions, and hence indicates the state of one's digestion. Appetite, though not an unerring indicator of the process, is the effect of Agni.","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, tr. Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907-1916)","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"Sūtrasthāna Chapter XXXV, translator's footnote, p. 320","verbatim":true,"assessment":"An explicit 1907-16 attempt at biomedical equivalence, and an explicit warning by the translator that agni is not appetite.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"derangement of digestive power (agnivaiṣamyam)","sourceName":"NAMASTE / National AYUSH Morbidity Codes (NAMC), Ministry of Ayush","sourceKind":"terminology-standard","locator":"NAMC code D","verbatim":true,"assessment":"NAMASTE has no standalone code for agni itself; it is a morbidity list, so agni enters only as the top-level disorder heading 'derangement of digestive power'.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology"},{"english":"no ICD-11 entry found for agni as such","sourceName":"ICD-11 MMS v2026-01, Traditional Medicine Module 2 (TM2)","sourceKind":"classification","locator":"searched TM2 block index and gastro-intestinal, whole-body and bone/joint sub-blocks","verbatim":false,"assessment":"TM2 is a morbidity classification; agni appears only inside index terms of disorder categories (see agnimandya). Absence here is a statement about what I retrieved, not a proof of exhaustive absence.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true},{"english":"biological fire / metabolic fire / digestive fire","sourceName":"Modern Ayurvedic textbook and review usage","sourceKind":"secondary-literature","locator":"e.g. PMID 22131747; PMID 26283805 renders jāṭharāgni as 'metabolic fire'","verbatim":false,"assessment":"The commonest English forms in the peer-reviewed Ayurvedic literature; note they conflict with WHO's deliberately non-metaphorical 'digestive, metabolic factors'.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Saṃhitā","sthana":"Cikitsāsthāna","chapter":"15 (Grahaṇīdoṣa Cikitsā)","verse":"3-4","establishes":"Agni is the cause of lifespan, complexion, strength, health, exertion, growth, lustre, ojas, tejas and the pranas, all of which Ci.15.3 calls dehagni-hetukah; and Ci.15.4 concludes mulam agnis tasman nirucyate, agni is therefore called the root. Kaviratna prints these as his aphorisms 2 and 3, which is one behind the standard here. HIS OFFSET IN THIS CHAPTER IS NOT CONSTANT and must never be applied by arithmetic: he is level by his 120-121 and runs one ahead from his 195.","quote":"The period of life, complexion, strength, health, exertion, growth, lustre, ojas, energy, animal and other kinds of heat, and the life-breaths, have all been said to have the digestive fire for their cause. When this fire becomes extinguished, a person dies. When it burns within the body, one lives long without ailments of any kind. When it becomes vitiated, one becomes afflicted with disease. For these reasons, this fire is said to be the root (of all).","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Saṃhitā (Sanskrit)","sthana":"Cikitsāsthāna","chapter":"15","verse":"4","establishes":"Sanskrit wording and standard verse number for the 'agni is the root' statement, used to fix Kaviratna's off-by-one numbering.","quote":"शान्तेऽग्नौ म्रियते, युक्ते चिरं जीवत्यनामयः। रोगी स्याद्विकृते, मूलमग्निस्तस्मान्निरुच्यते॥४॥","translator":"none (Sanskrit mūla)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.siva.sh/caraka-samhita/chikitsa-sthana/15/4","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Saṃhitā","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"12 (Vātakalākalīya)","verse":"11","establishes":"Charaka's position on the agni-pitta relation: agni is 'within' pitta (pittāntargata), not simply identical with it. Kaviratna renders agni here as 'the heat dwelling in the body' rather than 'digestive fire'.","quote":"The son of Marichi said,—The heat dwelling in the body, within the Bile, when excited, produces evil and when in its normal condition leads to beneficial consequences. This is as follows :—In its normal condition it aids digestion, vision, the proper measure of warmth (of body), propriety of complexion, courage, cheerfulness, and free play of the faculties, &c. When excited, it produces indigestion, weakness of vision, an improper measure of warmth, an unhealthy complexion, fear, wrath,","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Saṃhitā with Cakrapāṇi's Āyurvedadīpikā (Sanskrit)","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"12","verse":"11 (mūla) with commentary","establishes":"Cakrapāṇi's gloss on pittāntargata, in his own voice and not Charaka's: by that word Charaka rules out a flame-bearing fire (jvālādiyukta-vahni) in the body and establishes a fire whose form is the heat of pitta (pittoṣmarūpasya vahneḥ sadbhāvam), while still not asserting its non-difference from pitta (na tu pittād abhedam). His two reasons are that agnimāndya is to be treated in the Grahaṇī chapter without being located in pitta, and that ghee, which reduces pitta, is nonetheless described as increasing agni. This is the key text for the agni/pitta disambiguation and the locus where agnimāndya enters the commentarial layer.","quote":"[mūla, Ca.Sū.12.11] marīciruvāca agnireva śarīre pittāntargataḥ kupitākupitaḥ śubhāśubhāni karoti tadyathā paktimapaktiṃ darśanamadarśanaṃ mātrāmātratvam ūṣmaṇaḥ prakṛtivikṛtivarṇau śauryaṃ bhayaṃ krodhaṃ harṣaṃ mohaṃ prasādam ityevamādīni cāparāṇi dvaṃdvānīti // [Āyurvedadīpikā ad loc., Cakrapāṇi's voice, not Charaka's] pittāntargata iti vacanena śarīre jvālādiyuktavahniniṣedhena pittoṣmarūpasya vahneḥ sadbhāvaṃ darśayati na tu pittādabhedaṃ pitte nāgnimāndyasya grahaṇyadhyāye vakṣyamāṇatvāt tathā pittaharasya sarpiṣo'gnivardhanatvenoktatvāt","translator":"none (Sanskrit mūla + commentary)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/corpustei/transformations/plaintext/sa_agniveza-carakasaMhitA-parts-comm.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Saṃhitā","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"XXI (Vraṇapraśna)","verse":"prose section, pp. 196-197 of Bhishagratna vol. I","establishes":"Sushruta's contrary doctrine: agni IS pitta, and there is no separate fire in the body. Charaka/Cakrapāṇi and Sushruta disagree on this point, which is the single most important thing a lexicon entry on agni has to record.","quote":"Now it may be asked whether the Pittam is identical with the elemental fire, or is it something other than that ? The question may be answered by stating that the Pittam is the same as fire. Since such symptoms, as a burning sensation, digestion (boiling), and all other characteristics of fire can never exhibit themselves in the human body without the intervention of Pittam. Pittam therefore is called internal fire. ... There is no other fire (heat making factor) in the organism than Pittam.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/b24758619_0001/b24758619_0001_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Saṃhitā","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"XXXV (Ātura-upakramaṇīya)","verse":"27","establishes":"Public-domain English for Su.Sū.35.27. Bhishagratna dissolves the compound 'jāṭhara ... agni' into 'the fire that burns within a person'; the Sanskrit verse number is fixed independently from sa.wikisource.","quote":"The fire, that burns within a person, is godly in its subtle essence, and possesses the divine attributes of atom-like invisibility, weightlessness, etc., and is the digestant of food. It takes up the lymph chyle of different tastes for the purpose of digestion, and is invisible owing to its extremely subtle essence.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/b24758619_0001/b24758619_0001_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"pitta","why":"Sushruta Sū.21 says there is no fire in the body other than pitta; Charaka Sū.12.11 says agni is 'within pitta' (pittāntargata) and Cakrapāṇi expressly denies their non-difference. Treating agni and pitta as synonyms silently picks a side in a live classical dispute."},{"term":"ūṣman / ūṣmā","why":"ūṣman is heat as a property or measurable warmth; agni is the functional agent that produces transformation. Kaviratna translates both as 'heat', which loses the distinction."},{"term":"kāyāgni","why":"WHO ISTA gives kāyāgni its own term ID (ITA-2.6.2, 'Metabolic factors of the body') distinct from agni (ITA-2.6.1). Much textbook writing uses the two interchangeably."},{"term":"bala / agnibala","why":"agnibala is the strength or capacity of agni, the thing questionnaires actually measure (PMID 27381899), not agni itself."},{"term":"Agni the Vedic deity","why":"Pure homonym. Search results and lay sources routinely conflate the physiological term with the fire god."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"digestive enzyme(s)","why":"Reduces a whole-body regulatory concept spanning gut, tissue and elemental levels to a class of proteins. Bhishagratna's own 1907 gloss ('bile and pancreatic secretions') already shows this compression happening, and it does not survive contact with dhātvagni or bhūtāgni."},{"rendering":"metabolism","why":"Drops the specifically digestive/gastrointestinal sense and, more importantly, drops the normative claim (agni as 'root' of lifespan and health) that the classical texts make. WHO's compound 'digestive, metabolic factors' is a deliberate repair of this."},{"rendering":"digestive fire (taken literally)","why":"Acceptable as a calque and used by both public-domain translators, but it invites literal thermal readings ('raising body heat'). Su.Sū.35.27 explicitly calls it invisible and subtle, not thermal."},{"rendering":"gastric acid / stomach acid","why":"A modern popular equation with no classical warrant; it cannot account for the seven tissue-level agnis."}],"openQuestions":["Does WHO ISTA document why it rejected 'fire' for 'factors'?","Is there a critical edition consensus on whether Ca.Sū.12.11's pittāntargata implies identity or containment?","Which of the three competing Agni/Agnibala/Jāṭharāgni questionnaires, if any, has been validated against an external physiological criterion?"],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/agni/","canary":"fa8b404120342d87"},{"slug":"agnimandya","page":"/lexicon/agnimandya/","iast":"agnimāndya","devanagari":"अग्निमान्द्य","alternates":["agnimāndyam","agnisāda","śītāgnitā","mandāgnitā"],"category":"pathology / clinical condition","family":"disease","renderings":[{"english":"Impaired digestion disorder (TM2)","sourceName":"ICD-11 MMS v2026-01, Traditional Medicine Module 2","sourceKind":"classification","locator":"code SM3B","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Retrieved verbatim. The SM3B entry's index terms read: 'Indigestion disorder (TM2) — (a) ajīrṇam (b) Ceriyāmai (c) Ḍuʻf al-Haḍm; Impaired digestion disorder (TM2) — (a) agnimāndyam; Indigestion disorder due to Aẕal (TM2) — (b) Acīraṇa pittam; Indigestion disorder due to kapha (TM2) — (a) apaktiḥ'. So ICD-11 subsumes agnimāndya under Indigestion and gives it no code of its own. The (a)/(b)/(c) markers denote Ayurveda/Siddha/Unani.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"WHO ICD-11","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"WHO ICD-11"},{"english":"NO ENTRY","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"terminology-standard","locator":"searched the full extracted text of the live IRIS PDF for 'agnimāndya' and 'agnimandya': zero hits","verbatim":false,"assessment":"A substantive negative finding. The WHO Ayurveda terminology standard does not contain agnimāndya at all; it covers the same ground with mandāgni (ITA-2.6.11 and ITA-5.11.1). Anyone mapping Ayurvedic clinical vocabulary to WHO ISTA will find agnimāndya unmappable.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true},{"english":"impaired digestion","sourceName":"NAMASTE / National AYUSH Morbidity Codes (NAMC), Ministry of Ayush","sourceKind":"terminology-standard","locator":"NAMC code ACB-23","verbatim":true,"assessment":"agnimāndya appears in NAMC only as a parenthetical gloss on śītāgnitā, with the qualifier 'due only to कफदोष'. It has no code in its own right; the codeable conditions are mandāgni (DB-1), viṣamāgni (DB-2), tīkṣṇāgni (DB-3).","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology"},{"english":"AGNIMANDYA (Dyspepsia)","sourceName":"National Health Portal of India","sourceKind":"government-health-portal","locator":"nhp.gov.in page title","verbatim":true,"assessment":"An Indian government health portal equates agnimāndya with dyspepsia in its page title. Recorded as a documented institutional rendering, and as the source of a very common equation; see mistranslations for why it is problematic. I saw this only as a search-result title and did not retrieve the page body.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"National Health Portal of India\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"\"National Health Portal of India\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation"},{"english":"no dedicated rendering by either public-domain translator","sourceName":"Kaviratna (Charaka) and Bhishagratna (Sushruta)","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"Neither translator uses the word. Kaviratna translates apakti at Ca.Sū.20 as 'inability to digest the food taken' and leaves śītāgnitā untranslated in his enumeration.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Saṃhitā with Cakrapāṇi's Āyurvedadīpikā (Sanskrit)","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"12","verse":"commentary on verse 11","establishes":"The word agnimāndya in a retrievable pre-modern source. Glossing Charaka's pittāntargataḥ, Cakrapāṇi argues that the body's fire exists in the form of pitta's heat, a fire without flames, but is not identical with pitta, for two reasons: agnimāndya is to be discussed in the Grahaṇī chapter, and pitta-reducing ghee is described as agni-increasing. Both turn on agni and pitta moving in opposite directions. This is commentarial usage of roughly the 11th century and is what Cakrapāṇi says, not what Charaka says; the mūla of 12.11 does not contain the word.","quote":"pittāntargata iti vacanena śarīre jvālādiyuktavahniniṣedhena pittoṣmarūpasya vahneḥ sadbhāvaṃ darśayati; na tu pittādabhedaṃ, pittenāgnimāndyasya grahaṇyadhyāye vakṣyamāṇatvāt, tathā pittaharasya sarpiṣo'gnivardhanatvenoktatvāt |","translator":"none (Sanskrit commentary)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://niimh.nic.in/ebooks/ecaraka/?mod=read","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Saṃhitā","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"XX (Mahāroga Adhyāya)","verse":"list of twenty kaphaja disorders (NAMASTE cites this as Ca.Su.20/17 for śītāgnitā)","establishes":"Sitagnita stands in Charaka's list of twenty kaphaja disorders at Ca.Su.20, and Kaviratna DOES render it: his footnote on p. 230 reads \"17. Citagnita is loss of appetite and inability to take any food\", so a public-domain English rendering exists. Note on the locator: NAMASTE cites Ca.Su.20/17, where 17 is the VERSE number and not a position in the list. Kaviratna's list omits malasyadhikya and so runs one shorter than the standard text, which makes any apparent agreement between his list position and the verse number a coincidence rather than a confirmation.","quote":"We shall next expound the twenty varieties of diseases caused by excitement of the Phlegm. These are as follows :— i.Tripti, 2. Tandra, 3. Nidradhikya, 4. Staimitya, 5. Gurugatrata, 6. Alasya, 7. Mukhamadhuryya, 8. Mukhaçrava, 9. Çleshmodgirana, 10. Valanaça, n. Apakti, 12. Hridayoplepa, 13. Kanthopalepa, 14. Dhamanipratichaya, 15. Galaganda, ... 16. Atisthaulyam, 17. Çitagnita, 18. Udardda, 19. Çwetavabhasata, and 20. Çweta-mutra-netra-varchchastwam.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Saṃhitā","sthana":"Cikitsāsthāna","chapter":"15","verse":"42-44 (Kaviratna prints 41-43)","establishes":"The classical aetiology of impaired agni, in public-domain English: dietary, iatrogenic, disease-related, environmental and urge-suppression causes. Verse numbers confirmed against the Sanskrit (Ca.Ci.15.42 'अभोजनादजीर्णातिभोजनाद्विषमाशनात्', Ca.Ci.15.44 'दुष्यत्यग्निः, स दुष्टोऽन्नं न तत् पचति लघ्वपि').","quote":"From abstention from all food, from eating food that is indigestible, from eating to excess, from eating food consisting of inharmonious ingredients, from eating food that is not assimilable, or is heavy, or cold, or excessively dry (unoily), or vitiated, from errors in the administration of purgatives, emetics, and oils, from affliction (i. e., weakness, emaciation, &c.,) by diseases, from absence of harmony in respect of place (habitat), time (age), and season, from suppression of the urgings (of nature), the (digestive) fire is vitiated. The vitiated fire cannot digest food that is even light.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Saṃhitā (Sanskrit)","sthana":"Cikitsāsthāna","chapter":"15","verse":"44","establishes":"The mechanism linking impaired agni to āma: the vitiated fire cannot digest even light food, and undigested food becomes sour (śukta) and acquires the nature of poison (viṣarūpatā).","quote":"दुष्यत्यग्निः, स दुष्टोऽन्नं न तत् पचति लघ्वपि। अपच्यमानं शुक्तत्वं यात्यन्नं विषरूपताम् ॥४४॥","translator":"none (Sanskrit mūla)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.siva.sh/caraka-samhita/chikitsa-sthana/15/44","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"mandāgni","why":"The central distinction. mandāgni names a state or type of agni; agnimāndya names the condition of agni being dulled. The standards split on which they carry: WHO has only mandāgni, ICD-11 TM2 has only agnimāndya, NAMASTE has mandāgni as a code and agnimāndya only as a gloss. Treating them as one word will break any cross-standard mapping."},{"term":"ajīrṇa","why":"ICD-11 SM3B puts them under one code, but ajīrṇa is the failure to digest a particular meal (with its own vātaja/pittaja/kaphaja/āmaja subtypes in NAMASTE, e.g. EB-3.3 Amaja-ajīrṇam) whereas agnimāndya is the standing impairment of capacity."},{"term":"śītāgnitā","why":"NAMASTE glosses śītāgnitā as agnimāndya and restricts it to kapha alone (kEvala-kapha). If that restriction is real, agnimāndya is the broader term and the gloss is loose."},{"term":"dyspepsia","why":"Dyspepsia is a symptom complex defined by epigastric pain, fullness and early satiety with duration criteria; agnimāndya is a functional-capacity diagnosis that can exist without any of those symptoms. The National Health Portal's equation is administratively convenient and clinically lossy."},{"term":"grahaṇī-roga","why":"Ca.Ci.15.56 makes weak agni causally prior to grahaṇī vitiation. The disease and the impairment are at different levels."},{"term":"anorexia / aruci","why":"ICD-11 TM2 has a separate Anorexia disorder (TM2). Loss of desire for food is not the same as loss of digestive capacity."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"dyspepsia","why":"Used by the National Health Portal of India and widespread in clinical writing. It maps a capacity concept onto a symptom cluster, and it makes the condition undiagnosable in an asymptomatic patient with poor digestion, which is precisely the case classical practice cares about."},{"rendering":"indigestion","why":"Same problem as ICD-11's SM3B grouping: it collapses agnimāndya into ajīrṇa, losing the standing-versus-episodic distinction."},{"rendering":"low metabolism / hypometabolism","why":"Systemic framing for a term whose classical aetiology (Ca.Ci.15.42-44) is almost entirely dietary and behavioural."},{"rendering":"gastritis","why":"No source I retrieved supports this; ICD-11 TM2 keeps Hyperacidity disorder (SM3A) separate."}],"openQuestions":["Where does agnimāndya first appear as a fixed compound, Mādhava Nidāna, Cakrapāṇi, or earlier?","Why does WHO ISTA omit a term that ICD-11 TM2 indexes?","Is NAMASTE right that śītāgnitā is agnimāndya restricted to kapha?","Does Bhāvaprakāśa Ma.28/3 define it?"],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/agnimandya/","canary":"2fe9128d7629d9e6"},{"slug":"ahara","page":"/lexicon/ahara/","iast":"āhāra","devanagari":"आहार","alternates":["āhāraḥ","anna (food, often synonymous)","anna-pāna (food and drink)"],"category":"swasthavritta","family":"daily-life","renderings":[{"english":"Food","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator-standard","locator":"ITA-8.1.2","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO has a second entry ITA-10.2.2 'Food' with a different description: 'Food is a substance taken to sustain life and is broadly classified into liquids and solids...'","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"food and drink","sourceName":"Kaviratna, Charaka-Samhita (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"Sutrasthana Lesson XXVII opening; also 'eating' for āhāra among the three upastambhas (Lesson XI) and 'diet' passim","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"Food; Diet","sourceName":"Bhishagratna, Sushruta Samhita Sutrasthana Ch. XLVI (1907)","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc141678.html","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"food; diet (ashita, khadita, pita, lidha)","sourceName":"Charak Samhita New Edition wiki (carakasamhitaonline.com)","sourceKind":"textbook/secondary","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"the CSRTSDC/Charak Samhita New Edition English, in copyright","downloadable":false},{"english":"diet; nutrition; food intake","sourceName":"Common textbook renderings","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":null,"licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"27 (Annapanavidhi)","verse":"349-350 (numbering as printed on carakasamhitaonline.com)","establishes":"Food (anna) is the life of living beings; complexion, clarity, voice, life, intelligence, happiness, contentment, nourishment, strength and intellect all rest on food. Note the verse uses anna, not āhāra.","quote":"प्राणाःप्राणभृतामन्नमन्नंलोकोऽभिधावति। वर्णःप्रसादःसौस्वर्यंजीवितंप्रतिभासुखम्॥३४९॥ तुष्टिःपुष्टिर्बलंमेधासर्वमन्नेप्रतिष्ठितम्। लौकिकंकर्मयद्वृत्तौस्वर्गतौयच्चवैदिकम्॥३५०॥","translator":"none (Sanskrit)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Annapanavidhi_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"11 (Tistraishaniya)","verse":"35 (carakasamhitaonline numbering)","establishes":"Āhāra is the first of the three upastambhas (supports) of the body alongside sleep and brahmacarya.","quote":"त्रय उपस्तम्भा इति- आहारः, स्वप्नो, ब्रह्मचर्यमिति; एभिस्त्रिभिर्युक्तियुक्तैरुपस्तब्धमुपस्तम्भैः शरीरंबलवर्णोपचयोपचितमनुवर्तते यावदायुःसंस्कारात् संस्कारमहितमनुपसेवमानस्य , य इहैवोपदेक्ष्यते||३५||","translator":"none (Sanskrit)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Tistraishaniya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"25 (Yajjah Purushiya)","verse":"31 (carakasamhitaonline numbering)","establishes":"Use of hita (wholesome) āhāra alone promotes growth of the person; ahita āhāra is the cause of disease.","quote":"तमुवाच भगवानात्रेयः- हिताहारोपयोग एक एव पुरुषवृद्धिकरो भवति, अहिताहारोपयोगः पुनर्व्याधिनिमित्तमिति [१] ||३१||","translator":"none (Sanskrit)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Yajjah_Purushiya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"Lesson XXVII (Kaviratna)","verse":"Kaviratna Sutrasthana Lesson XXVII, printed p. 329 (archive.org BIUSante_47357 leaf 449), his aphorism 2 only (his printed '2' follows 'they become injurious'; his 1 closes the two opening sentences, his 3 the Agnivesa sentence) = standard Sutrasthana 27.3 (carakasamhitaonline ||3||; GRETIL Car_1,27.3). His 1 merges standard 27.1-2.","establishes":"Kaviratna renders anna-pāna as 'food and drink': the Sanskrit of this sutra is 'vidhivihitam annapānaṁ' and the chapter title annapānavidhi, which he gives as 'the ordinances relating to food and drink'. The passage says nothing about his rendering of āhāra, which does not occur in it; that half of the earlier claim needs a passage where the mula actually has āhāra.","quote":"Physicians skilled in the science of Life say that food and drink that are agreeable in point of color, scent, taste, and touch, and consistent with the ordinances laid down, are the very Life of those living creatures that are said to be animated. This appears from the visible effects thereof. In consequence, again, of the fuel of food and drink is the existence of the (digestive) fire; Food and drink develop strength of both body and mind. If taken according to the measure that is directed, food and drink lead to the growth of the several ingredients of the body, of strength and complexion, and contribute to the cheerfulness of the senses. If taken otherwise, they become injurious.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"XLVI (Annapana-vidhi; Bhishagratna's chapter number)","verse":"Sanskrit verse number not established (Bhishagratna prints none)","establishes":"Sushruta's statement of food as source of strength and the four modes of intake (ashita, pita, lidha, khadita).","quote":"Food is the source of the growth, strength, and healthful glow of organic beings. It is food that imparts strength to the organs of sense and makes them operative in their respective fields of action. It is irregularity (Vaishamya) of diet which brings about ill-health. Diet may be divided into four kinds such as, solid food, (Ashitha) drink, Līdham (food taken by licking), and the Khadita (food that is chewn and assimilated only for the enjoyment of a specific taste).","translator":"Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc141678.html","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"anna","why":"'Food/cooked grain'; often interchangeable (Ca.Su.27 uses anna in the key verse) but anna can mean specifically cooked rice/grain."},{"term":"pathya","why":"Pathya is the wholesome subset of āhāra and vihāra; āhāra is the whole category of food."},{"term":"auṣadha","why":"Medicine; Ayurveda treats food and medicine as a continuum (āhāra as the 'great medicine'), but the categories remain distinct in the texts."},{"term":"vihāra","why":"Activities/regimen (WHO ITA-10.2.14), the behavioural counterpart to āhāra."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"Diet","why":"In modern English 'diet' connotes a restrictive or prescribed regimen; āhāra is simply what is eaten. Acceptable only when context makes it neutral."},{"rendering":"Nutrition","why":"A biochemical abstraction; āhāra is the ingested substance, and the texts classify it by mode of intake (eaten, drunk, licked, chewed), not nutrient content."}],"openQuestions":["Standard verse numbers for the Ca.Su.27 opening prose (Kaviratna 1-3) were not established."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/ahara/","canary":"3c57b5bf3c87017a"},{"slug":"ahara-shakti","page":"/lexicon/ahara-shakti/","iast":"āhāraśakti","devanagari":"आहारशक्ति","alternates":["abhyavaharaṇaśakti","jaraṇaśakti"],"category":"prakriti","family":"daily-life","renderings":[{"english":"power of food intake and digestion","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-4.7.5 item 8","verbatim":true,"assessment":"The only occurrence of the compound in the WHO standard; like saṃhanana it has no headword of its own.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false},{"english":"Digestive power","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-2.6.27","verbatim":true,"assessment":"'The capacity to digest consumed food.' One of the two limbs, given its own headword.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Ingestive power, food intake capacity","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-2.6.28","verbatim":true,"assessment":"'The capacity to ingest food, the amount of food which does not disturb an individual's physiological functions.' WHO decomposes āhāraśakti into exactly the two capacities Vi 8/120 names, without ever naming the compound outside the list.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"capacity for food","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Vimanasthana 8","verbatim":true,"assessment":"With a footnote spelling out that it 'includes not simply capacity for eating, but also capacity for digesting'.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"appetite and digestive capacity","sourceName":"Indian Ayurvedic college usage","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"'Appetite' is weaker than abhyavaharaṇa-śakti, which is about quantity tolerated rather than desire.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"8","verse":"120","establishes":"The entire term in one line: āhāraśakti is examined BY two things, abhyavaharaṇa-śakti and jaraṇa-śakti, because strength and lifespan depend on food. A composite indicator, not a single quantity.","quote":"āhāraśaktitaścēti āhāraśaktirabhyavaharaṇaśaktyā jaraṇaśaktayā ca parīkṣyā; balāyuṣī hyāhārāyattē||120||","translator":"","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Rogabhishagjitiya_Vimana","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"8","verse":"120","establishes":"Public-domain English for Vi 8/120.","quote":"Next, as to examination (of the patient) in respect of capacity for food. One's capacity for food is to be ascertained from one's capacity for eating as also capacity for digesting; since strength and period of life are both dependent upon food.","translator":"Kaviraj Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"35","verse":"","establishes":"In the same chapter where Sushruta examines the patient, digestive capacity is handled as the four states of agni (sama, viṣama, tīkṣṇa, manda) rather than as a śakti. Sushruta's framework for this domain is agni, not āhāraśakti, a structural difference between the two samhitas. No verse numbers on the retrieved page.","quote":"The digestive heat, which fully digests the ingested food at the proper time without the least irregularity, thus reflecting the continuance of the bodily humours in their normal state, is called Samagni .","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122935.html","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"agni / jāṭharāgni","why":"The commonest conflation. Agni is the digestive fire with four states; jaraṇa-śakti is the capacity it confers, and āhāraśakti the composite with intake. Sushruta Sutrasthana 35 handles the domain entirely through agni and never uses āhāraśakti."},{"term":"abhyavaharaṇa-śakti","why":"One limb, not the whole. WHO defines it as the amount of food that does not disturb physiological function, a quantity, not a desire."},{"term":"jaraṇa-śakti","why":"The other limb. A patient can have good jaraṇa-śakti and poor abhyavaharaṇa-śakti, which is why Vi 8/120 requires both."},{"term":"kṣudhā (appetite)","why":"Desire to eat. Neither limb of āhāraśakti is desire; both are capacities."},{"term":"koṣṭha","why":"Bowel type, a different axis of digestive assessment."},{"term":"agnibala","why":"Used in later writing for much the same idea, but it folds āhāraśakti back into the agni framework and loses the intake limb."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"appetite","why":"Reduces two capacities to one desire, and the wrong one. The Sanskrit asks how much a person can take in and digest, not how much he wants."},{"rendering":"digestive fire","why":"That is agni. Vi 8/120 examines demonstrated capacity, which is evidence about agni, not agni itself."},{"rendering":"metabolism","why":"A modern systemic concept covering far more, and implying measurement methods the term does not have."},{"rendering":"digestive strength","why":"Drops the intake limb, which is half the definition."}],"openQuestions":["Is there any validated instrument for assessing āhāraśakti, or does assessment rest entirely on clinical interview? None found."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/ahara-shakti/","canary":"419b6d4bfa9a5d5b"},{"slug":"ahara-vidhi-vidhana","page":"/lexicon/ahara-vidhi-vidhana/","iast":"āhāra-vidhi-vidhāna","devanagari":"आहारविधिविधान","alternates":["āhāravidhividhānam","ahar vidhi vidhan","ahara vidhi (loose short form)"],"category":"swasthavritta","family":"daily-life","renderings":[{"english":"the provisions relating to the ordinances of food","sourceName":"Kaviratna, Charaka-Samhita (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"Vimanasthana Lesson I, his aphorism 25 (printed after the passage)","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"Methods of taking meals (Ahara vidhi vidhana)","sourceName":"Charak Samhita New Edition wiki (carakasamhitaonline.com), Rasa Vimana","sourceKind":"textbook/secondary","locator":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Rasa_Vimana","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"the CSRTSDC/Charak Samhita New Edition English, in copyright","downloadable":false},{"english":null,"sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator-standard","locator":"ITA-10.2.3","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Searched the WHO 2022 text for 'vidhividhān', 'rules for eating', 'dietary rules': no āhāravidhividhāna entry found. The WHO description of 10.2.3 lists 'rules for consumption' (upayogasaṁsthā) as the seventh factor, which is where the vidhāna sits in Charaka's scheme.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":null,"sourceName":"NIA Jaipur / WHO-APW draft (2011)","sourceKind":"comparator-draft","locator":"SK0002 āhāravidhiviśeṣāyatana","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"dietetic rules; rules of eating; code of dietetics; method of dieting","sourceName":"Common textbook renderings (also 'dietetic rules (ahara vidhi)' on carakasamhitaonline Dinacharya page)","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":null,"licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"1 (Rasa Vimana)","verse":"24 (numbering as printed on carakasamhitaonline.com)","establishes":"The locus classicus and the only place the compound āhāravidhividhāna occurs in the passages retrieved: eat warm, unctuous, in proper quantity, after the previous meal is digested, non-antagonistic in potency, in a pleasant place with all accessories, not too fast, not too slow, not talking, not laughing, with attention, after considering oneself.","quote":"तत्रेदमाहारविधिविधानमरोगाणामातुराणां चापि केषाञ्चित् काले प्रकृत्यैव हिततमं भुञ्जानानां भवति- उष्णं, स्निग्धं, मात्रावत्, जीर्णे वीर्याविरुद्धम्, इष्टे देशे, इष्टसर्वोपकरणं, नातिद्रुतं, नातिविलम्बितम्, अजल्पन्, अहसन्, तन्मना भुञ्जीत, आत्मानमभिसमीक्ष्य सम्यक्||२४||","translator":"none (Sanskrit)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Rasa_Vimana","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"25 (1) (carakasamhitaonline numbering; sub-item 1 of 25)","establishes":"The first of the explanatory items: eat warm food because it tastes good, kindles digestive fire, digests quickly, moves vata downward and reduces kapha.","quote":"तस्य साद्गुण्यमुपदेक्ष्यामः- उष्णमश्नीयात्; उष्णं हि भुज्यमानं स्वदते, भुक्तं चाग्निमौदर्यमुदीरयति, क्षिप्रं जरां गच्छति, वातमनुलोमयति, श्लेष्माणं च परिह्राससयति; तस्मादुष्णमश्नीयात् (१) |२५|","translator":"none (Sanskrit)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Rasa_Vimana","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"21 (carakasamhitaonline numbering) - for disambiguation","establishes":"The eight āhāra-vidhi-viśeṣāyatana (prakṛti, karaṇa, saṁyoga, rāśi, deśa, kāla, upayogasaṁsthā, upayoktā) - a DIFFERENT concept, three verses earlier, with which the vidhāna is routinely confused.","quote":"तत्र खल्विमान्यष्टावाहारविधिविशेषायतनानि भवन्ति; तद्यथा- प्रकृतिकरणसंयोगराशिदेशकालोपयोगसंस्थोपयोक्त्रष्टमानि (भवन्ति)||२१||","translator":"none (Sanskrit)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Rasa_Vimana","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"Lesson I (Kaviratna)","verse":"Kaviratna's printed aphorism 25 (printed after the passage); standard 24 per carakasamhitaonline - recorded separately, not converted","establishes":"Kaviratna's English of the vidhāna; here his number runs one AHEAD of the standard (his 25 = std 24), the opposite direction from Su.7.","quote":"The following provisions relating to the ordinances of food are beneficial for the hale as also for those that are diseased. As regards some persons these become most beneficial at certain seasons in consequence of the very nature of those persons. Food that is warm, oily, and according to the proper measure, should be taken. It should also be taken after that previously taken has been properly digested. It should also consist of such ingredients as would not form a compound of hostile potencies. One should take one's food in a place that is agreeable, (i. e., not repulsive). The food one takes should, again, consist of dishes every one of which is agreeable One should not eat with haste ; or taking up a long time ; or talking, or laughing the while. While eating, one should eat with attention concentrated thereon. Lastly, one should eat after a proper survey of oneself.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"XLVI (Annapana-vidhi; Bhishagratna's chapter number)","verse":"Sanskrit verse number not established (Bhishagratna prints none)","establishes":"Sushruta's parallel rules of eating (warm, unctuous, light, timely, erect posture, attentive, neither hurried nor slow) with his own reasons for each.","quote":"A man, who is well-read in the Science of medicine (Ayurveda), should sit during his meal in an easy posture on a high seat and partake, at the right time, with his body erect and his whole mind engaged in the act of eating light, wholesome emollient and warm viands, which are congenial to his temperament and abound in fluid preparations, with an adequate quantity of boiled rice, neither too hurriedly nor too slowly, even when feeling the pinch of a keen and piercing hunger. Food eaten with a good appetite tastes pleasant and relishing. The food which is congenial to one's temperament begets no discomfort after the eating. Light food is soon digested. Emollient food gives tone and vigour to the system. Warm food improves the appetite. Food eaten neither too slowly nor too hurriedly is uniformly digested.","translator":"Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc141678.html","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"āhāra-vidhi-viśeṣāyatana (the eight factors)","why":"Ca.Vi.1.21: prakṛti, karaṇa, saṁyoga, rāśi, deśa, kāla, upayogasaṁsthā, upayoktā - the determinants of a food's effect. The vidhāna (Vi.1.24) is the set of eating rules, which Chakrapani and modern authors place under the single factor upayogasaṁsthā. WHO 2022 encodes only the eight factors."},{"term":"aṣṭa āhāra vidhi / 'eight rules of eating'","why":"A hybrid phrase that mixes the eight āyatanas with the vidhāna's ten-odd rules; neither text has 'eight rules of eating'."},{"term":"pathya","why":"What is wholesome to eat; the vidhāna is how to eat."},{"term":"mātrā (quantity, Ca.Su.5)","why":"One item (mātrāvat) within the vidhāna, not the whole."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"Eight rules of eating / eight dietetic rules","why":"Conflates Vi.1.21 (eight āyatanas) with Vi.1.24 (the vidhāna, which lists about twelve injunctions)."},{"rendering":"Dietary guidelines (as food selection)","why":"The vidhāna is about the manner of eating (temperature, pace, attention, setting), not which foods to choose."}],"openQuestions":["Confirm Vi.1.24-25 numbering against a printed Trikamji edition; the sub-numbering (१)...(१०) within 25 varies between editions.","Whether WHO 2022 encodes the vidhāna anywhere under another head (I searched 'vidhividhān', 'rules for eating', 'dietary rules')."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/ahara-vidhi-vidhana/","canary":"16426ef5ce9de2ab"},{"slug":"ahitayu","page":"/lexicon/ahitayu/","iast":"ahitāyu / ahitāyuḥ","devanagari":"अहितायुः","alternates":["ahitayu","ahita ayu"],"category":"foundational","family":"foundations","renderings":[{"english":"Unsalutary life","sourceName":"WHO international standard terminologies on Ayurveda (WHO, 2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"Term ID ITA-1.2.3","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO's description: 'A mode of life that is disadvantageous for oneself and generally detrimental.' Recorded as a fact about WHO. 'Unsalutary' is rare in general English and appears to have been coined to pair with ITA-1.2.2.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Life of an opposite character","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sutrasthana Lesson XXX, aphorism 20","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Public domain. Kaviratna gives no positive English term at all, because Charaka gives no positive Sanskrit definition - the text defines ahitāyu purely as the reverse of hitāyu. Any single-word English rendering therefore adds content the source does not have.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"evil","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sutrasthana Lesson I, aphorism 40 (= Su 1.41 modern): 'Good, evil, happy and unhappy is Life.'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna's rendering of ahita in the Su 1.41 dvandva. Strongly moralising, and inconsistent with his own 'opposite character' at Su 30.24.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"unwholesome life / non-beneficial life","sourceName":"common Indian journal and textbook usage","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"Both circulate. Neither is anchored in a distinct Sanskrit expression; the text supplies only viparyayeṇa ('by the reverse').","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"30 (Arthedaśamahāmūlīya Adhyāya)","verse":"24","establishes":"The entire positive content of ahitāyu in the classical text: it is defined only as viparyaya, the reverse of hitāyu, in three words at the end of the verse. This is the single most important fact about the term and it is routinely obscured by entries that give it a full description.","quote":"हितमायुरुच्यते; अहितमतो विपर्ययेण ॥२४॥","translator":"none - Sanskrit mūla only","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.siva.sh/caraka-samhita/sutra-sthana/30/24","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"Lesson XXX (Arthedaśamahāmūlīya)","verse":"20 in Kaviratna's numbering","establishes":"The quotable English confirming that ahitāyu is given no independent description. The '-!\"' before the aphorism number is an OCR rendering of a footnote dagger; reproduced exactly as retrieved.","quote":"the  Life  is  said  to  be  beneficial.  The  reverse  of  this  would  be  called  Life  of  an  opposite  character.-!\"20","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1 (Dīrghañjīvitīya Adhyāya)","verse":"41","establishes":"The first occurrence: ahita appears only inside the compound hitāhitaṃ, i.e. the term ahitāyu as a standalone word does not occur here at all. It is an extracted form.","quote":"हिताहितं सुखं दुःखमायुस्तस्य हिताहितम्| मानं च तच्च यत्रोक्तमायुर्वेदः स उच्यते||४१||","translator":"none - Sanskrit mūla only","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Deerghanjiviteeya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"duḥkhāyu","why":"The two negative limbs are not the same. Duḥkhāyu (Su 30.24: asukham) is the reverse of the health-and-circumstances description; ahitāyu is the reverse of the ethical-conduct description. A rich, healthy, happy person living badly is ahitāyu and sukhāyu at once."},{"term":"ahita (as a dietetic category)","why":"Ahita-āhāra, unsuitable food, is a different and much commoner use of the word ahita. Ahitāyu is about the conduct of a life, not about a substance."},{"term":"apathya","why":"Apathya is the contra-indicated regimen for a condition. Ahitāyu is a description of a whole life, and is not prescriptive."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"unhealthy life","why":"Health does not appear in the ahitāyu definition; that content belongs to the duḥkhāyu side of the verse."},{"rendering":"sinful life","why":"Over-translates. The Sanskrit says only viparyayeṇa, by the reverse; the moral colouring comes from the list of virtues in the hitāyu half, not from a separate term."},{"rendering":"harmful life","why":"Ambiguous between harmful to oneself and harmful to others. The Sanskrit derives it by negation and does not specify which, and WHO's description covers both ('disadvantageous for oneself and generally detrimental') without resolving it either."}],"openQuestions":["Whether any classical commentator supplies positive content for ahitāyu rather than leaving it as viparyaya. Chakrapani on Su 30.24 was not retrieved.","Whether the standalone word ahitāyuḥ occurs anywhere in the Brhattrayi as a single word, or whether, as the two verses I retrieved suggest, it is always hitāhita as a compound or ahitam as a predicate. This is checkable against a full Sanskrit corpus and I could not check it: GRETIL's Charaka file covers only Su 1.1-1.43 and a few other blocks, not Su 30.","Whether NAMASTE codes it."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/ahitayu/","canary":"03927c0a2a5ca98b"},{"slug":"akasha","page":"/lexicon/akasha/","iast":"ākāśa","devanagari":"आकाश (WHO/NAMASTE nominative form: आकाशः)","alternates":["ākāśaḥ","vyoma","antarikṣa / āntarikṣa (adj.)","kha (as in khādi 'ākāśa and the rest')","nabhas","ākāśīya (adj., substance with ākāśa predominant)"],"category":"mahabhuta","family":"foundations","renderings":[{"english":"Space element","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator standard","locator":"ITA-1.9.3.1.3","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO chose 'Space', not 'ether'. The PDF's Devanagari for this entry renders with a font glitch (आककाशः); the intended form is आकाशः.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"ether/space element","sourceName":"NAMASTE Standardized Ayurveda Terminologies","sourceKind":"comparator standard","locator":"SAT-A.217 ākāśaḥ","verbatim":true,"assessment":"NAMASTE keeps both 'ether' and 'space'. Its long definition calls ākāśa 'an attribute', which sits oddly beside its placement as a dravya; note also that NAMASTE lists ākāśa (SAT-A.217) apart from pṛthvī/jalam/tejaḥ/vāyuḥ (SAT-A.179-182, parent 179), apparently following the mūrta/amūrta dravya split (SAT-A.178 mūrtadravya, SAT-A.216 amūrtadravyam).","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology"},{"english":null,"sourceName":"NIA/WHO-APW draft (2011)","sourceKind":"comparator draft terminology","locator":"SK0003","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Sense 1 is lifted almost verbatim from Monier-Williams' dictionary gloss; 'ethereal fluid' is a Victorian-physics idea, not Ayurveda. The same draft elsewhere glosses 'Akaśa; Space, synonym of Srotas' (p.157).","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Sky (Vyoma)","sourceName":"Bhishagratna, Su.Sū. 41","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"wisdomlib doc141671","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"ether","sourceName":"Bhishagratna, Su.Śā. 1 ('the five gross matters of space such as ether, air, heat...'; 'The properties of akasha (ether) are sound, the sense of hearing, porosity and differentia evolution of the veins, ligaments etc.')","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"wisdomlib doc142879, Bhishagratna sections 6 and 20","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"Ether (or Space); ether (space)","sourceName":"Kaviratna, Caraka Sū. 26 and Śā. 1","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"archive.org BIUSante_47357","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna consistently hedges 'Ether (or Space)'; his Śā. 1 footnote gives the property of ether as 'non-resistibility' and the Sanskrit order 'Kshityaptejomarutvyoma'.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"space / ether / sky","sourceName":"Common textbook usage","sourceKind":"textbook usage","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":null,"licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Caraka Saṃhitā","sthana":"Śārīrasthāna","chapter":"1 (Katidhāpuruṣīya)","verse":"Kaviratna's printed numbers here are OCR-garbled ('5*-35' and '*34''); standard numbering 1.27 and 1.29 per Sanskrit at carakasamhitaonline.com: शब्दः स्पर्शश्च रूपं च रसो गन्धश्च तद्गुणाः||२७|| ... खरद्रवचलोष्णत्वं भूजलानिलतेजसाम्| आकाशस्याप्रतीघातो दृष्टं लिङ्गं यथाक्रमम्||२९||","establishes":"Ākāśa's guṇa is śabda (sound) and its liṅga is apratīghāta (non-obstruction), the basis of the WHO/NAMASTE 'non-obstruction' definitions. Two passages joined with [...]; OCR spacing collapsed.","quote":"The great primal elements are ether (space), air, fire (or light), water, and earth. Their (respective) attributes are sound, touch, form (vision), taste, and scent. Each of the great elements has one of these attributes; while each succeeding one has (in addition) the attribute or attributes of the preceding one or ones. Thus ether has sound; air has touch and sound; fire (or light) has form (or vision) and touch and sound; water has taste and form, and touch and sound; and earth has scent, and taste, and form, and touch and sound. [...] Roughness, liquidity, mobility, and heat are (respectively) seen to be the properties of earth, water, air, and fire; while, of ether the property is non-resistibility.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Suśruta Saṃhitā","sthana":"Śārīrasthāna","chapter":"1","verse":"Bhishagratna section 20 (his numbering). Sanskrit verse 19 per siva.sh: आन्तरिक्षाः- शब्दः शब्देन्द्रियं सर्वच्छिद्रसमूहो विविक्तता च; ... (https://www.siva.sh/sushruta-samhita/sharira-sthana/1/19)","establishes":"Suśruta's list of ākāśa-derived features in the body: sound (śabda), the auditory faculty (śabdendriya), the aggregate of all hollows (sarvacchidra-samūha), and distinctness (viviktatā). Bhishagratna renders the fourth as 'differentia evolution of the veins, ligaments etc. into their characterised species (Viviktata)', an expansive gloss of the single word viviktatā; the Sanskrit has no mention of veins or ligaments.","quote":"The properties of akasha (ether) are sound, the sense of hearing, porosity and differentia evolution of the veins, ligaments etc. into their characterised species (Viviktata.)","translator":"Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-3-sharirasthana/d/doc142879.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Suśruta Saṃhitā","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"41","verse":"Bhishagratna prints no verse numbers; Sanskrit at siva.sh places the pārthiva...ākāśīya descriptions in verse 4 (I confirmed the opening of verse 4, तत्र स्थूलसान्द्रमन्दस्थिरगुरुकठिनं..., but did not independently see the ākāśīya clause's closing number).","establishes":"Suśruta's pharmacological profile of an ākāśīya dravya (no definite taste, porous, 'soundy'). Stray parenthesis and 'soundy' are as printed on the page.","quote":"A thing or substance, which is smooth, unctuous, and is subtle in its nature, soft or pliant in its consistency, expansive in the internal organism), porous, soundy and non- slimy in its character without any definite taste, is called a substance of the dominant principle of sky (Akashiyam).","translator":"Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc141671.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Caraka Saṃhitā","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"26","verse":"Kaviratna prints '26' after this sentence; standard 26.11 (single prose unit ending मृदुलघुसूक्ष्मश्लक्ष्णशब्दगुणबहुलान्याकाशात्मकानि||11|| per carakasamhitaonline.com)","establishes":"Caraka's ākāśātmaka dravya: mṛdu, laghu, sūkṣma, ślakṣṇa, śabda-guṇa-bahula.","quote":"Those that are mild, light, subtile, smooth, and largely endued with the property of sound, are regarded as having Ether for their essence.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"srotas / chidra (channels, hollows)","why":"Bodily hollows are ākāśa-derived (Su.Śā. 1.19 sarvacchidra-samūha; Ca.Śā. 5.4 'the hollow places are Ether'), and the NIA draft even glosses ākāśa as 'synonym of Srotas', but srotas are structures, ākāśa is the bhūta."},{"term":"luminiferous ether / 'ethereal fluid'","why":"19th-century physics concept imported by 'ether' renderings (NIA draft SK0003, Bhishagratna 'Etherion'); Ayurveda's ākāśa is defined by non-obstruction and sound, not as a medium."},{"term":"śūnya / vacuum","why":"Ākāśa is a positive dravya with a guṇa (śabda), not emptiness."},{"term":"dik / diś (direction)","why":"A separate kāraṇadravya (Ca.Sū. 1.48; WHO ITA-1.9.3.1.1), often blurred with 'space' in English."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"ether","why":"Still used by WHO-era comparators (NAMASTE 'ether/space'), but carries physics connotations; WHO 2022 dropped it for 'Space'. Kaviratna's hedge 'Ether (or Space)' and his gloss 'non-resistibility' show the translators themselves felt the gap."},{"rendering":"Etherion","why":"Bhishagratna's footnote to Su.Sū. 41 (a now-abandoned 1900s hypothetical gas), explicitly a modern-science equivalence by the translator, not the text."},{"rendering":"sky","why":"Bhishagratna 'Sky (Vyoma)', 'principle of sky (Akashiyam)': vyoma does mean sky, but as a mahābhūta the referent is space/non-obstruction, not the atmosphere."}],"openQuestions":["Bhishagratna's 'differentia evolution of the veins, ligaments etc.' for viviktatā needs a Sanskritist's check.","Kaviratna's printed numbers for Ca.Śā. 1.27-29 should be read from page scans; the OCR text is unreliable there."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/akasha/","canary":"0c5e0508ab09d203"},{"slug":"akriti-pariksha","page":"/lexicon/akriti-pariksha/","iast":"ākṛti-parīkṣā","devanagari":"आकृतिपरीक्षा","alternates":["ākṛti","akriti pariksha","akruti pariksha","rūpa-parīkṣā (section heading in the Nirnaya Sagar Yogaratnakara edition)"],"category":"pariksha (clinical examination; eighth member of the Yogaratnakara's aṣṭasthāna/aṣṭavidha parīkṣā)","family":"clinic","renderings":[{"english":null,"sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"ITA-4.7.4","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO has no stand-alone entry for ākṛti-parīkṣā; 'build and appearance' appears only inside the description of the eightfold examination.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":null,"sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"p.128 of PDF","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Shows that ākṛti in WHO's own usage primarily means 'clinical presentation/form', not a specific examination; relevant for disambiguation.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Akriti (general body appearance)","sourceName":"Shekhawat, JVWU e-notes 'Ashtasthana Pariksha' (BAMS teaching notes)","sourceKind":"textbook/teaching","locator":"https://www.jvwu.ac.in/documents/Book%20Chapter%20by%20Dr%20suman%20-Ashtavidha%20pariksha.pdf","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Shekhawat, JVWU e-notes 'Ashtasthana Pariksha' (BAMS teaching notes)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"\"Shekhawat, JVWU e-notes 'Ashtasthana Pariksha' (BAMS teaching notes)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation"},{"english":"Akruti (Physique)","sourceName":"Shekhawat, JVWU e-notes (second list in same document)","sourceKind":"textbook/teaching","locator":"same PDF","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Shekhawat, JVWU e-notes (second list in same document)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"\"Shekhawat, JVWU e-notes (second list in same document)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation"},{"english":null,"englishWithheld":"this project has not cleared that source for quotation","sourceName":"IJARSCT review 'Application of Ashtavidha Pariksha by Yogratnakara with Respect to Tridosha Siddhanta'","sourceKind":"journal review (non-indexed)","locator":"https://ijarsct.co.in/Paper22641.pdf","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Three different glosses within one paper, illustrating how unsettled the English rendering is.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"IJARSCT review 'Application of Ashtavidha Pariksha by Yogratnakara with Respect to Tridosha Siddhanta'\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"A Comprehensive Bodily Examination","sourceName":"web search summary of multiple review articles","sourceKind":"secondary","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"Common in online summaries; not traced to a classical definition.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Yogaratnakara","sthana":"Pūrvārdha, opening section 'atha rogiṇām aṣṭasthāna-nirīkṣaṇam'","chapter":"Nirnaya Sagar Press edition (ed. Krishna Sharma Navre), text pp. 2-3 per OCR page headers","verse":"verse 1 of the aṣṭasthāna-nirīkṣaṇa section (OCR prints '॥ ३ ॥' after it, but the following verses run २, ३, ४..., so '३' is an OCR error for '१')","establishes":"ākṛti is the eighth of the eight sthānas to be inspected (nirīkṣayet) in the diseased body, listed after dṛk.","quote":"अथ रोगिणामष्टस्थाननिरीक्षणम्‌ ! रोगाकान्तञ्मरीरस्य स्थानान्यष्टौ निरीक्षयेत्‌ । नाडीं मूं मलं जिह शब्दं स्पश दगाङरृती ॥","translator":"none (Sanskrit; OCR text, several akṣaras garbled: 'मूं' = मूत्रं, 'जिह' = जिह्वां, 'स्पश' = स्पर्शं, 'दगाङरृती' = दृगाकृती)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/yogaratnakarakrishnasharmanavrenirnayasagarpress_366_b/Yoga%20Ratnakara%20Krishna%20Sharma%20Navre%20Nirnaya%20Sagar%20Press_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Yogaratnakara","sthana":"Pūrvārdha, section headed 'atha rūpa-parīkṣā'","chapter":"Nirnaya Sagar Press edition, text p. 6-7 per OCR headers; section sequence after mala-parīkṣā is śabda, sparśa, rūpa, dṛk, āsya, jihvā","verse":"rūpa-parīkṣā verses 1-4","establishes":"In this edition the body-appearance section is headed rūpa-parīkṣā, not ākṛti-parīkṣā; its verses describe the vāta-, pitta- and kapha-dominant person's bodily appearance (the content modern authors call ākṛti-parīkṣā).","quote":"अथ रूपपरीक्षा । विसुत्वादाश्चुकारित्वादरित्वादन्यकोपनात्‌ । स्वातचयाढहुरोगत्वादो षाणां म्रबरोऽनिरः ॥ १ ॥ ... इति रूपपरीक्षा ।","translator":"none (Sanskrit OCR, heavily garbled in places)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/yogaratnakarakrishnasharmanavrenirnayasagarpress_366_b/Yoga%20Ratnakara%20Krishna%20Sharma%20Navre%20Nirnaya%20Sagar%20Press_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"prakṛti-parīkṣā (Caraka Vi. 8)","why":"Prakṛti is the constitutional type assessed in the tenfold examination; ākṛti in the Yogaratnakara is current outward build/appearance read for dosha-predominance. Modern papers fold the two together ('may be considered under Deha prakriti pariksha', IJARSCT review), which is an interpretation, not the text's own equation."},{"term":"ākṛti as 'clinical presentation'","why":"WHO 2022 lists ākṛtiḥ as a synonym of liṅga/lakṣaṇa/rūpa (clinical presentation). In that sense ākṛti means the form the disease takes, not the patient's physique."},{"term":"rūpa-parīkṣā","why":"The Nirnaya Sagar Yogaratnakara heads the relevant section 'rūpa-parīkṣā' while the enumeration verse says 'ākṛti'; the two words are being used interchangeably in that edition."},{"term":"samhanana / pramāṇa (Caraka Vi. 8)","why":"Compactness and proportion of the body are separate items in the tenfold examination; 'physique' renderings of ākṛti blur into them."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"Comprehensive bodily examination","why":"Overstates it: in the Yogaratnakara the item is one of eight sites, a short section on dosha-typed appearance, not a whole-body work-up."},{"rendering":"Facial appearance","why":"Narrower than the text, whose rūpa/ākṛti verses describe the whole person (hair, limbs, complexion, temperament)."}],"openQuestions":["Does the Vidyotini (Chaukhambha) edition head the section 'ākṛti-parīkṣā' or 'rūpa-parīkṣā'? The IJARSCT paper cites Vidyotini 2015 for its ākṛti material but gives page numbers only.","Verse numbering of the Yogaratnakara's parīkṣā sections differs by edition; no standard numbering was established."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/akriti-pariksha/","canary":"4f227094dd9b6359"},{"slug":"alochaka-pitta","page":"/lexicon/alochaka-pitta/","iast":"ālocaka-pitta","devanagari":"आलोचकपित्त","alternates":["ālocakāgni","Alochakagni","Alochaka Pitta","Aalochaka Pitta"],"category":"pitta-subtype","family":"dosha","renderings":[{"english":"Pitta for vision","sourceName":"WHO international standard terminologies on Ayurveda (2022), term ID ITA-2.1.2.4","sourceKind":"standards-body","locator":"ITA-2.1.2.4","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO says 'the eye'; Suśruta's mūla says specifically dṛṣṭi (the pupil/visual apparatus), which Bhishagratna renders 'the pupils of the eyes'. WHO's broader 'eye' loses that precision.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Alochakagni (the Pittam or fire of sight)","sourceName":"Suśruta Saṃhitā tr. Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (public domain)","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"Sūtrasthāna ch. 21, Wikisource text","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Bhishagratna's phrase for the function, 'its office is to catch the image of any external object presented to the eyes', is a notably active/receptive rendering of rūpa-grahaṇa.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"Alochaka","sourceName":"Suśruta Saṃhitā tr. Bhishagratna, footnote at Sūtrasthāna ch. 15","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"'They are named as Ranjaka. Pachaka, Sadhaka (Medhakrit and Ojakrit), Alochaka and Bhrajaka.'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"At Su.Sū. 15.4 the corresponding function is tejaḥ-kṛt, which Bhishagratna glosses as 'the origination and preservation of eye-sight (Teja-Krit)'.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"perception of forms / vision","sourceName":"EasyAyurveda, Suśruta Sūtrasthāna 21 study page","sourceKind":"modern-textbook-website","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":"'Perception of forms' is closer to rūpa-grahaṇa than the bare 'vision'; rūpa means visible form/colour, not light.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"EasyAyurveda, Suśruta Sūtrasthāna 21 study page\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"\"EasyAyurveda, Suśruta Sūtrasthāna 21 study page\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation"}],"classical":[{"text":"Suśruta Saṃhitā","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"21 (Vraṇapraśna Adhyāya)","verse":"","establishes":"Seat = pupils of the eyes (dṛṣṭi); function = apprehension of visible form; designation = ālocakāgni.","quote":"The Alochakagni:—The Pittam, which is located in the pupils of the eyes, is called the Alochakagni (the Pittam or fire of sight) as its office is to catch the image of any external object presented to the eyes.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita,_Volume_1/Chapter_21","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Suśruta Saṃhitā (Sanskrit mūla)","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"21","verse":"10","establishes":"Seat is dṛṣṭi (locative dṛṣṭyām); the function term is 'rūpa-grahaṇa-adhikṛtaḥ', appointed to the apprehension of rūpa (visible form/colour), which is narrower and more technical than 'vision'.","quote":"यद्दृष्ट्यां पित्तं तस्मिन्नालोचकोऽग्निरिति सञ्ज्ञा, स रूपग्रहणाऽधिकृतः;","translator":"","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/sushruta-samhita-sutrasthana-21-vranaprashna-adhyaya-question-concerning-wounds/","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Aṣṭāṅga Hṛdaya (Sanskrit mūla; no public-domain English translation exists, so no translation is quoted)","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"12 (Doṣabhedīya)","verse":"13b-14a","establishes":"Vāgbhaṭa agrees with Suśruta on both seat (dṛk-stha) and function (rūpa-ālocana), and gives the explicit etymology: it is called ālocaka FROM rūpa-ālocana. This is the one pitta subtype on which the two authorities do not disagree.","quote":null,"quoteWithheld":"nobody has yet read this quotation against its printed source, and an unchecked quotation is not published here","translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/2013/04/16/dosha-types-increase-and-decrease/"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"tejas / tejaḥ-kṛt","why":"At Su.Sū. 15.4 the function list gives tejaḥ-kṛt, which Bhishagratna maps to eyesight. But tejas is also the general fire-element and, separately, a name for the subtle essence of pitta. Reading 'tejas' as automatically meaning ālocaka is unsafe."},{"term":"dṛṣṭi","why":"Dṛṣṭi is the anatomical/functional seat (roughly the pupil and visual apparatus); ālocaka is the pitta operating there. Ophthalmology chapters of the Uttaratantra discuss dṛṣṭi extensively without invoking ālocaka."},{"term":"bhrājaka-pitta","why":"Both are 'surface' pittas concerned with appearance, bhrājaka with the complexion being SEEN, ālocaka with the act of SEEING. The Sanskrit roots (bhrāj- to shine, ālocana to look at) are easy to swap in translation."},{"term":"prāṇa-vāta","why":"Prāṇa vāta is also credited with governing the sense organs including the eyes. The division is that vāta carries and enables, pitta apprehends form."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"\"rhodopsin\" / \"retinal photopigment\" / \"the visual purple pitta\"","why":"A modern speculative correlate presented as a meaning. Nothing in either mūla concerns photochemistry, and I found no peer-reviewed paper that even defends this equation, let alone tests it."},{"rendering":"\"eyesight\" as a standalone gloss","why":"Too thin. Rūpa-grahaṇa is the apprehension of visible FORM AND COLOUR specifically, one of the five viṣayas matched to one of the five bhūtas. 'Eyesight' loses the element-to-sense-object architecture that is the reason ālocaka is a PITTA at all (tejas/agni is the element of rūpa)."},{"rendering":"\"optic nerve\"","why":"An anatomical substitution. The classical seat is dṛṣṭi, the visual apparatus at the front of the eye, not a nerve tract."}],"openQuestions":["Does any classical text distinguish an ālocaka that apprehends from an ālocaka that interprets? Some later commentarial traditions are said to split it into cakṣur-vaiśeṣika and buddhi-vaiśeṣika ālocaka, I could NOT verify this in any retrieved source and have deliberately not recorded it.","What does Suśruta's own Uttaratantra (the ophthalmology section) say about ālocaka, if anything? I did not search it.","Whether NAMASTE or ICD-11 TM2 carries any ālocaka-pitta entry."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/alochaka-pitta/","canary":"904e588110138347"},{"slug":"ama","page":"/lexicon/ama/","iast":"āma","devanagari":"आम","alternates":["āmāvasthā","āmadoṣa","āmarasa","apakva rasa","sāma (adjectival: 'with āma')"],"category":"pathology / core concept","family":"disease","renderings":[{"english":"Ama, a state of incomplete digestion, transformation or metabolism","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"terminology-standard","locator":"ITA-4.6.2","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO keeps the Sanskrit word in the English term rather than translating it, an explicit judgement that āma is untranslatable. WHO's description, verbatim: 'A transient state of the body wherein the digestive, metabolic processes come to a standstill and do not further transform to end products, by-products or waste products. This standstill leads to various changes in the body such as blockade of channels, excess secretions, unusual accumulation of waste materials, slowing down of movements and catabolic processes. It presents with the following generic symptoms: loss of strength, heaviness, laziness, tastelessness or altered taste, and exhaustion even without physical or mental exertion. The ama phase is an initial stage of almost all disorders, e.g. fever or diarrhoea, which arises due to vitiation of endogenous factors: dosha, fundamental structural components and excretory products. Physiologically, the ama phase denotes early digestion of food in the stomach.' Note WHO calls it a STATE or PHASE, never a substance.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Dosha associated with ama","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"terminology-standard","locator":"ITA-4.8.23","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO builds a whole staging vocabulary around āma. The sāma/nirāma pair is the clinically operative one.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"vitiated आम (āmadoṣaḥ)","sourceName":"NAMASTE / National AYUSH Morbidity Codes (NAMC), Ministry of Ayush","sourceKind":"terminology-standard","locator":"NAMC code DA","verbatim":true,"assessment":"NAMASTE leaves आम untranslated in its own English column, the same judgement WHO makes. It also codes a large family of sāma/nirāma conditions (AB-2 sāmapitta, AC-1 sāmakapha, CB-3 sāmamala, AAB-51 nirāmavāta, EB-7.5 āmajagrahaṇīdoṣa, EC-3.12 āmajajvara, EC-6 āmavāta).","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology"},{"english":"undigested food (called Ama)","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"Cikitsāsthāna Lesson XV (= Ca.Ci.15.56)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna's substance reading. He also writes 'the ama Rasa (i. e., the undigested juice of the food taken)'. Both are narrower than WHO's state reading.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"rheumatism due to आम (āmavātaḥ)","sourceName":"NAMASTE / NAMC","sourceKind":"terminology-standard","locator":"NAMC code EC-6","verbatim":true,"assessment":"The best-known compound. NAMASTE subtypes it EC-6.1/6.2/6.3 by doṣa.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology","downloadable":false},{"english":"no ICD-11 TM2 index term for āma itself found","sourceName":"ICD-11 MMS v2026-01, TM2","sourceKind":"classification","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"I retrieved the TM2 block index and three sub-blocks and found no category for āma as such. Statement limited to what I retrieved; āma-compounded disorders may well be indexed under individual codes I did not open.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true},{"english":"toxin / metabolic toxin / endotoxin","sourceName":"Popular and some secondary literature","sourceKind":"secondary-literature","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"Ubiquitous in lay and integrative writing. Conspicuously avoided by both WHO and NAMASTE. See mistranslations.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Saṃhitā","sthana":"Cikitsāsthāna","chapter":"15","verse":"56-57","establishes":"Kaviratna's only explicit English equation of āma with undigested food, and the causal chain from weak agni through grahaṇī vitiation to āma. Verse number fixed against the Sanskrit (Ca.Ci.15.56 'अग्न्यधिष्ठानमन्नस्य ग्रहणाद्ग्रहणी मता').","quote":"The duct called 'Grahani' is the seat of the digestive fire, and because it takes the food that is eaten, therefore is it called 'Grahani' (taker). It is placed above the (region of the) navel. ... It holds the food in its undigested state. After digestion, it lets out the digested food through its lower opening. When the digestive fire is weak, the 'Grahani' becomes vitiated, It then discharges only undigested food (called Ama)","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"corrected against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Saṃhitā (Sanskrit)","sthana":"Cikitsāsthāna","chapter":"15","verse":"44","establishes":"The transformation: undigested food becomes sour and takes on the nature of poison. The word here is anna, not āma; the āma terminology is applied to this state by the tradition rather than by this verse.","quote":"अपच्यमानं शुक्तत्वं यात्यन्नं विषरूपताम् ॥४४॥","translator":"none (Sanskrit mūla)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.siva.sh/caraka-samhita/chikitsa-sthana/15/44","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Saṃhitā","sthana":"Cikitsāsthāna","chapter":"15","verse":"75 (Kaviratna prints 74)","establishes":"āma is mobile and can spread systemically (śarīrānugate sāme rase), and its management is laṅghana plus pācana. Kaviratna transliterates 'ama Rasa' rather than translating. The Sanskrit at Ca.Ci.15.75 reads 'शरीरानुगते सामे रसे लङ्घनपाचनम्'.","quote":"When the 'ama Rasa' (i. e., the undigested juice of the food taken) spreads over the whole body, fasting and the administration of 'Pachana' (i. e., drugs which assist in digesting undigested food, without increasing the appetite) are prescribable.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Saṃhitā (Sanskrit)","sthana":"Cikitsāsthāna","chapter":"15","verse":"75","establishes":"Two locations of āma (adherent in the pakvāśaya vs following the rasa through the body) with two different treatments. This is the textual basis for the sthānika/systemic distinction that modern writing usually flattens.","quote":"लीनं पक्वाशयस्थं वाऽऽप्यामं स्राव्यं सदीपनैः। शरीरानुगते सामे रसे लङ्घनपाचनम्॥७५॥","translator":"none (Sanskrit mūla)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.siva.sh/caraka-samhita/chikitsa-sthana/15/75","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Aṣṭāṅga Hṛdaya (Sanskrit)","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"8","verse":"12-15","establishes":"Vāgbhaṭa's āmadoṣa chapter: āma blocking the channels, the daṇḍakālasaka emergency, and the declaration that the gravest āmadoṣa is 'viṣa-saṃjñaka', bearing the name of poison. Chapter fixed by the file's own internal variant markers (8.11bv, 8.16bv) bracketing the passage.","quote":"so 'laso 'ty-artha-duṣṭās tu doṣā duṣṭāma-baddha-khāḥ |\nyāntas tiryak tanuṃ sarvāṃ daṇḍa-vat stambhayanti cet || 12 ||\n\ndaṇḍakālasakaṃ nāma taṃ tyajed āśu-kāriṇam |\nviruddhādhyaśanā-jīrṇa-śīlino viṣa-lakṣaṇam || 13 ||\n\nāma-doṣaṃ mahā-ghoraṃ varjayed viṣa-saṃjñakam || 14 (opening) ||\n\nathāmam alasī-bhūtaṃ sādhyaṃ tvaritam ullikhet || 15 (opening) ||","translator":"none — no public-domain English translation of Aṣṭāṅga Hṛdaya exists","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/corpustei/transformations/plaintext/sa_vAgbhaTa-aSTAGgahRdayasUtra.txt","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"āmadoṣa","why":"WHO separates āma (ITA-4.6.2, the state) from sāmadoṣa (ITA-4.8.23, a doṣa carrying āma). NAMASTE codes āmadoṣaḥ (DA) as the vitiated condition. āma is the state; āmadoṣa is the pathological entity that state produces."},{"term":"ajīrṇa","why":"Ajīrṇa is the failure of a meal to digest. āma is the residue/state that failure creates and which can then travel and lodge. WHO's own gloss makes āma an early phase of almost all disorders, which ajīrṇa is not."},{"term":"mala / kiṭṭa","why":"Normal waste products of properly completed digestion (Ca.Ci.15.15 kiṭṭa-prasāda). āma is the product of digestion that did NOT complete. NAMASTE codes sāmamala (CB-3) precisely because mala can additionally carry āma."},{"term":"āma (raw/unripe, ordinary Sanskrit)","why":"The everyday adjective 'raw, unripe', the same word. Kaviratna's scan has 'āmamāṃsa' (raw meat) in unrelated contexts. Automated term extraction will over-match badly."},{"term":"antimitochondrial antibody (AMA)","why":"A live retrieval hazard rather than a conceptual one: PubMed searches on 'AMA' return hepatology literature. I had to search on compounds (āmavāta, āmadoṣa) to get anything relevant."},{"term":"āma-viṣa","why":"See the separate record. āma becoming poison is a further stage, not a synonym."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"toxin / toxins","why":"The most consequential error in this whole cluster. Both WHO ISTA and NAMASTE conspicuously decline to translate āma at all rather than use 'toxin'. 'Toxin' implies an identified exogenous or endogenous poisonous substance with a mechanism; āma as WHO defines it is a transient state of arrested transformation. The 'toxin' rendering also feeds directly into detox marketing."},{"rendering":"undigested food","why":"Kaviratna's own rendering, and defensible for the gut-level sense at Ca.Ci.15.56, but it cannot account for āma following the rasa through the body (Ca.Ci.15.75) or for sāmapitta, sāmakapha and sāmamala, where the āma is not food."},{"rendering":"endotoxin / lipopolysaccharide","why":"A specific biomedical identification with no supporting study. The one paper that goes near it (PMID 22556911) proposes free radicals, not endotoxin, and proposes rather than demonstrates."},{"rendering":"metabolic waste","why":"Collides with mala/kiṭṭa, which are the normal waste products and are explicitly distinguished from āma in the same chapter."}],"openQuestions":["Is there a classical definitional sentence for āma, or is it defined only ostensively?","Is āma a substance, a state, or deliberately both? WHO and Kaviratna give different answers.","What are the exact Aṣṭāṅga Hṛdaya Sū.13 verses for sāma/nirāma lakṣaṇa that NAMASTE cites?","Has any study proposed a measurable biomarker for āma that survived replication? I found none."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/ama/","canary":"adf4572d9a3593ab"},{"slug":"ama-visha","page":"/lexicon/ama-visha/","iast":"āmaviṣa","devanagari":"आमविष","alternates":["āmadoṣa viṣasaṃjñaka","annaviṣa (the Charaka Cikitsā 15 form)","viṣarūpa āma"],"category":"pathology / clinical condition","family":"disease","renderings":[{"english":"NO ENTRY","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"terminology-standard","locator":"searched the full extracted text of the live IRIS PDF for 'āmaviṣ' and 'amavis': zero hits","verbatim":false,"assessment":"WHO ISTA does not contain āmaviṣa. It covers the neighbouring ground with āma (ITA-4.6.2) and sāmadoṣa (ITA-4.8.23) only.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true},{"english":"NO CODE","sourceName":"NAMASTE / National AYUSH Morbidity Codes (NAMC), Ministry of Ayush","sourceKind":"terminology-standard","locator":"searched the NAMC term list for the 'AmaviS' stem: all eleven hits are unrelated (kardamavisarpa, snake-venom stages)","verbatim":false,"assessment":"NAMC codes āmadoṣaḥ (DA) and asādhya-āmadoṣaḥ (DA-1, 'irremediable vitiated-आम'), which is arguably the same clinical territory under a different name, but it has no āmaviṣa code.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true},{"english":"no ICD-11 TM2 category found","sourceName":"ICD-11 MMS v2026-01, TM2","sourceKind":"classification","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"Statement limited to the TM2 blocks I retrieved.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true},{"english":"a terrible poison","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"Cikitsāsthāna Lesson XV (Kaviratna's vv.44-45 = Ca.Ci.15.45-46)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna's rendering of annaviṣa: 'The food in the stomach that is not digested is a terrible poison.' The nearest thing to a public-domain English rendering, but it translates annaviṣa, not āmaviṣa.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"no rendering identifiable","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna — Sūtrasthāna 26","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"Sūtrasthāna Lesson XXVI, Kaviratna's v.22 (= Ca.Sū.26.102-103)","verbatim":false,"assessment":"This is where the word āmaviṣa actually occurs in the mūla, in the list of diseases caused by incompatible food. Kaviratna's English list at this point ('Impotence, Blindness, Erysipelas, abdominal dropsy, malignant Boils, Lunacy, Fistula-in-ano, Swoons, Vertigo, Flatulence, choaking of the throat..., chlorosis and anaemia, acidity of the stomach (such that no food is capable of being retained), Leprous blotches, Leprosy, diseases that affect the Grahani...') does not align item-for-item with the Trikamji Sanskrit, and his verse numbering diverges wildly (his 22 for the standard 102-103). I could NOT confidently identify which English item renders āmaviṣa, and I am not guessing.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true},{"english":"poisonous state of ama / ama-turned-toxin","sourceName":"Secondary literature","sourceKind":"secondary-literature","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"Circulates in textbook and clinical writing. I found no peer-reviewed source that defines it operationally.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Saṃhitā (Sanskrit)","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"26 (Ātreyabhadrakāpyīya)","verse":"102","establishes":"The compound āmaviṣa occurs verbatim in the Charaka mūla, as a named disease in the list of conditions caused by viruddha āhāra (incompatible food). Independently corroborated from the GRETIL Charaka text ('pāṇḍvāmayasyāmaviṣasya caiva // car_1,26.102'), retrieved separately.","quote":"षाण्ढ्यान्ध्यवीसर्पदकोदराणां विस्फोटकोन्मादभगन्दराणाम्। मूर्च्छामदाध्मानगलग्रहाणां पाण्ड्वामयस्यामविषस्य चैव ॥१०२॥","translator":"none (Sanskrit mūla)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.siva.sh/caraka-samhita/sutra-sthana/26/102","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Saṃhitā with Cakrapāṇi's Āyurvedadīpikā (Sanskrit)","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"26","verse":"84 (prose)","establishes":"A second mūla occurrence: the cilicima fish taken with milk 'provokes āmaviṣa'. Confirms āmaviṣa is used in Charaka as something that can be provoked by a specific incompatible combination, not merely as a general state.","quote":"sa hi mahābhiṣyanditvāt sthūlalakṣaṇatarān etān vyādhīn upajanayatyāmaviṣam udīrayati ca","translator":"none (Sanskrit mūla)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/corpustei/transformations/plaintext/sa_agniveza-carakasaMhitA-parts-comm.txt","checked":"corrected against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Saṃhitā (Sanskrit)","sthana":"Cikitsāsthāna","chapter":"15","verse":"46","establishes":"A precision point that matters: the compound in the grahaṇī chapter is ANNAVIṢA ('food-poison'), not āmaviṣa. Much secondary writing quotes this verse as the locus for āmaviṣa. It is not; the āmaviṣa attestations are in Sūtrasthāna 26.","quote":"जृम्भाऽङ्गमर्दस्तृष्णा च ज्वरश्छर्दिः प्रवाहणम्। अरोचकोऽविपाकश्च, घोरमन्नविषं च तत्॥४६॥","translator":"none (Sanskrit mūla)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.siva.sh/caraka-samhita/chikitsa-sthana/15/46","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Saṃhitā","sthana":"Cikitsāsthāna","chapter":"15","verse":"45-46 (Kaviratna prints 44-45)","establishes":"Public-domain English for the annaviṣa verse and its symptom list. Kaviratna continues: undigested food combining with excited bile, phlegm or wind produces the corresponding disease families, and 'When it goes into the urine, that poison causes diseases of the urine...', i.e. the poison is mobile and organ-tropic.","quote":"The following are the symptoms of indigestion (of the food taken): flatulence of the stomach, langour of the body, headache, swoons, vertigo, pains in the back and the waist, yawns, lassitude of the limbs, thirst, fever, vomiting, dysentery (white flux), disgust for food, and absence of transformation into healthy stools. The food in the stomach that is not digested is a terrible poison.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Aṣṭāṅga Hṛdaya (Sanskrit)","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"8","verse":"14","establishes":"The clearest classical statement of the concept, though not using the compound āmaviṣa: the most terrible āmadoṣa is 'viṣa-saṃjñaka', called by the name of poison, because it acts rapidly like poison and because its treatment is self-contradictory (what relieves one aspect aggravates another). Vāgbhaṭa says such a case is to be refused. Chapter fixed by the file's own internal variant markers (8.11bv, 8.16bv).","quote":"āma-doṣaṃ mahā-ghoraṃ varjayed viṣa-saṃjñakam |\nviṣa-rūpāśu-kāri-tvād viruddhopakrama-tvataḥ || 14 ||","translator":"none — no public-domain English translation of Aṣṭāṅga Hṛdaya exists","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/corpustei/transformations/plaintext/sa_vAgbhaTa-aSTAGgahRdayasUtra.txt","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"āma","why":"āma is the state of arrested digestion; āmaviṣa is the further stage in which that state acts with the rapidity and lethality of poison. Vāgbhaṭa marks the difference prognostically, āmaviṣa/viṣasaṃjñaka āmadoṣa is to be refused as a case."},{"term":"annaviṣa","why":"The compound actually used at Ca.Ci.15.46. Widely misquoted as āmaviṣa. Whether Charaka intended two terms or one is an open philological question; a lexicon should keep them as separate headwords until it is settled."},{"term":"viṣa (poison proper)","why":"Classical toxicology treats exogenous poisons as a separate discipline with its own nidāna and cikitsā (NAMASTE codes P, PA, PE series). āmaviṣa is endogenous and is called poison by analogy of behaviour, not by class membership."},{"term":"gara viṣa / dūṣīviṣa","why":"Artificial compounded poison and latent residual poison respectively, both exogenous, both distinct from āmaviṣa, and all three are routinely lumped together in popular 'ama = toxin' writing."},{"term":"asādhya-āmadoṣa","why":"NAMASTE's DA-1 'irremediable vitiated-आम' occupies the same prognostic slot Vāgbhaṭa assigns to viṣasaṃjñaka āmadoṣa. It may be the modern code equivalent, but no source I found says so."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"ama toxin","why":"Compounds the 'ama = toxin' error with redundancy: if āma is already a toxin, āmaviṣa becomes 'toxin-poison'. The whole point of the compound is that āma is NOT ordinarily a poison and becomes one only under specific conditions."},{"rendering":"food poisoning","why":"Tempting because of the viruddha-āhāra aetiology at Ca.Sū.26 and the 'annaviṣa' wording, but food poisoning is an acute exogenous microbial or chemical event; Ca.Sū.26.102 lists āmaviṣa alongside chronic conditions such as impotence, blindness, fistula-in-ano and leprosy."},{"rendering":"autointoxication","why":"Imports a discredited late-19th-century Western theory. Convenient rhetorically, historically loaded, and not what any source I retrieved says."},{"rendering":"endotoxaemia","why":"A specific biomedical identification with no supporting study of any kind. I found zero peer-reviewed literature on this term."}],"openQuestions":["Do printed critical editions read āmaviṣa or annaviṣa at Ca.Ci.15.46?","Which item in Kaviratna's Sūtrasthāna 26 English list renders āmaviṣa? Requires a page-level collation against his Sanskrit base text (Gaṅgādhara's recension).","Does Cakrapāṇi gloss āmaviṣa at Ca.Sū.26.102, and how?","Is NAMASTE's asādhya-āmadoṣa (DA-1) intended as the code equivalent of Vāgbhaṭa's viṣasaṃjñaka āmadoṣa?"],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/ama-visha/","canary":"0775de20eb1c47b3"},{"slug":"amla","page":"/lexicon/amla/","iast":"amla","devanagari":"अम्ल","alternates":["amla rasa","amlo rasaḥ","sour taste","acid taste"],"category":"dravyaguna-1","family":"pharmacology","renderings":[{"english":"Sour taste, having the acid taste","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"code SK0022","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Three separate entries: taste sense (SK0022, DG0025) and a Rasashastra sense where amla = acids used as processing media (RS0011). Comparator only.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"sour / the Sour Taste","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. A. C. Kaviratna (1896-1913), public domain","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Su.1 list of six tastes (his printed no. 64); Su.26 'The Sour Taste adds relish to food...' (his printed no. 59)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Consistently 'sour'. Note he also renders Pitta's quality amla as 'sour' in Su.1 (his 59).","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"acid (Amla) / an acid taste","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita tr. K. L. Bhishagratna (1907-1916), public domain, via wisdomlib","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Sutrasthana ch. XLII (Rasa-vishesha-vijnaniya)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Edwardian 'acid' = sour; modern readers may hear chemical acidity. Not a doctrine.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"sour","sourceName":"carakasamhitaonline.com editorial translation (modern, in copyright)","sourceKind":"modern textbook/online edition","locator":"Su.1.65 gloss","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Rendering noted as a fact about that source; not quotable at length.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"carakasamhitaonline.com editorial translation (modern, in copyright)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"\"carakasamhitaonline.com editorial translation (modern, in copyright)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation"}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"Standard (Trikamji, as numbered on carakasamhitaonline) 1.65; Kaviratna prints 64 AFTER the passage","establishes":"Amla is one of the six rasas. Sanskrit as retrieved: स्वादुरम्लोऽथ लवणः कटुकस्तिक्त एव च| कषायश्चेति षट्कोऽयं रसानां सङ्ग्रहः स्मृतः||६५|| (https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Deerghanjiviteeya_Adhyaya). Kaviratna's number 64 is one behind the standard here; recorded by reading, not conversion.","quote":"Sweet, sour, salt, pungent, bitter, and astringent, these are regarded as the sixfold catalogue of tastes.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"26","verse":"Standard 26.43, sub-section (2) as printed on carakasamhitaonline '(२)|४३|'; Kaviratna prints 59 (merits) and 60 (effects of excess) after the respective paragraphs, so there is no one-to-one mapping","establishes":"Karma and guna of amla rasa (laghu, ushna, snigdha). Sanskrit as retrieved: अम्लो रसो भक्तं रोचयति, अग्निं दीपयति, देहं बृंहयति ऊर्जयति, मनो बोधयति, इन्द्रियाणि दृढीकरोति, बलं वर्धयति, वातमनुलोमयति, हृदयं तर्पयति, आस्यमास्रावयति, भुक्तमपकर्षयति क्लेदयति जरयति, प्रीणयति, लघुरुष्णः स्निग्धश्च| (https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Atreyabhadrakapyiya_Adhyaya). Kaviratna's 'cools... the heart' renders hṛdayaṁ tarpayati (gratifies/nourishes), not a cold quality.","quote":"The Sour Taste adds relish to food ; excites the digestive fire ; gives nutrition to the body ; weakens objects by entering into them, enlivens the mind ; invigorates the senses ; increases the strength ; makes the wind flow in its natural course ; cools and gratifies the heart ; causes the mouth to be filled with saliva ; assists at deglutition ; generates impurities in the body ; and contributes to general cheerfulness. It is light, warm, and oily.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"26","verse":"Standard 26.40 (the mahabhuta-origin prose unit ends ||४०|| on carakasamhitaonline); Kaviratna prints 54","establishes":"Pañcabhautika constitution of amla: pṛthvī + agni. Agrees with Bhishagratna's Sushruta ('earth and fire').","quote":"From a preponderance of the attributes of Earth and Fire, arises the Taste called Sour.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"42 (Rasa-vishesha-vijnaniya)","verse":"Sanskrit verse number not established; Bhishagratna prints no verse numbers","establishes":"Sushruta's perceptual definition (lakshana) of amla. Same chapter, same page: 'An acid taste should be regarded as a digestant of assimilated food, and is endued with resolving, appetising and carminative properties. It sets in the natural emission of flatus and urine, restores the natural movements of the bowels, lessens the tendency to spasms, and gives rise to an acid (digestive) reaction in the stomach, and to a sensation of external shivering.' and 'An acid taste is pre-eminently possessed of attributes, which belong to the elementary principles of earth and fire.'","quote":"A taste, which produces tooth-edge and increased salivation, and increases the relish for food, is called acid (Amla).","translator":"K. L. Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc141672.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"26","verse":"Standard number NOT established (taste-identification block near chapter end); Kaviratna prints 31","establishes":"Charaka's perceptual test for amla rasa. Kaviratna's 31 is his own count in the closing verse block (which restarts); standard verse not verified.","quote":"From tenderness of the teeth, the appearance of saliva, of perspiration (on the body), awakening of the mouth, and a burning sensation of both the mouth and the throat, as soon as the object is placed in the mouth, one should say that its taste is Sour.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"Standard 1.60; Kaviratna prints 59","establishes":"Amla as a quality of pitta itself, not of a drug: Su 1/60 lists seven attributes of pitta, sasneha (slightly unctuous), uṣṇa, tīkṣṇa, drava, amla, sara, kaṭu, and says pitta is quickly pacified by substances of opposite qualities. Kaviratna's English matches the Sanskrit on four (hot, keen, sour, liquid) and departs from it on three ('cold' for sasneha, 'soft' for sara, 'bitter' for kaṭu). Only amla and drava are taken from this verse for the entry; the English is kept as a record of Kaviratna's rendering, with the Sanskrit as the authority.","quote":"सस्नेहमुष्णं तीक्ष्णं च द्रवमम्लं सरं कटु | विपरीतगुणैः पित्तं द्रव्यैराशु प्रशाम्यति ||६०|| Kaviratna (his 59): \"Bile, which may be cold, hot, keen, soft, sour, liquid, and bitter, is speedily cured by objects having adverse attributes.\"","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"āmalakī (Emblica officinalis), marketed as 'amla'","why":"Hindi/commercial 'amla' is the fruit; the Sanskrit guna-term amla is the sour taste. PubMed searches for 'amla' return the fruit almost exclusively."},{"term":"amla (Rasashastra sense)","why":"WHO RS0011 records amla as 'acids' used as media for purification processes, a pharmaceutical sense distinct from the rasa."},{"term":"amla as a Pitta quality","why":"Ca.Su.1.60 lists amla among Pitta's gunas; this describes the dosha, not a drug's rasa."},{"term":"anurasa amla","why":"A sour secondary taste perceived late or faintly (Ca.Su.26.28) is not the rasa proper."},{"term":"vidāhī","why":"'Producing burning' is a karma attributed to excess amla (Ca.Su.26.43) but is not the taste itself."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"acid","why":"Bhishagratna's Edwardian usage for sour; today it implies chemical pH or 'acidic foods' and misleads."},{"rendering":"Indian gooseberry / amla (fruit)","why":"Conflates the taste term with the fruit āmalakī."},{"rendering":"cooling (for 'hṛdayaṁ tarpayati')","why":"Kaviratna's 'cools and gratifies the heart' adds 'cools'; amla is ushna in the same sentence."}],"openQuestions":["Standard verse numbers for the Charaka taste-identification block (Kaviratna 30-35) and for Sushruta Su.42 passages were not established from a Sanskrit edition.","Whether modern taste-threshold/sensory methods (as attempted for kashaya, PMID 25558164) have been applied to amla was not found."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/amla/","canary":"1ac4a9f7b3658322"},{"slug":"annavaha-srotas","page":"/lexicon/annavaha-srotas/","iast":"annavaha srotas","devanagari":"अन्नवहस्रोतस्","alternates":["annavahāni srotāṃsi","annavahasrotaḥ","annavāhīni srotāṃsi (Ca.Vi.5/12)"],"category":"srotas (body channel) — anatomy/physiology","family":"body","renderings":[{"english":"Digestive tract","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standards-body comparator","locator":"ITA-2.5.9","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO description: 'The pathway for food in the process of digestion.'","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false},{"english":"Vitiation of channels carrying food","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standards-body comparator (disorder term)","locator":"ITA-5.5.4 annavahasrotoduṣṭiḥ","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false},{"english":"digestive tract","sourceName":"NAMASTE Portal, Standardised Ayurveda Terminologies","sourceKind":"national terminology comparator","locator":"SAT-B.478","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Definition: 'channels carrying food which is in the process of digestion'. WHO and NAMASTE agree exactly here, unusual among these terms.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology","downloadable":false},{"english":"derangement of annavahasrotas","sourceName":"NAMASTE National Ayurveda Morbidity Codes","sourceKind":"morbidity-code comparator","locator":"NAMC EB-1","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology"},{"english":"injury to food channels","sourceName":"NAMASTE National Ayurveda Morbidity Codes","sourceKind":"morbidity-code comparator","locator":"NAMC LH-4.2","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology"},{"english":"The foodcarrying Srotas (Æsophagus)","sourceName":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna, Sushruta Samhita (1911)","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Śārīrasthāna IX.11–12","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Bhishagratna narrows the channel to the oesophagus and glosses the 'food-carrying Dhamanis' as intestines.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"annavaha srotas (carrying food nutrients)","sourceName":"carakasamhitaonline.com (CSRTSL), 2020","sourceKind":"modern translation (in copyright; rendering recorded as comparator only)","locator":"Sroto Vimana","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"the CSRTSDC/Charak Samhita New Edition English, in copyright","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the CSRTSDC/Charak Samhita New Edition English, in copyright"}],"classical":[{"text":"Caraka Saṃhitā","sthana":"Vimāna Sthāna","chapter":"5","verse":"5/8","establishes":"Caraka's root = āmāśaya (stomach) and the LEFT side (vāmaṃ pārśvaṃ); vitiation signs = disinclination for food, anorexia, indigestion, vomiting.","quote":"अन्नवहानां स्रोतसामामाशयो मूलं वामं च पार्श्वं, प्रदुष्टानां तु खल्वेषामिदं विशेषविज्ञानं भवति;तद्यथा- अनन्नाभिलषणमरोचकविपाकौ छर्दिं च दृष्ट्वाऽन्नवहान्यस्य स्रोतांसि प्रदुष्टानीति विद्यात्|","translator":null,"licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Sroto_Vimana","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Caraka Saṃhitā","sthana":"Vimāna Sthāna","chapter":"5","verse":"5/12","establishes":"Causes of vitiation: excessive, untimely and unwholesome eating, and impaired agni.","quote":"अतिमात्रस्य चाकाले चाहितस्य च भोजनात्| अन्नवाहीनि दुष्यन्ति वैगुण्यात् पावकस्य च||१२||","translator":null,"licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Sroto_Vimana","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Suśruta Saṃhitā","sthana":"Śārīra Sthāna","chapter":"9","verse":"11–12 (Bhishagratna); cited as 9/12 elsewhere","establishes":"Suśruta's root = stomach + food-carrying dhamanīs. Agrees with Caraka on āmāśaya but replaces Caraka's 'left side' with the dhamanīs.","quote":"The foodcarrying Srotas (Æsophagus) have their roots in the Amashaya (stomach) and in the food-carrying Dhamanis (intestines). An injury to or piercing of such a duct (Srota), gives rise to tympanites, colic pain, aversion to food, vomiting, thirst, blindness or darkness of vision, or may even end in death.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1911)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-3-sharirasthana/d/doc142889.html","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"mahāsrotas","why":"WHO defines mahāsrotas (ITA.3.11.1) as 'The major inner cavity of the body from the mouth to anus', which overlaps annavaha srotas almost entirely but is a cavity term, not a transport-channel term; Caraka uses mahāsrotas as a root of prāṇavaha, not annavaha."},{"term":"āmāśaya / pakvāśaya","why":"These are organs (receptacles) named as roots; annavaha srotas is the conduit system rooted in them."},{"term":"purīṣavaha srotas","why":"Both are gut-located, but Caraka roots purīṣavaha in pakvāśaya + sthūlaguda, i.e. the distal gut, and assigns it excretory rather than alimentary function."},{"term":"rasavaha srotas","why":"The product of annavaha srotas' work (āhāra rasa) enters rasavaha srotas; texts and modern authors slide between them when discussing 'nutrition'."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"oesophagus","why":"Bhishagratna's parenthetical. The Sanskrit names no oesophagus; both Caraka and Suśruta root the channel in the stomach."},{"rendering":"the digestive system (as a whole, including liver/pancreas)","why":"Common textbook expansion. Caraka's named roots are stomach and the left flank only; liver and spleen belong to raktavaha srotas in the same passage."}],"openQuestions":["Does 'vāmaṃ pārśvam' refer to the spleen, the left hypochondrium, or the greater curvature of the stomach?","Is there any classical warrant for including hepatobiliary/pancreatic structures in annavaha srotas, or is that purely a modern biomedical mapping?"],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/annavaha-srotas/","canary":"c9d71730431fd83e"},{"slug":"anupana","page":"/lexicon/anupana/","iast":"anupāna","devanagari":"अनुपान","alternates":["anupanam","after-drink","post-prandial drink","vehicle","adjuvant"],"category":"dravyaguna-1","family":"pharmacology","renderings":[{"english":null,"sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"code SV0033","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Only the post-prandial-drink sense; the medicine-vehicle sense is absent from this entry.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Anupana (untranslated); 'fluid food or drink that is taken subsequently'; 'after-drink'; 'vehicle'","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. A. C. Kaviratna, public domain","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Su.27 anupana block and translator's footnotes; Fasciculus XIII abstract: 'Articles used as Anupana (i. e., as vehicles for medicines and as drinks with which a dinner or act of eating is to be concluded)'; Chikitsasthana footnote: ''Anupana' is after-drink. It means vehicle also.'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna explicitly flags two senses and says context decides; the most careful of the retrieved renderings.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"after-potion(s) / after-drink / 'drinks and potions which are found to be beneficial when taken after a certain kind of food (Anupanas.)'","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita tr. K. L. Bhishagratna, public domain, via wisdomlib","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Sutrasthana ch. XLVI, 'Anupana or After-Potions' section","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Dietary sense only in this chapter.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"post-prandial drink; anupana (vehicle)","sourceName":"carakasamhitaonline.com editorial translation (modern, in copyright)","sourceKind":"modern textbook/online edition","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":"Uses both senses side by side.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"carakasamhitaonline.com editorial translation (modern, in copyright)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"\"carakasamhitaonline.com editorial translation (modern, in copyright)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation"},{"english":"adjuvant","sourceName":"Peer-reviewed papers: Bhinde et al. AYU 2020 (PMID 34566379) 'Anupana (adjuvant)'; Varshanath et al. Front Nutr 2026 (PMID 41693945) 'adjuvant (Anupāna)'; Bali et al. JAIM 2022 (PMID 34794864) 'Anupana (adjuvant)'","sourceKind":"modern literature","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":"Dominant modern rendering; imports a pharmacological connotation absent from plain water-after-food usage.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Peer-reviewed papers: Bhinde et al. AYU 2020 (PMID 34566379) 'Anupana (adjuvant)'; Varshanath et al. Front Nutr 2026 (PMID 41693945) 'adjuvant (Anupāna)'; Bali et al. JAIM 2022 (PMID 34794864) 'Anupana (adjuvant)'\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"\"Peer-reviewed papers: Bhinde et al. AYU 2020 (PMID 34566379) 'Anupana (adjuvant)'; Varshanath et al. Front Nutr 2026 (PMID 41693945) 'adjuvant (Anupāna)'; Bali et al. JAIM 2022 (PMID 34794864) 'Anupana (adjuvant)'\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation"},{"english":"vehicle, adjuvant or synergist and carrier","sourceName":"Jaseela V K & Jyolsna G. Krishna, 'Anupana - A Critical Review', JAIMS 4(5) 2019","sourceKind":"modern literature (non-PubMed)","locator":"abstract","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Lists the candidate modern equivalents rather than choosing.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Jaseela V K & Jyolsna G. Krishna, 'Anupana - A Critical Review', JAIMS 4(5) 2019\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"\"Jaseela V K & Jyolsna G. Krishna, 'Anupana - A Critical Review', JAIMS 4(5) 2019\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation"}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"27","verse":"Standard 27.325 (prose) as numbered on carakasamhitaonline; Kaviratna's printed number for this prose unit is illegible in the OCR ('*™')","establishes":"The anupāna-karma list. Sanskrit as retrieved: अथानुपानकर्मगुणान्प्रवक्ष्यामः- अनुपानं तर्पयति, प्रीणयति, ऊर्जयति, बृंहयति, पर्याप्तिमभिनिर्वर्तयति, भुक्तमवसादयति, अन्नसङ्घातं भिनत्ति, मार्दवमापादयति, क्लेदयति, जरयति, सुखपरिणामितामाशुव्यवायितां चाहारस्योपजनयतीति॥३२५॥ (https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Annapanavidhi_Adhyaya). Kaviratna's 'sedative' renders tarpayati (satiates/refreshes), not a CNS effect; his parentheses are glosses.","quote":"I shall now speak of the effects of Anupana. Anupanas exercise a sedative and nutritive influence. They make the mind cheerful. They conduce to increase of energy. They produce the sensation of gratification after one has eaten. They moisten what is eaten (and thereby assist at digestion). They disjoin united food. They soften the food in the stomach. They cause the impurities to separate themselves from the food in the stomach. They cause the food to be digested. They contribute to that sensation of pleasure which arises after eating. They cause the food to extend its effects to all parts of the body.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"27","verse":"Standard 27.326; Kaviratna's printed number reads '328' in OCR (uncertain)","establishes":"Summary verse. Sanskrit as retrieved: अनुपानं हितं युक्तं तर्पयत्याशु मानवम्| सुखं पचति चाहारमायुषे च बलाय च||३२६||","quote":"(Here occur some verses.) An Anupana that is suitable is certainly beneficial. It soon exercises a sedative and nutritive influence on the body. It causes easy digestion of the food that has been eaten. It conduces to strength and long life.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"27","verse":"Standard 27.319; Kaviratna's printed number OCR'd as 'f821' (likely 321, unverified)","establishes":"Selection rule: opposite in guna to the food, not hostile to the dhatus. Sanskrit (IAST as retrieved): yadāhāraguṇaiḥ pānaṁ viparītaṁ tadiṣyatē| annānupānaṁ dhātūnāṁ dr̥ṣṭaṁ yanna virōdhi ca||319||. Kaviratna's footnote here: 'The word 'Anupana,' it should be noted, implies not only fluid food or drink that is taken subsequently, — that is, at the conclusion of a course of eating, — but also such fluids as are used as vehicles of medicines. — T.' (translator's note, not text).","quote":"That fluid food or drink should be taken subsequently which in qualities is the reverse of the food taken previously. It should be remembered, however, that the subsequent fluid food should not be hostile to the upholding ingredients of the body.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"27","verse":"Standard 27.321; Kaviratna's printed number OCR'd as '*28' (unverified)","establishes":"Dosha-wise anupana. Sanskrit (IAST as retrieved): snigdhōṣṇaṁ mārutē śastaṁ pittē madhuraśītalam| kaphē'nupānaṁ rūkṣōṣṇaṁ kṣayē māṁsarasaḥ param||321||","quote":"As regards such subsequent fluid food or drink, that which is oily and hot is praised in excitements of the wind ; that which is sweet and cooling is praised in excitements of the bile ; that which is dry and hot is praised in excitements of the phlegm ; while in emaciation and waste, the juice of meat is highly beneficial.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"27","verse":"Standard Ca.Su.27.327-328 (carakasamhitaonline Annapanavidhi: nordhvangamarutavishta na hikkashvasakasinah | na gitabhashyadhyayanaprasakta norasi kshatah ||327|| pibeyurudakam bhuktva taddhi kanthorasi sthitam | snehamaharajam hatva bhuyo doshaya kalpate ||328||). Kaviratna prints '329-30' after this paragraph on his p. 387 (the djvu OCR '323-20' is a misread); he is two ahead of standard here (his 327 = std 325, his 328 = std 326).","establishes":"Contraindication of drinking water after a meal (Ca.Su.27.327-328). The Sanskrit names four classes who should not: (1) those with vata disturbed in the upper body (urdhvanga-maruta-avishta); (2) sufferers from hiccup, dyspnoea and cough (hikka-shvasa-kasin); (3) those engaged in singing, lecturing or recitation (gita-bhashya-adhyayana-prasakta); (4) those with chest injury (urasi kshata). Reason given: the water lodged in throat and chest destroys the sneha of the food and produces further dosha. Kaviratna's rendering 'asthma and consumption' is his, not the text's: the Samhita says hiccup, dyspnoea and cough, and says nothing of consumption (kshaya/rajayakshma). Parallel in Sushruta Su.46 below.","quote":"Those persons the upper parts of whose bodies are afflicted with wind, those persons who are afflicted with asthma and consumption, those persons who are generally engaged in singing or speaking aloud or reading aloud, and those who have sores or wounds on the chest, should not drink water after having taken their food, for, if they drink, that water, remaining in their throat or chest, will destroy the oily secretions of the food previously taken, and generate many faults.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"46 (Annapana-vidhi)","verse":"Sanskrit verse numbers not established; Bhishagratna prints none","establishes":"Sushruta's list of anupanas. Same page: 'Of all kinds of after-potions, clear heavenly (atmospheric) water, kept in a pure vessel, should be deemed the best'; benefits: 'A proper after-potion taken after a meal brings on a fresh relish for food, increases the bulk of the body, acts as a spermatopoietic beverage, disintegrates the combination or accumulation of the deranged bodily humours, soothes the organism, increases the softness of the body, removes the sense of fatigue and exhaustion, brings on pleasurable sensations in its train, stimulates the appetite, subdues or pacifies the deranged bodily humours, allays the thirst, improves the complexion, and imparts tone and vigour to the system.'; contraindication: 'Hence, the use of an afterpotion is imperatively obligatory on all human beings, except those suffering from dyspnea, cough, ulcerative endocarditis (Urahkshata), ptyalism, aphonia, and from diseases affecting the part of the body situated above the clavicles.' ('ulcerative endocarditis' is Bhishagratna's gloss of urahkshata.)","quote":"Cold water and warm water, Asava (wine), Madya (spirits), the soup of Mudga pulse etc., the juice of acid fruits, sour paddy gruel, milk and essence of meat are generally used as drinks after a full meal. Of these, that alone which would prove beneficial to a person should be given him in an adequate quantity.","translator":"K. L. Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc141678.html","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"sahapāna","why":"Later pharmaceutical usage distinguishes a liquid taken together with the medicine (saha) from one taken after (anu). Classical source for this distinction was NOT retrieved; verify before use."},{"term":"yogavāhī","why":"A property of a substance (e.g., honey) to carry others' properties (PMID 28827948 frames it as a bioenhancer property); anupana is the administered liquid, not a property."},{"term":"bioavailability enhancer / bioenhancer (e.g., Pippali)","why":"Those are co-administered drugs; anupana may be plain water (Sushruta: atmospheric water is the best anupana)."},{"term":"pharmaceutical vehicle / excipient","why":"An excipient is part of the dosage form; anupana is taken separately after/with it, and in Su.27 and Su.46 it is primarily a dietary after-drink."},{"term":"pāna / peya (drinks in general)","why":"Anupana is defined relative to a preceding food or drug, not as a class of beverage."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"adjuvant","why":"Modern dominant rendering; implies a second active agent, whereas classical anupana includes water and is defined by its relation (anu) to food/medicine."},{"rendering":"vehicle (alone)","why":"Drops the post-prandial dietary sense which is the whole of Su.Su.46 and most of Ca.Su.27."},{"rendering":"post-prandial drink (alone)","why":"Drops the medicine-vehicle sense Kaviratna's footnote and the Chikitsasthana usage attest."},{"rendering":"sedative (Kaviratna for tarpayati)","why":"Edwardian 'sedative' = soothing; not a CNS depressant claim."}],"openQuestions":["Kaviratna's printed numbers in the Su.27 anupana block are OCR-damaged; read the scan to record them.","Sanskrit verse numbers for the Su.Su.46 anupana section (a search result cited 46/367-383 for various lines but this was not verified).","Whether any trial has isolated anupana as an independent variable: none found in the searches run."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/anupana/","canary":"77c4971658d11cb0"},{"slug":"anupashaya","page":"/lexicon/anupashaya/","iast":"anupaśaya","devanagari":"अनुपशय","alternates":["anupaśayaḥ","anupasaya","asātmya (as equated by Vagbhata and Madhavakara)","viparīta-upaśaya (contrasted usage)"],"category":"nidana","family":"disease","renderings":[{"english":"Differential diagnosis upheld by negative treatment response","sourceName":"WHO international standard terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standards body","locator":"ITA-4.5.15","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO's head term, and it is NOT simply the negation of ITA-4.5.6, it has its own code and its own description. Full description: 'Signs and symptoms of aggravation signifying ineffective intervention of diet and medicines.; one of the diagnostic tools when a disease or condition cannot be interpreted merely by its clinical features.' The stray punctuation is in the WHO text as extracted. The second clause is important: WHO states the indication for the procedure, which it does not do for upaśaya.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"aggravating and relieving factors","sourceName":"WHO international standard terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standards body","locator":"ITA-4.3.2 description","verbatim":true,"assessment":"The 'aggravating' half of WHO's looser gloss inside the pentad entry. Same inconsistency as recorded under upaśaya: a history-taking phrase at 4.3.2, a therapeutic-trial inference at 4.5.15.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"not separately rendered","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (public domain)","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"NEGATIVE FINDING. Kaviratna's Nidana Sthanam Lesson I renders upaśaya and its footnote at length and gives anupaśaya no separate definition or gloss, because Charaka's text gives it none at that point. There is therefore no public-domain English rendering of a definition of this term, and that is a real result rather than a gap in searching.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true},{"english":"increasing the discomfort","sourceName":"easyayurveda.com rendering of Madhava Nidana 1.8-9","sourceKind":"modern textbook website","locator":"MN 1.8-9","verbatim":true,"assessment":"In-copyright comparator. Full clause on the retrieved page: 'The opposite of upashaya is anupasaya (increasing the discomfort) or asaatmya (incompatible) to the disease.'","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"easyayurveda.com rendering of Madhava Nidana 1.8-9\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"Anupashaya ... considered as Asatmya (unsuitable) to the disease","sourceName":"easyayurveda.com rendering of Ashtanga Hridaya Ni. 1.7","sourceKind":"modern textbook website","locator":"AH Ni. 1.7","verbatim":true,"assessment":"In-copyright comparator. Vagbhata defines it purely by opposition: 'The opposite of Upashaya is Anupashaya and is considered as Asatmya (unsuitable) to the disease.'","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"easyayurveda.com rendering of Ashtanga Hridaya Ni. 1.7\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"not covered","sourceName":"ICD-11 Traditional Medicine Module 2","sourceKind":"classification","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"NEGATIVE, PARTLY VERIFIED ONLY. TM2 codes disorders and patterns, not diagnostic procedures. I could not query it: every search URL returned 404.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Nidāna Sthāna","chapter":"1 (Jvara Nidāna)","verse":"21 (liṅga of vātaja jvara)","establishes":"THE FINDING THAT MATTERS FOR THIS TERM. Charaka never defines anupaśaya in Nidāna Sthāna 1, but he USES it, three times, inside the sign-lists of the fever types: anupaśaya of the stated nidāna together with upaśaya of its contraries is itself listed among the LIṄGA of vātaja fever. So for Charaka the pair functions as a sign, not only as a separate member of the pentad. The hyphen in निदानोक्तानाम-नुपशयो is a line-break artifact on the retrieved page, preserved verbatim. Retrieved and string-matched by me.","quote":"उष्णाभिप्रायता, निदानोक्तानाम-नुपशयो विपरीतोपशयश्चेति वातज्वरस्य लिङ्गानि भवन्ति||२१||","translator":"none (Sanskrit mūla)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Jwara_Nidana","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Nidāna Sthāna","chapter":"1 (Jvara Nidāna)","verse":"24 (liṅga of pittaja jvara)","establishes":"The same formula for pittaja fever, here without the line-break hyphen, which confirms the reading of verse 21. A parallel clause appears again at verse 27 for śleṣmaja fever. Three occurrences establish it as a standing formula rather than an isolated usage.","quote":"अतिमात्रं दाहः, शीताभिप्रायता, निदानोक्तानुपशयो विपरीतोपशयश्चेति पित्तज्वरलिङ्गानि भवन्ति||२४||","translator":"none (Sanskrit mūla)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Jwara_Nidana","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Nidāna Sthāna","chapter":"1 (Jvara Nidāna)","verse":"10","establishes":"Recorded here because it is the whole of what Charaka's definitional passage says about the pair: it defines upaśaya only. Anupaśaya must be read off it by negation, which is why Vagbhata's explicit treatment at AH Ni. 1.7 matters.","quote":"उपशयः पुनर्हेतुव्याधिविपरीतानां विपरीतार्थकारिणां चौषधाहारविहाराणामुपयोगः सुखानुबन्धः||१०||","translator":"none (Sanskrit mūla)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Jwara_Nidana","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Ashtanga Hridaya","sthana":"Nidāna Sthāna","chapter":"1 (Sarvaroga Nidāna)","verse":"7","establishes":"The first explicit definition in the three texts: anupaśaya is the viparīta of upaśaya and is asātmya for the disease. Devanagari mūla sighted on the retrieved page, including the sandhi form विपरीतोऽनुपशयो in the second half of the verse; not quoted per the rule for this text.","quote":null,"translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/2024/03/14/sarvaroga-nidana-general-disease-diagnosis-ashtanga-hridaya-nidanasthana-1/","checked":"address only, nothing quoted to check"},{"text":"Madhava Nidana","sthana":null,"chapter":"1 (Pañca Nidāna Lakṣaṇa)","verse":"8-9","establishes":"Madhavakara follows Vagbhata. The retrieved page also records the structural oddity that Madhava Nidana defines upaśaya and anupaśaya in chapter 1 and then omits them from the per-disease compilations that make up the rest of the book.","quote":null,"translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/2023/03/22/pancha-nidana-madhava-nidana-1/","checked":"address only, nothing quoted to check"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"upaśaya","why":"Its pair, but not its mirror image in every source. Charaka defines only upaśaya; Vagbhata defines anupaśaya by opposition; WHO gives them separate codes with different descriptions, and only the anupaśaya entry states the indication for using the procedure."},{"term":"asātmya","why":"Vagbhata and Madhavakara equate the two FOR A GIVEN DISEASE. But asātmya in general Ayurvedic usage means unsuitability to a person, season or region, a constitutional notion, and asātmyendriyārtha-saṃyoga (WHO ITA-4.4.10) is one of the three primary causes of disease. The equation is local to this chapter and the general sense is a different concept."},{"term":"adverse drug reaction","why":"The obvious modern reading and wrong in purpose. An ADR is harm to be avoided and reported; anupaśaya is information deliberately sought. The physical event can be identical and the epistemic status is opposite."},{"term":"treatment failure","why":"Treatment failure is the non-attainment of a therapeutic goal. Anupaśaya presupposes there was no therapeutic goal, the agent was given to classify, not to cure."},{"term":"nidānokta-anupaśaya (as a liṅga)","why":"Charaka's actual usage at Ni. 1.21, 1.24 and 1.27: non-relief from what the stated nidāna would predict, appearing inside a sign list. This is anupaśaya operating as evidence WITHIN rūpa, not as the pentad's fourth member. The two roles are routinely merged."},{"term":"vyādhi-pratyanīka vs hetu-pratyanīka failure","why":"Charaka's upaśaya definition distinguishes agents opposite to the cause from agents opposite to the disease. Non-relief therefore has at least two different diagnostic meanings depending on which relation the agent bore, and calling both 'anupaśaya' without saying which loses the inference."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"aggravating factors","why":"WHO's own looser phrase at ITA-4.3.2. Turns a physician-initiated probe into a history item, and drops the requirement that the agent stood in a defined viparīta relation."},{"rendering":"contraindication","why":"A contraindication is a prior prohibition. Anupaśaya is a posterior observation, and the agent was deliberately given."},{"rendering":"intolerance","why":"Locates the finding in the patient's constitution. The classical inference is about the DISEASE: non-relief reclassifies the illness, not the person."},{"rendering":"negative treatment response","why":"WHO's own description phrase, and it imports an outcome-measure framing. The head term at ITA-4.5.15 is better because it names the inference."},{"rendering":"absence of upaśaya","why":"Too weak. Vagbhata's asātmya and WHO's 'signs and symptoms of AGGRAVATION' both require a positive worsening, not merely a failure to improve. Nothing happening is a third outcome that neither term covers."}],"openQuestions":["Whether anything at all has been published on this term. PubMed returns ZERO records for the query 'anupashaya', I ran it and the count was 0. Not one paper. The modern array is empty for that reason and this is a verified negative, not an unsearched gap.","What Charaka's Ni. 1.21/1.24/1.27 formula means precisely, whether 'nidānokta-anupaśaya' there means non-relief on withdrawal of the stated cause, or aggravation on exposure to it. The Sanskrit is compressed and I did not retrieve a commentary. This changes whether the passage is about upaśaya-style probing or about nidāna confirmation, and it should not be resolved by guessing.","Whether a distinct third outcome (no change either way) is recognised anywhere. Neither Charaka's definition nor WHO's two entries provide for it.","Whether Sushruta uses the term. Not located in my full-text search of Bhishagratna's Sūtrasthāna volume."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/anupashaya/","canary":"03de0de20a4d000d"},{"slug":"anurasa","page":"/lexicon/anurasa/","iast":"anurasa","devanagari":"अनुरस","alternates":["anu-rasa","secondary taste","subordinate taste","sub-taste","after-taste"],"category":"dravyaguna-1","family":"pharmacology","renderings":[{"english":null,"sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"code DG0033","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Three-part definition (late / faint / latent) which tracks Ca.Su.26.28 and Chakrapani.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"the subordinate or unmanifest taste; 'subordinate taste'","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. A. C. Kaviratna, public domain","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Su.26, his printed no. 43 (= standard 26.28) and his footnote citing Chakrapani","verbatim":true,"assessment":"'Unmanifest' conflates anurasa with avyakta (the 8th 'taste' of Vadisha-Dhamargava, Su.26.9/his 13) which he renders 'that which remains in an unmanifest form'.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"Anurasa (untranslated, paired with Rasa)","sourceName":"Vaghela et al., AYU 2012 (PMID 23723675)","sourceKind":"modern literature","locator":null,"locatorWithheld":"\"Vaghela et al., AYU 2012 (PMID 23723675)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Shows field usage: anurasa as a second, weaker taste reported alongside the primary.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Vaghela et al., AYU 2012 (PMID 23723675)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"secondary taste / sub-taste / after-taste","sourceName":"Common textbook and web renderings","sourceKind":"textbook (not verified against a retrieved textbook page)","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"Listed because they are ubiquitous; no specific textbook page was retrieved to anchor them. Treat as unverified.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"26","verse":"Standard 26.28 (carakasamhitaonline ||२८||); Kaviratna prints 43 AFTER the passage, i.e., fifteen AHEAD of standard here because he numbers prose paragraphs individually","establishes":"The defining verse. Sanskrit as retrieved: व्यक्तः शुष्कस्य चादौ च रसो द्रव्यस्य लक्ष्यते| विपर्ययेणानुरसो रसो नास्ति हि सप्तमः||२८|| (https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Atreyabhadrakapyiya_Adhyaya). Kaviratna's footnote (translator's note, not text): 'Literally rendered, the verse, therefore, is this : \"of a dry object or (the same when wet), at the outset or (at the end), that taste which is manifest, is (truly) the taste : the taste that is perceptible otherwise is the subordinate taste.\" Chakrapani goes on to explain : take Piper longum ; when drenched or soaked in water, its taste is sweet ; when dry, it is Pungent. The latter is its taste ; take dried grapes ; when dry, they are sweet ; when drenched, they are sweet. There being no difference, Sweet is its taste. Take any of the liquids, say, kanjika or sour gruel of rice. That taste which becomes perceptible at the outset is its true taste. That which is perceived afterwards is its subordinate taste.'","quote":"That taste which becomes manifest, of a dry or wet object, at the outset or at the end, is called its (true) taste. That taste which becomes perceptible otherwise or in succession is called the subordinate or unmanifest taste. There is, however nothing in such subordinate or unmanifest taste that can exclude it from the six original or independent Tastes, for there is no seventh taste as already explained.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"26","verse":"Standard 26.9 (the Atreya prose unit ending ||९||); Kaviratna prints 18 for this sentence","establishes":"First occurrence of anurasa in the chapter: tastes exist unmanifest (avyaktībhāva) in their prakṛti (water), in an anurasa, and in a substance possessing an anurasa. Sanskrit as retrieved: अव्यक्तीभावस्तु खलु रसानां प्रकृतौ भवत्यनुरसेऽनुरससमन्विते वा द्रव्ये. Kaviratna's footnote: 'The mention, in the text, of 'Anurasa-samanvite dravye' after that of 'Anurase' seems to be superfluous, unless it be the intention of the Rishi to refer to the abstract and the concrete separately. — T.' OCR quote has a damaged word ('tA unm^fest') normalised here as 'the unmanifest'.","quote":"Without doubt, in their original refuge the unmanifest existence (or presence) of the Tastes. So also in their combinations where particular ones predominate. So too in objects in which are combinations (of the Tastes) with particular ones predominating.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"rasa (pradhāna/vyakta rasa)","why":"The manifest taste in the dry state or at first contact (Ca.Su.26.28); anurasa is what is perceived otherwise."},{"term":"avyakta rasa (the 'eighth taste' of Vadisha-Dhamargava)","why":"Rejected by Atreya in Su.26; Kaviratna's word 'unmanifest' for anurasa blurs the two."},{"term":"vipāka","why":"Post-digestive transformation of taste (Su.26: 'The Sour taste changes into the Sour'); often mislabelled 'after-taste'."},{"term":"prabhāva","why":"Specific unexplained action, not a perceived taste."},{"term":"saṁyukta/mixed rasas (the 63 combinations)","why":"Combinations of co-equal tastes; anurasa is a subordinate perception within one substance."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"after-taste","why":"Captures only the 'at the end' criterion; Ca.Su.26.28 also uses dry vs. wet state and intensity, and WHO adds 'latent'."},{"rendering":"unmanifest taste","why":"Kaviratna's gloss; avyakta is a different (rejected) category in the same chapter."},{"rendering":"seventh taste","why":"The verse itself denies a seventh rasa; anurasa is one of the six at lower manifestation."}],"openQuestions":["Whether Sushruta Su.42 Sanskrit uses anurasa (Bhishagratna's English has no such passage); not checked in a Sanskrit edition.","Textbook renderings ('secondary taste', 'sub-taste') need anchoring to a specific textbook page."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/anurasa/","canary":"a9e6b1cf391d8b43"},{"slug":"apana-vata","page":"/lexicon/apana-vata/","iast":"apāna vāta","devanagari":"अपानः","alternates":["apāna vāyu","apāna","apana vayu","apana vata"],"category":"vata-subtypes","family":"dosha","renderings":[{"english":"Descending vata","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","sourceKind":"terminology standard","locator":"Term ID ITA-2.1.1.6","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO's description: 'Subtype of vata seated in the pelvic region and its vicinity. It exerts a downward force. It controls functions like defecation, micturition, parturition, menstruation and ejaculation.' This is the closest agreement between WHO and the classical loci of any term in the set, it matches Charaka Ci.28.10-11, Sushruta Ni.1.19 and AH Su.12.9 almost item for item. Lemma is bare apānaḥ.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false},{"english":"the Apana (left untranslated); 'acts in the lower region of the intestines (Pakvadhana)'","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, tr. Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (public domain)","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Nidanasthana ch. 1, Bhishagratna's section 11","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Untranslated name plus a functional gloss. Bhishagratna's 'Pakvadhana' transliterates pakvādhāna (the receptacle of the digested).","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"Apana — one of the 'five airs or breaths'; 'the second is that which has a downward course'","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (public domain)","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Sutrasthana, translator's footnote","verbatim":true,"assessment":"The only public-domain English gloss of apāna available, and it captures only the direction, not the seat or the five expulsions.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":null,"englishWithheld":"this project has not cleared that source for quotation","sourceName":"Kerala Tourism (Government of Kerala)","sourceKind":"government popular-reference page","locator":"keralatourism.org/ayurveda/pathology/five-vatas","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Narrower than the classical loci: it reduces apāna to excretion and omits parturition (garbha-niṣkramaṇa) and menstruation (ārtava), both of which are explicit in Charaka Ci.28.10-11, Sushruta Ni.1.19 and AH Su.12.9.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Kerala Tourism (Government of Kerala)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":null,"englishWithheld":"this project has not cleared that source for quotation","sourceName":"siva.sh, gloss accompanying Ashtanga Hridaya Sutrasthana 12.9","sourceKind":"online textbook gloss","locator":"siva.sh/astanga-hrudaya/sutra-sthana/12/9","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Complete five-item function list; a common modern textbook rendering. Note it renders the word apāna twice in the same sentence with two different senses (the subtype, and the large intestine), an instance of the polysemy noted under distinguishFrom.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"siva.sh, gloss accompanying Ashtanga Hridaya Sutrasthana 12.9\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false}],"classical":[{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Nidanasthana","chapter":"1 (Vatavyadhi Nidana)","verse":"Bhishagratna's section 11 = Sanskrit 1.19-20a","establishes":"Sushruta seats apāna in the pakvādhāna and gives it five downward expulsions, foetus, faeces, urine, semen and menstrual blood, with its disorders localised to basti (bladder) and guda (anus/rectum). Corresponding Sanskrit, cross-checked at a separate URL: 'पक्वाधानालयोऽपानः काले कर्षति चाप्यधः | समीरणः शकृन्मूत्रं शुक्रगर्भार्तवानि च ||१९|| क्रुद्धश्च कुरुते रोगान् घोरान् बस्तिगुदाश्रयान् |२०|'. Note the Sanskrit adds 'kāle', it draws these down AT THE PROPER TIME, which Bhishagratna does not render.","quote":"The Vayu known as the Apana acts in the lower region of the intestines (Pakvadhana). Its functions consist in bearing down the fetus and the feces and in evacuating the urine, semen and catamenial blood. An enraged condition of this Vayu tends to bring on serious diseases, which are peculiar to the urinary bladder and the distal portion of the large intestine (Guda).","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1911)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-2-nidanasthana/d/doc142857.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Chikitsasthana","chapter":"28 (Vatavyadhi Chikitsa)","verse":"28.10-11","establishes":"Charaka gives apāna the widest seat list of any subtype: vṛṣaṇau (testes), basti (bladder), meḍhra (penis), nābhi and ūrū (navel and thighs), vaṅkṣaṇau (groins) and guda (anus); situated in the intestines, it releases semen, urine, faeces, menstrual fluid and the foetus. Verse 11 closes the whole five-subtype passage with the statement that when all five are in their proper seats and functioning, the body is sustained free of disease. NOTE: the retrieved page prints 'नाम्भूरू', which is almost certainly a transcription slip for नाभ्यूरू (nābhi + ūrū, navel and thighs). I have quoted the page exactly as retrieved rather than silently correcting it.","quote":"वृषणौ बस्तिमेढ्रं च नाम्भूरू वङ्क्षणौ गुदम् | अपानस्थानमन्त्रस्थः शुक्रमूत्रशकृन्ति [२] च ||१०|| सृजत्यार्तवगर्भौ च युक्ताः स्थानस्थिताश्च ते | स्वकर्म कुर्वते देहो धार्यते तैरनामयः ||११||","translator":"None quoted — Sanskrit mūla only","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Vatavyadhi_Chikitsa","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Nidanasthana","chapter":"1 (Vatavyadhi Nidana)","verse":"Bhishagratna's section 12 = Sanskrit 1.20b-21a","establishes":"A combined vyāna-apāna pathology (prameha and śukra disorders), and the prognosis of simultaneous derangement of all five.","quote":"An aggravated condition of both the Vyana and Apana Vayus may produce Prameha and disorders of the seminal fluid, while a simultaneous excitement of the five vital Vayus leads to a sure and speedy termination of life.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1911)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-2-nidanasthana/d/doc142857.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"Lesson XII (Vatakalakaliya) in Kaviratna's numbering","verse":"Kaviratna's section 6","establishes":"Names apāna as one of the five in a lawfully quotable English Charaka. No seat or function given.","quote":"It exists in the fivefold form of Prana, Udana, Samana, Vyana, and Apana.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Ashtanga Hridaya","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"12 (Doshabhediya)","verse":"12.9","establishes":"Vagbhata gives apāna a single self-contained verse: seated in the apāna (large intestine/rectum), ranging over the pelvis (śroṇi), bladder (basti), genitals (meḍhra) and thighs (ūru), and performing the expulsion of semen, menstrual fluid, faeces, urine and the foetus. The verse opens 'apāno 'pānagaḥ', using the word apāna twice in two senses in three syllables. Sanskrit mūla and verse number verified on the retrieved page; not quoted, as Ashtanga Hridaya has no public-domain English translation.","quote":null,"translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://www.siva.sh/astanga-hrudaya/sutra-sthana/12/9","checked":"address only, nothing quoted to check"},{"text":"Sharngadhara Samhita","sthana":"Purva Khanda","chapter":"5 (Kaladikakhyana); and ch. 2 (Bhaishajyakhyanaka)","verse":"5.27-28; and PK 2","establishes":"PK 5.27-28: the seat list begins with malāśaya (the receptacle of waste), which the naming verse maps to apāna. Separately, Purva Khanda 2 states that medicine is best given BEFORE food when apāna is disordered (भैषज्यं विगुणेऽपाने भोजनाग्रे प्रशस्यते), a rare classical instance of a vāta subtype determining drug timing, and useful evidence that the subtypes were treated as clinically operative, not merely descriptive. Sanskrit mūla verified on the retrieved page; not quoted, as Sharngadhara has no public-domain English translation.","quote":null,"translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://vedicreserve.miu.edu/sharngadhara/Sharngadhar_Purva_new.html","checked":"address only, nothing quoted to check"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"apāna as the anus / large intestine (the anatomical sense)","why":"The single most confusing feature of this term. Sanskrit apāna denotes both the vāta subtype AND the lower bowel or anus. Ashtanga Hridaya Su.12.9 opens 'apāno 'pānagaḥ' — 'apāna, which goes in the apāna' — and modern glosses render this as 'Apana Vata is located in the Apana – large intestine'. Reading the second occurrence as the subtype produces a circular definition."},{"term":"samāna vāta","why":"Both operate in the pakvāśaya. The division of labour is that samāna separates the nutrient essence from the waste and apāna expels the waste. Sushruta gives samāna an explicit pakvāśaya range (Ni.1.16), so the two genuinely overlap in that text."},{"term":"apāna vāyu of yoga","why":"The yogic apāna is the downward current worked with in mūla bandha and aśvinī mudrā, tied to the mūlādhāra cakra. The Ayurvedic apāna is defined by five specific expulsions and a seat list of organs. The overlap is real (both downward, both pelvic) which is why the conflation goes unnoticed."},{"term":"vyāna vāta","why":"Sushruta Ni.1.20 pairs them: aggravated together they produce prameha and śukra disorders. Because apāna alone governs śukra expulsion, papers sometimes cite the combined statement as though it were about apāna alone."},{"term":"vāta in pakvāśaya generally","why":"Classical Ayurveda calls the pakvāśaya the general seat (sthāna) of the vāta doṣa as a whole. Not every vāta pathology localised to the colon is an apāna pathology, though clinical writing often treats the two as equivalent."},{"term":"adhoga vāta / flatus","why":"'Adhoga vāta' in clinical usage often just means flatus. Apāna is the agency that moves it downward, not the gas itself. The easyayurveda gloss on Su.Ni.1.19 lists 'flatus' first among what apāna eliminates, which makes the slide easy."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"flatulence / gas / wind","why":"Confuses the subtype with one of the substances it expels. 'Apana' is not a synonym for flatus in any of the classical loci retrieved."},{"rendering":"the elimination vata / the excretory vata","why":"Drops parturition and menstruation, which are explicit in Charaka Ci.28.10-11, Sushruta Ni.1.19 and AH Su.12.9. Apāna governs downward release generally, including reproductive events that are not excretion. The Kerala Tourism rendering makes exactly this cut."},{"rendering":"the Hypogastric plexus","why":"Bhishagratna's 1911 footnote, 'the Apana is identical with the force of the Hypogastric plexus'. A colonial-era neuroanatomical equation from a translator's note, frequently requoted as if it were Sushruta's own statement."},{"rendering":"the root chakra / mūlādhāra","why":"Imported from yoga. No classical Ayurvedic locus for apāna mentions a cakra; the seat lists are anatomical (testes, bladder, penis, groins, anus, thighs)."},{"rendering":"the colon","why":"An organ-for-agency substitution. The colon is where apāna acts (and, confusingly, is also called apāna). Rendering the subtype AS the colon collapses the very distinction AH Su.12.9's wordplay depends on."}],"openQuestions":["Does a second Sanskrit edition of Charaka Ci.28.10 read नाभ्यूरू rather than the नाम्भूरू printed on the page I retrieved?","Is the 'kāle' (at the proper time) qualifier in Sushruta Ni.1.19 discussed by Dalhana, and does any modern rendering preserve it?","Does NAMASTE assign apāna vāta a Sharira Kriya code, and does its English term follow WHO's 'Descending vata'?","Sharngadhara PK 2 ties drug timing to which subtype is disordered. Is that scheme found earlier, or is it Sharngadhara's innovation?"],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/apana-vata/","canary":"a9f459d4c4a16011"},{"slug":"apara-ojas","page":"/lexicon/apara-ojas/","iast":"apara-ojas","devanagari":null,"alternates":["aparaujas","apara oja","ślaiṣmika ojas (a name used in the secondary literature on the ground that its properties resemble ślesman)","upacaya-lakṣaṇa ojas (a name attributed to Dalhaṇa in secondary sources, unverified)"],"category":"dhatu","family":"body","renderings":[{"english":"Apara that is present all over the body","sourceName":"National Institute of Ayurveda, WHO-APW project terminology list","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"within entry SK0134","verbatim":true,"assessment":"COMPARATOR, and the only standard-type source retrieved that records the division. No separate code, no quantity given.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Of the Ojas the measure is the same (as above)","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Śārīrasthāna 7 (Śarīra-saṅkhyā), the añjali-pramāṇa list; the preceding entries are 'Of the Brain the measure is half an añjali' and 'Of the Semen the measure is the same'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Public domain. This is the ardha-añjali measure, and it is the measure of ojas simpliciter in the mūla, which later tradition assigns to apara ojas.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"inferior ojas / secondary ojas / mediocre ojas","sourceName":"common English-language Ayurveda literature and BAMS teaching","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"All in use; 'mediocre' is a poor calque of apara and appears in several review articles.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true},{"english":"(no entry)","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"searched the full 608-page text; no entry for apara ojas","verbatim":false,"assessment":"Real negative finding. WHO treats ojas as undivided.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true},{"english":"apara ojas (untranslated)","sourceName":"J Ayurveda Integr Med, PMID 41289791 (2025)","sourceKind":"paper","locator":null,"locatorWithheld":"\"J Ayurveda Integr Med, PMID 41289791 (2025)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","verbatim":true,"assessment":"A recent peer-reviewed paper uses the term untranslated and treats it as the diet- and drug-responsive, circulating fraction. Useful evidence that the division is live in current research usage.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"J Ayurveda Integr Med, PMID 41289791 (2025)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Śārīrasthāna","chapter":"7 (Śarīra-saṅkhyā)","verse":"within the añjali-pramāṇa list, closing at Kaviratna's v.16","establishes":"Ojas is half an añjali, the same as semen and brain. This is the sole quantitative statement about ojas verified in a public-domain source, and it is the ardha-añjali figure that later tradition assigns to apara ojas. Chapter identity confirmed from the colophon: 'Thus ends the Seventh Lesson, called Carira-sankhya, in the Division called Carira'. Commonly cited as Ca.Śā.7/15; Kaviratna's numbering closes the section at 16. OCR of this passage is poor and the wording above preserves its typography.","quote":"Of the Marrow the measure is 1 'anjali.' Of the Brain the measure is half an 'anjali.' Of the Semen the measure is the same (as above). Of the Ojas the measure is. the same (as above ).","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Śārīrasthāna","chapter":"7","verse":"translator's footnote to the añjali list","establishes":"A live variant-reading dispute: Gangādhara read the añjali entry as ślesman-of-the-ojas kind; Kaviratna rejects it. This is the textual root of the ślaiṣmika ojas name now attached to apara ojas, and it rests on a reading Kaviratna calls evidently incorrect. OCR is poor here; the Sanskrit is garbled in the scan and is reproduced as found.","quote":"Some. texts read 'yleshmanajcliaujasah.' Gangadhara-, following this, reading, explains it as meaning 'the particular kind of phlegm known as. ojas.' This can be hardly correct. The 'ojas' has been before described. It is not regarded as any kind of phlegm. On the other hand, it is the blood of blood, the mosjt vital 'dhatu' in the body. The reading is evidently incorrect.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"15","verse":"not numbered in Bhishagratna","establishes":"Body-wide pervasion, and gradual rather than immediate consequence of its loss. Both features are what later tradition assigns to apara rather than para ojas. Sushruta himself makes no such division.","quote":"The whole body with its limbs and members is permeated with Ojas, and a loss or diminution in its natural quantity leads to the gradual emaciation (and ultimate dissolution) of organism.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita,_Volume_1/Chapter_15","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"15","verse":"not numbered in Bhishagratna","establishes":"Ojas can be increased by rasāyana therapy. Treatability is the property most often used to distinguish apara from para ojas, whose loss is held to be irreversible.","quote":"The medical treatment in cases of dislodgment or flowing out external secretion) of albumen from its natural seat (Visransha), as well as in the event of it becoming contaminated by the vitiated principles of the body, should consist in improving its quantity by elixirs and remedies possessed of rejuvenating properties, tending to increase the quantity of such fluid (albumen) in the body.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita,_Volume_1/Chapter_15","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"para ojas","why":"The counterpart. Apara pervades the body, is the larger quantity, responds to diet, drugs and rasāyana, and its loss is gradual; para is heart-resident, fixed, and its loss is held to be immediately fatal."},{"term":"ojas (undivided)","why":"The añjali measure and the body-wide pervasion are stated of ojas simpliciter in Charaka and Sushruta. Assigning them to apara ojas is a later reading, and the entry should say so rather than backdate the division."},{"term":"kapha / ślesman","why":"The name ślaiṣmika ojas rests on Gangādhara's variant reading at Ca.Śā.7, which Kaviratna rejects as evidently incorrect. The identification is contested at the level of the manuscript, not just the interpretation."},{"term":"rasa dhātu","why":"Both circulate and both respond to food, and PMID 41289791's lipid argument could be made of either. Apara ojas is the essence carried by the dhātus, not the first dhātu."},{"term":"bala","why":"Apara ojas is often glossed straight to immunity or strength. WHO assigns those to bala and vyādhikṣamatva (ITA-2.2.27) and gives ojas its own untranslated entry."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"mediocre ojas","why":"A calque that appears in several review articles. Apara means the other or the further of a pair; it carries no implication of poor quality, and apara ojas is the larger and the clinically actionable fraction."},{"rendering":"non-essential ojas","why":"Its loss causes gradual emaciation and ultimately death in Sushruta's own account. Nothing about it is non-essential."},{"rendering":"peripheral ojas","why":"Imports a centre/periphery anatomy the texts do not use; Sushruta says the whole body with its limbs and members is permeated, not that it sits at the periphery."},{"rendering":"HDL cholesterol","why":"A 2025 hypothesis presented as correlative by its own authors (PMID 41289791). Recording it as a rendering would convert a proposal into a definition."}],"openQuestions":["Whether the ardha-añjali measure belongs to apara ojas specifically or to ojas undivided. Charaka's Śārīrasthāna 7 says ojas without qualification; the assignment to apara is later. No retrieved source shows the classical text making the assignment.","Whether the ślaiṣmika ojas name has any basis beyond Gangādhara's disputed variant reading at Ca.Śā.7.","Where the para/apara division is first made, and by whom. The NIA/WHO-APW list records it as settled; no classical locus for it was verified here.","Kaviratna's Śārīrasthāna 7 passage is badly OCRed in the archive.org djvu text (numerals and diacritics corrupted). The quotations above preserve what the scan actually shows; a human should check them against a clean scan of the printed fascicule before publication."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/apara-ojas/","canary":"32bb44370f98a441"},{"slug":"apathya","page":"/lexicon/apathya/","iast":"apathya","devanagari":"अपथ्य","alternates":["apathyam","apathya-āhāra-vihāra","ahita (near-synonym in Ca.Su.25.31)"],"category":"swasthavritta","family":"daily-life","renderings":[{"english":"Unwholesome","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator-standard","locator":"ITA-8.1.4","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO gives pathyam two entries (ITA-8.1.3 'Wholesome'; ITA-9.1.5 'Compatible with health', as a synonym of treatment) but apathyam only one.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":null,"sourceName":"NIA Jaipur / WHO-APW draft (2011)","sourceKind":"comparator-draft","locator":"SV0035","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"the reverse of Pathya ... and is not agreeable to the mind; unwholesome (food)","sourceName":"Kaviratna, Charaka-Samhita (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"Sutrasthana Lesson XXV (pathya definition) and Lesson XXVIII his aphorism 8 ('wholesome or unwholesome')","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna translates pathya as 'Pathya (or regimen)' and leaves apathya as 'the reverse of Pathya'.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"unwholesome; unfit for use; should be rejected","sourceName":"Bhishagratna, Sushruta Samhita Sutrasthana Ch. XLVI (1907)","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc141678.html","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Bhishagratna uses 'wholesome'/'unwholesome' descriptively of foods; whether the underlying Sanskrit is pathya/apathya at each point was not checked.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"unwholesome regimen; contraindicated diet and activities; incompatible diet (loose)","sourceName":"Common textbook renderings","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":null,"licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"25 (Yajjah Purushiya)","verse":"45 (numbering as printed on carakasamhitaonline.com)","establishes":"Definition by contrast: pathya is what does not deviate from the path (patho'napetam) and is dear to the mind; what is apriya and apathya is not to be regarded. The next verse (46) makes pathya/apathya relative to mātrā, kāla, kriyā, bhūmi, deha and doṣa.","quote":"पथ्यं पथोऽनपेतं यद्यच्चोक्तं मनसः प्रियम्| यच्चाप्रियमपथ्यं च नियतं तन्न लक्षयेत्||४५||","translator":"none (Sanskrit)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Yajjah_Purushiya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"25","verse":"31 (carakasamhitaonline numbering)","establishes":"Uses hita/ahita rather than pathya/apathya for the same wholesome/unwholesome contrast: ahita āhāra is the cause of disease.","quote":"तमुवाच भगवानात्रेयः- हिताहारोपयोग एक एव पुरुषवृद्धिकरो भवति, अहिताहारोपयोगः पुनर्व्याधिनिमित्तमिति [१] ||३१||","translator":"none (Sanskrit)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Yajjah_Purushiya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"Lesson XXV (Kaviratna)","verse":"Kaviratna's printed number illegible in OCR (between his 4 and 6 in the closing verse block); standard 45-46 per carakasamhitaonline - not converted","establishes":"Kaviratna's rendering of Ca.Su.25.45-46; he glosses patha as 'the way (of life)' - a translator's interpretation (Chakrapani reads patha as the body's channels/srotas, per secondary sources).","quote":"All that is suitable to the way (of life) and that is agreeable to the mind is said to constitute what is called Pathya (or regimen). What, however, is the reverse of Pathya and is not agreeable to the mind, should never be attended to. Combined with measure, time or season, the nature of the operation, place, the constitution of the body, the faults that have been provoked, and the other attributes, both what is Pathya and what is its reverse are seen to be this or that (i. e., baneful or beneficial)","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"Lesson XXVIII (Kaviratna)","verse":"Standard Sutrasthana 28.5 (final sentence, हिताहितोपयोगविशेषास्त्वत्र शुभाशुभविशेषकरा भवन्तीति||५||) and 28.6 (Agnivesha's objection, एवंवादिनं भगवन्तमात्रेयमग्निवेश उवाच... ||६||), Atreya's qualification being 28.7 (carakasamhitaonline Vividhashitapitiya_Adhyaya raw); Kaviratna Lesson XXVIII, his printed 8 (the wholesome/unwholesome sentence) and 9 (Agnivesha's objection), p. 394 (page image; the djvu OCR prints '8' for both)","establishes":"Agnivesha's objection that the wholesome/unwholesome distinction appears to fail, which Atreya then qualifies - the classical statement that apathya is relative, not absolute.","quote":"As regards the body, particular administrations (of regimen), wholesome or unwholesome, become productive of good or evil consequences. ... It is seen, O illustrious one, that men who take even such food as has been called wholesome, catch disease, and that others, after taking food that has been called unwholesome, do not catch any disease.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"viruddha-āhāra","why":"Incompatible food combinations (WHO ITA-8.1.5, e.g. milk and fish); a specific category, whereas apathya is any food or activity unwholesome for a given person/condition."},{"term":"ahita","why":"Near-synonym ('not beneficial') used in Ca.Su.25.31; textbooks sometimes distinguish hita (intrinsically beneficial) from pathya (beneficial by context), but the texts use both."},{"term":"asātmya","why":"Not habituated/suited to the individual (WHO sātmyam ITA-10.2.7); an apathya item may be sātmya through habit and vice versa."},{"term":"pathya","why":"The antonym; also used as a synonym of 'treatment' (WHO ITA-9.1.5), which apathya is not."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"Incompatible food","why":"That is viruddha-āhāra; apathya is wider and includes activities (vihāra)."},{"rendering":"Forbidden foods (absolute list)","why":"Ca.Su.25.46 makes pathya/apathya relative to quantity, time, preparation, place, body and dosha; there is no absolute list."},{"rendering":"Apathy","why":"Typo in the NIA 2011 draft ('is called as apathy'); unrelated English word."}],"openQuestions":["Kaviratna's aphorism number for the pathya definition could not be read from the OCR.","Whether Bhishagratna's 'wholesome/unwholesome' in Su.Su.46 corresponds to pathya/apathya in the Sanskrit at each point."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/apathya/","canary":"a8610fe7838517c0"},{"slug":"artavavaha-srotas","page":"/lexicon/artavavaha-srotas/","iast":"ārtavavaha srotas","devanagari":"आर्तववहस्रोतस्","alternates":["ārtavavaha-srotas (NAMASTE/WHO hyphenated form)","ārtavavahasrotaḥ","artava-bija-vaha srotas (modern coinage, see modern literature)"],"category":"srotas (body channel) — anatomy/physiology","family":"body","renderings":[{"english":"Female reproductive system","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standards-body comparator","locator":"ITA-2.5.18","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO description: 'All channels which are physiologically important in the regulation of the menstrual cycle.' WHO gives the broadest, most functional rendering of any srotas in its list.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false},{"english":"Vitiation of channels carrying menstrual flow","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standards-body comparator (disorder term)","locator":"ITA-5.5.12 ārtavavahasrotoduṣṭiḥ","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false},{"english":"fallopian or uterine tubes","sourceName":"NAMASTE Portal, Standardised Ayurveda Terminologies","sourceKind":"national terminology comparator","locator":"SAT-B.474","verbatim":true,"assessment":"A MUCH narrower rendering than WHO's. NAMASTE then widens it in the definition: 'also includes the channels with physiological importance in regulation of menstrual cycles (hypothalamo-pituitary-ovarian axis)'. WHO says system, NAMASTE says tubes-plus-axis. This is the sharpest standards disagreement in the whole set.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology","downloadable":false},{"english":"derangement of Artavavahasrotas","sourceName":"NAMASTE National Ayurveda Morbidity Codes","sourceKind":"morbidity-code comparator","locator":"NAMC EL-1","verbatim":true,"assessment":"NAMASTE cites ONLY Suśruta for this channel, correctly, since Caraka's Vi.5 list omits it.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology"},{"english":"injury to Artavavaha srotas","sourceName":"NAMASTE National Ayurveda Morbidity Codes","sourceKind":"morbidity-code comparator","locator":"NAMC LH-4.10","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology"},{"english":"The two artava-carrying Srotas (ducts)","sourceName":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna, Sushruta Samhita (1911)","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Śārīrasthāna IX.11–12","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Bhishagratna glosses artava as 'catamenial blood' in the list preamble and as 'ovarian product' in the entry itself, two different substances in one paragraph.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"Menstrual blood","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standards-body comparator (for the substance ārtava, not the channel)","locator":"ITA-2.3.3 ārtavam","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false}],"classical":[{"text":"Suśruta Saṃhitā","sthana":"Śārīra Sthāna","chapter":"9","verse":"11–12 (Bhishagratna); cited as 9/12 elsewhere","establishes":"The ONLY classical enumeration of ārtavavaha srotas among the two great Saṃhitās. Root = garbhāśaya (uterus) + ārtava-carrying dhamanīs. Injury signs = sterility, amenorrhoea, dyspareunia/inability to copulate.","quote":"The two artava -carrying Srotas (ducts) have their roots in the uterus as well as in the Dhamanis which carry the artava (ovarian product). An injury to any of these brings on sterility, suppression of the menses and incapacity for copulation.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1911)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-3-sharirasthana/d/doc142889.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Suśruta Saṃhitā","sthana":"Śārīra Sthāna","chapter":"9","verse":"11 (Bhishagratna preamble to the list)","establishes":"Confirms ārtava as the eleventh and last member of Suśruta's list, and that the list is framed as a SURGICAL (śalya) concern about piercing, not a physiological taxonomy.","quote":"The ducts or channels respectively conveying the life, the food, the water, (the organic principle of) the Rasa (serum), the blood, the muscles, the fat, the urine, the stool, the semen, and the catamenial blood, naturally fall within the scope of Surgery ( Shalya-tantra ).","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1911)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-3-sharirasthana/d/doc142889.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Caraka Saṃhitā","sthana":"Vimāna Sthāna","chapter":"5","verse":"5/7","establishes":"Negative evidence, quoted: ārtava-vaha does NOT appear in Caraka's thirteen. Any entry that cites Ca.Vi.5 for ārtavavaha srotas is wrong.","quote":"तद्यथा प्राणोदकान्नरसरुधिरमांसमेदोस्थिमज्जशुक्रमूत्रपुरीषस्वेदवहानीति","translator":null,"licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Sroto_Vimana","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"ārtava (the substance)","why":"WHO codes ārtavam separately as 'Menstrual blood' (ITA-2.3.3), classed as an upadhātu. The channel is not the fluid."},{"term":"ārtava as menstrual blood vs ārtava as ovum/bīja","why":"Bhishagratna glosses it both ways within one paragraph ('catamenial blood', 'ovarian product'). Modern authors coin 'artava-bija-vaha srotas' to capture the ovum sense. Which substance the channel carries is unsettled and the whole fallopian-tube identification depends on it."},{"term":"śukravaha srotas","why":"Often presented as the female counterpart, but Suśruta's śukravaha is rooted in breasts and testes, so they are not symmetrical."},{"term":"yoni / garbhāśaya","why":"The vagina/uterus are organs, one of which is the root; ārtavavaha srotas is not a synonym for the reproductive tract."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"fallopian tubes","why":"NAMASTE's head-term, but the very paper most cited for this mapping (PMID 22131704) states that the fallopian tube is not mentioned in the classics. It is a 20th-century correlation presented as a translation."},{"rendering":"the female reproductive system","why":"WHO's rendering is defensible as a functional gloss but is far wider than the text, which names uterus + ārtava-carrying dhamanīs and nothing else."},{"rendering":"'menstrual channels'","why":"Restricts the channel to menstruation when Suśruta's injury signs include sterility and inability to copulate, i.e. reproductive function broadly."}],"openQuestions":["Does ārtava here mean menstrual blood or the ovum/bīja? The fallopian-tube identification stands or falls on this.","Is there any pre-modern text that actually names ārtavavaha srotas outside Su.Śā.9? Aṣṭāṅga Saṅgraha/Hṛdaya should be checked (discussable, not quotable)."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/artavavaha-srotas/","canary":"12ef3914b0907297"},{"slug":"asadhya","page":"/lexicon/asadhya/","iast":"asādhya","devanagari":"असाध्य","alternates":["asādhya-roga","asādhyatā","pratyākhyeya (the untreatable sub-class)","anupakrama"],"category":"prognosis (sādhyāsādhyatā)","family":"disease","renderings":[{"english":null,"sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"ITA-4.2.41","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":null,"sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"ITA-4.2.37","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":null,"sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"ITA-4.2.43","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Diseases that can be palliated (yāpyarogaḥ, ITA-4.2.42)","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"ITA-4.2.42","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO treats yāpya as a sibling of asādhya rather than a sub-class of it, unlike Caraka Su. 10/9.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"incurable","sourceName":"Kaviratna, Charaka-Samhita (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Sutrasthana Lesson X, printed pp. 110-111","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"'incurable diseases ... those that are capable of being suppressed, and those that have no treatment' (yāpya / anupakrama)","sourceName":"Kaviratna","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Sutrasthana Lesson X, his aphorism 3","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"'a case which is beyond all medical treatment'; 'incurable (lit: fit to be pronounced as hopeless)'","sourceName":"Bhishagratna, Sushruta Samhita (1907-1916)","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Sutrasthana ch. X and ch. XXXV","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"Asadhyata (one of three prognostic scoring categories alongside Sukha sadhyata and Krichra sadhyata)","sourceName":"NAMASTE portal, as described in secondary literature (web search result)","sourceKind":"comparator (indirect)","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"Not verified on the portal itself.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Caraka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"10 (Mahācatuṣpāda Adhyāya)","verse":"Trikamji/standard 10/9 (Sanskrit, carakasamhitaonline). Kaviratna prints '3' AFTER this passage (his aphorism 3; his numbering in this block runs six behind the standard). Standard number read directly from the Sanskrit source, not converted.","establishes":"asādhya is twofold: yāpya (palliable) and anupakrama (not amenable to treatment).","quote":"सुखसाध्यं मतं साध्यं कृच्छ्रसाध्यमथापि च| द्विविधं चाप्यसाध्यं स्याद्याप्यं यच्चानुपक्रमम् ||९||","translator":"none (Sanskrit)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Mahachatushpada_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Caraka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"10, Kaviratna Lesson X, printed p. 110","verse":"Kaviratna's aphorism 3 (number printed after the passage, on his printed p. 109, archive.org leaf 156; NOT p. 110) = Trikamji Sutrasthana 10/9 (carakasamhitaonline ||९||). Lesson X restarts his count at the verses: his 1-4 = standard 7-10.","establishes":"Public-domain English for the fourfold prognosis; renders asādhya 'incurable', yāpya 'capable of being suppressed', anupakrama 'have no treatment'.","quote":"As regards curable diseases, they are of two kinds, viz., those that are easily curable and those that are curable with difficulty. Incurable diseases, also, are of two kinds, viz., those that are capable of being suppressed, and those that have no treatment.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Caraka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"10","verse":"standard 10/19-20 (Sanskrit); Kaviratna's '12-14' covers standard 18-20 as one block","establishes":"Features of the pratyākhyeya (to-be-refused) disease: tridoṣaja, beyond the path of treatment, following all channels, causing anxiety/restlessness/confusion, destroying the senses, well-grown in a weak patient, with ariṣṭa signs.","quote":"...तद्वत्प्रत्याख्येयं त्रिदोषजम्| क्रियापथमतिक्रान्तं सर्वमार्गानुसारिणम्||१९|| औत्सुक्यारतिसम्मोहकरमिन्द्रियनाशनम्| दुर्बलस्य सुसंवृद्धं व्याधिं सारिष्टमेव च||२०||","translator":"none (Sanskrit)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Mahachatushpada_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Caraka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"10, Kaviratna Lesson X, printed p. 111","verse":"Kaviratna's '12-14' (printed after); corresponds to standard 18-20 read together","establishes":"Kaviratna's English for the pratyākhyeya features. Note he folds the dvidoṣaja features of standard v.18 (which the Sanskrit assigns to yāpya) into the 'not to be taken up' block; carakasamhitaonline reads 17-18 as yāpya and 19-20 as pratyākhyeya.","quote":"When the disease is deeply ingrained (into the marrow and such other constituents of the body), when it affects many of the constituent parts, when it is attached to the vital limbs and joints of the body, when it manifests itself continuously, when it is chronic and very old, when it is born of the derangement of two of the three ingredients (of wind, bile, and phlegm) or of all the three, when it is beyond the operation of treatment, when it affects all the organs, when the patient is thoroughly cheerless and despairing, when the disease is characterised by a stupefaction of the mind, when the disease weakens the strength of all the organs (of knowledge and action), when the disease has reached the highest limit of aggravation and the patient has become entirely strengthless, and lastly when the disease exhibits indications of the patient's dissolution, it should be regarded as one that should not be taken up for treatment.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"10 (Bhishagratna ch. X, 'Essential qualifications of a physician'); Sanskrit verse number not established (Bhishagratna prints none; no numbered Sanskrit edition was reachable)","verse":null,"establishes":"Sushruta's threefold practical stance: cure the curable, palliate the palliable, give up the untreatable.","quote":"Having made these observations the physician will try to cure diseases that are curable, adopt palliative measures in cases where palliation is the only remedy that can be offered, and give up a case which is beyond all medical treatment, and mostly those which are of more than a year's standing.","translator":"Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122899.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"35 (Bhishagratna ch. XXXV, 'Examination of the patient'); Sanskrit verse number not established","verse":null,"establishes":"Sushruta's threefold prognosis: sādhya, yāpya, asādhya (pratyākhyeya, glossed 'fit to be pronounced as hopeless').","quote":"All the diseases, whose names have been specifically enumerated before, may be grouped under any of the three different heads as the curable, the suppressible (Yapya) and the incurable (lit: fit to be pronounced as hopeless).","translator":"Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122935.html","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"yāpya","why":"In Caraka Su. 10/9 yāpya is a SUB-class of asādhya (palliable but not curable). WHO 2022 lists yāpyarogaḥ as a separate category beside asādhyarogaḥ; Sushruta Su. 35 (Bhishagratna) also lists three parallel heads. The lexicon should not present one scheme as 'the' Ayurvedic one."},{"term":"pratyākhyeya / anupakrama","why":"The untreatable sub-class of asādhya ('to be refused', 'no treatment'). WHO renders pratyākhyeya 'terminal', which imports a modern end-of-life sense."},{"term":"kṛcchrasādhya","why":"Curable with difficulty is still sādhya; conflating 'difficult' with 'incurable' is the commonest error."},{"term":"ariṣṭa","why":"Ariṣṭa are fatal signs (Indriyasthana); their presence is one criterion of pratyākhyeya (Su. 10/20 'sāriṣṭam'), not a synonym of asādhya."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"terminal (for asādhya generally)","why":"Asādhya includes yāpya conditions (WHO's own example: persistent diabetes mellitus, bronchial asthma), which are chronic, not terminal."},{"rendering":"fatal","why":"Kaviratna's commentary note explicitly says incurable diseases may be 'quickly fatal or the reverse'; incurability and fatality are separate axes."}],"openQuestions":["Whether the lexicon adopts Caraka's nested scheme (asādhya ⊃ yāpya, anupakrama) or the flat three/four-way scheme used by WHO and implied by Bhishagratna's Su. 35.","Sushruta Sanskrit verse numbers for the Su. 10 and Su. 35 passages (needs a numbered Sanskrit edition; NIIMH e-Sushruta is JS-driven and could not be read)."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/asadhya/","canary":"c04cbaf6d8f87588"},{"slug":"asatmyendriyartha-samyoga","page":"/lexicon/asatmyendriyartha-samyoga/","iast":"asātmyendriyārtha-saṃyoga","devanagari":"असात्म्येन्द्रियार्थसंयोगः","alternates":["asatmyendriyartha samyoga","asātmya-indriyārtha-saṃyoga","asatmyendriyarthasamyogah"],"category":"nidana / hetu","family":"disease","renderings":[{"english":"Improper engagement of the senses","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-4.4.10","verbatim":true,"assessment":"COMPARATOR. WHO description: 'One of the three primary causes of a disease owing to misuse (underuse, overuse and abuse) of the senses.' The parent entry ITA-4.4.9 trividhahetuḥ 'Three types of etiological factors' glosses the triad as 'improper use of sense organs, intellectual error and transformation under the effect of time.' Retrieved from the WHO IRIS PDF, p. 'Chapter 4' block.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false},{"english":"Incompatible contact of the sense organs with their objects","sourceName":"National Institute of Ayurveda terminology list (nia.nic.in/pdf/TERMINOLOGIES.pdf)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"SK0029 asātmyendriyārthasaṁyoga","verbatim":true,"assessment":"COMPARATOR. Government-institute list, undated on the PDF; licence not stated.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the National Institute of Ayurveda terminology list","downloadable":false},{"english":"the improper contact of objects of sense with the Mind","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sūtrasthāna 11, Kaviratna's aphorism 42 (= standard 11.42-43)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Public domain. Note Kaviratna inserts 'with the Mind'; the Sanskrit (ity asātmyendriyārthasaṃyogaḥ) names the senses (indriya), not manas, as the party in contact.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"union with disagreeing objects of sense","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Vimānasthāna 6, Kaviratna's aphorism 10 (= standard Vi.6.6 on Charak Samhita Online)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Public domain. His footnote expands: 'union of the mind or body with such objects of sense as do not agree with the mind or the body.'","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"Correlation, adverse or absent or excessive, between time, mental faculties, and objects of the senses","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Translator's preface, quoting Ca.Sū.1.54","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Public domain. Kaviratna's own paraphrase of the three-cause verse; 'correlation' is his standing equivalent for yoga/saṃyoga throughout.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"unwholesome contact with the object of senses","sourceName":"Charak Samhita Online (ITRA Jamnagar, CC BY-NC-SA)","sourceKind":"edition","locator":"Vimānasthāna 6.6 translation","verbatim":true,"assessment":"In-copyright, NC licence; recorded as a rendering only, not quotable at length.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Charak Samhita Online (ITRA Jamnagar, CC BY-NC-SA)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"unwholesome conjunction of sense organs with their objects / unwholesome contact of senses with objects","sourceName":"common textbook rendering (Sharma, Dash and others)","sourceKind":"other","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"Widespread; not traced to a specific retrieved page in this gathering.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"1 (Dīrghañjīvitīya)","verse":"54 (standard, Charak Samhita Online); Kaviratna prints 53","establishes":"The root statement of the threefold cause: wrong, deficient or excessive yoga of kāla, buddhi and indriyārtha is the cause of diseases resting on both body and mind. The term asātmyendriyārtha-saṃyoga itself does not appear here; this verse supplies the indriyārtha limb of the triad.","quote":"kālabuddhīndriyārthānāṁ yōgō mithyā na cāti ca| dvayāśrayāṇāṁ vyādhīnāṁ trividhō hētusaṅgrahaḥ||54||","translator":"Sanskrit text as printed on Charak Samhita Online","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Deerghanjiviteeya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"1","verse":"Kaviratna's aphorism 53 (= standard 54; confirmed by reading the adjacent aphorisms 41=42, 45=46, 47=48 in this block)","establishes":"Kaviratna's rendering of Ca.Sū.1.54. He renders buddhi as 'mind' here, which flattens the buddhi/manas distinction the text keeps elsewhere. OCR double-spacing normalised.","quote":"Of all diseases, physical and mental, the causes in brief are of three kinds, viz., adverse or excessive correlation or want of correlation of time, mind, and the objects of the senses.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"11 (Tistraiṣaṇīya)","verse":"37-38 and 43 (standard, Charak Samhita Online)","establishes":"The locus that names and defines the term: atiyoga, ayoga and mithyāyoga of the five sense-objects (37), the statement that this fivefold, threefold-varied condition is asātmyendriyārtha-saṃyoga and that sātmya here means upaśaya (38), and the summary naming the three causes with the counter-statement that proper conjunction (samayoga) is the cause of health (43). Verse 37 was retrieved in full; only the opening and the operative clause are reproduced here.","quote":"त्रीण्यायतनानीति- अर्थानां कर्मणः कालस्य चातियोगायोगमिथ्यायोगाः| ... ||३७|| ... सोऽयमनुपशयात् पञ्चविधस्त्रिविधविकल्पो भवत्यसात्म्येन्द्रियार्थसंयोगः; सात्म्यार्थो ह्युपशयार्थः||३८|| ... इत्यसात्म्येन्द्रियार्थसंयोगः, प्रज्ञापराधः, परिणामश्चेति त्रयस्त्रिविधविकल्पा हेतवो विकाराणां; समयोगयुक्तास्तु प्रकृतिहेतवो भवन्ति||४३||","translator":"Sanskrit text as printed on Charak Samhita Online","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Tistraishaniya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"11","verse":"Kaviratna's aphorisms 42-43 (his 42 spans standard 42 plus the opening clause of 43; his 43 = rest of standard 43)","establishes":"Kaviratna's English for the summary verse and the samayoga counter-statement. His aphorism boundaries do not coincide with the standard 42/43 split; recorded as read. OCR spacing normalised.","quote":"Thus are the three subjects treated of, Viz., the improper contact of objects of sense with the Mind, faults of the Understanding, and Time or Parinama.42 These three, (viz., the improper contact of objects of sense with the Mind, faults of the Understanding, and Time,) each subdivided into three kinds, constitute the causes of disease. Connection therewith in normal or judicious proportions is the cause of health.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimānasthāna","chapter":"6 (Roganika)","verse":"6 (standard, Charak Samhita Online); Kaviratna prints 10","establishes":"The three causes are explicitly the aggravators (prakopaṇa) of BOTH classes of doṣa, mental (rajas, tamas) and bodily (vāta, pitta, kapha). Kaviratna's English for the same aphorism: 'there are three kinds of exciting causes, viz., union with disagreeing objects of sense, faults of understanding, and Time.' (his aphorism 10, same archive.org URL).","quote":"तत्र खल्वेषां द्वयानामपि दोषाणां त्रिविधं प्रकोपणं; तद्यथा- असात्म्येन्द्रियार्थसंयोगः, प्रज्ञापराधः परिणामश्चेति||६||","translator":"Sanskrit text as printed on Charak Samhita Online","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Roganika_Vimana","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"8 (Indriyopakramaṇīya)","verse":"15 (standard, Charak Samhita Online); Kaviratna prints 10","establishes":"The physiological mechanism: ati/a/mithyā-yoga of a sense with its object derange the sense 'together with the mind' (samanaska) and impair the corresponding indriya-buddhi; sāmarthya-yoga (fit conjunction) restores it. Kaviratna's English (his aphorism 10): 'In consequence again of the excessive correlation, the absence of (judicious) correlation, and the impropriety of correlation, of the senses with their respective objects, the senses including the mind, falling away from their normal condition, become hurtful to the perceptions of which they are the respective sources or channels.'","quote":"Tadarthātiyōgāyōgamithyāyōgāt samanaskamindriyaṁ vikr̥timāpadyamānaṁ yathāsvaṁ buddhyupaghātāya sampadyatē, sāmarthyayōgāt punaḥ prakr̥timāpadyamānaṁ yathāsvaṁ buddhimāpyāyayati||15||","translator":"Sanskrit text as printed on Charak Samhita Online","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Indriyopakramaniya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"prajñāparādha","why":"The second of the three causes: misuse of karma (speech, mind, body) arising from error of buddhi/dhṛti/smṛti (Ca.Sū.11.39-41). Asātmyendriyārtha-saṃyoga concerns the senses meeting their objects, prajñāparādha concerns action. Both are 'misuse', and secondary literature often folds sensory misuse into prajñāparādha."},{"term":"pariṇāma / kāla","why":"The third cause: time, defined in Ca.Sū.11.42 as the seasonal year and its ati/a/mithyā manifestation. Not a sensory contact at all."},{"term":"indriyārtha-sannikarṣa","why":"Sannikarṣa (Ca.Sū.8.12, Śā.1.18) is the normal proximity of indriya, artha, sattva and ātmā that produces perception. Asātmya-saṃyoga is the pathological variant of the same contact. Kaviratna's footnote at Śā.1 insists sannikarṣa is 'not samyoga or union'."},{"term":"asātmya (incompatibility, unwholesomeness) in general","why":"Asātmya is used of diet, climate, habit. Here it is specialised by Ca.Sū.11.38: 'sātmyārtho hy upaśayārthaḥ', so the sātmya intended is upaśaya, that which agrees."},{"term":"trividha hetu / hetu-saṃgraha","why":"The parent class (WHO ITA-4.4.9). Asātmyendriyārtha-saṃyoga is one member of the triad, not the triad."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"improper contact of objects of sense with the Mind","why":"Kaviratna (Sū.11.42). The compound is indriya-artha, sense-with-object; manas is implicated only secondarily (samanaska, Sū.8.15). Putting 'Mind' in the headline rendering turns a sensory-hygiene doctrine into a psychological one."},{"rendering":"unwholesome sense objects","why":"Common shorthand that drops saṃyoga. The text locates the fault in the conjunction (over-, under-, mis-use), not in the object: Sū.11.37 counts even total non-use (ayoga) as a cause."},{"rendering":"sensory overload","why":"Captures only atiyoga; the text gives three modes, and the WHO description 'underuse, overuse and abuse' is closer."}],"openQuestions":["Whether Ca.Sū.11.38's 'pañcavidhas trividhavikalpaḥ' (fivefold, each threefold) is the intended count, i.e. fifteen species, as Cakrapāṇi reads it; commentary not retrieved.","Whether Suśruta uses the compound at all."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/asatmyendriyartha-samyoga/","canary":"91a46c85e7e5acae"},{"slug":"ashtavidha-pariksha","page":"/lexicon/ashtavidha-pariksha/","iast":"aṣṭavidha-parīkṣā","devanagari":"अष्टविधपरीक्षा","alternates":["aṣṭasthāna-parīkṣā (WHO 2022 and several reviews)","aṣṭasthāna-nirīkṣaṇa (section title in the Nirnaya Sagar Yogaratnakara)","ashtavidha pariksha","ashtasthana pariksha"],"category":"pariksha (eightfold clinical examination scheme, Yogaratnakara)","family":"clinic","renderings":[{"english":null,"sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"ITA-4.7.4","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO uses the head-word aṣṭasthāna, not aṣṭavidha; glosses śabda broadly as 'voice and other body-sounds such as breathing and heart' and sparśa as 'tactile examination'.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":null,"englishWithheld":"this project has not cleared that source for quotation","sourceName":"Shekhawat, JVWU BAMS e-notes","sourceKind":"textbook/teaching","locator":"https://www.jvwu.ac.in/documents/Book%20Chapter%20by%20Dr%20suman%20-Ashtavidha%20pariksha.pdf","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Shekhawat, JVWU BAMS e-notes\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"Ashtavidha Pariksha- An Ancient Useful Diagnostic Tool; 'Eight-fold examination'","sourceName":"Indian review-journal titles (IJPRA, IJARSCT, IJNRD) found via web search","sourceKind":"journal reviews (non-indexed)","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":"'Eightfold examination' is the dominant textbook rendering.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Indian review-journal titles (IJPRA, IJARSCT, IJNRD) found via web search\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":null,"englishWithheld":"this project has not cleared that source for quotation","sourceName":"Uikey & Kar, Ayu 2015 (PMID 27011711)","sourceKind":"peer-reviewed review","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Uikey & Kar, Ayu 2015 (PMID 27011711)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false}],"classical":[{"text":"Yogaratnakara","sthana":"Pūrvārdha, section 'atha rogiṇām aṣṭasthāna-nirīkṣaṇam'","chapter":"Nirnaya Sagar Press edition (ed. Krishna Sharma Navre); text pp. 2-3 per OCR page headers (running header reads 'अष्टविधपरीक्षा')","verse":"verse 1 of the section (OCR shows '॥ ३ ॥' but sequence ४,५,६,७,८ follows the next verses २,३..., so this is '१'); the pulse-first instruction is verse 2 and the vīṇā simile verse 3","establishes":"The eight sites (sthāna) to be inspected in the diseased body: nāḍī, mūtra, mala, jihvā, śabda, sparśa, dṛk, ākṛti; pulse is to be examined first. The text's own title for the scheme is aṣṭasthāna-nirīkṣaṇa.","quote":"रोगाकान्तञ्मरीरस्य स्थानान्यष्टौ निरीक्षयेत्‌ । नाडीं मूं मलं जिह शब्दं स्पश दगाङरृती ॥ ३ ॥ दोषकोपे घनेऽष्पे च पूर्वं नाडीं परीक्ष्य च । अन्ते चाऽऽदौ स्थितिस्तस्या विज्ञेया भिषजा स्फुटम्‌ ॥ २ ॥ यथा वीणागता तच्नी सवात्रागान्प्रभाषते । तथा हस्तगता नाडी सकौ्रोगान्प्रकाश्चयेत ॥ ३ ॥","translator":"none (Sanskrit; OCR with garbled akṣaras, e.g. रोगाकान्तञ्मरीरस्य = रोगाक्रान्तशरीरस्य)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/yogaratnakarakrishnasharmanavrenirnayasagarpress_366_b/Yoga%20Ratnakara%20Krishna%20Sharma%20Navre%20Nirnaya%20Sagar%20Press_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Yogaratnakara","sthana":"Pūrvārdha","chapter":"Nirnaya Sagar Press edition, text pp. 3-7: section headings in order","verse":"headings only","establishes":"The actual section sequence in this edition differs from the enumeration verse: tongue examination comes last (after an āsya/mouth-taste section), and the 'ākṛti' item is headed rūpa-parīkṣā.","quote":"अथ नाडीपरीक्षा । ... अथ मूत्नपरीक्षा | ... अथ मरपरीक्षा । ... अथ रखब्दपरीक्षा । ... अथ स्पशपरीक्षा । ... अथ रूपपरीक्षा । ... अथ टक्परीक्षा । ... अथाऽऽस्यपरीक्षा | ... अथ्‌ जिहापरीक्षा","translator":"none (Sanskrit OCR; मूत्न = मूत्र, मर = मल, रखब्द = शब्द, स्पश = स्पर्श, टक् = दृक्, जिहा = जिह्वा)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/yogaratnakarakrishnasharmanavrenirnayasagarpress_366_b/Yoga%20Ratnakara%20Krishna%20Sharma%20Navre%20Nirnaya%20Sagar%20Press_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"trividha-parīkṣā (darśana, sparśana, praśna)","why":"Three METHODS of examining (Aṣṭāṅga Hṛdaya Su. 1/22); aṣṭavidha lists eight SITES/objects. Not a subset relationship."},{"term":"ṣaḍvidha-parīkṣā","why":"Sushruta's examination by five senses plus interrogation (WHO ITA-4.7.3; Bhishagratna Su. 10: 'the five sense-organs of hearing, sight, etc. and oral enquiry'); methods, not sites."},{"term":"daśavidha-parīkṣā","why":"Caraka Vi. 8/94: ten attributes of the PATIENT (prakṛti, vikṛti, sāra ...) assessed to gauge strength, not eight sites of disease signs."},{"term":"aṣṭasthāna-parīkṣā","why":"Same scheme, different head-word; WHO 2022 and the Yogaratnakara section title use sthāna (site), modern Indian literature uses vidha (kind). Record both as names of one scheme."},{"term":"roga-parīkṣā (pañca-nidāna)","why":"WHO ITA-4.3.1 'rogaparīkṣā' is disease assessment by nidāna, pūrvarūpa, rūpa, upaśaya, samprāpti; the eightfold scheme belongs to rogī-parīkṣā (patient examination, ITA-4.7)."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"Eightfold diagnosis","why":"The Yogaratnakara verb is nirīkṣayet (inspect); it lists what to look at, not a diagnostic algorithm."},{"rendering":"Shabda = speech","why":"Several teaching notes render śabda as 'speech'; WHO reads it as 'voice and other body-sounds such as breathing and heart', and the Yogaratnakara śabda-parīkṣā verse (OCR) speaks of heavy/clear/hoarse voice by dosha. 'Speech' (content/language) is too narrow and misleading."}],"openQuestions":["Standard verse numbering for the Yogaratnakara parīkṣā sections across editions (Nirnaya Sagar vs Vidyotini vs Suresh Babu).","Whether the lexicon's head-word should be aṣṭavidha or aṣṭasthāna given WHO uses the latter."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/ashtavidha-pariksha/","canary":"40f716ab602b1df0"},{"slug":"asthi-dhatu","page":"/lexicon/asthi-dhatu/","iast":"asthi-dhātu","devanagari":"अस्थिधातु","alternates":["asthi","asthidhatu","asthi dhatu","asthidhātuḥ"],"category":"dhatu","family":"body","renderings":[{"english":"Bone","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-2.2.10","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO's description commits to two further claims: that its function is to provide bodily stability, and that it is 'composed predominantly of the basic elements earth and space'. It closes with 'It refers to bone tissue', which is a narrowing decision.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"bones","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Chikitsasthana XV; Vimanasthana VIII","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Uniform. Kaviratna's Vimanasthana sara description extends asthi-sāra to nails and teeth, so his 'bones' covers more than the skeleton.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"bones","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, tr. Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907-1916)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sutrasthana XIV and XV","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Same. Bhishagratna also uses 'degeneration of the bones' and 'abnormal ossification' for kṣaya and vṛddhi, which are biomedical importations of his own.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"bone tissue","sourceName":"Modern Ayurvedic journal usage","sourceKind":"journal","locator":"e.g. PMID 23049194 correlating asthi-majjakshaya with osteoporosis","verbatim":false,"assessment":"The standard clinical rendering, usually paired with the osteoporosis equation.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true},{"english":"bone","sourceName":"Wikipedia, Dhātu (ayurveda)","sourceKind":"encyclopaedia","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":"Recorded as a fact about a widely-read source.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Wikipedia, Dhātu (ayurveda)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"skeletal tissue / bone and cartilage","sourceName":"Occasional textbook hedging","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"Attempts to accommodate the classical inclusion of teeth, nails and cartilage. Not standardised.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"15","verse":"corresponds to mula verse 5","establishes":"Asthi's two functions, dhāraṇa (supporting the body) and the production of majjā. WHO ISTA gives dhāraṇam its own term ID (ITA-2.2.3) and notes there that it 'is also the specific function of bone'.","quote":"The bones, in their turn, support the body, and contribute to the formation of marrow.","translator":"Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907-1916)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/b24758619_0001/b24758619_0001_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"15","verse":"kshaya prose section","establishes":"Asthi-kṣaya presenting as bone and joint pain, dental and gum loss, and general dryness. The inclusion of teeth is textual evidence that asthi extends beyond the skeleton. Note that this is not the presentation of osteoporosis, which is typically silent until fracture.","quote":"The degeneration of the bones is marked by an aching pain in the bones and bone-joints, a wasting of teeth and gums, and a general dryness of the body.","translator":"Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907-1916)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/b24758619_0001/b24758619_0001_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"15","verse":"vriddhi prose section","establishes":"Asthi-vṛddhi recognised by supernumerary teeth and bony overgrowth. Again teeth are treated as asthi.","quote":"An excessive formation of bone (abnormal ossification) is attended with such symptoms as the cutting of additional teeth and the abnormal development of any of the bone-structures.","translator":"Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907-1916)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/b24758619_0001/b24758619_0001_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Chikitsasthana","chapter":"15","verse":"18 in Kaviratna's marginal numbering","establishes":"Hair as the waste fraction of asthi. A doctrinally important and biomedically unsupported claim, and the reason hair loss is treated in the tradition as a bone problem.","quote":"The 'Kitta' of bones is hair (of the head and the body)","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"8","verse":"120 in Kaviratna's marginal numbering; sara section cited as Vi 8/102 ff by carakasamhitaonline","establishes":"Asthi-sāra. The list of sites explicitly includes nails and teeth alongside bones and joints, which fixes the classical extension of asthi wider than 'bone tissue'.","quote":"They who have bones for the predominating element in their constitution have these parts of the body, viz. the heels, ankles, knees, the portion of the arm from the elbow-joint to the fingers'-ends, shoulder-joint, chin, head, and joints, and bones, nails, and teeth, thicker than those of other people. They are possessed of great energy and perseverence, addicted to acts, capable of bearing pain and fatigue, endued with bodies firm and compact, and possessed of longevity of life.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita (Sanskrit mula)","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"14","verse":"10","establishes":"Asthi's position in the chain in verified Sanskrit: from medas comes asthi, from asthi comes majjā.","quote":"मेदसोऽस्थि ततो मज्जा (within रसाद्रक्तं ततो मांसं मांसान्मेदः प्रजायते । मेदसोऽस्थि ततो मज्जा मज्ज्ञः शुक्रं तु जायते ॥१०॥)","translator":null,"licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.siva.sh/sushruta-samhita/sutra-sthana/14/10","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Ashtanga Hridaya (Vagbhata)","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"11 (Doshadi Vijnaniya)","verse":"not asserted","establishes":"Vagbhata's compressed account of dhātu increase and decrease, including asthi. Recorded as a location only. No public-domain English translation of Ashtanga Hridaya exists, so this must be paraphrased with a page reference and never quoted. The reference is carried forward from the project's existing dhatu-formation concept record and was not independently re-verified here.","quote":null,"translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":null,"checked":"address only, nothing quoted to check"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"majjā","why":"Marrow, the next dhātu, contained within asthi. WHO ISTA lists asthisāram as a Sanskrit SYNONYM of majjā-dhātuḥ at ITA-2.2.16, which means 'asthi-sāra' denotes marrow in one part of the standard and a bone-predominant constitution in another (ITA-2.8.1.6). This is a genuine collision inside a single standard and any index must handle it."},{"term":"asthi-sāra","why":"Two incompatible senses, both in WHO ISTA: (a) marrow, as a synonym of majjā (ITA-2.2.16); (b) the constitutional type in which bone predominates (ITA-2.8.1.6). The lexicon must carry both."},{"term":"sandhi / asthi-sandhi","why":"Joints. WHO gives these separate term IDs (ITA-2.2.13). Asthi-kṣaya signs include joint pain, so the two are clinically entangled but terminologically distinct."},{"term":"asthipañjara","why":"The skeleton as a whole (ITA-2.2.14), distinct from asthi as tissue class."},{"term":"vāta","why":"Asthi is the classical seat (āśraya) of vāta, and the two have an inverse relationship (āśraya-āśrayi bhāva). This is why asthi disorders are treated with basti. The doṣa and the dhātu are constantly co-mentioned and are categorically different."},{"term":"kesha / roma","why":"Hair, the mala of asthi per Charaka Chikitsasthana 15. A waste product, not part of the dhātu, though it is diagnostic of it."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"bone, read as bone tissue only","why":"The classical asthi includes teeth and nails in both the sāra description (Charaka Vimanasthana 8) and the kṣaya/vṛddhi signs (Sushruta Sutrasthana 15). WHO's closing sentence 'It refers to bone tissue' narrows it further than WHO's own dhāraṇa entry implies."},{"rendering":"asthi-kṣaya = osteoporosis","why":"An equation, widely used in clinical papers (PMID 23049194), that the classical signs do not support: Sushruta's asthi-kṣaya presents with bone and joint pain, dental and gum wasting, and generalised dryness, whereas osteoporosis is typically asymptomatic until fracture. The two populations have never been compared."},{"rendering":"skeleton","why":"That is asthipañjara (WHO ITA-2.2.14), a distinct headword."},{"rendering":"'abnormal ossification'","why":"Bhishagratna's own gloss for asthi-vṛddhi. A nineteenth-century pathological category imposed on a sign list whose content is supernumerary teeth and bony overgrowth. Quotable as a period document; not a translation."}],"openQuestions":["The asthi-sāra collision inside WHO ISTA (marrow at ITA-2.2.16, bone-predominant constitution at ITA-2.8.1.6) is unexplained and may be an error in the standard or a real double usage. It should be raised with whoever maintains ISTA.","Why hair is the mala of asthi is nowhere explained in the retrieved sources and has no published discussion that this search located.","Whether patients meeting classical asthi-kṣaya criteria overlap with patients meeting densitometric osteoporosis criteria has never been studied, so far as PubMed searches for 'asthi dhatu' (1 hit) and 'asthi ayurveda bone' (4 hits) reveal.","The Ashtanga Hridaya Sutrasthana 11 reference is carried forward from an earlier project record and was not re-verified; since no public-domain translation exists it can only ever be a located reference."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/asthi-dhatu/","canary":"6407da35274acaba"},{"slug":"asthivaha-srotas","page":"/lexicon/asthivaha-srotas/","iast":"asthivaha srotas","devanagari":"अस्थिवहस्रोतस्","alternates":["asthivahāni srotāṃsi","asthivāhīni srotāṃsi (Ca.Vi.5/17)","asthivahasrotaḥ"],"category":"srotas (body channel) — anatomy/physiology","family":"body","renderings":[{"english":"Channel carrying bone","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standards-body comparator","locator":"ITA-2.5.15","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO description: 'The pathway for bone. Entities related to this channel are fat and the hip region.', follows Caraka exactly (medas + jaghana).","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false},{"english":"Vitiation of channels carrying bone","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standards-body comparator (disorder term)","locator":"ITA-5.5.9 asthivahasrotoduṣṭiḥ","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false},{"english":"channels carrying bone tissue","sourceName":"NAMASTE Portal, Standardised Ayurveda Terminologies","sourceKind":"national terminology comparator","locator":"SAT-B.483","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Definition: 'originates from medas and jaghana'.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology","downloadable":false},{"english":"derangement of asthivahasrotas","sourceName":"NAMASTE National Ayurveda Morbidity Codes","sourceKind":"morbidity-code comparator","locator":"NAMC EG-1","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology"},{"english":"injury to asthivahasrotas","sourceName":"NAMASTE National Ayurveda Morbidity Codes","sourceKind":"morbidity-code comparator","locator":"NAMC LH-4.8","verbatim":true,"assessment":"NAMASTE supplies a SUSHRUTA reference for injury to this channel even though Suśruta's Śārīra 9 list of eleven does not include it. See gatheringNotes, I could not verify this reference.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology"},{"english":"asthi dhatu or bone","sourceName":"carakasamhitaonline.com (CSRTSL), 2020","sourceKind":"modern translation (in copyright; rendering recorded as comparator only)","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"the CSRTSDC/Charak Samhita New Edition English, in copyright","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the CSRTSDC/Charak Samhita New Edition English, in copyright"}],"classical":[{"text":"Caraka Saṃhitā","sthana":"Vimāna Sthāna","chapter":"5","verse":"5/8","establishes":"Root = medas (fat) and jaghana (hip/buttock region). Counter-intuitive and unique: the bone channel is rooted in fat, reflecting the dhātu sequence medas → asthi.","quote":"अस्थिवहानां स्रोतसां मेदो मूलं जघनं च|","translator":null,"licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Sroto_Vimana","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Caraka Saṃhitā","sthana":"Vimāna Sthāna","chapter":"5","verse":"5/17","establishes":"Causes: excessive exercise, excessive agitation, excessive friction/grinding of bones, and vāta-aggravating intake.","quote":"व्यायामादतिसङ्क्षोभादस्थ्नामतिविघट्टनात्| अस्थिवाहीनि दुष्यन्ति वातलानां च सेवनात्||१७||","translator":null,"licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Sroto_Vimana","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Caraka Saṃhitā","sthana":"Vimāna Sthāna","chapter":"5","verse":"5/7","establishes":"asthi-vaha appears in Caraka's thirteen; it is absent from Suśruta's eleven pairs at Śā.9, which I verified by reading that passage in full.","quote":"तद्यथा प्राणोदकान्नरसरुधिरमांसमेदोस्थिमज्जशुक्रमूत्रपुरीषस्वेदवहानीति","translator":null,"licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Sroto_Vimana","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"majjāvaha srotas","why":"Caraka inverts the expected relation: asthivaha is rooted in medas, while majjāvaha is rooted in asthi and sandhi. The two are frequently swapped in secondary sources."},{"term":"asthi dhātu / asthi-dharā kalā","why":"Tissue and membrane versus conduit."},{"term":"medovaha srotas","why":"medas is the ROOT of asthivaha srotas and the dhātu served by medovaha srotas; the same word occupies two different structural positions in one passage."},{"term":"sandhi","why":"Joints belong to majjāvaha's root in Caraka, not to asthivaha, despite the obvious skeletal association."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"the skeletal system","why":"The named roots are fat and the hip region; the channel is defined by nourishment of bone, not by the skeleton's extent."},{"rendering":"'bone marrow channels'","why":"That is majjāvaha srotas. Caraka's asthivaha is rooted in medas, majjāvaha in asthi, reversing them is the single commonest error on this pair."},{"rendering":"jaghana = buttocks (as a plain anatomical equivalent)","why":"WHO renders it 'the hip region' and NAMASTE leaves it in Sanskrit; jaghana in the Saṃhitās covers the pelvic girdle/loins and its exact extent is unsettled."}],"openQuestions":["Is NAMASTE's Su.Su.25/39 a real locus for asthivaha srotas injury, or a chapter-numbering slip?","Why is the bone channel rooted in medas rather than in bone itself, when every other dhātu-srotas is rooted at or near its own tissue?"],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/asthivaha-srotas/","canary":"d321781c0dd0580d"},{"slug":"atipravritti","page":"/lexicon/atipravritti/","iast":"atipravṛtti","devanagari":"अतिप्रवृत्ति","alternates":["atipravṛttiḥ","ati-pravṛtti","atipravritti / ativrutti / atipravrutti (Romanisation variants)","atisṛṣṭa (cognate usage in Ca.Vi.5/8)"],"category":"srotas-concept","family":"body","renderings":[{"english":"Body channel dysfunction involving excess activity","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standards-body","locator":"Entry ITA-4.8.5","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO chooses 'excess activity' rather than 'excess flow', and adds 'overflow of contents'. The activity framing is broader than the flow framing most textbooks use.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Excessive generation (or flow, of food-juice, blood, and other ingredients of the body)","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (public domain)","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"Vimana Sthana Lesson V, aphorism 31 (= Ca.Vi.5/24)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna leads with 'generation' and only parenthetically offers 'flow'. That is a meaningful divergence: pravṛtti is 'setting forth, proceeding, activity', closer to flow/emission than to production. His reading makes atipravṛtti an over-production, which is not the standard understanding.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"Atipravritti stands for \"excessive flow.\"","sourceName":"Sharma S et al., Int. Res. J. Ayurveda & Yoga 6(12):98-102 (2023)","sourceKind":"modern-journal-review","locator":"DOI 10.47223/IRJAY.2023.61218","verbatim":true,"assessment":"The dominant textbook rendering. Its worked example is bahumutrata (polyuria) in prameha as medovaha srotodushti.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"a modern translator, in copyright","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"a modern translator, in copyright"},{"english":"excessive flow / hyperfunction / increased activity","sourceName":"Standard BAMS-textbook usage","sourceKind":"textbook-convention","locator":"ubiquitous","verbatim":false,"assessment":"Recorded as convention. 'Hyperfunction' is the commonest one-word gloss in Indian teaching material.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true},{"english":"not verified","sourceName":"NAMASTE portal / ICD-11 TM2","sourceKind":"standards-body","locator":"registration wall","verbatim":false,"assessment":"Unretrieved.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimana Sthana","chapter":"5","verse":"24","establishes":"atipravṛttiḥ as the first-named of the four signs of srotodushti. This is the only verified classical occurrence of the term in this technical sense that I found.","quote":"अतिप्रवृत्तिः सङ्गो वा सिराणां ग्रन्थयोऽपि वा| विमार्गगमनं चापि स्रोतसां दुष्टिलक्षणम्||२४||","translator":"none (Sanskrit mula text)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Sroto_Vimana&action=raw","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimana Sthana","chapter":"5","verse":"8 (pranavaha and mutravaha sections)","establishes":"Charaka's channel-specific signs use the paired terms atisṛṣṭa (over-released) and atibaddha (over-bound) rather than atipravṛtti and saṅga. The same pairing recurs verbatim for the mutravaha srotas. This shows the excess/obstruction polarity is worked out in the prose BEFORE the summary verse names it, and under different vocabulary.","quote":"तद्यथा- अतिसृष्टमतिबद्धं कुपितमल्पाल्पमभीक्ष्णं वा सशब्दशूलमुच्छ्वसन्तं दृष्ट्वा प्राणवहान्यस्य स्रोतांसि प्रदुष्टानीति विद्यात्|","translator":"none (Sanskrit mula text)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Sroto_Vimana&action=raw","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimana Sthana","chapter":"5","verse":"Kaviratna's aphorism 12 (= part of Ca.Vi.5/8)","establishes":"A public-domain English example of the excess-versus-stoppage polarity as Charaka actually applies it channel by channel ('stoppage of sweat, or copiousness of sweat'). OCR artifact 'pr' for 'or' is in the source.","quote":"Beholding the stoppage of sweat, pr copiousness of sweat, or roughness ( of the skin ), or excessive oiliness ( of the skin ), or burning sensation ( all over the body ), or a general horripilation ( of the skin ), the physician should understand that the sweat-bearing ducts of the individual have become vitiated.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"atisṛṣṭa (अतिसृष्ट)","why":"Charaka's own prose word for the same phenomenon in Ca.Vi.5/8, paired with atibaddha. atipravṛtti is the term of the summary verse. A lexicon that indexes only atipravṛtti will fail to find the passage where the concept is actually deployed."},{"term":"vṛddhi (वृद्धि)","why":"Increase in the QUANTITY of a dosha or dhatu. atipravṛtti is excess of FLOW or activity through a channel. A dhatu can be increased without its channel being in atipravṛtti, and vice versa."},{"term":"atiyoga (अतियोग)","why":"Excessive administration of a therapy (e.g. over-purgation), a treatment-outcome category in the panchakarma context. Shares the ati- prefix and the sense of excess but is iatrogenic and procedural, not a channel sign."},{"term":"vega / pravṛtti in the sense of natural urges","why":"pravṛtti also names the natural urges (mutra-pravṛtti etc.). 'atipravṛtti of the urges' is not the srotodushti sense."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"excessive generation / over-production","why":"Kaviratna's own lead rendering, but pravṛtti is proceeding/flowing, not producing. Over-production is closer to vṛddhi or to dhatu-vṛddhi and should not be carried forward as the primary gloss."},{"rendering":"diarrhoea / polyuria / haemorrhage","why":"These are instances in particular channels, not the meaning. The term is channel-neutral."},{"rendering":"hypersecretion","why":"Imports a glandular/endocrine reading. Atipravṛtti applies equally to purishavaha and pranavaha channels where secretion is not the operative function."}],"openQuestions":["Whether Chakrapani glosses atipravṛtti against atisṛṣṭa, and whether he treats them as identical.","Whether any classical source gives a threshold or criterion for 'ati-', or whether it is left entirely to clinical judgement. Nothing I retrieved supplies one."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/atipravritti/","canary":"92459dffa121844c"},{"slug":"atma","page":"/lexicon/atma/","iast":"ātmā (stem ātman)","devanagari":"आत्मा","alternates":["atman","atma","ātman","puruṣa (in the ṣaḍdhātu sense)","cetanā-dhātu","kṣetrajña","jīva"],"category":"darshana / sharira","family":"foundations","renderings":[{"english":"Self","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-1.9.3.2.1 ātmā","verbatim":true,"assessment":"COMPARATOR. Description: 'Soul, the principle of life and sensation, the individual self, the conscious element in the human body.' Related WHO entries: ITA-1.9.3.2.2 bhūtātmā 'Self-embodied being'; ITA-1.9.3.2.3 jīvaḥ 'Living being, individual self'; ITA-1.9.3.2.9 puruṣaḥ 'Person, living being'; ITA-1.9.3.2.11 cikitsya-puruṣaḥ / ṣaḍdhātupuruṣa 'Person as the object of treatment'; ITA-1.9.3.2.14 niṣkriyaḥ 'Inactive' ('Inactiveness of atma, indicating its principal quality of performing the duty of being a witness'); ITA-1.9.3.2.15 vibhu 'Omnipresent'; ITA-1.9.3.2.19 nirvikāram 'Formless'. ITA-1.9.4.3.1 ātmaguṇaḥ lists six attributes: buddhi, sukha, duḥkha, icchā, dveṣa, prayatna.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false},{"english":null,"sourceName":"National Institute of Ayurveda terminology list","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"SV0009 ātmā","verbatim":true,"assessment":"COMPARATOR. Wording almost identical to WHO ITA-1.9.3.2.1, which suggests a shared source.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the National Institute of Ayurveda terminology list","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the National Institute of Ayurveda terminology list"},{"english":"soul","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sūtrasthāna 1, his aphorisms 41, 45, 47; Sūtrasthāna 8 footnote","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Public domain. Kaviratna's default, but his own footnote to Sū.8 (his aphorism 2) says: 'To render atman therefore, as soul would be misleading. But in the absence of a more exact word, this usual equivalent in English for atman cannot be discarded.' He glosses the commentator's sense as 'chetana-pratisandhatri i.e., the principle that is the cause of the consciousness of one's own identity as a living being.'","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"the Soul ... the eternal witness","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sūtrasthāna 1, his aphorism numbered 56 in the OCR (= standard 1.56)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Public domain.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"the Supreme Soul (when invested with a body) / the living (or Jiva-Soul)","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Śārīrasthāna 1, his aphorisms 78 (= standard 72-73)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Public domain. His rendering of paramātman in Śā.1.72, with jīva for the embodied self.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"the self-conscious self / Purusha (self-conscious subjectivity) / Kshetrajna","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita tr. Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1911, vol. 2)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Śārīrasthāna 1, Bhishagratna's sections 8-17","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Public domain. Bhishagratna avoids 'soul' in the body text, preferring 'self-conscious self', 'units or atoms of consciousness', and 'Kshetrajna'; his editorial note uses 'soul' freely.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"self / soul / spirit / consciousness principle","sourceName":"common textbook renderings","sourceKind":"other","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"All current; none standardised.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"1","verse":"42 (standard; Kaviratna prints 41)","establishes":"Ātmā is the fourth constituent of āyu alongside body, senses and sattva (mind). Kaviratna (his 41): 'The union of body, senses, mind, and soul is called Life.'","quote":"śarīrēndriyasattvātmasaṁyōgō dhāri jīvitam| nityagaścānubandhaśca paryāyairāyurucyatē||42||","translator":"Sanskrit text as printed on Charak Samhita Online","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Deerghanjiviteeya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"1","verse":"46-47 (standard; Kaviratna prints 45-46)","establishes":"The tridaṇḍa: sattva, ātmā and śarīra together constitute puruṣa, the subject of Ayurveda. Sanskrit (Charak Samhita Online 46-47): 'sattvamātmā śarīraṁ ca trayamētattridaṇḍavat' ... 'sa pumāṁścētanaṁ tacca taccādhikaraṇaṁ smr̥tam'. OCR spacing normalised.","quote":"Mind, soul, and body, this trinity, called person, resteth on union like three sticks (standing with one another's support.) Upon that (trinity) everything rests. That is also called purusha or Being. It is also animate. That is also regarded as the subject matter of this Science; and it is also for the sake of that, that this Science is promulgated.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"1","verse":"48 (standard; Kaviratna prints 47)","establishes":"Ātmā is one of the nine dravyas (five bhūtas, ātmā, manas, kāla, diś). Kaviratna (his 47): 'Those having ether for the first (i.e., ether, air, fire, water, and earth), soul, mind, and the quarters, are constituent elements (of all things).'","quote":"khādīnyātmā manaḥ kālō diśaśca dravyasaṅgrahaḥ| sēndriyaṁ cētanaṁ dravyaṁ, nirindriyamacētanam||48||","translator":"Sanskrit text as printed on Charak Samhita Online","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Deerghanjiviteeya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"1","verse":"56 (standard)","establishes":"Ātmā is nirvikāra (unchanging), para, the cause of consciousness only in conjunction with sattva, bhūta-guṇas and indriyas, eternal, and a witness (draṣṭā). Kaviratna: 'The Soul is immutable (incapable of being affected by anything) and eternal; faculties, the attributes of matter, and the senses, are the causes of consciousness. The Soul is the eternal witness, for it views all actions (without being itself affected by any of them).' His printed number for this aphorism is illegible in the OCR (reads 56 twice); by sequence it is his 55.","quote":"nirvikāraḥ parastvātmā sattvabhūtaguṇēndriyaiḥ| caitanyē kāraṇaṁ nityō draṣṭā paśyati hi kriyāḥ||56||","translator":"Sanskrit text as printed on Charak Samhita Online","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Deerghanjiviteeya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Śārīrasthāna","chapter":"1 (Katidhāpuruṣīya)","verse":"16 (standard; Kaviratna prints 23)","establishes":"The ṣaḍdhātu puruṣa: five bhūtas plus cetanā-dhātu; the cetanā-dhātu alone is also called puruṣa. This is the medical (cikitsya) puruṣa in which ātmā appears as the sixth, conscious constituent. Kaviratna (his 23): 'Some regard that Purusha is made up of six ingredients, viz, those begining with ether, and consciousness. Others regard that only one of the ingredients, viz., consciousness is called Purusha.'","quote":"khādayaścētanāṣaṣṭhā dhātavaḥ puruṣaḥ smr̥taḥ| cētanādhāturapyēkaḥ smr̥taḥ puruṣasañjñakaḥ||16||","translator":"Sanskrit text as printed on Charak Samhita Online","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Katidhapurusha_Sharira","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Śārīrasthāna","chapter":"1","verse":"70-73 (standard; Kaviratna prints 76-78 and a second 78 in the OCR)","establishes":"The liṅgas (inferential marks) of the embodied ātmā: breathing, blinking, life, movement of mind, passage of mind between senses, impulsion, retention, dreaming, dying, cross-ocular recognition, desire, aversion, pleasure, pain, effort, consciousness, steadiness, buddhi, memory, ego-sense; absent in the dead. Kaviratna's English (his 76-78): 'The vital breaths called Prana and Apana, the opening and closing of the eye (and other similar motions), the period of time called Life, the movements of the mind, the passing of the mind from one sense to another, the despatch of the mind (to a particular object), and holding the mind thereto. Sojourns (of the mind) to other places in dreams, as also the acceptance of death, the perception by the left eye of objects seen by the right eye. Desire, aversion, pleasure, pain, will, consciousness, apprehension, understanding, memory, and the idea of personal identity, these are the indications of the Supreme Soul (when invested with a body).' Both the Sanskrit and English were retrieved; the English is at the archive.org URL given in the other entries.","quote":"prāṇāpānau nimēṣādyā jīvanaṁ manasō gatiḥ| indriyāntarasañcāraḥ prēraṇaṁ dhāraṇaṁ ca yat||70|| dēśāntaragatiḥ svapnē pañcatvagrahaṇaṁ tathā| dr̥ṣṭasya dakṣiṇēnākṣṇā savyēnāvagamastathā||71|| icchā dvēṣaḥ sukhaṁ duḥkhaṁ prayatnaścētanā dhr̥tiḥ| buddhiḥ smr̥tirahaṅkārō liṅgāni paramātmanaḥ||72|| yasmāt samupalabhyantē liṅgānyētāni jīvataḥ| na mr̥tasyātmaliṅgāni tasmādāhurmaharṣayaḥ||73||","translator":"Sanskrit text as printed on Charak Samhita Online","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Katidhapurusha_Sharira","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Śārīrasthāna","chapter":"1 (Sarvabhūtacintā)","verse":"Bhishagratna's sections 16-17; Sanskrit verse number not established","establishes":"Suśruta's medical position on the self: not all-pervading (against Sāṃkhya), real, eternal, transmigrating, known by inference; the karma-puruṣa (self plus five bhūtas) is the object of medicine. Bhishagratna's section numbers are his own, not verse numbers.","quote":"The Science of medicine does not lay down that the self-conscious Selves (Kshetrajna) are all pervading, but on the contrary it asserts that they are real and eternal and are born in the planes of divine, human or animal existence according to their good or evil deeds in life. The existence of these self-conscious entities can be ascertained duly by inference inasmuch as they are extremely subtle in their essence. ... Purusha (individual) is nothing but a combination of a self-conscious self and the five kinds of matter (Maha- bhutas) formed into an organic body. This Purusha or individual, which is called Individual of action (Karma- Purusha), falls within the scope of the science and art of medicine.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-3-sharirasthana/d/doc142879.html","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"puruṣa","why":"In Ca.Śā.1.16 puruṣa is either the six-dhātu compound (five bhūtas plus cetanā) or the cetanā-dhātu alone; in Sū.1.46-47 it is the sattva-ātmā-śarīra triad. Ātmā is the conscious constituent of puruṣa, not a synonym, though Śā.1.16b and Bhishagratna's 'Purusha (self-conscious subjectivity)' use puruṣa for ātmā."},{"term":"manas / sattva","why":"Listed separately from ātmā in every enumeration retrieved (Sū.1.42, 1.48, Śā.1.17). Ātmā is nirvikāra and a witness; manas is an instrument with guṇas (aṇutva, ekatva) and objects."},{"term":"buddhi","why":"Buddhi is a liṅga (mark) of ātmā (Śā.1.72) and in Sū.1.49 a guṇa of ātmā; it is not the self."},{"term":"jīva / bhūtātmā","why":"WHO separates jīvaḥ (ITA-1.9.3.2.3) and bhūtātmā (1.9.3.2.2, the embodied self) from ātmā; Kaviratna uses 'Jiva-Soul' for the living embodied self in Śā.1.73."},{"term":"paramātman","why":"Śā.1.72 says the liṅgas are of paramātman; Kaviratna renders 'the Supreme Soul (when invested with a body)'. Whether Caraka intends a cosmic self or the individual self qualified as supreme is a commentarial question not resolved here."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"soul","why":"Not wrong but loaded; Kaviratna himself flags it as 'misleading' (footnote, Sū.8) because it imports a theological entity where the text means the principle that unifies consciousness. Bhishagratna avoids it in favour of 'self-conscious self'."},{"rendering":"spirit","why":"NIA SV0009 offers 'Soul or spirit'. 'Spirit' in English overlaps with prāṇa and with ghosts; the texts never make ātmā a breath or a spectre."},{"rendering":"consciousness","why":"Ātmā is the CAUSE of consciousness only in conjunction (Sū.1.56: caitanye kāraṇam ... sattvabhūtaguṇendriyaiḥ); cetanā is a mark of ātmā, not its definition."}],"openQuestions":["Whether paramātman in Ca.Śā.1.72 means the individual self or a cosmic one (commentaries not retrieved).","How Suśruta's denial that selves are vibhu (all-pervading) squares with WHO ITA-1.9.3.2.15 vibhu 'an attribute of atma'; WHO appears to follow the Caraka/Sāṃkhya line."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/atma/","canary":"20d480a1ff695104"},{"slug":"avalambaka-kapha","page":"/lexicon/avalambaka-kapha/","iast":"avalambaka-kapha","devanagari":"अवलम्बककफ","alternates":["avalambaka-śleṣmā","Avalamvaka","Avalambaka Kapha","Avalambak Kapha"],"category":"kapha-subtype","family":"dosha","renderings":[{"english":"Supporting kapha","sourceName":"WHO international standard terminologies on Ayurveda (2022), term ID ITA-2.1.3.2","sourceKind":"standards-body","locator":"ITA-2.1.3.2","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO follows VĀGBHAṬA here: chest seat, supports the heart AND the other kapha sites. That second clause is AH Sū 12.15-16a; in Suśruta it belongs to the āmāśaya kapha instead. WHO lists avalambaka FIRST among the five kaphas, matching AH's order.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Avalamvaka","sourceName":"Suśruta Saṃhitā tr. Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (public domain)","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"Sūtrasthāna ch. 21, Wikisource text: 'The Avalamvaka:—The Kapham, located in the region of the chest, protects the joints of the arms, the neck and the sternum, and enables the heart to perform its natural functions with the help of the lymph-chyle derived from the assimilated food and its own intrinsic potency.'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Note the spelling 'Avalamvaka' (v for b), Bengali-influenced transliteration, consistent across Bhishagratna. As with kledaka, the NAME is Bhishagratna's supplied heading; the mūla at 21.14 does not contain it. Bhishagratna's 'protects the joints of the arms, the neck and the sternum' is his reading of trika-sandhāraṇa.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"Avalamvaka","sourceName":"Suśruta Saṃhitā tr. Bhishagratna, footnote at Sūtrasthāna ch. 15","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"'They are known as Shleshmaka, Kledaka, Vodhaka, Tarpaka, Avalamvaka.'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Listed last in Bhishagratna's footnote, first in WHO's ordering. Ordering of the five kaphas is not stable across sources.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"situated in the heart and is responsible for its structural integrity","sourceName":"J Ayurveda Integr Med (2025), atherosclerotic CVD review","sourceKind":"peer-reviewed-journal","locator":null,"locatorWithheld":"\"J Ayurveda Integr Med (2025), atherosclerotic CVD review\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","verbatim":true,"assessment":"MISLOCATION. Both mūlas place avalambaka in the chest (uras/trika) SUPPORTING the heart, avalambana OF the hṛdaya. Saying it is 'situated in the heart' collapses the supporter into the supported, and the paper says this while citing the very verses that contradict it.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"J Ayurveda Integr Med (2025), atherosclerotic CVD review\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false}],"classical":[{"text":"Suśruta Saṃhitā","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"21 (Vraṇapraśna Adhyāya)","verse":"","establishes":"Seat = chest (uras); functions = holding the trika, and supporting the heart with the aid of anna-rasa and its own potency. The heading name is the translator's.","quote":"The Avalamvaka:—The Kapham, located in the region of the chest, protects the joints of the arms, the neck and the sternum, and enables the heart to perform its natural functions with the help of the lymph-chyle derived from the assimilated food and its own intrinsic potency.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita,_Volume_1/Chapter_21","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Suśruta Saṃhitā (Sanskrit mūla)","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"21","verse":"14","establishes":"The word 'avalambaka' does not appear; what appears is the verbal phrase 'hṛdaya-AVALAMBANAṂ karoti', it performs the supporting of the heart. The later NAME is derived from this function word. Seat is uraḥ-stha; second function is trika-sandhāraṇa. Crucially, Suśruta does NOT here give it the 'supports the other kapha seats' role.","quote":"उरःस्थस्त्रिकसन्धारणमात्मवीर्येणान्नरससहितेन हृदयावलम्बनं करोति;","translator":"","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/sushruta-samhita-sutrasthana-21-vranaprashna-adhyaya-question-concerning-wounds/","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Aṣṭāṅga Hṛdaya (Sanskrit mūla; no public-domain English translation exists, so no translation is quoted)","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"12 (Doṣabhedīya)","verse":"15-16a","establishes":"Vāgbhaṭa supplies the NAME and its etymology explicitly ('ato'valambakaḥ śleṣmā', hence it is called avalambaka) and ADDS the function of supporting the remaining kapha abodes (kapha-dhāmnāṃ ca śeṣāṇām), which Suśruta gave to the āmāśaya kapha. Corroborated: PMID 40972327 cites 'Ashtanga Hridaya Sutra Sthana 12/15-16'.","quote":null,"quoteWithheld":"nobody has yet read this quotation against its printed source, and an unchecked quotation is not published here","translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/2013/04/16/dosha-types-increase-and-decrease/"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"kledaka-kapha","why":"The principal confusion, and a real textual conflict. 'The kapha that supports the other kapha seats' is the ĀMĀŚAYA kapha (kledaka) in Suśruta 21.14 but AVALAMBAKA in AH 12.15-16a. Any claim about which kapha supports the others is unstatable without naming the authority."},{"term":"sādhaka-pitta","why":"Both are cardiac and are invoked together in the same papers (PMID 29153383, PMID 40972327). Avalambaka is the structural/sustaining component at the chest; sādhaka is the functional/mental-drive pitta within the heart."},{"term":"the hṛdaya itself","why":"Avalambaka supports the heart (hṛdaya-avalambana); it is not the heart and is not seated in it. PMID 40972327 makes exactly this error in print."},{"term":"śleṣaka-kapha","why":"Suśruta gives avalambaka the job of trika-sandhāraṇa, holding the trika, a joint region. That looks like joint work, which is śleṣaka's general domain. The distinction is regional: avalambaka holds the specific uras/trika complex, śleṣaka acts at all sandhis."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"\"the kapha situated in the heart\"","why":"Published in PMID 40972327 and contradicted by both mūlas, which place it in uras/trika and have it SUPPORT the heart. The name itself (avalamb- to hang upon, to support) encodes the relation, so the mistranslation erases the etymology."},{"rendering":"\"pericardial fluid\"","why":"A proposed correlate, not a meaning, and it does not account for either trika-sandhāraṇa (Suśruta) or the support of the remaining kapha seats (Vāgbhaṭa)."},{"rendering":"\"pleural fluid\" / \"surfactant\" / \"respiratory kapha\"","why":"Common in popular and teaching material because the seat is the chest. Neither mūla assigns avalambaka any respiratory function; the chest here is the seat, not the organ of action."},{"rendering":"Citing Suśruta for 'supports the other sites of kapha'","why":"That clause is AH Sū 12.15-16a. Suśruta 21.14 gives that role to the āmāśaya kapha. WHO ISTA's description combines both clauses and is therefore following Vāgbhaṭa."}],"openQuestions":["The retrieved AH text reads 'यत्करोत्यबलम्बनम्' where the sense and the following etymology require 'अवलम्बनम्'. Is this a typographical error on the retrieved page or a genuine variant reading? Needs a critical edition.","How do Dalhaṇa and Aruṇadatta handle the Suśruta/Vāgbhaṭa swap of the 'supports the other kaphas' function?","What exactly does 'trika' denote here, the sacral region, or the shoulder/neck/upper-back junction? Bhishagratna reads 'the joints of the arms, the neck and the sternum'; EasyAyurveda reads 'meeting place of shoulder, neck and back'. Other traditions read trika as sacroiliac. Unresolved."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/avalambaka-kapha/","canary":"c01b0db977c92efe"},{"slug":"ayu","page":"/lexicon/ayu/","iast":"āyus / āyu","devanagari":"आयुः","alternates":["ayus","ayuh","āyuḥ","ayu"],"category":"foundational","family":"foundations","renderings":[{"english":"Life process, cycle or span","sourceName":"WHO international standard terminologies on Ayurveda (WHO, 2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"Term ID ITA-1.2.1","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO declines to render āyu with a single English word and instead gives a three-part English term. Its description ('The coalescence of body, sense organs, mind and self that dynamically supports, nourishes and propagates itself...') is a close paraphrase of Charaka Sutrasthana 1.42 and its five listed synonyms (āyuḥ, dhāri, jīvitam, nityaga, anubandhaḥ) are that verse's paryāya list. Verified in a freshly downloaded copy of the PDF, p. 19 of the PDF file.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Life","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sutrasthana, Lesson I, aphorism 41 in Kaviratna's numbering (= Su 1.42 in modern numbering)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Public domain. Kaviratna capitalises 'Life' as a technical term and leaves the four synonyms untranslated in the verse (Dhari, Jivita, Nityaga, Anubandha), glossing them only in a footnote. He does not use 'lifespan'.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"the period of Life","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913), translator's footnote","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"footnote to Sutrasthana Lesson XXX: \"JAyush' is the period of Life. Generally, however, it stands for Life. — T.\" (OCR renders 'Ayush' as 'JAyush')","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna himself flags the ambiguity that the lexicon exists to record: āyus can mean duration, but in the Samhita it usually means life itself.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"life span / longevity","sourceName":"common BAMS textbook and journal usage","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"Very widely used in Indian Ayurvedic teaching literature and in the titles of modern papers (e.g. 'Ayu Pareeksha' = examination of the life/lifespan). It narrows āyu to duration, which Charaka Su 1.42 explicitly does not do. Recorded as a widespread rendering, not endorsed.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true},{"english":"not covered","sourceName":"ICD-11 Traditional Medicine Module 2 (Chapter 26, Module II, SK00-ST2Z)","sourceKind":"classification","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"No entity for āyu was found. TM2 is a classification of traditional-medicine disorders and patterns, not a terminology of foundational concepts, so absence here is expected rather than an oversight. I could not enumerate TM2 contents directly; the ICD-11 browser page returned only navigation chrome to my fetch.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1 (Dīrghañjīvitīya Adhyāya)","verse":"42","establishes":"Defines āyu as the conjunction (saṃyoga) of body, sense organs, mind (sattva) and self (ātman), and gives dhāri, jīvita, nityaga and anubandha as its synonyms. This is the locus classicus for the term.","quote":"शरीरेन्द्रियसत्त्वात्मसंयोगो धारि जीवितम्| नित्यगश्चानुबन्धश्च पर्यायैरायुरुच्यते||४२||","translator":"none - Sanskrit mūla only","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Deerghanjiviteeya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"Lesson I (= chapter 1)","verse":"41 in Kaviratna's numbering (= 1.42 modern)","establishes":"The only lawfully quotable English rendering of the āyu definition: Kaviratna gives 'Life' for āyu and leaves the four synonyms untransliterated. Double spacing in the quote is the archive.org OCR, reproduced as retrieved.","quote":"The  union  of  body,  senses,  mind,  and  soul  is  called  Life.  The  latter  is  known  again  by  the  names  of  Dhari, Jivita,  Nityaga,  and  Anubandha *41","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1 (Dīrghañjīvitīya Adhyāya)","verse":"41","establishes":"States that āyu is fourfold - hita, ahita, sukha, duḥkha - and that the science which declares these, plus its measure (māna), is called āyurveda. This single verse is the source of four of the nine terms in this group.","quote":"हिताहितं सुखं दुःखमायुस्तस्य हिताहितम्| मानं च तच्च यत्रोक्तमायुर्वेदः स उच्यते||४१||","translator":"none - Sanskrit mūla only","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Deerghanjiviteeya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"Lesson XXX (Arthedaśamahāmūlīya)","verse":"within the passage printed up to Kaviratna's aphorism-marker 18","establishes":"A second, independent synonym-list for āyu in Charaka, this one headed by cetanānuvṛtti (continuation of consciousness) rather than by the body-senses-mind-self conjunction. 'Chetanci' and 'Anubandka' are OCR corruptions of Chetana and Anubandha; quoted exactly as retrieved. Kaviratna's own footnote on this passage confirms the correct reading is 'Chetananuvrittih'.","quote":"As  to  Life  :  that  in  which  (or,  by  which)  Chetanci  exists  or  follows),  Jivitam,  Anubandka,  and  Dhari,  are  words  expressive  of  the  same  meaning.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Ashtanga Hridaya","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1 (Āyuṣkāmīya Adhyāya)","verse":"","establishes":"Vagbhata's opening chapter is titled for the desire for āyu (Āyuṣkāmīya) and grounds the four puruṣārthas on it. Recorded as a location only: no quotation is given because Ashtanga Hridaya has no public-domain English translation, and the Sanskrit line I saw on the retrieved page carried a verse number I could not check against a critical edition.","quote":null,"translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/2012/08/31/ashtanga-hrudaya-sutra-sthana-chapter-1-basic-principles-of-ayurveda/","checked":"address only, nothing quoted to check"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"jīvita","why":"Listed in Su 1.42 as one of several synonyms (paryāya) of āyu, not as an equivalent term in its own right. Treating jīvita as interchangeable with āyu loses the point of the verse, which is that āyu has several aspects each named separately."},{"term":"prāṇa","why":"Prāṇa is vital breath / a vāta subtype, a physiological entity. Āyu is the conjunction of body, senses, mind and self as a whole. English 'life' covers both, which is precisely why the English is unsafe."},{"term":"āyurveda","why":"Āyu is the object; āyurveda is the knowledge of it. Su 1.41 and 1.42 are consecutive and define the pair in that order."},{"term":"āyuṣya","why":"A separate WHO-listed term (ITA entries āyuṣyam / anāyuṣyam appear in the WHO index), meaning life-promoting or conducive to longevity - an adjective of things, not the noun for life itself."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"lifespan","why":"Su 1.42 defines āyu structurally (a conjunction of four constituents), not temporally. Kaviratna's own footnote concedes 'Ayush' can mean period of life but says that 'generally, however, it stands for Life'. Rendering it as lifespan silently picks the minority sense."},{"rendering":"age","why":"Conflates āyu with vayas (age/stage of life), a distinct term."},{"rendering":"soul","why":"Ātman is one of the four constituents of āyu, not āyu itself."}],"openQuestions":["Does NAMASTE carry a code for āyu, and what English term does it assign? The portal is a single-page app that returns a shell to a plain fetch and its API paths 302-redirect; the underlying terminology table was not retrievable.","Kaviratna's aphorism numbering in Sutrasthana 1 runs one behind the modern vulgate in this region (his 40/41/42 = modern 1.41/1.42/1.43). I confirmed the offset by matching his English against the Devanagari of 1.41, 1.42 and 1.43 individually. Whether the offset holds across the whole chapter is unverified.","nia.nic.in/pdf/TERMINOLOGIES.pdf (390 pp.) has still never been opened and may carry a competing Indian national rendering."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/ayu/","canary":"4a19483e5ab4f942"},{"slug":"ayurveda","page":"/lexicon/ayurveda/","iast":"āyurveda","devanagari":"आयुर्वेदः","alternates":["ayurveda","āyurvedaḥ","ayurved"],"category":"foundational","family":"foundations","renderings":[{"english":"Ayurveda","sourceName":"WHO international standard terminologies on Ayurveda (WHO, 2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"Term ID ITA-1.1.1","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO's English term is the untranslated word itself. Its description separately states that 'The term Ayurveda denotes \"knowledge of life\". It is a compound of two words, \"ayu\" (life) and \"veda\" (knowledge).' That gloss is WHO's, recorded here as a fact about WHO, not adopted.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Science of Life","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sutrasthana Lesson I, aphorism 40 (= Su 1.41 modern), and passim","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Public domain and Kaviratna's consistent rendering throughout both Sutrasthana 1 and Sutrasthana 30. He capitalises it as a proper noun.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"the Science of Medicine","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, tr. Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907-1916)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sutrasthana chapter I (Vedotpatti), opening line","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Public domain. Bhishagratna's opening line is 'Well, we shall now describe the origin of the Science of Medicine...' - a materially different rendering from Kaviratna's 'Science of Life', from a surgical text. The divergence between the two public-domain translators is itself the finding.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"Ayurveda (Medical Science)","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, tr. Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907-1916)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sutrasthana chapter I, in the sages' address to Dhanvantari","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Bhishagratna's parenthetical gloss where he retains the Sanskrit term. Read from the archive.org scan of Vol. I; the OCR there renders it 'Ayurveda (Medical Science)' within '...the truths of the Eternal Ayurveda (Medical Science)...'.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"a science in the knowledge of which life exists, or which helps a man to enjoy a longer duration of life","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, tr. Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907-1916), etymological note","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sutrasthana chapter I, as printed on wisdomlib's Bhishagratna text","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Bhishagratna's rendering of the two-way etymology of Su.Su 1.15 (āyur asmin vidyate / anena vā āyur vindanti). Public domain; wisdomlib's Sushruta is Bhishagratna and is quotable, unlike its Charaka.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"knowledge of life / science of life / science of longevity","sourceName":"common textbook and dictionary usage","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"The three renderings differ on whether veda is 'knowledge' or 'science' and on whether āyu is 'life' or 'longevity'. Charaka Su 1.41 supports 'life', Sushruta Su 1.15's second alternative supports 'longevity'; the texts disagree, so the English does too.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1 (Dīrghañjīvitīya Adhyāya)","verse":"41","establishes":"The definition of āyurveda by its contents: the knowledge in which hita, ahita, sukha and duḥkha forms of life, what is beneficial and harmful to life, and the measure of life are declared.","quote":"हिताहितं सुखं दुःखमायुस्तस्य हिताहितम्| मानं च तच्च यत्रोक्तमायुर्वेदः स उच्यते||४१||","translator":"none - Sanskrit mūla only","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Deerghanjiviteeya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"Lesson I (= chapter 1)","verse":"40 in Kaviratna's numbering (= 1.41 modern)","establishes":"The lawfully quotable English of the definitional verse. Note Kaviratna renders the fourfold āyu as 'Good, evil, happy and unhappy' - hita/ahita become good/evil, not salutary/unsalutary.","quote":"Good,  evil,  happy  and  unhappy  is  Life.  That  (  knowledge)  in  which  are  declared  its  nature,  and  measure,  and  what  is  beneficial  to  it  and  what  injurious,  is  called  the  Science  of  Life.40","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1 (Dīrghañjīvitīya Adhyāya)","verse":"43","establishes":"Names āyurveda the most sacred veda of that āyu, beneficial to men in both worlds - the verse that grounds the claim that āyurveda is a veda, not merely a śāstra.","quote":"तस्यायुषः पुण्यतमो वेदो वेदविदां मतः| वक्ष्यते यन्मनुष्याणां लोकयोरुभयोर्हितम्||४३||","translator":"none - Sanskrit mūla only","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Deerghanjiviteeya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"Lesson I (= chapter 1)","verse":"42 in Kaviratna's numbering (= 1.43 modern)","establishes":"Kaviratna's English for Su 1.43. 'ivith' is the archive.org OCR for 'with'; reproduced exactly as retrieved.","quote":"The  sacred  Science  of  Life,  approved  by  persons  conversant  ivith  the  Vedas,  and  beneficial  to  both  ( this  and  the  other)  region  of  men,  is  being  expounded  (as  follows.)42","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"Lesson XXX (Arthedaśamahāmūlīya)","verse":"within the passage printed up to Kaviratna's aphorism-marker 18","establishes":"Charaka's own etymological justification of the name in Sutrasthana 30 (āyurvedayati iti āyurvedaḥ). The hyphenation artefact and the stray ']' are OCR; reproduced as retrieved.","quote":"It  is  called  the  Science  of  Life  because  it  explains  (the  condi¬  tions  of]  Life.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"30 (Arthedaśamahāmūlīya Adhyāya)","verse":"26","establishes":"The prayojana (purpose) verse: preservation of the health of the healthy and pacification of disorder in the diseased. The most-quoted single line about what āyurveda is for.","quote":"प्रयोजनं चास्य स्वस्थस्य स्वास्थ्यरक्षणमातुरस्य विकारप्रशमनं च ॥२६॥","translator":"none - Sanskrit mūla only","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.siva.sh/caraka-samhita/sutra-sthana/30/26","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1 (Vedotpatti Adhyāya)","verse":"15 as printed on the retrieved page","establishes":"Sushruta's two-way etymology of the name: the science in which āyu is found, or by which one obtains āyu. The verse number 15 is as printed on this secondary page and was NOT cross-checked against a critical edition.","quote":"आयुरस्मिन् विद्यते, अनेन वाऽऽयुर्विन्दन्ति' इत्यायुर्वेदः ||१५||","translator":"none - Sanskrit mūla only","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/2023/05/04/sushruta-samhita-sutrasthanam-chapter-1-vedotpatti-adhyaya-origin-of-the-science-of-life/","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1 (Vedotpatti Adhyāya)","verse":"no verse number printed on the retrieved page","establishes":"Bhishagratna's English for the same etymology. Wisdomlib's Sushruta is the Bhishagratna translation and is therefore quotable; its Charaka is the 1949 Gulabkunverba and is not.","quote":"The etymological meaning of the term 'Ayurveda' may be interpreted to denote either a science in the knowledge of which life exists, or which helps a man to enjoy a longer duration of life.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122887.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1 (Vedotpatti Adhyāya)","verse":"no verse number printed on the retrieved page","establishes":"Sushruta's statement of purpose, corresponding to the Sanskrit printed as Su.Su 1.14 on the easyayurveda page (व्याध्युपसृष्टानां व्याधिपरिमोक्षः, स्वस्थस्य रक्षणं च ||१४||). Note the order is inverted relative to Charaka Su 30.26: Sushruta puts cure first, Charaka puts preservation first.","quote":"The object or utility of the science which forms the subject of our present discussion, may be grouped under two distinct sub-heads such as (1) the cure of diseased persons, and (2) the preservation of health in those who are not afflicted with any sort of bodily distempers.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122887.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1 (Vedotpatti Adhyāya)","verse":"no verse number printed on the retrieved page","establishes":"Sushruta's placement of āyurveda as an upāṅga of the Atharvaveda, and the eight-branch division that follows. Relevant to whether 'Ayurveda' names a veda, a branch of one, or a secular science - a disagreement the sources do not settle.","quote":"The Ayurveda (which forms the subject of our present discourse), originally formed one of the subsections of the Atharva Veda; and even before the creation of mankind, the self-begotten Brahma strung it together into a hundred thousand couplets (Shlokas), divided into a thousand chapters.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122887.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"Lesson XXX (Arthedaśamahāmūlīya)","verse":"Kaviratna's aphorism 28 region, printed p. 424","establishes":"Charaka gives śākhāvidyā, sūtrajñāna, śāstralakṣaṇa and tantra as synonyms of āyurveda - a synonym set almost never reported in modern entries. Kaviratna's transliteration uses C for ś; reproduced as retrieved.","quote":"As  regards  these,  (it  should  be  answered  that)  Ayurveda,  Cakhavidya,  Sutrajnana,  Castralakshmanam,  and  Tantram  are  words  expressive  of  the  same  meaning.*","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"āyu","why":"The object of the knowledge, not the knowledge. Su 1.41 defines āyurveda; Su 1.42 defines āyu; they are consecutive and deliberately separated."},{"term":"cikitsā","why":"Treatment, one limb of āyurveda. Kaviratna in Sutrasthana 30 translates cikitsā as 'the Science of Treatment' and distinguishes it from the Science of Life in the same paragraph."},{"term":"Atharvaveda","why":"Sushruta calls āyurveda a subsection (upāṅga) of the Atharvaveda; Charaka Su 1.43 calls it a veda in its own right. The two founding texts do not agree, and a lexicon entry that asserts either is taking a side."},{"term":"aṣṭāṅga āyurveda","why":"WHO gives this a separate term ID (ITA-1.4.1, 'Eight clinical specialities of Ayurveda'); it is the eightfold division of the subject, not a synonym for the whole."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"the science of long life","why":"Selects only Sushruta's second etymological alternative and drops Charaka's definition by content (Su 1.41), which is about hita/ahita and sukha/duḥkha rather than duration."},{"rendering":"traditional Indian medicine","why":"A category label from outside the tradition. It carries no relation to the compound and cannot support the classical claim that āyurveda covers the healthy as well as the sick (Su 30.26)."},{"rendering":"Ayurvedic medicine","why":"An English back-formation. It makes āyurveda an adjective qualifying 'medicine', which inverts the compound: veda is the head, not the modifier."},{"rendering":"holistic healing","why":"Marketing vocabulary with no textual anchor; it also imports therapeutic connotations that the definitional verses do not carry."}],"openQuestions":["Whether Sushruta Su.Su 1.14 and 1.15 carry those numbers in a critical edition. The Bhishagratna page I quoted prints no verse numbers at all, and the numbers come from a secondary site (easyayurveda).","Whether NAMASTE codes āyurveda as a term at all, and with what English."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/ayurveda/","canary":"09482bc81fe75961"},{"slug":"bala","page":"/lexicon/bala/","iast":"bala","devanagari":"बल","alternates":["balam","vyādhikṣamatva","sahaja bala","kālaja bala","yuktikṛta bala"],"category":"prakriti","family":"daily-life","renderings":[{"english":"Immunity, strength, physical endurance","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-2.2.27","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Three English words for one headword, and the headword merges balam with vyādhikṣamatvam. Description: 'This is classified into three types: innate strength, acquired strength and seasonal strength'. The merger is WHO's editorial decision, not a classical identity.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Inherent capacity of the body to resist diseases","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-4.8.25","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO ALSO gives vyādhikṣamatvam a separate headword in the morbidity chapter. So the same standard both merges and separates bala and vyādhikṣamatva. This internal inconsistency is the most useful thing in the record.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Innate strength / Acquired strength / Seasonal strength","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO's order differs from Charaka's (sahaja, kālaja, yuktikṛta). Its 'Seasonal strength' description reads 'Strength attained by virtue of a favourable season or age, i.e. winter season, youth', correctly including age, which the English term alone hides.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"three kinds of strength … Natural strength","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sutrasthana 11","verbatim":true,"assessment":"He renders sahaja as 'natural strength', kālaja periphrastically, and yuktikṛta as 'that which is due to exertion'.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"strength / vitality / resistance / immunity","sourceName":"Indian Ayurvedic college usage","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"'Immunity' is the commonest modern Indian rendering and the one WHO endorses; it is also the most consequential, since it invites claims the classical term does not license.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"11","verse":"36","establishes":"The three-fold classification and its address. sahaja bala is prākṛta to BOTH śarīra and sattva, and kālaja is explicitly both ṛtu-derived and vayas-derived, so 'seasonal strength' alone is incomplete.","quote":"त्रिविधं बलमिति- सहजं, कालजं, युक्तिकृतं च| सहजं यच्छरीरसत्त्वयोः प्राकृतं, कालकृतमृतुविभागजं वयःकृतं च, युक्तिकृतं पुनस्तद्यदाहारचेष्टायोगजम्||३६||","translator":"","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Tistraishaniya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"11","verse":"34","establishes":"Sets the context: the three-fold bala is announced in a list of triads at verse 34 and expounded at 36, immediately after the three upastambhas.","quote":"अथ खलु त्रय उपस्तम्भाः, त्रिविधं बलं, त्रीण्यायतनानि, त्रयो रोगाः, त्रयो रोगमार्गाः, त्रिविधा भिषजः, त्रिविधमौषधमिति||३४||","translator":"","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Tistraishaniya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"11","verse":"36","establishes":"Public-domain English for Su 11/36, preserving the body-and-mind scope of sahaja bala.","quote":"There are three kinds of strength, viz., that which is due to one's nature, that which is due to a particular season ( of life or the year ) ; and that which is due to exertion ( such as physical exercise, the use of invigorating food and spices and liquors, &c). Natural strength implies that kind of strength which inheres to the very nature of one's body and mind.","translator":"Kaviraj Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"8","verse":"94","establishes":"Why bala anchors this whole term group: the stated purpose of the entire ten-fold examination is grasping the particular measure of strength. Bala is not one of the ten items; it is what the ten items are for. Ellipsis marks the ten-item list quoted in full in the prakriti record.","quote":"tasmādāturaṁ parīkṣēta … balapramāṇaviśēṣagrahaṇahētōḥ||94||","translator":"","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Rogabhishagjitiya_Vimana","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"8","verse":"102","establishes":"Confirms the same purpose clause for sāra specifically: the eight sāras are taught for knowing the measure of strength.","quote":"sārataścēti sārāṇyaṣṭau puruṣāṇāṁ balamānaviśēṣajñānārthamupadiśyantē||102||","translator":"","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Rogabhishagjitiya_Vimana","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"vyādhikṣamatva","why":"WHO both merges them (ITA-2.2.27) and separates them (ITA-4.8.25). Su 11/36 defines bala without reference to disease resistance at all: sahaja bala is what is natural to body and mind. Treating them as one word is a modern move WHO has half-adopted."},{"term":"ojas","why":"A distinct WHO headword. Ojas is a substance; bala a capacity. Their classical relation is a live question, not a settled identity."},{"term":"vyāyāmaśakti","why":"Vi 8/121 says bala is inferred from karmaśakti; vyāyāmaśakti is evidence for bala, not bala."},{"term":"sāra","why":"Vi 8/102 says the sāras are taught in order to know bala. Indicator, not identity."},{"term":"dhātusāmya","why":"WHO ITA-2.2.26, whose criteria include 'increase in strength', so bala is a sign of dhātusāmya, hence distinct from it."},{"term":"bala as disease strength","why":"Vi 8/101 grades vyādhi-bala, the strength of the DISEASE, with the same word. A bare 'bala' in a nidāna passage may be the illness's strength, not the patient's."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"immunity","why":"WHO's own first word at ITA-2.2.27, and the most consequential error in this group. Su 11/36 defines bala by what is natural to body and mind, by season and age, and by diet and activity, none of which is an immune mechanism. 'Immunity' licenses infection-resistance claims the classical definition does not support."},{"rendering":"seasonal strength (for kālaja bala)","why":"Incomplete. Su 11/36 says kālaja bala is ṛtu-vibhāgaja AND vayaḥkṛta. WHO's description catches this even though its English term does not."},{"rendering":"acquired strength (for yuktikṛta bala)","why":"Loses the specificity. yukti means rational contrivance; Su 11/36 says it arises from the yoking of āhāra and ceṣṭā. 'Acquired' could equally describe kālaja."},{"rendering":"physical strength","why":"sahaja bala is explicitly prākṛta to śarīra AND sattva; restricting bala to the body contradicts the defining verse."}],"openQuestions":["Is bala a headword in this lexicon or a cross-cutting concept? Vi 8/94 makes it the purpose of the examination rather than an item in it, which argues for a concept record rather than a term record.","What is the classical relation between bala and ojas, and do Chakrapani and Gangadhara agree?","Why does WHO carry vyādhikṣamatvam twice, once merged with balam and once alone?"],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/bala/","canary":"89b860644eef21f0"},{"slug":"bala-vriddhi","page":"/lexicon/bala-vriddhi/","iast":"bala-vṛddhi","devanagari":"बलवृद्धि","alternates":["balavṛddhikara bhāva","balavṛddhikarāḥ bhāvāḥ","(contrast) śarīra-vṛddhikara bhāva"],"category":"physiology (promotion of strength)","family":"body","renderings":[{"english":"The following are means of increase of strength","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"Śārīra-sthāna ch. 6, his verse 18 (= CS Śā. 6.13); followed by the list 'Birth in a country of strong men; Birth in an age of strong men; Happy conjunction of time; Wealth of attributes of both seed and soil; Wealth of food and drink; Wealth of body; Wealth of assimilability; Wealth of Mind; Dispensation of Nature; Youth; Acts; and Cheerfulness or joy.'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"The only public-domain English rendering located. Kaviratna translates sampat as 'Wealth of', sātmya as 'assimilability', karma as 'Acts' and saṃharṣa as 'Cheerfulness or joy'.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"Factors which increase and maintain the strength of an individual","sourceName":"National Institute of Ayurveda / WHO-APW non-clinical terminologies glossary","sourceKind":"glossary","locator":"SV0060","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Renders karma as 'physical exercise', where Kaviratna has the neutral 'Acts'. A genuine interpretive divergence on one list item.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"no entry for balavṛddhi or balavṛddhikara","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"who-ista","locator":"searched","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Negative finding. WHO standardises the body-growth factor list but not the strength-increase factor list, though Charaka gives both in consecutive sūtras (Śā. 6.12 and 6.13).","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":null,"sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"who-ista","locator":"ITA-3.1.3","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Recorded here because it is the immediately preceding sūtra (CS Śā. 6.12) and is constantly mistaken for the bala list. Four factors, not twelve.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":null,"sourceName":"National Institute of Ayurveda / WHO-APW glossary, entry for bala","sourceKind":"glossary","locator":"SV0057","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Included to show how the Indian glossary ties bala directly to disease resistance, which is the bridge to vyādhikṣamatva.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Śārīra-sthāna","chapter":"6 (Śārīra-vicaya Śārīra)","verse":"6.13","establishes":"The canonical list of balavṛddhikara bhāvas. Quoted exactly as the page renders it. Note the page prints बलवृध्दि and स्वभावसंसिध्दि with the ध्द ligature rather than the usual द्धि, an orthographic variant of that site's text.","quote":"बलवृध्दिकरास्त्विमे भावा भवन्ति| तद्यथा- बलवत्पुरुषे देशे जन्म बलवत्पुरुषे काले च, सुखश्च कालयोगः, बीजक्षेत्रगुणसंपच्च, आहारसंपच्च, शरीरसंपच्च, सात्म्यसंपच्च, सत्त्वसंपच्च, स्वभावसंसिध्दिश्च, यौवनं च, कर्म च, संहर्षश्चेति||१३||","translator":"none (Sanskrit mūla)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Sharira_Vichaya_Sharira","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Śārīra-sthāna","chapter":"6","verse":"6.12","establishes":"The four śarīra-vṛddhikara factors, immediately preceding the bala list. Quoted so the two can be told apart; WHO standardises this one and not the other.","quote":"कार्त्स्न्येन शरीरवृध्दिकरास्त्विमे भावा भवन्ति; तद्यथा- कालयोगः, स्वभावसंसिध्दि:, आहारसौष्ठवम्, अविघातश्चेति||१२||","translator":"none (Sanskrit mūla)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Sharira_Vichaya_Sharira","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Kaviratna (public domain)","sthana":"Śārīra-sthāna","chapter":"6","verse":"Kaviratna's verse 18 (= CS Śā. 6.13)","establishes":"The public-domain English of the list. The ellipsis marks a page break in the scan occupied by a translator's footnote; no list item was omitted.","quote":"The following are means of increase of strength; They are — Birth in a country of strong men; Birth in an age of strong men; Happy conjunction of time; Wealth of attributes of both seed and soil; Wealth of food and drink; Wealth of body; Wealth of assimilability; Wealth of Mind; ... Dispensation of Nature; Youth; Acts; and Cheerfulness or joy.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"bala","why":"Bala is the capacity; bala-vṛddhi is its augmentation. WHO classifies bala into sahaja/yuktikṛta/kālaja (ITA-2.2.28/29/30); the Śā. 6.13 list cuts across that classification, 'birth in a strong region' is sahaja-adjacent, 'karma' is yuktikṛta, 'yauvana' is kālaja."},{"term":"śarīra-vṛddhi","why":"CS Śā. 6.12 lists FOUR factors for body growth; 6.13 lists TWELVE for strength. WHO standardises only the former (ITA-3.1.3). Citing 'the four factors' when you mean strength, or vice versa, is a common slip and the two sūtras are adjacent."},{"term":"rasāyana","why":"Rasāyana is a therapeutic modality producing yuktikṛta bala; bala-vṛddhi as given in Śā. 6.13 is overwhelmingly non-therapeutic (birth, region, era, seed and soil, youth)."},{"term":"vyādhikṣamatva","why":"The NIA glossary's bala entry runs them together ('As long as the patient has good strength he can resist all sorts of diseases'), and WHO puts balam and vyādhikṣamatvam under one ID. But CS Sū. 28.7 predicates vyādhikṣamatva of śarīras with particular constitutions, while Śā. 6.13 is a causal list for bala. They are not interchangeable."},{"term":"vṛddhi as pathological increase","why":"The same word names doṣa/dhātu excess (e.g. WHO ITA-5.2.2.4 pittavṛddhi-lakṣaṇam, rasavṛddhiḥ, raktavṛddhiḥ). In bala-vṛddhi it is desirable; in rakta-vṛddhi it is a disorder."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"immunity boosting","why":"Collapses bala-vṛddhi into vyādhikṣamatva and then into a product claim. Eight of the twelve factors in Śā. 6.13 are not modifiable at all."},{"rendering":"strength training","why":"Reads karma as exercise and drops the other eleven items. The NIA glossary itself renders karma as 'physical exercise' where Kaviratna has 'Acts', so even the glossaries disagree on that single item."},{"rendering":"growth factors","why":"Confuses the bala list (Śā. 6.13) with the śarīra-vṛddhi list (Śā. 6.12), and imports a biochemical sense of 'growth factor'."}],"openQuestions":["Whether 'bala-vṛddhi' is a headword anywhere in the samhitas at all. What is attested is the adjectival compound balavṛddhikara ('strength-increasing') qualifying bhāvāḥ. The lexicon should decide whether to head the entry balavṛddhikara bhāva instead.","How Chakrapāṇi glosses karma and saṃharṣa in this list, the divergence between Kaviratna's 'Acts'/'Cheerfulness' and the NIA glossary's 'physical exercise'/'cheerfulness' turns on it. Not checked.","Whether the Śā. 6.13 list has any relation to the three-fold bala classification, or is an independent scheme."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/bala-vriddhi/","canary":"75faca7169027497"},{"slug":"basti","page":"/lexicon/basti/","iast":"basti","devanagari":"बस्ति","alternates":["vasti","bastikarma","basti-karma","vasti-karma","nirūha / āsthāpana basti","anuvāsana / sneha basti","mātrā basti","uttara basti"],"category":"chikitsa","family":"clinic","renderings":[{"english":"Therapeutic enema","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator-standard","locator":"ITA-9.2.71 bastikarma","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO keeps the anatomical sense (bladder) and the procedural sense (bastikarma) as different entries in different chapters; its procedural definition widens the route beyond the rectum.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":null,"sourceName":"NIA Jaipur / WHO-APW draft terminology (2011)","sourceKind":"comparator-draft","locator":"c3/nia_terms.pdf text extraction","verbatim":true,"assessment":"The NIA draft has no stand-alone headword for the procedure; basti appears as the bladder and inside drug-class entries.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"enemata; 'Of all things that are destructive of wind, the best are enemata'; 'dry enemata' (for niruha) and 'oily enemata' (for anuvasana)","sourceName":"Kaviratna, Charaka Samhita, Sutrasthana Lessons II, XXII and XXV","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"archive.org BIUSante_47357 OCR; Lesson XXII his printed 18 and 26; Lesson XXV agrya list (his printed number not established); Lesson II translator's footnote","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna never transliterates the word; he uses the Latin plural 'enemata' throughout and glosses the two classes as 'dry' and 'oily' in a footnote.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"Vasti (clyster, enema); 'an application of the Vasti'; 'Anuvasana-vasti (enema)'; 'asthapana'","sourceName":"Bhishagratna, Sushruta Samhita vol. 4, Cikitsasthana ch. XXXV and XXXVIII","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"wisdomlib doc142955 (ch. XXXV 'Description of a Netra and a Vasti (pipes, nozzles and apparatus)') and doc142960 (ch. XXXVIII 'The treatment with a Nirudha-vasti')","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Bhishagratna keeps the Sanskrit 'Vasti' and adds 'enema' or 'clyster' in parentheses; his chapter title treats Vasti first as the apparatus.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"medicated enema / therapeutic enema / basti karma","sourceName":"Common PubMed usage (e.g. PMID 36944117 'Basti karma (therapeutic enema)'; PMID 32278669 'Lekhana Basti (medicated enema)'; PMID 38262328 'Basti (medicated enema)')","sourceKind":"textbook-usage","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":"'Medicated enema' is the dominant modern gloss; it drops the apparatus and bladder senses.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Common PubMed usage (e.g. PMID 36944117 'Basti karma (therapeutic enema)'; PMID 32278669 'Lekhana Basti (medicated enema)'; PMID 38262328 'Basti (medicated enema)')\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Siddhisthana","chapter":"1 (Kalpanā Siddhi)","verse":"39-40 (carakasamhitaonline numbering; standard Trikamji). No Kaviratna rendering of Siddhisthana was located in the scanned copy used.","establishes":"For aggravated vāta there is no remedy other than basti; hence some call basti half of all treatment, or even the whole of it.","quote":"तस्यातिवृद्धस्य शमाय नान्यद्बस्तिं विना भेषजमस्ति किञ्चित्||३९|| तस्माच्चिकित्सार्धमिति ब्रुवन्ति सर्वां चिकित्सामपि बस्तिमेके|४०|","translator":"Sanskrit text (no translator)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Kalpana_Siddhi&action=raw","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Siddhisthana","chapter":"1 (Kalpanā Siddhi)","verse":"3 (carakasamhitaonline numbering)","establishes":"Agnivesha's opening questions on the five karmas single out basti: its number, qualities and indications are asked about separately.","quote":"का कल्पना पञ्चसु कर्मसूक्ता, क्रमश्च कः, किं च कृताकृतेषु| लिड्गं तथैवातिकृतेषु, सङ्ख्या का, किङ्गुणः, केषु च कश्च बस्तिः||३||","translator":"Sanskrit text (no translator)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Kalpana_Siddhi&action=raw","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"25 (Yajjaḥ Puruṣīya)","verse":"40 (carakasamhitaonline numbering; one long prose sutra). Kaviratna's printed number for this list was not established from the OCR.","establishes":"In the agrya (best-of) list basti is the foremost of vāta-alleviating measures; the same sutra later has 'बस्तिस्तन्त्राणां' (basti foremost among tantras/apparatus-based procedures).","quote":"वमनं श्लेष्महराणां, विरेचनं पित्तहराणां,बस्तिर्वातहराणां, स्वेदो मार्दवकराणां","translator":"Sanskrit text (no translator)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Yajjah_Purushiya_Adhyaya&action=raw","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"Lesson XXV","verse":"Kaviratna's printed number not visible in OCR for this prose list; corresponds to the agrya list that carakasamhitaonline numbers 25.40","establishes":"Kaviratna's rendering of bastir vātaharāṇām.","quote":"Of all things that are destructive of wind, the best are enemata.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (OCR text; spacing normalized)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"Lesson XXII","verse":"Kaviratna's printed 16 (page image of printed p. 245, archive.org BIUSante_47357 leaf 347: the sentence closes '...included under Langhana.§16', the § being his footnote mark on 'Pachana'; the OCR garbles this as '^1 8') = standard Su 22.18 (carakasamhitaonline Langhanabrimhaniya Adhyaya prints 'चतुष्प्रकारा संशुद्धिः पिपासा मारुतातपौ | पाचनान्युपवासश्च व्यायामश्चेति लङ्घनम् ||१८||'). Kaviratna is two behind standard at this point in Lesson XXII.","establishes":"Kaviratna's 'dry enemata' = nirūha counted among the four saṁśuddhi; the parenthetical list is his gloss, the Sanskrit of 22.18 names none of the four.","quote":"The four kinds of corrective processes (viz., administration of emetics, of purgatives, of errhines or cerebral purgatives, and dry enemata), as also bearing thirst and wind and the heat of the Sun, drinking the medicines called Pachana, fast, and physical exercise, — these are all included under Langhana.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (OCR text; spacing normalized)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Cikitsasthana","chapter":"35 (Netrabastipramāṇapravibhāga cikitsita)","verse":"3 (sa.wikisource transcription; the project's parent page names 'Sushruta Samhita ... edited by Bhishagacharya Hari Sastri, 1980 edition', typed by Om Prakash Sharma and proofread by Maya Nand Sastri, from the peterffreund.com Vedic Literature Unicode Ayurveda collection — the chapter subpage itself names no edition and no scan is linked); Bhishagratna's section 2 (his '1.' closes the chapter's opening sentence)","establishes":"Teachers (ācāryāḥ) hold bastikarma the foremost (pradhānatama) among the procedures beginning with snehana (snehādīnāṁ karmaṇām, i.e. the series oleation, sudation, emesis, purgation and the rest, not a sub-class of oleation), because it performs many actions (anekakarmakaratva): through its varied drug combinations it cleanses (saṁśodhana), pacifies (saṁśamana) and restrains (saṁgrahaṇa) the doṣas, makes the semen-depleted virile, nourishes the lean and reduces the corpulent. Bhishagratna renders the opening phrase 'the best of all measures such as, the application of a Sneha, etc.'.","quote":"तत्र स्नेहादीनां कर्मणां बस्तिकर्म प्रधानतममाहुराचार्याः  कस्मात्  अनेक-कर्मकरत्वाद्बस्तेः इह खलु बस्तिर्नानाविधद्र व्यसंयोगाद्दष्णां संशोधनसंश-मनसंग्रहणानि करोति क्षीणशुक्रं वाजीकरोति कृशं बृंहयति स्थूलं कर्शयति","translator":"Sanskrit text (no translator); wikisource transcription carries typographic breaks and a misprint ('द्दष्णां' for दोषाणां), quoted as retrieved","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/सुश्रुतसंहिता","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Cikitsasthana","chapter":"XXXV","verse":"Bhishagratna's section 2 (his own numbering, printed after the paragraph; his '1.' closes the chapter's opening sentence 'Now we shall discourse on the dimensions and classifications of a Netra and a Vasti ...'; no Sanskrit verse numbers printed). Sanskrit Ci 35.3 per sa.wikisource.","establishes":"Bhishagratna's rendering of the Chi.35 opening; 'Vasti' kept, 'best of all measures'.","quote":"Sages of authority hold an application of the Vasti to be the best of all measures such as, the application of a Sneha, etc.; and why? Because on account of its varied functions and of its being composed of the various kinds of medicinal drugs a Vasti helps to restrain (Samgraha), pacify (Samshamana) and cleanse (Samshodhana) the different Doshas (morbific principles) of the body.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1911)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-4-cikitsasthana/d/doc142955.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Cikitsasthana","chapter":"35","verse":"18-19 (sa.wikisource text, Hari Sastri 1980 edition)","establishes":"Sushruta's own typology: mātrābasti as the reduced, restriction-free variant; nirūha is cleansing/scraping, the sneha (oily) basti is nourishing (bṛṁhaṇa).","quote":"तस्यापि विकल्पोऽधार्धमात्रावकृष्टोऽपरिहार्यो मात्राबस्तिरिति १८ /  / :निरूहः शोधनो लेखी स्नैहिको बृंहणो मतः  / :निरूहशोधितान्मार्गान् सम्यक् स्नेहोऽनुगच्छति १९","translator":"Sanskrit text (no translator)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/सुश्रुतसंहिता/चिकित्सास्थानम्/अध्याय_३१-३५","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"basti (anatomical, urinary bladder)","why":"Same word; WHO ITA.3.11.13 'Urinary bladder' is a different entry from ITA-9.2.71 bastikarma. The procedure is named from the animal bladder used as the enema bag (Bhishagratna's note on Dallana)."},{"term":"nirūha / āsthāpana basti","why":"The decoction (non-unctuous) enema, the cleansing type; Sushruta Chi.35.19 'nirūhaḥ śodhano lekhī'; Kaviratna 'dry enemata'; WHO ITA-9.2.75."},{"term":"anuvāsana / sneha basti","why":"The unctuous enema, nourishing (Chi.35.19 'snaihiko bṛṁhaṇo mataḥ'); WHO ITA-9.2.72/73 distinguish half-dose anuvāsana from full snehabasti."},{"term":"uttara basti","why":"Urethral or vaginal route (WHO ITA-9.2.85); WHO's bastikarma definition folds these routes in, classical usage treats them as a named sub-type."},{"term":"pañcakarma","why":"Charaka's five count two bastis (nirūha and anuvāsana) separately (Kaviratna's footnote, Lesson II); Vāgbhaṭa's five count nirūha once and add bloodletting (AH Su.14.5, GRETIL)."},{"term":"netra","why":"The nozzle/pipe; Sushruta Chi.35 is titled for both Netra and Vasti, so 'vasti' in that chapter often means the bag, not the procedure."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"colonic irrigation / colon cleanse / detox enema","why":"Imports hydrotherapy and pop-wellness toxin models; classical basti is a dosed medicated preparation retained or expelled on a schedule, with a nourishing (anuvāsana) class that has no cleansing aim at all."},{"rendering":"enema (unqualified)","why":"Collapses nirūha, anuvāsana, mātrā, yāpana and uttara basti into one biomedical procedure; the Sanskrit sources treat the classes as having opposite actions (śodhana vs bṛṁhaṇa)."},{"rendering":"bladder (when the procedural sense is meant)","why":"Dictionary first sense; WHO keeps two entries for this reason."}],"openQuestions":["Kaviratna's printed aphorism number for the Lesson XXV agrya list could not be read from the OCR; a human should check the scan for how he numbers the prose sutra that carakasamhitaonline calls 25.40.","Whether Kaviratna's translation reaches Siddhisthana at all was not checked; the BIUSante copy used runs Sutra through Chikitsa.","Charaka's own definition of basti by route (Siddhisthana 1.41 region, 'सम्यक् सुखेनैति च यः स बस्तिः') was seen only as a half-line; the full verse was not transcribed."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/basti/","canary":"60094df7748877b1"},{"slug":"bheda","page":"/lexicon/bheda/","iast":"bheda","devanagari":"भेद","alternates":["bhedaḥ","भेदः","bhedāvasthā","bhedavastha"],"category":"kriyakala","family":"disease","renderings":[{"english":"Stage of disease developing into subtypes or leading to complications","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","sourceKind":"who-ista","locator":"ITA-4.6.12","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO description, verbatim: 'The sixth stage of disease manifestation kālaḥ, when the established disease or condition differentiates into subtypes based on dosha and which may signal complications.' The stray 'kālaḥ' inside WHO's English is CONFIRMED present in the PDF on re-verification, so it is an error in the publication rather than an extraction artefact. WHO puts SUBTYPE DIFFERENTIATION first and complications second, the reverse of the usual practitioner emphasis.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"differentiating traits of the deranged humours ( Bheda )","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, tr. Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907)","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"Sutrasthana ch. XXI, summary verse","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Bhishagratna reads bheda as differentiation, aligning with WHO's first sense. For the stage prose he instead describes bursting: 'when a swelling (abscess, tumour, etc.) would burst and exhibit the characteristic symptoms of an open ulcer'.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"Bheda – Stage of complications","sourceName":"easyayurveda.com (Dr Raghuram Y.S. / Dr J.V. Hebbar)","sourceKind":"practitioner-reference","locator":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/2016/06/13/shat-kriya-kala-stage-wise-disease-management/","verbatim":true,"assessment":"String-matched on the retrieved page. Represents the dominant teaching gloss, which drops the differentiation sense entirely. The disagreement with WHO and with Bhishagratna is substantive, not stylistic.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"easyayurveda.com (Dr Raghuram Y.S. / Dr J.V. Hebbar)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"differentiation","sourceName":"siva.sh (machine-generated English layer)","sourceKind":"machine-translation","locator":"https://www.siva.sh/sushruta-samhita/sutra-sthana/21/36","verbatim":true,"assessment":"LOW AUTHORITY, AI-generated.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"a machine-generated English layer","downloadable":false},{"english":"Types of disease (vyādhibhedaḥ); Incision and drainage (bhedanakarma)","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","sourceKind":"who-ista","locator":"ITA-4.2.3","verbatim":true,"assessment":"All three re-read from the PDF. Recorded to show the range WHO assigns to the same root elsewhere: classification of diseases, and surgical incision (ITA-9.6.65 'Incision and drainage — The procedure of incising a fluid-filled cavity for drainage'; ITA-9.6.133 'Incision — Incision procedure for wound management'). Neither is the sixth kriyakala, and both are live sources of confusion.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"}],"classical":[{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"21","verse":"35","establishes":"Critical point, parallel to vyakti and re-confirmed: the prose of the sixth stage does not use the word bheda. It speaks of lesions that have BURST (avadīrṇānām) and become ulcers (vraṇabhāvam āpannānām), and of long-standing sequelae (dīrghakālānubandhaḥ) for fever and diarrhoea, ending in incurability if untreated. The name 'bheda' comes only from the summary verse 21.36.","quote":"अत ऊर्ध्वमेतेषामवदीर्णानां व्रणभावमापन्नानां षष्ठः क्रियाकालः, ज्वरातिसारप्रभृतीनां च दीर्घकालानुबन्धः । तत्राप्रतिक्रियमाणेऽसाध्यतामुपयान्ति ॥३५॥","translator":null,"licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.siva.sh/sushruta-samhita/sutra-sthana/21/35","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"21","verse":"35","establishes":"Bhishagratna's English for the sixth stage. Note that his prose here is about bursting and chronicity, while his gloss on the summary verse is 'differentiating traits', the same translator gives the stage two different senses in one chapter, which is the clearest evidence that the ambiguity is in the source, not in later readers.","quote":"The sixth occasion for the calling in of medical aid should be considered to have arisen when a swelling (abscess, tumour, etc.) would burst and exhibit the characteristic symptoms of an open ulcer. A persistent lingering or continuance of a fever or dysentery, etc., should be considered as marking, or forming one of its particular stages, and which may run into one of an incurable type, if neglected or not sufficiently cared for at the outset.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122917.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"21","verse":"36","establishes":"The only occurrence of bheda as the stage-name in the retrieved verses, and again governed by doṣāṇām, bheda of the doshas.","quote":"व्यक्तिं भेदं च यो वेत्ति दोषाणां स भवेद्भिषक् ॥३६॥","translator":null,"licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.siva.sh/sushruta-samhita/sutra-sthana/21/36","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"upadrava","why":"WHO ITA-4.5.24 defines upadrava as 'A factor, event or condition complicating a disease or condition' (printed p. 112), the dedicated word for complication. If bheda simply meant complication, upadrava would be redundant. Practitioner sources that gloss bheda as 'stage of complications' are collapsing these."},{"term":"vyādhibheda","why":"WHO ITA-4.2.3: 'Types of disease — The categorization of diseases based on various established criteria.' A taxonomic term, not a stage. The overlap with WHO's 'differentiates into subtypes' sense of bheda at ITA-4.6.12 makes this a real trap."},{"term":"bhedana / bhedanakarma","why":"A surgical procedure, WHO ITA-9.6.65 renders it 'Incision and drainage' and ITA-9.6.133 'Incision'. Same root, and the sixth-stage prose is about a lesion bursting, so the two can be confused, but bhedana is something the surgeon does and bheda is something the disease does."},{"term":"bhedana (a drug action) and bhedaka (a pain quality)","why":"Bhedana also names a class of drug action (breaking up, deobstruent). Bheda/bhedaka additionally names a splitting or breaking type of pain in symptom lists, WHO's own vata-aggravation list at ITA-5.2.1.2 includes 'breaking type of pain'. Neither is the stage."},{"term":"sādhya / asādhya","why":"21.35 says untreated cases 'attain incurability' (asādhyatām upayānti). Incurability is a consequence of neglect at this stage, not a synonym for the stage."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"'rupture' alone","why":"True of the surgical cases Sushruta names (a shopha or vidradhi bursting into a vrana) but false for the systemic cases in the same sentence, where the criterion is dīrghakālānubandhaḥ, long-term persistence. A rendering that covers only the surgical half misreads half the verse."},{"rendering":"'complications' alone","why":"Drops the differentiation-into-subtypes sense that both WHO and Bhishagratna record, and duplicates upadrava, which WHO codes separately at ITA-4.5.24."},{"rendering":"'terminal stage' / 'end stage'","why":"Overstates. 21.35 says untreated cases become incurable, not that the stage is itself terminal. The whole framing of kriyakala is that a sixth occasion for treatment still exists."},{"rendering":"'incision'","why":"Confuses bheda the stage with bhedana the procedure. WHO codes the procedure separately at ITA-9.6.65 and ITA-9.6.133."},{"rendering":"'chronicity'","why":"Captures the dīrghakālānubandha half and misses the bursting half. The mirror image of the 'rupture' error."}],"openQuestions":["Whether Dalhana reconciles the two senses (bursting versus differentiation) or licenses one of them.","Whether WHO's 'differentiates into subtypes based on dosha' reading has a textual basis in Su.Su. 21 or is imported from the vyādhibheda tradition.","Whether the stray 'kālaḥ' at WHO ITA-4.6.12 is an erratum in WHO's own copy: it is now confirmed present in the PDF text, so it is not a mirror artefact, but whether WHO has since issued a correction is unchecked."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/bheda/","canary":"e82ea06e19e2cf48"},{"slug":"bhrajaka-pitta","page":"/lexicon/bhrajaka-pitta/","iast":"bhrājaka-pitta","devanagari":"भ्राजकपित्त","alternates":["bhrājakāgni","Bhrajakagni","Bhrajaka Pitta","Bharajaka Pitta"],"category":"pitta-subtype","family":"dosha","renderings":[{"english":"Pitta for complexion","sourceName":"WHO international standard terminologies on Ayurveda (2022), term ID ITA-2.1.2.5","sourceKind":"standards-body","locator":"ITA-2.1.2.5","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO records ONLY the lustre/complexion function and entirely omits the absorption-and-digestion-of-topically-applied-substances function, which is the first thing Suśruta 21.10 says about it and the basis of the whole classical rationale for abhyaṅga, lepa and transdermal therapy. A significant omission in a standards document.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Bhrajakagni (illuminating or irradiating heat)","sourceName":"Suśruta Saṃhitā tr. Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (public domain)","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"Sūtrasthāna ch. 21, Wikisource text","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Bhishagratna keeps BOTH functions, absorption of applied substances and irradiating the natural complexion, and is therefore more complete than WHO on this term.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"Bhrajaka","sourceName":"Suśruta Saṃhitā tr. Bhishagratna, footnote at Sūtrasthāna ch. 15","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"'They are named as Ranjaka. Pachaka, Sadhaka (Medhakrit and Ojakrit), Alochaka and Bhrajaka.'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"At Su.Sū. 15.4 Bhishagratna maps the ūṣma-kṛt function to 'the germination of heat and maintenance of the temperature of the body', which is conventionally assigned to bhrājaka.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":null,"englishWithheld":"this project has not cleared that source for quotation","sourceName":"EasyAyurveda, Suśruta Sūtrasthāna 21 study page","sourceKind":"modern-textbook-website","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":"Faithful to the mūla's two clauses (pakta of abhyaṅga/pariṣeka/avagāha/ālepana substances; prakāśaka of chāyā). Closer to the source than WHO's single-function gloss.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"EasyAyurveda, Suśruta Sūtrasthāna 21 study page\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"\"EasyAyurveda, Suśruta Sūtrasthāna 21 study page\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation"},{"english":null,"englishWithheld":"this project has not cleared that source for quotation","sourceName":"Glob Adv Integr Med Health (2025)","sourceKind":"peer-reviewed-journal","locator":"PMID 40837116","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Adds 'sensory', which neither mūla supports, skin as the seat of touch is sparśanendriya territory and is not attributed to bhrājaka. An example of function creep in the modern literature.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Glob Adv Integr Med Health (2025)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"\"Glob Adv Integr Med Health (2025)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation"}],"classical":[{"text":"Suśruta Saṃhitā","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"21 (Vraṇapraśna Adhyāya)","verse":"","establishes":"Seat = skin (tvak); two functions, absorption/digestion of topically applied substances, and manifestation of complexion; designation = bhrājakāgni.","quote":"The Bhrajakagni:-The Pittam, which has its seat in the skin, is called the Bhrajakagni (illuminating or irradiating heat) inasmuch as it absorbs the substances used in the shape of unguents. lubrications, etc. and irradiates the glow of one's natural complexion.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita,_Volume_1/Chapter_21","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Suśruta Saṃhitā (Sanskrit mūla)","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"21","verse":"10","establishes":"The mūla is explicit and specific: bhrājaka is the 'paktā' (digester) of the kriyā-dravyas of abhyaṅga (oil massage), pariṣeka (pouring), avagāha (tub bath) and ālepana (paste application), AND the 'prakāśaka' (revealer) of chāyā (complexion/hue). Both clauses are in the same sentence; dropping either misrepresents the term.","quote":"यत्तु त्वचि पित्तं तस्मिन् भ्राजकोऽग्निरिति सञ्ज्ञा, सोऽभ्यङ्गपरिषेकावगाहालेपनादीनां क्रियाद्रव्याणां पक्ता छायानां च प्रकाशकः ||१०||","translator":"","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/sushruta-samhita-sutrasthana-21-vranaprashna-adhyaya-question-concerning-wounds/","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Aṣṭāṅga Hṛdaya (Sanskrit mūla; no public-domain English translation exists, so no translation is quoted)","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"12 (Doṣabhedīya)","verse":"14","establishes":"Vāgbhaṭa agrees on the seat (tvak-stha) and gives the etymology (bhrājanāt tvacaḥ, from making the skin shine), but in AH the absorption function is NOT stated in this half-verse. Corroborated: PMID 40837116 cites 'A. H. Su 12/14' for bhrājaka pitta.","quote":null,"quoteWithheld":"nobody has yet read this quotation against its printed source, and an unchecked quotation is not published here","translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/2013/04/16/dosha-types-increase-and-decrease/"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"varṇa, chāyā and prabhā","why":"Three distinct classical terms for aspects of appearance that bhrājaka is said to govern. Chāyā is what Su.Sū. 21.10 actually names (bhrājaka is its prakāśaka). Varṇa is complexion/colour proper. Prabhā is radiance and has its own WHO entry (ITA-2.1.2.8, 'Lustre') as a FUNCTION of pitta generally, not of bhrājaka specifically. English collapses all three into 'complexion' or 'glow'."},{"term":"ālocaka-pitta","why":"Both are 'appearance' pittas and their Sanskrit roots are confusable in transliteration. Bhrājaka makes the skin visible to others; ālocaka makes visible forms apprehensible to the self."},{"term":"rañjaka-pitta","why":"Both are colouring functions. Rañjaka colours rasa internally; bhrājaka manifests colour at the skin surface. Papers on skin pigmentation routinely invoke both and rarely say which is doing what."},{"term":"tvak (the seven skin layers) and the avabhāsinī layer","why":"Tvak is the anatomical seat; avabhāsinī is the outermost of Suśruta's seven layers and is where bhrājaka is conventionally localised by commentators. Bhrājaka is the functional pitta there, not the layer itself."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"\"melanin\" or \"the melanocyte pitta\"","why":"The dominant modern equation (the AYUSHDHARA review builds its whole second half on it) but it is a hypothesis, not a meaning. Melanin does not digest topically applied oils, which is the FIRST function Suśruta assigns. The equation keeps one clause of the source and discards the other."},{"rendering":"\"Pitta for complexion\" used as a complete definition","why":"This is WHO ISTA's own English term, and as a definition it is incomplete: it silently drops the absorption/digestion of abhyaṅga, pariṣeka, avagāha and ālepana substances. Since that clause is the classical justification for the entire transdermal-therapy tradition, the omission is consequential, not cosmetic."},{"rendering":"\"governs skin sensation\" / \"sensory function of the skin\"","why":"Function creep (seen in PMID 40837116). Touch is the domain of the sparśanendriya and of vāta; neither mūla gives bhrājaka a sensory role."},{"rendering":"\"body temperature regulation\" cited to Suśruta","why":"This attribution comes from Cakrapāṇidatta's commentary on Caraka, not from Su.Sū. 21.10, whose bhrājaka clause says nothing about thermoregulation. Suśruta gives the heat-maintenance role to PĀCAKA ('it keeps up the temperature in its other distant locations')."}],"openQuestions":["Cakrapāṇidatta's Āyurveda Dīpikā on Ca.Sū. 12.11 is reported to explain bhrājaka pitta as governing body temperature and skin colour. I did NOT retrieve the commentary itself and have not recorded it as a citation, a human should verify it directly.","Aṣṭāṅga Saṅgraha Sūtrasthāna 19 is cited by the AYUSHDHARA review as also naming bhrājaka. Unverified by me.","Does AH state the absorption function for bhrājaka anywhere outside 12.14? The half-verse I verified gives only the shining function."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/bhrajaka-pitta/","canary":"a5be50974ebf7ba0"},{"slug":"bhutagni","page":"/lexicon/bhutagni/","iast":"bhūtāgni","devanagari":"भूताग्नि","alternates":["pārthivāgni","āpyāgni","āgneyāgni","vāyavyāgni","nābhasāgni","pañca bhūtāgni","bhautika agni"],"category":"physiology / core concept","family":"body","renderings":[{"english":"Transforming factors acting at the level of the basic elements","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"terminology-standard","locator":"ITA-2.6.7","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO description verbatim: 'Transformative factors at the level of the five basic elements. It acts at two levels: 1. together with digestive fire during digestion; and 2. together with metabolic factors located in structural components during fundamental structural component level metabolism. There are five types: transforming factors of earth element, water element, fire element, air element and space element.' WHO's two-level account is notable and not universal in the textbooks.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false},{"english":"organic heat (Bhutagni)","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, tr. Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907-1916)","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"Translator's Introduction, vol. I, p. l","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Full context verbatim: 'it was a doctrine of faith among the Rishis that the solar heat pent up in the solids is transformed into organic heat (Bhutagni) which, becoming liberated in the stomach, produces the heat of digestion.' This is Bhishagratna's own commentary, not Sushruta's text, but it is public domain and is a documented rendering.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"the five heats, viz., that appertaining to earth, that to water, that to fire, that to air, and that to ether","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"Cikitsāsthāna Lesson XV (Kaviratna's v.12 = Ca.Ci.15.13)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna renders descriptively and never transliterates the term. No public-domain English word-for-word rendering of 'bhūtāgni' exists.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"elemental fire / elemental digestive fire","sourceName":"General textbook usage","sourceKind":"secondary-literature","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"Most common modern rendering; 'elemental' is doing the work of bhūta and is ambiguous in English (elemental as in chemical elements).","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true},{"english":"no NAMASTE code found","sourceName":"NAMASTE / NAMC","sourceKind":"terminology-standard","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"Searched the NAMC list for the 'BUtA' stem: the five hits are all bhūta in the sense of possessing spirits (bhūtagraha, bhūtābhiṣaṅga-jvara). No bhūtāgni code.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true},{"english":"no ICD-11 TM2 category found","sourceName":"ICD-11 MMS v2026-01, TM2","sourceKind":"classification","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"Statement about the TM2 blocks I retrieved.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Saṃhitā (Sanskrit)","sthana":"Cikitsāsthāna","chapter":"15","verse":"13","establishes":"The five elemental heats are named as 'pañcoṣmāṇaḥ', five ūṣmans, not as bhūtāgni. Each cooks its own corresponding elemental quality in the food.","quote":"भौमाप्याग्नेयवायव्याः पञ्चोष्माणः सनाभसाः। पञ्चाहारगुणान्स्वान्स्वान्पार्थिवादीन्पचन्ति हि॥१३॥","translator":"none (Sanskrit mūla)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.siva.sh/caraka-samhita/chikitsa-sthana/15/13","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Saṃhitā","sthana":"Cikitsāsthāna","chapter":"15","verse":"13-14 (Kaviratna prints 12-13)","establishes":"The only public-domain English for the bhūtāgni doctrine, including the like-nourishes-like principle that is its whole point.","quote":"Since the five heats, viz., that appertaining to earth, that to water, that to fire, that to air, and that to ether, digest earth and the other properties, respectively, numbering five, of the food eaten, Therefore, the material properties in the body (that is, those that relate to the five material substances already named) are nourished, respectively, by their correlative elements. The earthy properties (in food) nourish the earthy elements in the body. The rest nourish the rest, in detail.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Aṣṭāṅga Hṛdaya (Sanskrit)","sthana":"Śārīrasthāna","chapter":"3","verse":"70","establishes":"Vāgbhaṭa's technical triad names the elemental level 'bhautika', the adjectival form, alongside anna- and dhātv-agni.","quote":"anna-bhautika-dhātv-agni-karmeti paribhāṣitam || 70 ||","translator":"none — no public-domain English translation of Aṣṭāṅga Hṛdaya exists","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/corpustei/transformations/plaintext/sa_vAgbhaTa-aSTAGgahRdayasUtra.txt","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"dhātvagni","why":"Different level and different count (five vs seven). WHO adds a wrinkle by saying bhūtāgni acts together with dhātvagni during tissue-level metabolism as well as with jāṭharāgni during digestion, which blurs a boundary most textbooks keep sharp."},{"term":"pañcamahābhūta","why":"The bhūtas are the elements themselves; bhūtāgni is the transforming agent assigned to each. Writing that treats 'bhūtāgni' as 'the five elements' has lost the agent."},{"term":"pāñcabhautika parivartana","why":"Names the process of elemental conversion; bhūtāgni names the agent."},{"term":"bhūta (spirit/possession)","why":"Genuine homonym inside the same terminologies, every NAMASTE hit on the 'bhūta' stem is possession-related (bhūtagraha, bhūtābhiṣaṅgajvara). A term-matching pipeline will collide on this."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"elemental enzymes","why":"Imports catalytic specificity with no textual or experimental basis; there is no candidate enzyme for a 'space-element fire'."},{"rendering":"free radicals","why":"Traceable to PMID 22556911 and repeated in lay sources. The paper offers a correlation essay, not evidence, and the mapping reverses the valence, bhūtāgni is a normal physiological agent, free radicals are framed as damaging."},{"rendering":"the five elements","why":"Drops the agent and leaves only the substrate."}],"openQuestions":["Is bhūtāgni a commentarial coinage, and if so whose?","Is WHO's claim that bhūtāgni acts at two levels (with jāṭharāgni and with dhātvagni) sourced to a specific classical passage, or is it a committee harmonisation?","Does any classical text enumerate the five bhūtāgnis individually by name, or is the naming (pārthivāgni etc.) entirely modern?"],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/bhutagni/","canary":"902c49f4028735c1"},{"slug":"bodhaka-kapha","page":"/lexicon/bodhaka-kapha/","iast":"bodhaka-kapha","devanagari":"बोधककफ","alternates":["bodhaka-śleṣmā","Vodhakam","Bodhaka Kapha","Bhodaka Kapha"],"category":"kapha-subtype","family":"dosha","renderings":[{"english":"Taste-perceiving kapha","sourceName":"WHO international standard terminologies on Ayurveda (2022), term ID ITA-2.1.3.4","sourceKind":"standards-body","locator":"ITA-2.1.3.4","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO says 'seated in the tongue', which is VĀGBHAṬA's rasanā-sthāyī. Suśruta's seat is broader: jihvāmūla and kaṇṭha (root of tongue AND throat). WHO's narrowing is a silent choice between authorities and removes the throat.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Vodhakam","sourceName":"Suśruta Saṃhitā tr. Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (public domain)","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"Sūtrasthāna ch. 21, Wikisource text: 'The Vodhakam:—The Kapham, situated in the throat and at the root of the palate, lends its aid to the perception of tastes by maintaining the moist or humid character of the tongue.'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Note the spelling 'Vodhakam' (v for b), consistent with Bhishagratna's transliteration habits. Note also that he renders jihvāmūla as 'the root of the palate' rather than 'the root of the tongue', arguably an error, and worth flagging to anyone quoting him. The NAME is his supplied heading; the mūla at 21.14 does not contain it.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"Vodhaka","sourceName":"Suśruta Saṃhitā tr. Bhishagratna, footnote at Sūtrasthāna ch. 15","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"'They are known as Shleshmaka, Kledaka, Vodhaka, Tarpaka, Avalamvaka.'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Same v/b spelling. Anyone searching a 19th-century corpus must search both 'Bodhaka' and 'Vodhaka'.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"one of the types of Kapha which resides in oral cavity","sourceName":"J Ayurveda Integr Med (2025), tongue carcinoma case report","sourceKind":"peer-reviewed-journal","locator":"PMID 40403617","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Broadens the seat from tongue/throat to 'oral cavity' and drops the taste function entirely, using bodhaka purely as a site marker to justify a kapha-directed treatment rationale.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"J Ayurveda Integr Med (2025), tongue carcinoma case report\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false}],"classical":[{"text":"Suśruta Saṃhitā","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"21 (Vraṇapraśna Adhyāya)","verse":"","establishes":"Seat = throat and root of the (palate/tongue); the MECHANISM is explicit, it enables taste perception BY maintaining moisture of the tongue. The heading name is the translator's.","quote":"The Vodhakam:—The Kapham, situated in the throat and at the root of the palate, lends its aid to the perception of tastes by maintaining the moist or humid character of the tongue.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita,_Volume_1/Chapter_21","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Suśruta Saṃhitā (Sanskrit mūla)","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"21","verse":"14","establishes":"The word 'bodhaka' does NOT appear. Seat is jihvāmūla-kaṇṭha-stha (root of the TONGUE and throat, note Bhishagratna's 'palate' is a slip). The mechanism is 'jihvendriyasya saumyatvāt', by the watery/soft quality of the tongue-organ, enabling 'samyag rasa-jñāna', correct knowledge of taste.","quote":"जिह्वामूलकण्ठस्थो जिह्वेन्द्रियस्य सौम्यत्वात् सम्यग्रसज्ञाने वर्तते;","translator":"","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/sushruta-samhita-sutrasthana-21-vranaprashna-adhyaya-question-concerning-wounds/","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Aṣṭāṅga Hṛdaya (Sanskrit mūla; no public-domain English translation exists, so no translation is quoted)","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"12 (Doṣabhedīya)","verse":"16b-17a","establishes":"Vāgbhaṭa supplies the NAME with its etymology, called bodhaka FROM rasa-bodhana (making taste known), and narrows the seat to rasanā (the tongue) alone, dropping Suśruta's kaṇṭha. WHO ISTA follows Vāgbhaṭa.","quote":null,"quoteWithheld":"nobody has yet read this quotation against its printed source, and an unchecked quotation is not published here","translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/2013/04/16/dosha-types-increase-and-decrease/"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"rasa (taste) vs rasa (plasma/chyle)","why":"A serious homonym trap running right through this record. Bodhaka enables rasa-jñāna = knowledge of TASTE. Rañjaka colours rasa = PLASMA. English 'rasa' in an untranslated citation can mean either, and automated processing will conflate them."},{"term":"kledaka-kapha","why":"Both are moisture-providing kaphas in the upper digestive tract. Kledaka moistens the food in the stomach; bodhaka keeps the tongue-organ moist so taste can be apprehended. Different site, different purpose."},{"term":"rasanendriya / jihvā","why":"The tongue and the taste-organ are the seat and instrument; bodhaka is the kapha operating there. Saying 'bodhaka is the tongue' confuses agent with organ."},{"term":"saliva as such","why":"Saliva is the most common modern correlate, but salivary function spans bolus formation (closer to kledaka), enzymatic digestion (pitta/agni territory) and taste dissolution (bodhaka's part). Equating bodhaka with saliva wholesale imports all three."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"\"saliva\" / \"salivary secretion\"","why":"A substitution, not a translation, and it overshoots: saliva does several things the classical texts distribute across different subtypes. Bodhaka's specific job is making taste KNOWABLE by keeping the taste-organ moist, a perceptual enabling role, not a secretion."},{"rendering":"\"taste buds\" / \"gustatory receptors\"","why":"Anatomical substitution. Bodhaka is the condition of perception (moisture of the organ), not the receptor. The classical mechanism is explicitly 'jihvendriyasya saumyatvāt'."},{"rendering":"\"seated in the tongue\" cited to Suśruta","why":"Suśruta gives jihvāmūla AND kaṇṭha, root of tongue and throat. The tongue-only seat is Vāgbhaṭa's rasanā-sthāyī and is what WHO records. Citing 'tongue' to Suśruta drops the throat."},{"rendering":"Bhishagratna's \"the root of the palate\"","why":"The Sanskrit is jihvā-mūla, root of the TONGUE. This looks like a slip in the 1907-1916 translation. Flagged because the translation is public domain and therefore heavily reused."}],"openQuestions":["Does Dalhaṇa name this kapha 'bodhaka' in his gloss on Su.Sū. 21.14, or is Bhishagratna importing the name from Vāgbhaṭa?","Is 'the root of the palate' a genuine variant reading Bhishagratna followed, or simply his error for jihvāmūla?","Where does the association of bodhaka with cognitive qualities (seen in PMID 39114320) come from? Neither mūla supports it; possibly a later or popular source.","Whether NAMASTE or ICD-11 TM2 carries any bodhaka-kapha entry."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/bodhaka-kapha/","canary":"2f1f1734917bcf23"},{"slug":"brahmacharya","page":"/lexicon/brahmacharya/","iast":"brahmacarya","devanagari":"ब्रह्मचर्य","alternates":["brahmacaryam","brahmacharyya (Kaviratna's spelling)"],"category":"swasthavritta","family":"daily-life","renderings":[{"english":"Celibacy","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator-standard","locator":"ITA-10.2.12","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO's pair is internally odd: the privative a-brahmacarya is defined as 'appropriate indulgence ... in moderation', i.e. positively, while the upastambha itself is defined as total non-indulgence. Also ITA-10.2.1 trayopastambhaḥ describes the third pillar as 'moderation in sensual indulgence including sexual activity', contradicting 10.2.12.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"A state of continence and chastity abstaining from sexual relations and experience","sourceName":"NIA Jaipur / WHO-APW draft (2011)","sourceKind":"comparator-draft","locator":"BP0077","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false},{"english":"restraint of the senses","sourceName":"Kaviratna, Charaka-Samhita (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"Sutrasthana Lesson XI, his aphorism 30: 'The three stays (of the body regarded as a column) are eating, sleep, and restraint of the senses.' Footnote: 'By Brahmacharyya as used here, is meant a judicious indulgence or use of our faculties and powers.'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"The gloss 'judicious indulgence' is the TRANSLATOR'S footnote, not the text. Elsewhere (Lesson I) Kaviratna renders it 'continence', and in a later footnote: 'Brahmacharyya means the observance of sexual continence by young men during the period of pupillage ... Those who never indulge in sexual congress save with their wedded wives in the proper season, are regarded as observing Brahmacharyya.'","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"observance of celibacy/control of senses","sourceName":"Charak Samhita New Edition wiki (carakasamhitaonline.com), Tistraishaniya Adhyaya","sourceKind":"textbook/secondary","locator":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Tistraishaniya_Adhyaya","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"the CSRTSDC/Charak Samhita New Edition English, in copyright","downloadable":false},{"english":"celibacy; continence; regulated sexual conduct; sense control; chastity","sourceName":"Common textbook renderings","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":null,"licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"11 (Tistraishaniya)","verse":"35 (numbering as printed on carakasamhitaonline.com)","establishes":"Brahmacarya is the third upastambha (support) of the body with food and sleep; the qualifier yuktiyuktaiḥ ('properly/judiciously applied') is the textual hook for the 'regulated, not absolute' reading.","quote":"त्रय उपस्तम्भा इति- आहारः, स्वप्नो, ब्रह्मचर्यमिति; एभिस्त्रिभिर्युक्तियुक्तैरुपस्तब्धमुपस्तम्भैः शरीरंबलवर्णोपचयोपचितमनुवर्तते यावदायुःसंस्कारात् संस्कारमहितमनुपसेवमानस्य , य इहैवोपदेक्ष्यते||३५||","translator":"none (Sanskrit)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Tistraishaniya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"Lesson XI (Kaviratna)","verse":"Kaviratna's printed aphorisms 29 and 30 (printed after each passage); standard 34-35 per carakasamhitaonline - recorded separately, not converted","establishes":"Kaviratna renders brahmacarya here as 'restraint of the senses' and 'upastambha' as 'stays'; his footnote explains 'upastambha is used to express the stays which support a column'.","quote":"There are three stays (of the body) ; three kinds of strength ; three kinds of causes of disease ; three kinds of disease ; three seats of disease ; three kinds of physicians ; and lastly three kinds of medicines. The three stays (of the body regarded as a column) are eating, sleep, and restraint of the senses. In consequence of the three stays (mentioned above) supporting the body, the latter receives accession of strength and complexion and nourishment.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"abrahmacarya","why":"WHO ITA-10.2.13 defines it as 'Appropriate indulgence ... (in moderation)', which makes the WHO pair read as regulated-vs-unregulated rather than celibate-vs-sexual; flag this when citing WHO."},{"term":"vājīkaraṇa","why":"Aphrodisiac/reproductive therapy; the texts prescribe both, which itself shows brahmacarya is not lifelong celibacy in the medical context."},{"term":"brahmacarya as yogic yama / āśrama","why":"In Yoga Sutra and Dharmashastra it is a vow or life-stage (student); in Ayurveda it is one of three bodily supports, read by commentators as regulated sexual conduct."},{"term":"indriya-nigraha / dama","why":"General sense-control; Kaviratna's 'restraint of the senses' blurs brahmacarya into this broader idea."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"Celibacy (as absolute abstinence)","why":"The upastambha verse qualifies all three supports with yuktiyuktaiḥ (properly applied); Kaviratna's footnote and WHO's own ITA-10.2.1 ('moderation in sensual indulgence') read it as regulated conduct. WHO ITA-10.2.12 nevertheless prints 'Celibacy'."},{"rendering":"Restraint of the senses","why":"Kaviratna's rendering widens brahmacarya to all sense-control; the Sanskrit term's primary reference in this context is sexual conduct."},{"rendering":"Chastity","why":"Imports a moral/religious register; the Ayurvedic frame is physiological (support of bala, varṇa, upacaya)."}],"openQuestions":["How does Chakrapani gloss brahmacarya at Ca.Su.11.35? Not retrieved; secondary sources claim a 'regulated' reading.","Does Sushruta or Vagbhata define brahmacarya anywhere? Not located."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/brahmacharya/","canary":"23de4d5590308ceb"},{"slug":"brimhana","page":"/lexicon/brimhana/","iast":"bṛṁhaṇa","devanagari":"बृंहण","alternates":["bṛṃhaṇa","brimhana","brmhana","bṛṁhaṇa-cikitsā","Vring-hana (Kaviratna)","santarpaṇa (related, not identical)"],"category":"chikitsa","family":"clinic","renderings":[{"english":"Bulk-enhancing","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator-standard","locator":"ITA-9.1.43 bṛṁhaṇam/bṛṁhaṇacikitsā","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO's headword is 'Bulk-enhancing', with 'nourishing' reserved for santarpaṇa; this is a deliberate separation of the two-fold and six-fold schemes.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":null,"sourceName":"NIA Jaipur / WHO-APW draft terminology (2011)","sourceKind":"comparator-draft","locator":"entry SV0070 bṛṁhaṇa","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Draft gloss; adds indications not in the Charaka definition.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Vring-hana: 'That which promotes nutrition and bulk of the body'","sourceName":"Kaviratna, Charaka Samhita, Sutrasthana Lesson XXII","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"archive.org BIUSante_47357 OCR, his printed 7-9 (standard 22.9-10)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna transliterates as 'Vring-hana' (Bengali-influenced), which makes the term hard to find by search; his gloss is accurate to bṛhattva.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"nourishing therapy / nourishment / Brimhana (nourishing)","sourceName":"PubMed usage: PMID 23723649 'Brimhana (nourishing therapy)'; PMID 27833368 'Brimhana (nourishment) effect'; PMID 36329776 'brimhana (nourishing)'; PMID 35370376 'Brimhana Nasya (nourishing nasal drop)'","sourceKind":"textbook-usage","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":"'Nourishing' dominates modern usage and overlaps WHO's rendering of santarpaṇa.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"PubMed usage: PMID 23723649 'Brimhana (nourishing therapy)'; PMID 27833368 'Brimhana (nourishment) effect'; PMID 36329776 'brimhana (nourishing)'; PMID 35370376 'Brimhana Nasya (nourishing nasal drop)'\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"bṛṃhaṇo laṅghanaś ca as synonyms (paryāya) of santarpaṇa and apatarpaṇa","sourceName":"Vāgbhaṭa, Aṣṭāṅgahṛdaya Sutrasthana 14.1-2 (GRETIL e-text; Sanskrit only, no English quotable)","sourceKind":"classical-sanskrit","locator":"GRETIL sa_vAgbhaTa-aSTAGgahRdayasUtra","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Vāgbhaṭa explicitly equates the two pairs that WHO keeps apart.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Vāgbhaṭa, Aṣṭāṅgahṛdaya Sutrasthana 14.1-2 (GRETIL e-text; Sanskrit only, no English quotable)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"\"Vāgbhaṭa, Aṣṭāṅgahṛdaya Sutrasthana 14.1-2 (GRETIL e-text; Sanskrit only, no English quotable)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation"}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"22 (Laṅghanabṛṁhaṇīya)","verse":"10 (carakasamhitaonline numbering; the number closes the verse whose first half defines bṛṁhaṇa). Kaviratna prints 7-9 for the block containing it.","establishes":"Definition: whatever produces bṛhattva (largeness/bulk) of the body is bṛṁhaṇa.","quote":"बृहत्त्वं यच्छरीरस्य जनयेत्तच्च बृंहणम्| रौक्ष्यं खरत्वं वैशद्यं यत् कुर्यात्तद्धि रूक्षणम्||१०||","translator":"Sanskrit text (no translator)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Langhanabrimhaniya_Adhyaya&action=raw","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"Lesson XXII","verse":"Kaviratna's printed 7-9 (standard 22.9-11 per carakasamhitaonline; he is two behind here and aligned at 18)","establishes":"Kaviratna's rendering and spelling 'Vring-hana'; the parenthesis is his gloss.","quote":"Any thing that lightens or attenuates (the aggravated humours and altered constituents) in the body has been said to be a Langhana. That which promotes nutrition and bulk of the body is known as Vring-hana.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (OCR text; spacing normalized)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"22 (Laṅghanabṛṁhaṇīya)","verse":"28 (carakasamhitaonline numbering); Kaviratna prints 26 for the sentence that ends with sugar, milk and ghee","establishes":"Sugar, milk and ghee are bṛṁhaṇa for everyone.","quote":"शर्कराक्षीरसर्पींषि सर्वेषां विद्धि बृंहणम्||२८||","translator":"Sanskrit text (no translator)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Langhanabrimhaniya_Adhyaya&action=raw","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"Lesson XXII","verse":"Kaviratna's printed 26 (standard 22.27-28 region; the half-verse ending in bṛṁhaṇam is numbered 28)","establishes":"Kaviratna's list of universal bṛṁhaṇa measures, including the oily enema.","quote":"Baths, gentle rubbing of the body (with medicated oils), sleep, honey and other sweets, oily enemata, sugar, and milk and ghee, know, are Vring-hanas for all persons.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (OCR text; spacing normalized)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"Lesson XXII","verse":"Kaviratna's printed 24 (standard number not independently established; the Sanskrit 22.26 ends 'बृंहणीया नराः स्मृताः')","establishes":"Indications (bṛṁhaṇīya persons).","quote":"Those that have lost their vitality, those that have received Wounds, those that are lean or emaciated, those that are old, those that are weak, those that walk long distances every day, and those that indulge in sexual congress and drink (stimulants) every day, have been said to deserve Vring-hana.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (OCR text; spacing normalized)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Ashtanga Hridaya","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"14 (Dvividhopakramaṇīya)","verse":"1-2 (GRETIL e-text numbering; chapter confirmed by '14.14cv' variant markers in the same block)","establishes":"Vāgbhaṭa makes treatment twofold (santarpaṇa/apatarpaṇa) and names bṛṁhaṇa and laṅghana as their synonyms, defined by bṛhattva and lāghava.","quote":"upakramyasya hi dvi-tvād dvi-dhaivopakramo mataḥ | ekaḥ saṃtarpaṇas tatra dvitīyaś cāpatarpaṇaḥ || 1 || bṛṃhaṇo laṅghanaś ceti tat-paryāyāv udāhṛtau | bṛṃhaṇaṃ yad bṛhat-tvāya laṅghanaṃ lāghavāya yat || 2 ||","translator":"Sanskrit text (R. P. Das and R. E. Emmerick transcription); no English quotable","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/corpustei/transformations/plaintext/sa_vAgbhaTa-aSTAGgahRdayasUtra.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Cikitsasthana","chapter":"35","verse":"19 (sa.wikisource, Hari Sastri 1980 edition)","establishes":"Sushruta applies bṛṁhaṇa as the action of the unctuous enema, contrasting it with the cleansing nirūha.","quote":"निरूहः शोधनो लेखी स्नैहिको बृंहणो मतः  / :निरूहशोधितान्मार्गान् सम्यक् स्नेहोऽनुगच्छति १९","translator":"Sanskrit text (no translator)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/सुश्रुतसंहिता/चिकित्सास्थानम्/अध्याय_३१-३५","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"santarpaṇa","why":"The nourishing half of the twofold scheme (WHO ITA-9.1.40); Vāgbhaṭa calls bṛṁhaṇa its synonym (AH Su.14.2), WHO keeps them as separate entries."},{"term":"snehana","why":"Oleation is one of the six upakramas with its own definition (Ca.Su.22.11); it is often bṛṁhaṇa in effect but defined by unctuousness, not bulk."},{"term":"balya / rasāyana","why":"Strength-promoting and rejuvenative categories of drug action; bṛṁhaṇa is defined only by increase of body bulk (Ca.Su.22.10)."},{"term":"laṅghana","why":"Its defined opposite (lāghava vs bṛhattva, Ca.Su.22.9-10)."},{"term":"guru (guṇa)","why":"Heaviness is a property of substances; Ca.Su.22.13-14 lists guru among the properties that make a substance bṛṁhaṇa, the therapy is the effect."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"weight gain therapy / fattening","why":"Bṛhattva covers bulk and strength in the indications (emaciated, wounded, aged); Kaviratna's 'excessive Vring-hana results in corpulency' shows corpulence is the overdose sign, not the aim."},{"rendering":"tonic","why":"Victorian pharmacological category; it does not map to the six-fold upakrama scheme and is also used for rasāyana and balya."},{"rendering":"nutrition / nutritional therapy","why":"Biomedical nutrition is about intake; bṛṁhaṇa includes sleep, baths, massage and oily enema (Kaviratna's printed 26)."}],"openQuestions":["The standard verse numbers for Kaviratna's printed 23-24 (bṛṁhaṇīya persons) were not independently established; carakasamhitaonline shows 22.25-26 ending in बृंहणमुच्यते / बृंहणीया नराः स्मृताः, which suggests his offset here is two behind, but this was not confirmed line by line.","WHO's reason for separating bṛṁhaṇa (9.1.43) from santarpaṇa (9.1.40) is not stated in the entries read."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/brimhana/","canary":"752b353284f6eb64"},{"slug":"buddhi","page":"/lexicon/buddhi/","iast":"buddhi","devanagari":"बुद्धिः","alternates":["buddhih","mahat / mahān (in the Sāṃkhya enumeration)","dhī","prajñā (near-synonym in the prajñāparādha context)","indriya-buddhi (compound, a distinct sense)"],"category":"manas / darshana","family":"mind","renderings":[{"english":"Intelligence, intellect","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-1.9.4.3.2 buddhiḥ","verbatim":true,"assessment":"COMPARATOR. Description: 'The power of forming and retaining concepts and general notions: intelligence, reason, intellect, discernment or judgement.' Filed under 1.9.4.3 'Qualities of the soul or self'. WHO ITA-1.9.3.3.34 antaḥkaraṇam 'Inner cognitive faculty' lists 'intellect (buddhi), mind (manas), self-awareness (ahamkara) and the storehouse of moods and memories (citta)'. WHO ITA-1.9.3.2.12 caturviṃśati-puruṣaḥ renders mahat as 'all-pervading intelligence (mahat)'.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false},{"english":null,"sourceName":"National Institute of Ayurveda terminology list","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"SK0049 buddhi","verbatim":true,"assessment":"COMPARATOR. Near-identical to WHO; the wording is Monier-Williams' dictionary entry for buddhi, so both standards are reproducing a lexicon rather than a śāstric definition.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the National Institute of Ayurveda terminology list","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the National Institute of Ayurveda terminology list"},{"english":"perceived sense as an outcome of the direct perception","sourceName":"National Institute of Ayurveda terminology list","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"BP0115 indriyabuddhi","verbatim":true,"assessment":"COMPARATOR, for the compound indriya-buddhi (Ca.Sū.8.12), which is a different sense of buddhi: the five sensory cognitions.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the National Institute of Ayurveda terminology list","downloadable":false},{"english":"the Understanding","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sūtrasthāna 8 (his aphorism 7), Sūtrasthāna 11 ('faults of the Understanding' for prajñāparādha), Śārīrasthāna 1 (his 78)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Public domain. Kaviratna's standing equivalent, capitalised, in the 18th-century faculty-psychology sense.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"the Intellect","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Śārīrasthāna 1, his aphorism for standard 1.23","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Public domain. 'The Intellect then, having certitude for its essence, becomes manifested.' Also 'the intellect' in his Sū.1.48 (standard 49) gloss, where his footnote says 'The word rendered intellect is buddhi, i.e., the cognitive faculty or faculties of the Kantian distribution of mental phenomena.'","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"mind","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sūtrasthāna 1, his aphorism 53 (standard 54)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Public domain. In the three-cause verse he renders kāla-buddhi-indriyārtha as 'time, mind, and the objects of the senses', collapsing buddhi into mind; in his preface the same verse has 'mental faculties'.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"the reason","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sūtrasthāna 8, his aphorism 8 ('the senses, as led by the reason')","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Public domain. The Sanskrit of Sū.8.14 has no buddhi; this is Kaviratna's insertion, recorded as a rendering habit, not a textual equivalent.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"Intellection / Mahan / Mahat","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita tr. Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1911)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Śārīrasthāna 1, sections 2-3, 6-7","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Public domain. Bhishagratna writes 'Mahan (intellection)', 'Intellection or Mahan', and once 'The tutelary god of intellection (Buddhi) is Brahma', equating buddhi with the Sāṃkhya mahat. His editorial note: 'Intellect according to Sushruta is material.'","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"intellect (Vuddhi)","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita tr. Bhishagratna","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Śārīrasthāna 1, section 18 (list of attributes of the individual)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Public domain. 'Vuddhi' is Bhishagratna's Bengali-influenced spelling of buddhi; he also writes 'Vuddhi-Indriya' for buddhīndriya.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"intellect / intelligence / discriminative faculty / decisive knowledge","sourceName":"common textbook renderings","sourceKind":"other","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"'Intellect' dominates; 'decisive knowledge' tracks niścayātmikā in Ca.Śā.1.23.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Śārīrasthāna","chapter":"1","verse":"21-23 (standard; Kaviratna prints 28-30, the last two garbled to '25' in the OCR)","establishes":"The cognitive sequence: sense-with-mind grasps the object; manas deliberates (kalpyate) as to merit or fault; then buddhi, which is niścayātmikā (of the nature of certainty), arises about the object, and one speaks or acts buddhi-pūrvakam. This is the text's functional definition of buddhi as the determinative stage after manas. Kaviratna: 'By the organs of sense, with the mind working with them, are all sensuous objects apprehended. The mind then works upon those objects, rightly or wrongly. The Intellect then, having certitude for its essence, becomes manifested in connection thereto. Aided (thus) by the Intellect, one then sets about to speak or act.' His footnote: 'The mind doubts, saying, Is this so, or, Is this not so? Then comes the Intellect which discriminates ... Hence, the Intellect is said to have certitude for its essence.' English at https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","quote":"indriyābhigrahaḥ karma manasaḥ svasya nigrahaḥ| ūhō vicāraśca, tataḥ paraṁ buddhiḥ pravartatē||21|| indriyēṇēndriyārthō hi samanaskēna gr̥hyatē| kalpyatē manasā tūrdhvaṁ guṇatō dōṣatō'thavā||22|| jāyatē viṣayē tatra yā buddhirniścayātmikā| vyavasyati tayā vaktuṁ kartuṁ vā buddhipūrvakam||23||","translator":"Sanskrit text as printed on Charak Samhita Online","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Katidhapurusha_Sharira","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"1","verse":"49 (standard; Kaviratna prints 48)","establishes":"Buddhi is classed as a guṇa, heading the series buddhi ... prayatna (the ātma-guṇas), alongside the sense-objects (sārthā), the gurvādi and the parādi guṇas. This is the textual root of WHO filing buddhi under 'Qualities of the soul or self'. Kaviratna: 'the intellect, pleasure and pain, and desire and aversion and will ... are called attributes'.","quote":"sārthā gurvādayō buddhiḥ prayatnāntāḥ parādayaḥ| guṇāḥ prōktāḥ prayatnādi karma cēṣṭitamucyatē||49||","translator":"Sanskrit text as printed on Charak Samhita Online","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Deerghanjiviteeya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"1","verse":"54 (standard; Kaviratna prints 53)","establishes":"Buddhi is the second member of the etiological triad (its misuse is later named prajñāparādha, Sū.11.41). Kaviratna renders buddhi here as 'mind'.","quote":"kālabuddhīndriyārthānāṁ yōgō mithyā na cāti ca| dvayāśrayāṇāṁ vyādhīnāṁ trividhō hētusaṅgrahaḥ||54||","translator":"Sanskrit text as printed on Charak Samhita Online","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Deerghanjiviteeya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"8","verse":"12-13 (standard; Kaviratna prints 6-7)","establishes":"Two senses of buddhi in one chapter: (12) the five indriya-buddhis, momentary and determinative, born of the sannikarṣa of indriya, artha, sattva and ātmā; (13) buddhi as one of the four adhyātma-dravyaguṇas with manas, manortha and ātmā. Kaviratna (his 7): 'Mind, the functions of the mind, the Understanding, and the Soul constitute, in brief, the substances and qualities that are known by the name of Adhyatma.'","quote":"Pañcēndriyabuddhayaḥ- cakṣurbuddhyādikāḥ; tāḥ punarindriyēndriyārthasattvātmasannikarṣajāḥ, kṣaṇikā, niścayātmikāśca, ityētat pañcapañcakam||12|| Manō manōrthō buddhirātmā cētyadhyātmadravyaguṇasaṅgrahaḥ śubhāśubhapravr̥ttinivr̥ttihētuśca ...||13||","translator":"Sanskrit text as printed on Charak Samhita Online","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Indriyopakramaniya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Śārīrasthāna","chapter":"1","verse":"72 (standard; Kaviratna prints 78)","establishes":"Buddhi is one of the liṅgas (marks) of the embodied self, between dhṛti and smṛti. Kaviratna renders the triad dhṛti-buddhi-smṛti as 'apprehension, understanding, memory'.","quote":"icchā dvēṣaḥ sukhaṁ duḥkhaṁ prayatnaścētanā dhr̥tiḥ| buddhiḥ smr̥tirahaṅkārō liṅgāni paramātmanaḥ||72||","translator":"Sanskrit text as printed on Charak Samhita Online","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Katidhapurusha_Sharira","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Śārīrasthāna","chapter":"1","verse":"Bhishagratna's sections 2-3 and 7; Sanskrit verse numbers not established","establishes":"Suśruta's Sāṃkhya framing: buddhi = mahat/mahān, the first evolute of prakṛti, triguṇa in nature, presided over by Brahmā. Different from Caraka's functional account in Śā.1.21-23.","quote":"Out of that latent unmanifest (Avyakta) or original nature (impregnated by the atoms or elemental units of consciousness or Purushas) Intellection or Mahan has been evolved, and out of Mahan egoism. This Mahan or intellection should be likewise considered as partaking of the three fundamental attributes (Sattva, Rajas, and Tamas) of the latent (Avyakta) or original nature. ... The tutelary god of intellection (Buddhi) is Brahma.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-3-sharirasthana/d/doc142879.html","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"manas","why":"In Ca.Śā.1.21-23 manas deliberates (ūha, vicāra, kalpanā) and buddhi determines (niścaya). Kaviratna's footnote to Śā.1 is explicit that 'Manas excludes Buddhi. With Buddhi, Manas is Mind.' English 'mind' habitually covers both."},{"term":"prajñā","why":"The triad dhī-dhṛti-smṛti whose failure is prajñāparādha (Ca.Sū.11.39-41; Kaviratna: 'faults of the Understanding'). Prajñā is wider than buddhi, embracing dhṛti and smṛti; the standards (WHO ITA-4.4.11) render prajñāparādha as 'erroneous judgement'."},{"term":"indriya-buddhi","why":"The five sensory cognitions of Ca.Sū.8.12, momentary (kṣaṇikā). Same word, different referent: a perception, not the faculty."},{"term":"mahat / mahān","why":"Suśruta Śā.1 and the Sāṃkhya-style 24-tattva list use mahat for the cosmic first evolute; Bhishagratna glosses it 'intellection (Buddhi)'. Caraka's functional buddhi is individual and post-perceptual."},{"term":"medhā","why":"Not retrieved here, but the clinical literature on 'intelligence' (e.g. PMID 26730140, medhā enhancement RCT) uses medhā, not buddhi; the two should not be merged in a lexicon."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"mind","why":"Kaviratna, Sū.1.54 ('time, mind, and the objects of the senses'). Buddhi is not manas; the same translator's Śā.1 footnote condemns the conflation."},{"rendering":"intelligence (as IQ)","why":"Modern clinical papers (PMID 29403134) equate buddhi with intelligence quotient. The classical buddhi is a determinative act or faculty (niścayātmikā), not a measurable trait."},{"rendering":"the Understanding","why":"Kaviratna's Lockean term. Not wrong, but opaque to modern readers and carries the capital-U faculty psychology he also imposes via Kant."}],"openQuestions":["Whether Caraka's buddhi in Sū.1.49 (a guṇa of ātmā) and in Śā.1.23 (a determinative cognition) are reconciled by the commentators as faculty versus act.","Whether WHO's four-tier antaḥkaraṇa (buddhi, manas, ahaṃkāra, citta) has any Bṛhattrayī basis; the NIA list gives manas, buddhi, indriya, ahaṃkāra instead, and citta is a Yoga term."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/buddhi/","canary":"1f08fd60f8c54c38"},{"slug":"chikitsa","page":"/lexicon/chikitsa/","iast":"cikitsā","devanagari":"चिकित्सा","alternates":["chikitsa","cikitsita","bheṣaja","bhaiṣajya","upakrama","kriyā","vyādhihara"],"category":"chikitsa","family":"clinic","renderings":[{"english":"Treatment","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator-standard","locator":"ITA-1.4.2","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO uses the same English word for the speciality (ch. 1) and the act (ch. 9); its ch. 9 definition tracks Ca.Su.16.34 (dhātu equilibrium) rather than Ca.Su.9.5 (activity of the four pādas).","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Treatment; 'The course that is adopted for restoring the harmony of the ingredient humours is called Treatment'; 'medical treatment'; 'skilful treatment'","sourceName":"Kaviratna, Charaka Samhita, Sutrasthana Lessons I, IX and XVI","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"archive.org BIUSante_47357 OCR; Lesson IX his printed 3 (standard 9.5); Lesson XVI his printed 31 (standard 16.34); Lesson I his printed 52 (standard 1.53)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna consistently writes 'Treatment' with a capital; 'ingredient humours' is his rendering of dhātu, which in these verses means the body constituents broadly, not the three doṣas only (his own footnote restricts it to Wind, Bile, Phlegm).","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"Chikitsa = 'the entire course of medical treatment'; chapter titles 'Chikitsita'","sourceName":"Bhishagratna, Sushruta Samhita vol. 1, Sutrasthana ch. V","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"wisdomlib doc122892","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Bhishagratna's sentence on the three karmas uses 'the entire course of medical treatment' for the Sanskrit 'karma'; his renderings of cikitsita chapter titles are 'treatment' or 'medical treatment'.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"therapeutics / management / disease management / therapy","sourceName":"Common textbook and PubMed usage (e.g. carakasamhitaonline section head 'Definition of chikitsa (therapeutics/management of disease)'; PMID 22131738 'Ayurvedic management ... Dhatusamya')","sourceKind":"textbook-usage","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"'Management' is the dominant Indian clinical idiom; 'therapeutics' in academic writing.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"9 (Khuḍḍāka Catuṣpāda)","verse":"5 (carakasamhitaonline numbering); Kaviratna prints 3","establishes":"Definition by agency: the activity of the four excellent factors (physician etc.) aimed at dhātu equilibrium when the dhātus are deranged is called cikitsā.","quote":"चतुर्णां भिषगादीनां शस्तानां धातुवैकृते| प्रवृत्तिर्धातुसाम्यार्था चिकित्सेत्यभिधीयते||५||","translator":"Sanskrit text (no translator)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Khuddakachatushpada_Adhyaya&action=raw","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"Lesson IX","verse":"Kaviratna's printed 3 (standard 9.5 per carakasamhitaonline; he leaves the opening prose unnumbered)","establishes":"Kaviratna's rendering of 9.5; 'ingredient humours' = dhātu.","quote":"In Disease, the well-known tale of four commencing with Physician has active agency. The course that is adopted for restoring the harmony of the ingredient humours is called Treatment.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (OCR text; spacing normalized)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"16 (Cikitsāprābhṛtīya)","verse":"34 (carakasamhitaonline numbering); Kaviratna prints 31","establishes":"Definition by result: the actions by which the dhātus become equal in the body are the cikitsā of disorders; that is the physician's work.","quote":"याभिः  क्रियाभिर्जायन्ते शरीरे धातवः समाः| सा चिकित्सा विकाराणां कर्म तद्भिषजां स्मृतम्||३४||","translator":"Sanskrit text (no translator)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Chikitsaprabhritiya_Adhyaya&action=raw","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"Lesson XVI","verse":"Kaviratna's printed 31 (standard 16.34; three behind in this chapter)","establishes":"Kaviratna's rendering of 16.34.","quote":"Those acts by which the constituent elements of the body become harmonious are said to constitute what is called (medical) treatment of disorders or disease. Those acts constitute the duty of men called physicians.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (OCR text; spacing normalized)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1 (Dīrghañjīvitīya)","verse":"53 (carakasamhitaonline numbering); Kaviratna prints 52","establishes":"The purpose of the treatise is dhātusāmya-kriyā, the action that restores dhātu equilibrium; the frame within which cikitsā is defined.","quote":"इत्युक्तं कारणं कार्यं धातुसाम्यमिहोच्यते| धातुसाम्यक्रिया चोक्ता तन्त्रस्यास्य प्रयोजनम्||५३||","translator":"Sanskrit text (no translator)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Deerghanjiviteeya_Adhyaya&action=raw","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"Lesson I","verse":"Kaviratna's printed 52 (standard 1.53)","establishes":"Kaviratna's rendering of dhātusāmyakriyā as 'modes of restoring the ingredient humours to their normal state'.","quote":"The modes of restoring the ingredient humours to their normal state have been said to be the object of this Science.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (OCR text; spacing normalized)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"9 (Khuḍḍāka Catuṣpāda)","verse":"4 (carakasamhitaonline numbering); Kaviratna prints 2","establishes":"Disease = dhātu disequilibrium, health = equilibrium; the premise that makes cikitsā 'dhātusāmyārthā'.","quote":"विकारो धातुवैषम्यं, साम्यं प्रकृतिरुच्यते| सुखसञ्ज्ञकमारोग्यं, विकारो दुःखमेव च||४||","translator":"Sanskrit text (no translator)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Khuddakachatushpada_Adhyaya&action=raw","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"kāyacikitsā","why":"The clinical speciality (WHO ITA-1.4.3 'General medicine'); cikitsā unqualified is the act or principle of treatment, and WHO's ITA-1.4.2 lists cikitsā itself among specialities, which is a classification choice of that standard."},{"term":"bheṣaja / auṣadha","why":"Medicine or remedy, the means; Ca.Su.11.54 classifies auṣadha threefold (daiva-, yukti-vyapāśraya, sattvāvajaya), while cikitsā is defined by the aim (dhātusāmya)."},{"term":"upakrama","why":"A treatment approach or procedure; Ca.Su.22 counts six (ṣaḍ upakrama) and AH Su.14 two; cikitsā is the genus."},{"term":"cikitsita","why":"Past participle used for chapter titles ('the treatment of X'); Bhishagratna renders these as 'medical treatment of'."},{"term":"dhātusāmya-kriyā","why":"The purpose of the whole tantra (Ca.Su.1.53); cikitsā is the physician's activity toward it (Ca.Su.9.5, 16.34)."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"cure","why":"Ca.Su.9.5 and 16.34 define cikitsā by aim and action, not outcome; WHO's ITA-9.1.4 vyādhiharam 'Cure of disease' is a separate synonym entry."},{"rendering":"medicine (as the discipline)","why":"Conflates cikitsā with āyurveda or with kāyacikitsā; Kaviratna uses 'Science' for the tantra and 'Treatment' for cikitsā."},{"rendering":"restoring the harmony of the humours (Kaviratna, read as the three doṣas)","why":"The Sanskrit is dhātu; Kaviratna's own footnote narrows 'ingredient humours' to Wind, Bile and Phlegm, which is the translator's gloss, not the verse."}],"openQuestions":["Whether WHO intends ITA-1.4.2 'Treatment' (under Specialities) and ITA-9.1.3 'Treatment' as one concept or two was not determined from the entries.","No peer-reviewed paper offering an operational or measurable definition of cikitsā was found in the searches run."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/chikitsa/","canary":"195a637cd7ecc3f3"},{"slug":"daiva-vyapashraya","page":"/lexicon/daiva-vyapashraya/","iast":"daivavyapāśraya","devanagari":"दैवव्यपाश्रय","alternates":["daiva-vyapāśraya cikitsā","daivavyapāśrayacikitsā","daivī cikitsā","daiva vyapashraya chikitsa","daivavyapashraya"],"category":"chikitsa","family":"clinic","renderings":[{"english":"Therapeutic rituals","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator-standard","locator":"ITA-9.1.14 daivavyapāśrayacikitsā","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO's headword is 'Therapeutic rituals' with 'spiritual therapies' in the description; the list follows Ca.Su.11.54. Its yukti counterpart is rendered with the modern phrase 'evidence-based'.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"non-pharmacological management of illness applying spiritual intervention","sourceName":"NIA Jaipur / WHO-APW draft terminology (2011)","sourceKind":"comparator-draft","locator":"entry BP0090 daivavyapāśraya","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Draft gloss; 'non-pharmacological' is a biomedical frame.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false},{"english":"medicines ... that depend for their action upon the deities and invisible influences","sourceName":"Kaviratna, Charaka Samhita, Sutrasthana Lesson XI","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"archive.org BIUSante_47357 OCR, his printed 56 (standard 11.54)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna renders auṣadha as 'medicines' and daiva as 'the deities and invisible influences'; he does not transliterate the compound.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"dependence on the unobservable","sourceName":"G. L. Krishna, Indian J Med Ethics 2023 (PMID 36880463)","sourceKind":"peer-reviewed-gloss","locator":"'daiva-vyapashraya","verbatim":true,"assessment":"A literal etymological gloss, offered in a polemical note; 'unobservable' is one reading of daiva (fate / the divine / the unseen).","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"G. L. Krishna, Indian J Med Ethics 2023 (PMID 36880463)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"\"G. L. Krishna, Indian J Med Ethics 2023 (PMID 36880463)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation"},{"english":"spiritual therapy / divine therapy / faith healing","sourceName":"Common textbook usage; PubMed PMID 23049189 'three modes of healing ... Daiva-Vyapashraya'; PMID 24049402 'Daiva Vyapashraya Chikitsa which includes of Manidharana and chanting Mantras'","sourceKind":"textbook-usage","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"'Spiritual' and 'divine' dominate; see mistranslations.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"11 (Tisraiṣaṇīya)","verse":"Standard Sutrasthana 11.54 (carakasamhitaonline / Trikamji, unit closed ||५४||); Kaviratna prints 55 (Lesson XI, his p. 130, archive.org BIUSante_47357 leaf 193), ONE ahead here","establishes":"The locus classicus: auṣadha is threefold; daivavyapāśraya comprises mantra, herbs (auṣadhi), gems (maṇi), auspicious rites, offerings (bali, upahāra), oblation (homa), observances (niyama), expiation (prāyaścitta), fasting (upavāsa), benedictions (svastyayana), prostration (praṇipāta), pilgrimage (gamana) and the like.","quote":"त्रिविधमौषधमिति- दैवव्यपाश्रयं, युक्तिव्यपाश्रयं, सत्त्वावजयश्च| तत्र दैवव्यपाश्रयं- मन्त्रौषधिमणिमङ्गलबल्युपहारहोमनियमप्रायश्चित्तोपवासस्वस्त्ययनप्रणिपातगमनादि,युक्तिव्यपाश्रयं- पुनराहारौषधद्रव्याणां योजना, सत्त्वावजयः- पुनरहितेभ्योऽर्थेभ्यो मनोनिग्रहः||५४||","translator":"Sanskrit text (no translator)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Tistraishaniya_Adhyaya&action=raw","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"Lesson XI","verse":"Kaviratna Lesson XI, printed aphorism 55 (his p. 130, archive.org BIUSante_47357 leaf 193), the number placed after the third-kind sentence = standard Sutrasthana 11.54 (carakasamhitaonline / Trikamji)","establishes":"Kaviratna's rendering of 11.54; his 'herbs and plants of invisible virtue (if kept in contact with the body)' expands auṣadhi with a gloss; 'libations of meat and ghee' expands homa.","quote":"Medicines are of three kinds; those that depend for their action upon the deities and invisible influences; those that depend for their application and action upon knowledge and reason; and those that appertain to the subjugation of the mind. Among these, mantras, herbs and plants of invisible virtue (if kept in contact with the body), gems, auspicious rites, offerings in sacrifices, offers of articles to the deities in course of worship or religious rites, libations of meat and ghee on the sacred fire, practice of vows, expiatory ceremonies and rites, fasts, propitiatory rites, bows to the deities, and pilgrimage to sacred waters and shrines, constitute medicines of the first kind.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (OCR text; spacing normalized)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Ashtanga Hridaya","sthana":"Uttarasthana (GRETIL file section containing bhūtavidyā/graha chapters)","chapter":null,"verse":"Not established; GRETIL line reads 'śāpātharvaṇa-mantrotthe vidhir daiva-vyapāśrayaḥ' and a variant note '5.83dv ... daiva-vyapāśrayaṃ tat tad atharvoktaṃ ca pūjitam'","establishes":"Vāgbhaṭa uses the compound and ties it to Atharvan rites; chapter and verse not determined from the plaintext.","quote":null,"translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/corpustei/transformations/plaintext/sa_vAgbhaTa-aSTAGgahRdayasUtra.txt","checked":"address only, nothing quoted to check"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"yuktivyapāśraya","why":"The second of the three auṣadhas in Ca.Su.11.54: rational combination of diet and drugs (WHO ITA-9.1.26 'Structured therapy based on clinical reasoning')."},{"term":"sattvāvajaya","why":"The third: restraint of the mind from harmful objects (Ca.Su.11.54); not a ritual and not a drug."},{"term":"daivabalapravṛtta roga","why":"Disease classified by cause (WHO ITA entry 'daivabalapravṛttarogaḥ'); daivavyapāśraya is a class of treatment, not of disease."},{"term":"mantra / maṇi / homa individually","why":"These are items in the daivavyapāśraya list, not synonyms for it; WHO gives them separate sub-entries (e.g. ITA-9.1.15 'Chanting of auspicious hymns')."},{"term":"bhūtavidyā","why":"The speciality dealing with graha/possession; daivavyapāśraya is a treatment mode available across specialities."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"faith healing","why":"Imports a Christian/evangelical practice; the Charaka list is a set of ritual actions (homa, prāyaścitta, upavāsa, gamana) rather than belief as the agent."},{"rendering":"divine therapy / treatment by God","why":"Daiva in Ca.Su.11 contrasts with yukti (human reasoning) and is close to 'fate' or 'the unseen'; the list includes fasting and pilgrimage, which are not interventions by a deity."},{"rendering":"spiritual therapy (unqualified)","why":"Widely used (WHO description, NIA gloss) but it absorbs sattvāvajaya, which Charaka keeps separate as mind-control."}],"openQuestions":["The AH Uttarasthana locus for daiva-vyapāśraya was seen only as plaintext lines in GRETIL; chapter and verse need establishing against a printed edition.","Whether Sushruta uses the compound was not checked."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/daiva-vyapashraya/","canary":"2deb3a360b4d03b7"},{"slug":"darshana","page":"/lexicon/darshana/","iast":"darśana","devanagari":"दर्शन","alternates":["darśana-parīkṣā","dṛṣṭi (in some modern lists)","pratyakṣa (by eye) in Caraka's framework"],"category":"pariksha (method: inspection/observation; first of trividha parīkṣā)","family":"clinic","renderings":[{"english":null,"sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"ITA-4.7.2","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Vision (darśanam, ITA-2.1.2.10, as a physiological function)","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"ITA-2.1.2.10","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Different sense of the same word (the faculty of sight), useful for disambiguation.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"'1. Looking at, seeing, observing 2. Inspection / examination' (darśana, SK0056)","sourceName":"NIA Jaipur / WHO-APW 'Standardization of Non-Clinical Terminologies of Ayurveda' draft (2011)","sourceKind":"comparator (draft terminology, NOT the 2022 WHO book)","locator":"entry SK0056","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false},{"english":"'the physician should view the body of his patient' (viewing = darśana); 'inspection' in the parenthesis '(inspection, touch and questioning)'","sourceName":"Bhishagratna, Sushruta Samhita (1907-1916)","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Sutrasthana ch. X","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"Observation (for pratyakṣa, which Caraka applies through all senses; 'should be examined by the eye' for the visual component)","sourceName":"Kaviratna, Charaka-Samhita","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Vimanasthana Lesson IV, pp. 494-498","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Caraka does not use darśana as a term of examination; Kaviratna's 'Observation' translates pratyakṣa.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"inspection","sourceName":"common textbook rendering (e.g. parenthetical in Bhishagratna; teaching notes)","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":null,"licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Aṣṭāṅga Hṛdaya","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1 (Āyuṣkāmīya)","verse":"22 (as numbered on Sanskrit Wikisource 'वाग्भटसंहिता/सूत्रस्थानम्'; the Aṣṭāṅga Saṅgraha parallel is numbered अस1.44 on the Wikisource Aṣṭāṅga Saṅgraha page)","establishes":"The locus classicus for darśana-sparśana-praśna as the three means of examining the patient (rogin), paired with examining the disease by nidāna, prāgrūpa, lakṣaṇa, upaśaya, āpti.","quote":"दर्शनस्पर्शनप्रश्नैः परीक्षेत च रोगिणम् रोगं निदानप्राग्रूपलक्षणो पशयाप्तिभिः २२","translator":"none (Sanskrit; retrieved via the sa.wikisource search API snippet, which showed this text with its number)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/वाग्भटसंहिता/सूत्रस्थानम्","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"10 (Bhishagratna ch. X); Sanskrit verse number not established","verse":null,"establishes":"Sushruta records the three-method view (darśana-sparśana-praśna) as the opinion of 'several authorities' and expands it to five senses plus questioning (the ṣaḍvidha scheme).","quote":"the physician should view the body of his patient, touch it with his own hands, and enquire (about his complaint). Several authorities hold that these three, (inspection, touch and questioning) largely form the means of our ascertaining the nature of a disease. But that is not correct, inasmuch as the five sense-organs of hearing, sight, etc. and oral enquiry materially contribute to a better diagnosis.","translator":"Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122899.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"10; Sanskrit verse number not established","verse":null,"establishes":"What visual inspection yields according to Sushruta.","quote":"Fullness or emaciation of the body (cachexia), state and indications of vitality, strength, complexion, etc. are perceived by the sense of sight.","translator":"Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122899.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Caraka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"4 (Trividha-roga-viśeṣa-vijñānīya)","verse":"standard 4/7 (Sanskrit). Kaviratna spreads this prose unit over his aphorisms printed '7', '9' and '10' (pp. 497-498), so there is no one-to-one mapping here.","establishes":"Caraka's content of visual examination (colour, shape, measure, lustre, normal/abnormal state) framed under pratyakṣa, not under a term 'darśana'.","quote":"वर्णसंस्थानप्रमाणच्छायाः शरीरप्रकृतिविकारौ, चक्षुर्वैषयिकाणि यानि चान्यान्यनुक्तानि तानि चक्षुषा परीक्षेत","translator":"none (Sanskrit)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Trividha_Roga_Vishesha_Vijnaniya_Vimana","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Caraka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"4, Kaviratna Lesson IV, printed p. 497","verse":"Kaviratna's aphorism 7 (printed after); part of standard 4/7","establishes":"Public-domain English for the visual component of Caraka's pratyakṣa examination.","quote":"Colour, form, measure (of the body), lustre, the normal or abnormal state of the body, and all other things whatever that are objects of vision, should be examined by the eye.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"pratyakṣa","why":"Caraka's epistemic category (direct perception by any sense plus mind, Vi. 4/4); darśana in Vāgbhaṭa is one clinical method (looking). WHO keeps them apart: pratyakṣam ITA-1.8.1.1 vs darśana in ITA-4.7.2."},{"term":"dṛk-parīkṣā","why":"In the Yogaratnakara dṛk is the patient's EYES as an object of examination; darśana is the physician's act of looking."},{"term":"darśanam as 'vision' (WHO ITA-2.1.2.10)","why":"Physiological faculty of sight, a different lexical sense."},{"term":"darśana (philosophy)","why":"The six darśanas (schools of philosophy) share the word; irrelevant to clinical use but a frequent search-collision."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"visual diagnosis","why":"Darśana is inspection; diagnosis in these texts arises from combining the three methods with the fivefold disease examination (AH Su. 1/22b)."},{"rendering":"Treating 'darśana-sparśana-praśna' as Caraka's or Sushruta's scheme","why":"The triad as a formula is Vāgbhaṭa's (AH Su. 1/22); Sushruta mentions it as 'several authorities hold' and rejects it as insufficient; Caraka's triad is āptopadeśa-pratyakṣa-anumāna."}],"openQuestions":["Sushruta Su. 10 Sanskrit verse number for the darśana-sparśana-praśna passage (Bhishagratna prints none)."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/darshana/","canary":"fdd6d5e027d7a317"},{"slug":"dashavidha-pariksha","page":"/lexicon/dashavidha-pariksha/","iast":"daśavidha-parīkṣā","devanagari":"दशविधपरीक्षा","alternates":["daśavidha ātura-parīkṣā","dashavidha pariksha","dasavidha pareeksha","daśavidha-parīkṣya-bhāva (a DIFFERENT tenfold list, see distinguishFrom)"],"category":"pariksha (tenfold examination of the patient, Caraka Vi. 8)","family":"clinic","renderings":[{"english":null,"sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"ITA-4.7.5","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"'the patient should be examined in respect of his normal constitution in health, of the abnormal condition that has set in, of the predominance of some particular element in his constitution (such as blood, or flesh, &c., of his compactness or otherwise, the make of his proportions such as stature, &c., of what things are suitable to his constitution, of his mental disposition, of his power of eating of his power of exercise, and of his age.'","sourceName":"Kaviratna, Charaka-Samhita","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Vimanasthana Lesson VIII, printed p. 592, his aphorism 110","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna does not use the phrase 'tenfold examination'; he paraphrases each item.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":null,"englishWithheld":"this project has not cleared that source for quotation","sourceName":"Agrawal et al., J Clin Diagn Res 2017 (PMID 28273996)","sourceKind":"peer-reviewed review","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Agrawal et al., J Clin Diagn Res 2017 (PMID 28273996)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"Ten-fold examination / tenfold examination of the diseased","sourceName":"carakasamhitaonline.com (Charak Samhita New Edition wiki) and common textbooks","sourceKind":"textbook/online","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"Standard modern rendering.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true},{"english":"Prakriti (constitutional nature), Vikriti (current pathological state), Sara (tissue excellence), Samhanana (structural compactness), Pramana (body measurements and proportion), Satmya (adaptability and compatibility), Satva (mental strength), Aharashakti (digestive capacity), Vyayama Shakti (exercise capacity) and Vaya (age)","sourceName":"web search summary of clinical websites (e.g. ayurvaid.com)","sourceKind":"popular/clinical web","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":null,"licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Caraka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"8 (Rogabhiṣagjitīya)","verse":"standard 8/94 (Sanskrit, carakasamhitaonline). Kaviratna prints '110' AFTER the corresponding passage (p. 592); his numbering here is 16 ahead of the standard. Both read directly; not converted.","establishes":"The ten items and their stated purpose: 'for the sake of grasping the particular measure of strength' (bala-pramāṇa-viśeṣa-grahaṇa-hetoḥ).","quote":"तस्मादातुरंपरीक्षेतप्रकृतितश्च, विकृतितश्च, सारतश्च, संहननतश्च, प्रमाणतश्च, सात्म्यतश्च, सत्त्वतश्च, आहारशक्तितश्च, व्यायामशक्तितश्च, वयस्तश्चेति, बलप्रमाणविशेषग्रहणहेतोः||९४||","translator":"none (Sanskrit; the site's text lacks inter-word spaces in places)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Rogabhishagjitiya_Vimana","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Caraka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"8, Kaviratna Lesson VIII, printed pp. 592-593","verse":"Kaviratna's aphorism 110 (printed after) = standard 8/94","establishes":"Public-domain English for the ten items.","quote":"Hence, the patient should be examined in respect of his normal constitution in health, of the abnormal condition that has set in, of the predominance of some particular element in his constitution (such as blood, or flesh, &c., of his compactness or otherwise, the make of his proportions such as stature, &c., of what things are suitable to his constitution, of his mental disposition, of his power of eating of his power of exercise, and of his age.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Caraka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"8, Kaviratna Lesson VIII, p. 593 (text immediately following)","verse":"introduces his aphorism 111 block","establishes":"Kaviratna's statement of the purpose (measure of strength) of the ten-item examination.","quote":"For ascertainment of the measure of strength (of the patient), these (ten) incidents beginning with (prakriti) the normal constitution in health, we shall explain here.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Caraka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"8","verse":"standard 8/79 and 8/84 (Sanskrit)","establishes":"The OTHER tenfold list in the same chapter (kāraṇa, karaṇa, kāryayoni, kārya, kāryaphala, anubandha, deśa, kāla, pravṛtti, upāya), which WHO codes separately as daśavidha-parīkṣya-bhāva; the two are routinely confused.","quote":"एतद्दशविधमग्रेपरीक्ष्यं, ततोऽनन्तरंकार्यार्थाप्रवृत्तिरिष्टा| ... ||७९|| ... इहकार्यप्राप्तौकारणंभिषक्, करणंपुनर्भेषजं, कार्ययोनिर्धातुवैषम्यं, कार्यंधातुसाम्यं, कार्यफलंसुखावाप्तिः, अनुबन्धःखल्वायुः, देशोभूमिरातुरश्च, कालःपुनःसंवत्सरश्चातुरावस्थाच, प्रवृत्तिःप्रतिकर्मसमारम्भः, उपायस्तुभिषगादीनांसौष्ठवमभिविधानंचसम्यक्| ... ||८४||","translator":"none (Sanskrit)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Rogabhishagjitiya_Vimana","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"daśavidha-parīkṣya-bhāva (Vi. 8/68-84; WHO ITA code at PDF p.49)","why":"Ten factors of therapeutics (kāraṇa, karaṇa, kāryayoni, kārya, kāryaphala, anubandha, deśa, kāla, pravṛtti, upāya) discussed earlier in the same chapter. Same chapter, same number ten, different list."},{"term":"aṣṭavidha/aṣṭasthāna-parīkṣā","why":"Eight sites of disease signs (Yogaratnakara) versus ten attributes of the patient gauged for strength (Caraka)."},{"term":"dvādaśavidha-parīkṣā","why":"Sushruta Su. 35 (Bhishagratna: 'the nature of the disease, the country and season ... state of digestion, age, body, strength, disposition, habit, previous medicine, natural temperament and the power of endurance') is a different, longer list often called twelvefold; not Caraka's ten."},{"term":"prakṛti-parīkṣā","why":"Only item 1 of the ten; popular usage sometimes treats 'dashavidha pariksha' as a constitution test."},{"term":"vaya vs āyu","why":"Item 10 is vaya (age); āyu (lifespan) is assessed separately (Indriyasthana, Su. 35) per PMID 28273996."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"Ten-fold diagnosis","why":"The stated purpose (Vi. 8/94) is to gauge the patient's measure of strength (bala), to calibrate treatment, not to diagnose the disease."},{"rendering":"Satmya = 'homologation' (WHO) / 'suitability' (Kaviratna)","why":"Not wrong but opaque; 'homologation' is a WHO coinage not found in older English renderings. Record as a disagreement rather than an error."},{"rendering":"Sattva = 'mental strength'","why":"Popular rendering; Kaviratna gives 'mental disposition', WHO 'psychic condition'. The text grades sattva as pravara/madhya/avara, so 'strength' is a partial reading."}],"openQuestions":["Whether the lexicon treats daśavidha-parīkṣā and daśavidha-parīkṣya-bhāva as separate head-words (WHO does)."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/dashavidha-pariksha/","canary":"892a79c2a7a30f9d"},{"slug":"deha-prakriti","page":"/lexicon/deha-prakriti/","iast":"dehaprakṛti","devanagari":"","alternates":["śārīraprakṛti","doṣaprakṛti"],"category":"prakriti","family":"daily-life","renderings":[{"english":"Body constitution with a predominance of dosha","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-2.8.2","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO has NO entry spelled dehaprakṛti anywhere. Its nearest headword is doṣaprakṛti.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"deha prakriti / human constitution","sourceName":"Anc Sci Life 1994","sourceKind":"paper","locator":"PMID 22556666","verbatim":false,"assessment":"Title evidence that the compound is current in Indian academic writing even though absent from the samhitas.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true},{"english":"body constitution","sourceName":"Glob Adv Health Med 2012","sourceKind":"paper","locator":"PMID 27257530","verbatim":false,"assessment":"The reliability literature uses 'body constitution' and 'Deha Prakriti' interchangeably.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true},{"english":"physical constitution","sourceName":"Indian Ayurvedic college usage","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"The compound exists chiefly to form a contrast pair with mānasaprakṛti; its work is contrastive, not descriptive.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"8","verse":"95","establishes":"The compound Charaka uses for bodily constitution is doṣaprakṛti, not dehaprakṛti. Recorded as the nearest attested term and as evidence of what deha-prakriti stands in for.","quote":"tataḥ sā sā dōṣaprakr̥tirucyatē manuṣyāṇāṁ garbhādipravr̥ttā||95||","translator":"","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Rogabhishagjitiya_Vimana","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"doṣaprakṛti","why":"The attested classical compound for the same thing; deha-prakriti is on present evidence a later convenience term."},{"term":"mānasaprakṛti","why":"The contrast partner. The deha/mānasa split is not how Vi 8 organises the examination, which handles body under prakṛti/sāra/saṁhanana/pramāṇa and mind under sattva."},{"term":"prakṛti","why":"WHO makes prakṛti superordinate; using deha-prakriti as its synonym erases the hierarchy."},{"term":"śarīra-sampat","why":"WHO ITA-3.1.4, a state of all dhātus functioning normally, not a constitutional type."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"physical body type","why":"Somatotype error, plus the implication of a purely physical constitution separable from sattva, which Charaka Sharirasthana 4/36 denies."},{"rendering":"treating deha-prakriti as a classical Charaka term","why":"It is not, in any passage retrieved. Charaka's word is doṣaprakṛti."}],"openQuestions":["Where does dehaprakṛti first appear? Candidates are the commentators or the later textbook tradition, none retrieved."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/deha-prakriti/","canary":"2fed55f3598d4ae9"},{"slug":"dharaniya-vega","page":"/lexicon/dharaniya-vega/","iast":"dhāraṇīya-vega","devanagari":"धारणीयवेग","alternates":["dhāraṇīya-vegaḥ","dharaneeya vega","manasika/vachika/kayika vega (its three subdivisions)"],"category":"swasthavritta","family":"daily-life","renderings":[{"english":"Suppressible urges","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator-standard","locator":"ITA-2.7.2","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO's parent entry ITA-2.7.1 vegaḥ 'Urges': 'The natural urges are considered to be of two types: suppressible and non-suppressible'.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":null,"sourceName":"NIA Jaipur / WHO-APW draft (2011)","sourceKind":"comparator-draft","locator":"SV0083 dhāraṇīyavega","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"these impulses also ... should suppress; the impulses of cupidity, grief, fear, wrath, pride, shamelessness, envy, violent propensities of every kind, and covetousness","sourceName":"Kaviratna, Charaka-Samhita (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"Sutrasthana Lesson VII, his aphorisms 24, 26, '28-27' (OCR; probably 26-27)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna has no noun for the category; he renders dhārayet as 'should suppress' and vega as 'impulses'.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"Restraint of psychological urges (suppressible urges)","sourceName":"Charak Samhita New Edition wiki (carakasamhitaonline.com), Naveganadharaniya Adhyaya","sourceKind":"textbook/secondary","locator":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Naveganadharaniya_Adhyaya","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"the CSRTSDC/Charak Samhita New Edition English, in copyright","downloadable":false},{"english":"urges to be suppressed; controllable urges; urges that should be controlled","sourceName":"Common textbook renderings","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":null,"licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"7 (Naveganadharaniya)","verse":"26-29 (numbering as printed on carakasamhitaonline.com)","establishes":"The locus classicus: one seeking welfare here and hereafter should restrain (dhārayet) the urges of rash, condemned acts of mind, speech and body; v.27 mental (greed, grief, fear, anger, pride, shamelessness, envy, excessive attachment, covetous thought), v.28 verbal (harsh, excessive, slanderous, untrue, untimely speech), v.29 bodily (acts harming others, sex, theft, violence). The compound dhāraṇīya-vega does not occur; the text says 'imāṁs tu dhārayed vegān'.","quote":"इमांस्तु धारयेद्वेगान् हितार्थी प्रेत्य चेह च| साहसानामशस्तानां मनोवाक्कायकर्मणाम्||२६|| लोभशोकभयक्रोधमानवेगान् विधारयेत्| नैर्लज्ज्येर्ष्यातिरागाणामभिध्यायाश्च बुद्धिमान्||२७|| परुषस्यातिमात्रस्य सूचकस्यानृतस्य च| वाक्यस्याकालयुक्तस्य धारयेद्वेगमुत्थितम्||२८|| देहप्रवृत्तिर्या काचिद्विद्यते परपीडया| स्त्रीभोगस्तेयहिंसाद्या तस्यावेगान्विधारयेत्||२९||","translator":"none (Sanskrit)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Naveganadharaniya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"7","verse":"30 (carakasamhitaonline numbering)","establishes":"The result: sinlessness of mind, speech and body brings repute and happy enjoyment of dharma, artha and kāma.","quote":"पुण्यशब्दो विपापत्वान्मनोवाक्कायकर्मणाम्| धर्मार्थकामान् पुरुषः सुखी भुङ्क्ते चिनोति च||३०||","translator":"none (Sanskrit)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Naveganadharaniya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"Lesson VII (Kaviratna)","verse":"Kaviratna's printed aphorisms 24, 25, 26-27 and 28 (Lesson VII, pp. 76-77; archive.org leaf n108) = standard Sutrasthana 7.26, 7.27, 7.28-29 and 7.30 (Trikamji, as printed on carakasamhitaonline). Two behind throughout this block. Recorded separately, not converted.","establishes":"Kaviratna's English; his footnote (translator's note, not text): 'As an example of ill-regulated courage the Commentator gives the instance of one's approaching an infuriate elephant.' In this chapter his numbers run two behind the standard.","quote":"One desirous of one's good both here and hereafter should suppress these impulses also, viz., those of (ill-regulated) courage and all fruitless impulses of thought, word, and deed. The man of intelligence should also suppress the impulses of cupidity, grief, fear, wrath, pride, shamelessness, envy, violent propensities of every kind, and covetousness. One should also suppress the rising impulses of harshness, of doing anything that is disagreeable to others, of untruthfulness of speech, of speech that is inopportune, of whatever tendencies that exist for giving pain to others, of sexual congress, of appropriating the property of others, and of all wrongful propensities. Through sinlessness of thought, word, and deed, a person earns righteous fame, and lives happily, acquiring and enjoying religious merit, wealth, and (sources of) pleasure.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Ashtanga Hridaya","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"4 (Roganutpadaniya)","verse":"verse number not shown on retrieved page (conventionally 4.24)","establishes":"Vagbhata's restatement: one seeking welfare should always restrain the urges of greed, envy, hatred, malice, attachment etc. Retrieved page has evident typos (प्रत्य for प्रेत्य) and no verse numbers.","quote":null,"quoteWithheld":"nobody has yet read this quotation against its printed source, and an unchecked quotation is not published here","translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://ahsutrasthana.blogspot.com/2013/10/4-roganutpadaniya.html"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"adhāraṇīya-vega","why":"The bodily urges that must NOT be suppressed (Ca.Su.7.3-4); the opposite category, and the pair is often inverted in student writing."},{"term":"sadvṛtta","why":"Positive code of conduct in Ca.Su.8; dhāraṇīya-vega is framed negatively (what to restrain) and sits inside the chapter on urges."},{"term":"ācāra-rasāyana","why":"Conduct that produces rasayana effects (Ca.Ci.1.4.30-35); the NIA 2011 draft folds dhāraṇīya vega into achara rasayana, but the texts keep them apart."},{"term":"manovega (Chakrapani's grouping)","why":"The three subdivisions mānasika/vācika/kāyika are commentarial labels; the Samhita text itself lists by mind, speech and body without naming subtypes."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"Suppressible urges","why":"The standard rendering (WHO) but misleading in English: 'suppressible' means 'capable of being suppressed', whereas dhāraṇīya is a gerundive, 'to be restrained / that ought to be held'. The Sanskrit is an injunction, not a possibility."},{"rendering":"Natural urges that can be controlled","why":"Greed, anger and theft are not 'natural urges' in the sense of the adhāraṇīya list; the two lists are categorically different (physiological vs. ethical)."},{"rendering":"Suppression of emotions","why":"Over-reads v.27: the text targets vegas (impulses to act) of greed, grief, anger etc., and includes speech and bodily acts, not emotional experience as such."}],"openQuestions":["Confirm AH.Su.4 verse number for 'dhārayet tu sadā vegān' in a numbered Sanskrit edition.","Resolve Kaviratna's OCR-damaged range '28-27'."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/dharaniya-vega/","canary":"d19c72a6efb3d215"},{"slug":"dhatu","page":"/lexicon/dhatu/","iast":"dhātu","devanagari":"धातु","alternates":["dhatu","dhaatu","dhātuḥ","sharira dhatu"],"category":"dhatu","family":"body","renderings":[{"english":"Fundamental structural component","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-2.2.1","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO's chosen English headword. Deliberately avoids 'tissue'. The same document separately assigns the headword 'Metal' to dhātuḥ at ITA-7.2.5.1 and cross-notes the ambiguity in both entries.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Metal","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-7.2.5.1","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Same Sanskrit headword, different domain. WHO's own gloss there reads 'Group of metallic ingredients for medicinal usage. The Sanskrit term dhatu also denotes fundamental structural components of the body.' A lexicon must carry both senses.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"upholding ingredients","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sutrasthana, Lesson XXVIII; also translator's footnote at Sutrasthana Lesson XXVII","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna's most literal rendering. He is not consistent: 'constituent elements of the body', 'constituent ingredients of the body' and bare 'dhatus' all appear for the same word within the same volume.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"constituent elements of the body","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Vimanasthana, Lesson VIII","verbatim":true,"assessment":"One of at least four renderings Kaviratna uses for dhātu.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"fundamental principles of the body","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, tr. Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907-1916)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sutrasthana ch. XIV and XV","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Bhishagratna's standing rendering. Also uses 'root principles', 'organic principle' and 'bodily principle' for the same term.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"root principles","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, tr. Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907-1916)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sutrasthana ch. XIV (rendering the passage corresponding to Su.Su.14.20)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Used precisely where the mula gives the etymology (śarīradhāraṇāt), so 'root' here carries the sense 'that which holds'.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"anything that holds or supports the body","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913), translator's footnote","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Footnote to Sutrasthana Lesson XXVIII","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna's explicit gloss of the word's literal sense, offered in a footnote rather than in the running text. Closest thing in the public-domain corpus to a definition.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"tissue","sourceName":"Modern Ayurvedic textbook and journal usage","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":"e.g. PMID 26664231 title, 'theory of tissues formation and differentiation'","verbatim":false,"assessment":"By far the commonest modern rendering and the one WHO ISTA declined to adopt. Convenient but imports a histological meaning the classical term does not carry.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true},{"english":"bodily element / body constituent","sourceName":"Common English-language secondary literature","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"Avoids the histology problem but collides with mahābhūta, which is also routinely Englished as 'element'.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"14 (Shonita-Varnaniya)","verse":"corresponds to mula verse 20; Bhishagratna's Sutrasthana carries no verse numbers","establishes":"The text's own etymological definition: the constituents are called dhātu because they hold the body together. OCR has mangled 'Dhatus' to 'Dhtftus' and dropped an opening parenthesis; nothing else is altered.","quote":"The abovesaid principles (of Rasa, blood etc.) are called the root principles (Dhtftus), inasmuch as they maintain the integrity of the human organism 'and guard against its speedy dissolution).","translator":"Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907-1916)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/b24758619_0001/b24758619_0001_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita (Sanskrit mula)","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"14","verse":"20","establishes":"The Sanskrit behind the previous entry, with its verse number, retrieved independently of the English translation. Fixes the etymology as śarīra-dhāraṇāt, 'from sustaining the body', and anchors the Bhishagratna passage to Su.Su.14.20.","quote":"त एते शरीरधारणाद्धातव इत्युच्यन्ते ॥२०॥","translator":null,"licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.siva.sh/sushruta-samhita/sutra-sthana/14/20","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"28 (Lesson XXVIII, on diverse kinds of food and drink)","verse":"not asserted; see gatheringNotes on Kaviratna's OCR verse markers","establishes":"That Charaka's enumeration at this point runs to EIGHT and ends in ojas, not seven. It also names a further category, the 'essence of the Dhatus' (dhātu-prasāda), which supplies the sense organs. Directly complicates the standard 'seven dhatus' formula.","quote":"From, however, that juice which springs from food grow the fluids, blood, flesh, fat, bones, marrow, vital seed, and that which has been called Ojas ; as also those substances that are requisite for the functions of the five senses. These latter are called the essence of the Dhatus.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"28","verse":"not asserted","establishes":"The prasāda/kiṭṭa split at the level of food, upstream of any dhātu. OCR renders āhāraprasāda as 'Aharaprasdda'.","quote":"From that, (viz., the food thus taken), arises a juice which is called Aharaprasdda or food-substance, as also a Refuse called dregs or dross.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Chikitsasthana","chapter":"15 (Treatment of Diseases of the Grahani)","verse":"15","establishes":"The seven-fire (dhātvagni) model and the prasāda/kiṭṭa split. Note that Kaviratna's own parenthetical enumeration here puts adeps and marrow BEFORE bones, contradicting the chain he translates one verse later.","quote":"They who sustain the body, viz., the 'dhatus' (i. e., 'Rasa' or juice, blood, flesh, adeps, marrow, bones, and vital seed), are cooked by their seven respective fires. This process of cooking which they undergo is of two kinds in consequence of the 'Kitta' (refuse) and the 'Prasada' (pure substance) Which results from it.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"doṣa","why":"Doṣa are the regulatory functional factors that vitiate; dhātu are what gets vitiated. Sushruta's own framing at Sutrasthana 15 separates doṣa, dhātu and mala as three categories of bodily constituent. Rendering both as 'element' or both as 'constituent' erases the distinction the texts build the whole pathology on."},{"term":"mala","why":"Mala are the excretory fraction (kiṭṭa) thrown off at each stage of dhātu formation. Kaviratna, however, translates Charaka Sutrasthana 28 as calling the malas themselves 'Dhatus' ('Of the Dhatus of both classes, viz, those called Malas and those called Prasadas'), so the boundary is not as clean in the source as in modern teaching."},{"term":"dhātu (Rasashastra / mineral sense)","why":"The same word names the medicinal metals. WHO ISTA carries it twice with different English headwords: 'Fundamental structural component' (ITA-2.2.1) and 'Metal' (ITA-7.2.5.1). An index built on the Sanskrit alone will merge two unrelated entries."},{"term":"dhātu (Sanskrit grammar)","why":"In Paninian grammar dhātu is a verbal root. Su.Su.14.13 actually uses the word in this grammatical sense in the same chapter that defines the bodily dhātu ('तत्र रस गतौ धातुः'), so the two senses sit adjacent in the source text."},{"term":"upadhātu","why":"Upadhātu are produced from dhātu but are held not to transform further into a following tissue. They are not members of the seven."},{"term":"ojas","why":"Standardly the essence (sāra) of all seven, not an eighth member. But Charaka Sutrasthana 28 as translated by Kaviratna enumerates ojas as the eighth item in the list, and Bhishagratna's footnote to Su.Su.14 records that 'certain authorities hold albumen (protoplasmic matter) to be the eighth or the culminating principle of the body'. The disagreement is in the sources, not only in the secondary literature."},{"term":"mahābhūta","why":"The five great elements. Both are routinely Englished as 'element'; dhātu are formed from food by digestion, mahābhūta are ontological constituents of all matter."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"tissue","why":"Imports a histological category that the classical term does not carry. Rasa is a fluid, ojas is sometimes counted, and the dhātus are defined functionally (by what they hold and what they produce) rather than by cellular architecture. WHO ISTA specifically avoided 'tissue' in favour of 'fundamental structural component'."},{"rendering":"humour","why":"Belongs to doṣa, and is contested even there. Applying it to dhātu compounds the error. Note that Bhishagratna's chapter title rendering, 'the humoral constituents of the body and excrements', does blur exactly this line."},{"rendering":"element","why":"Collides with mahābhūta, which most translators also call 'element'. Kaviratna uses 'constituent elements of the body' for dhātu and 'the five material substances' for mahābhūta, but not consistently."},{"rendering":"metal","why":"Correct only in the Rasashastra sense (WHO ISTA ITA-7.2.5.1). Applied to the bodily dhātu it is simply the wrong lemma."},{"rendering":"the seven tissues","why":"Fixes the count at seven when two of the three public-domain passages retrieved here list eight, the eighth being ojas. The number is treated as settled in modern teaching and is not settled in the source texts."}],"openQuestions":["Whether ojas is an eighth dhātu or the sāra of the seven is stated both ways inside the public-domain translations of the two samhitas; no retrieved source resolves it.","Kaviratna's verse markers in the OCR do not align with the numbering used by carakasamhitaonline (see gatheringNotes). A Sanskrit Charaka with verse numbers is needed before any Charaka verse number in this record set can be called verified.","Whether Charaka's 'essence of the Dhatus' (dhātu-prasāda) supplying the sense organs is a distinct technical category or a commentarial reading of Kaviratna's own could not be established from the retrieved text alone.","No retrieved source gives a criterion by which a proposed English rendering of dhātu could be judged adequate; the choice is currently made by convention."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/dhatu/","canary":"169eea07f0c750bf"},{"slug":"dhatu-agni","page":"/lexicon/dhatu-agni/","iast":"dhātv-agni","devanagari":"धात्वग्नि","alternates":["dhatvagni","dhātvāgni (spelling used in the NIA/WHO-APW list)","rasāgni, raktāgni, māṃsāgni, medo-agni, asthyagni, majjāgni, śukrāgni (the seven members)"],"category":"dhatu","family":"body","renderings":[{"english":"Metabolic factors located in structural components","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-2.6.6","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO's description: 'Transformative factors at structural component level which governs the transformation of one fundamental structural component into another'. WHO also gives each of the seven separately at ITA-2.6.12 to ITA-2.6.18, e.g. ITA-2.6.13 'Metabolic factors located in blood'.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false},{"english":null,"sourceName":"National Institute of Ayurveda, WHO-APW project 'Standardization of Non-Clinical Terminologies of Ayurveda'","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"entry SK0062","verbatim":true,"assessment":"COMPARATOR. This is the Indian drafting input to the WHO terminology project, not the WHO publication itself. The list it gives names only six (Rasagni, Raktagni, Mamsagni, Medo agni, Asthyagni, Sukragni) while calling them seven; majjāgni is missing. That is an error in the source, recorded as found.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"their seven respective fires","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Cikitsāsthāna 15, Kaviratna's v.14","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Public domain. Kaviratna renders agni throughout as 'fire' or 'heat' and coins no compound.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"the native heat of the latter","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita tr. Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sūtrasthāna ch. 14, translator's footnote","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Public domain, but this is Bhishagratna's own explanatory note, not a translation of mūla text.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"tissue fire / tissue-specific digestive fire / tissue metabolic fire","sourceName":"common BAMS textbook usage","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"Widespread in Kriya Sharira teaching; not traced to a specific edition here.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true},{"english":"tissue enzymes","sourceName":"20th-century correlation literature","sourceKind":"other","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"Common but reductive; see mistranslations.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Cikitsāsthāna","chapter":"15 (Grahaṇī-doṣa-cikitsā)","verse":"Kaviratna's v.14","establishes":"The seven dhātu-level fires and their two-fold product, prasāda and kiṭṭa. This is the core locus for the concept. Kaviratna's footnote here remarks on the awkwardness of moving from five bhūtāgnis to seven fires.","quote":"They who sustain the body, viz., the 'dhatus' (i. e., 'Rasa' or juice, blood, flesh, adeps, marrow, bones, and vital seed), are cooked by their seven respective fires. This process of cooking which they undergo is of two kinds in consequence of the 'Kitta' (refuse) and the 'Prasada' (pure substance) which results from it.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Cikitsāsthāna","chapter":"15","verse":"Kaviratna's vv.12-13","establishes":"The bhūtāgni layer immediately preceding the dhātvagni verse, which is why the two are so often conflated. The five elemental fires act on the five elemental properties of food; the seven tissue fires act on the dhātus.","quote":"Since the five heats, viz., that appertaining to earth, that to water, that to fire, that to air, and that to ether, digest earth and the other properties, respectively, numbering five, of the food eaten, Therefore, the material properties in the body (that is, those that relate to the five material substances already named) are nourished, respectively, by their correlative elements.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita with Cakrapāṇidatta's Āyurvedadīpikā","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"28 (Vividhāśitapītīya)","verse":"commentary on v.3, Cakrapāṇi's segment 8","establishes":"Cakrapāṇi glosses the mūla phrase yathāsvenoṣmaṇā ('by its own respective heat') at Ca.Sū.28.3 as dhātvagni: food that has become rasa, on reaching rakta and the rest, is cooked by the heat of rakta and the rest. This is a second, independent classical anchor for the term, in Sūtrasthāna rather than Cikitsāsthāna.","quote":"kiṃvā yathāsvenoṣmaṇeti yasya rudhirāder ya ūṣmā dhātvagnirūpastena samyagvipacyamānamaśitādi rasatām āpannaṃ yadā raktādidhātūn pratipadyate tadā raktādyūṣmaṇaiva pacyate","translator":"none (Sanskrit)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/corpustei/transformations/plaintext/sa_agniveza-carakasaMhitA-parts-comm.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Cikitsāsthāna","chapter":"15","verse":"Kaviratna's v.38","establishes":"Jāṭharāgni is primary and the dhātvagnis are dependent on it. This subordination is the textual basis for treating jāṭharāgni disorder as upstream of dhātvagni disorder.","quote":"That heat which cooks (digests) the food eaten is the prince of all heats whose function is cooking. Indeed, all the other heats have the food-cooking heat for their root. Their increase or decrease depends on its increase or decrease.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"jāṭharāgni","why":"The gastric/central digestive fire, one in number, acting on ingested food. Ca.Ci.15 makes it the root on which all other fires depend. Dhātvagni acts later and within tissue."},{"term":"bhūtāgni","why":"Five elemental fires acting on the five elemental properties of food. WHO gives it a separate entry (ITA-2.6.7) and notes it acts at two levels, alongside jāṭharāgni during digestion and alongside dhātvagni during tissue-level metabolism. The five/seven mismatch is exactly what Kaviratna's footnote flags."},{"term":"pācaka pitta","why":"The pitta subtype seated in the gastrointestinal tract. Agni and pitta overlap but are not identical categories; agni is a functional principle, pitta a doṣa subtype."},{"term":"āma","why":"The product of impaired agni, not a kind of agni."},{"term":"dhātu-poṣaṇa","why":"Dhātvagni is the agency; poṣaṇa is the process and outcome. The nyāyas concern routing of nutrient, not the fire."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"tissue enzymes","why":"Names a molecular class the texts do not have, and loses the doṣa-linked functional states (sama, tīkṣṇa, viṣama, manda) that WHO itself records at ITA-2.6.8 to ITA-2.6.11. Enzymes have no such states."},{"rendering":"metabolic rate","why":"Agni's four states are qualitative and doṣa-linked, not a single scalar; and dhātvagni is tissue-specific in a way BMR is not."},{"rendering":"mitochondrial function","why":"A popular modern correlation with no basis in the classical description and no empirical support in the retrieved literature."},{"rendering":"digestive fire","why":"Correct for jāṭharāgni, wrong for dhātvagni, which acts after digestion is complete."}],"openQuestions":["Whether the standard list is six or seven fires. The NIA/WHO-APW entry SK0062 says 'seven' and then lists six, omitting majjāgni. WHO ISTA ITA-2.6.6 lists seven but writes five of them as -āgniḥ and two as -dhātvagniḥ, an inconsistency worth flagging.","No peer-reviewed operational definition or biomarker of dhātvagni was found. Searches on EuropePMC for 'dhatvagni' returned 55 hits, none offering a measurable definition. This appears to be a real gap, not a search failure.","Kaviratna's Cikitsāsthāna 15 verse numbers run one behind Chakrapani-based editions (his v.14 is the verse universally cited as Ci.15/15). The offset should be confirmed chapter-wide before publishing his numbers."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/dhatu-agni/","canary":"77ede7e5cf8fcd23"},{"slug":"dhatu-poshana","page":"/lexicon/dhatu-poshana/","iast":"dhātu-poṣaṇa","devanagari":"धातुपोषण","alternates":["dhatu poshan","dhātu-puṣṭi","dhātu-pariṇāma (transformation-side account only)","ekakāla dhātu poṣaṇa (a fourth named model)"],"category":"dhatu","family":"body","renderings":[{"english":"the process of nourishment of fundamental structural components","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO covers the three explanatory theories but gives no umbrella entry for the process. 'Fundamental structural components' is WHO's house rendering of dhātu throughout.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"tissue nutrition","sourceName":"J Ayurveda Integr Med, PMID 32855015 (2021)","sourceKind":"paper","locator":"title and abstract","verbatim":true,"assessment":"The commonest rendering in modern Indian Ayurveda literature.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"J Ayurveda Integr Med, PMID 32855015 (2021)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"The process of nourishment of dhatu","sourceName":"Charak Samhita Online (carakasamhitaonline.com), Grahani Chikitsa","sourceKind":"website","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":"COMPARATOR ONLY. Modern, in copyright. Used to locate, not quotable as an entry definition.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Charak Samhita Online (carakasamhitaonline.com), Grahani Chikitsa\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"\"Charak Samhita Online (carakasamhitaonline.com), Grahani Chikitsa\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation"},{"english":"The successive development of the fundamental or root principles of the body","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita tr. Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sūtrasthāna ch. 14, translator's footnote","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Public domain. Bhishagratna has no single term; he describes the process. 'Root principles' is his standing rendering of dhātu.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"That food nourishes the body, the 'dhatus,' the 'ojas,' the strength, the complexion, &c., is due to fire as the operating cause","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Cikitsāsthāna 15, Kaviratna's v.4","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Public domain. Kaviratna uses plain 'nourishes'; he coins no technical English term.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"tissue nourishment / dhatu nourishment","sourceName":"Indian BAMS textbook usage (Kriya Sharira)","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":"passim, e.g. Patwardhan, A Text Book of Ayurvedic Human Physiology; Mishra, Ayurvediya Kriya Sharira","verbatim":false,"assessment":"Not verified against the books themselves; seen cited in the reference lists of retrieved review articles.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Cikitsāsthāna","chapter":"15 (Grahaṇī-doṣa-cikitsā)","verse":"Kaviratna's v.15","establishes":"The mūla text states only the ORDER of derivation of the seven dhātus, not a mechanism. All three nyāyas are commentarial attempts to supply the missing mechanism.","quote":"From 'Rasa' (juice) arises blood ; from blood is flesh ; from flesh is adeps ; from adeps is bone ; from bone is marrow ; from marrow is vital seed : from the vital seed arises the fcetus.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Cikitsāsthāna","chapter":"15","verse":"Kaviratna's v.20","establishes":"The mūla itself reports the six-day transformation period as an opinion ('some are of opinion'), i.e. the text does not settle the timing question either.","quote":"Some are of opinion that the transformation (of one 'dhatu' into another) takes place in six days and nights. Of food and the 'dhatus' this transformation goes on eternally like (the motion of) a wheel.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"14","verse":"not numbered in Bhishagratna","establishes":"Sushruta gives the same succession independently of Charaka. Secondary sources cite this as Su.Sū.14/10; Bhishagratna's text carries no verse numbers, so the verse number is not verified here.","quote":"The chyle produces blood. From blood is formed flesh. From flesh originates fat which gives rise to bones. From bones originate marrow, which, in its turn, germinates semen.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita,_Volume_1/Chapter_14","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita with Cakrapāṇidatta's Āyurvedadīpikā","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"28 (Vividhāśitapītīya)","verse":"commentary on v.4, Cakrapāṇi's segment 21","establishes":"Cakrapāṇi's commentary on Ca.Sū.28.4 is the primary locus where the competing nourishment models are set out and weighed. This is the anchor citation for the whole dhātu-poṣaṇa topic.","quote":"anye tv āhuḥ khalekapotanyāyenāyam annarasaḥ pṛthak pṛthag dhātumārge gataḥ san rasādīn poṣayati na tv asya dhātupoṣako rasabhāgo dhātvantareṇa samaṃ sambandham apyanubhavati","translator":"none (Sanskrit)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/corpustei/transformations/plaintext/sa_agniveza-carakasaMhitA-parts-comm.txt","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"dhātu-pariṇāma","why":"Pariṇāma is transformation of one dhātu into the next, which is only ONE of the competing accounts of poṣaṇa. Treating them as synonyms silently commits the entry to the kṣīra-dadhi model that Cakrapāṇi rejects."},{"term":"dhātu-agni","why":"Dhātvagni is the transforming agency; poṣaṇa is the process and its result. The nyāyas are about routing and selection of nutrient, not about the fire that acts on it."},{"term":"dhātu-sāra","why":"Sāra is the qualitative excellence of a fully-nourished dhātu, used in constitutional assessment. Poṣaṇa is the supply process."},{"term":"poṣaka vs sthāyi dhātu","why":"The nutrient fraction in transit (poṣaka) versus the settled tissue (sthāyi). Cakrapāṇi's argument turns entirely on this distinction; collapsing it makes the khale-kapota position incoherent."},{"term":"upadhātu","why":"Secondary tissues produced as by-products of the main sequence, not stages in it."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"tissue metabolism","why":"Metabolism covers catabolism and energy turnover; poṣaṇa is specifically the supply-and-incorporation side, and the classical debate is about routing, not about chemical turnover."},{"rendering":"anabolism","why":"Imports a biochemical category that the classical accounts do not make. None of the three nyāyas is about synthesis reactions."},{"rendering":"tissue perfusion","why":"Correct only for the kedārī-kulyā model and wrong for khale-kapota, which is explicitly about selection rather than delivery."}],"openQuestions":["Whether dhātu-poṣaṇa occurs as a fixed compound in any mūla text, or is a modern textbook headword for a topic the texts discuss without naming. Nothing retrieved settles this.","The fourth model, ekakāla dhātu poṣaṇa (simultaneous nourishment), is named only in PMID 32855015 among sources retrieved here. Its classical locus was not established.","Kaviratna's verse numbers in Cikitsāsthāna 15 run one behind the numbering used by Chakrapani-based editions (his v.15 = the verse everyone cites as Ci.15/16). This offset needs confirming across the whole chapter before any Kaviratna verse number is published."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/dhatu-poshana/","canary":"fe36bb4176e4cc6a"},{"slug":"dhatu-sara","page":"/lexicon/dhatu-sara/","iast":"dhātu-sāra","devanagari":"धातुसार","alternates":["sara","sāra","dhatu sara","sara pariksha","ashta sara","saramsha"],"category":"dhatu","family":"body","renderings":[{"english":"Predominance of a particular fundamental structural component in a person","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-2.8.1.1","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO's headword is for sāraḥ alone; there is no ISTA entry for the compound dhātusāra. Note WHO's entry carries no description text at all, only the headword - unusual in the volume and possibly an omission.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Person with predominance or essence of primary circulating nutrient fluid","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-2.8.1.2","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Materially significant: WHO treats tvak-sāra and rasa-sāra as the SAME entry, and titles it by rasa. Charaka's list as Kaviratna renders it begins with skin, not rasa. WHO has silently resolved a classical variant.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":null,"sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-2.8.1.3 to ITA-2.8.1.10","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Eight further entries, one per sāra, each with a description close to Charaka Vimanasthana 8. ITA-2.8.1.10 gives sarva-sāraḥ and oja-sāraḥ as synonyms for the all-seven type.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"predominance of (constituting) element","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Vimanasthana VIII","verbatim":true,"assessment":"His running rendering, which he himself complains about in a footnote as 'this long periphrasis'.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"pith","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913), translator's note","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Footnote to Vimanasthana VIII","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna's proposed short form, so that twak-sāra becomes 'Skin-pithed'. Idiosyncratic, but it is the only place in the public-domain corpus where a translator reasons openly about how to render this term, which makes it valuable rather than merely quaint.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"quintessence","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, tr. Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907-1916)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sutrasthana XV, of ojas as the sāra of all the dhātus","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Bhishagratna uses 'quintessence' where Sushruta makes ojas the sāra of all seven. Sushruta's sāra examination is a separate passage, at Sutrasthana 35.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"Sara (predominance of fundamental structural components)","sourceName":"Modern Ayurvedic journal usage","sourceKind":"journal","locator":"PMID 42161239","verbatim":true,"assessment":"The journal literature has adopted WHO's phrasing more or less verbatim. Worth recording as evidence of ISTA's influence on usage.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Modern Ayurvedic journal usage\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"\"Modern Ayurvedic journal usage\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation"},{"english":"tissue excellence / tissue quality","sourceName":"Common modern Ayurvedic teaching","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"Widespread. Introduces a quality judgement ('excellence') that the WHO and Kaviratna renderings do not, though Charaka's descriptions are indeed uniformly favourable.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"8 (the Vimana of how disease is to be conquered by the physician; Rogabhishagjitiya)","verse":"102","establishes":"The eightfold enumeration, with SKIN (tvak) first, not rasa, and MIND (sattva) eighth. Also the stated purpose: sāra examination measures strength (bala), not tissue quality in the abstract. Chapter located by the heading 'We shall next expound the Vimanam called how disease is to be conquered by the physician' in the retrieved file.","quote":"Next, as to examination according to Sara (predominating essence or element) : there are eight Saras of human beings. We shall lay down instructions about them for exact knowledge of the measure of one's strength. They are i. skin, 2. blood, 3. flesh, 4. fat, 5. bones, 6. marrow, 7. vital seed, and 8. mind,","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"8","verse":"translator's footnote","establishes":"A translator reasoning explicitly about how to render sāra, and coining 'pith'. Also attests the compound forms twak-sāra and rakta-sāra, and the negative asāra. OCR has 'baken' for 'taken'.","quote":"It will be seen that the word \"sara\" has been rendered \"predominance of (constituting) element.\" This long periphrasis becomes inconvenient in rendering such short compounds as 'Twak-sara', 'Rakta-sara,' &c. The fact is, if 'sara' be baken as equivalent to 'pith' in the sense of 'essence,' the periphrasis may be abandoned with this explanation. 'Twak-sara' may be rendered as 'Skin-pithed ;' so 'Rakta-sara' as 'Blood-pithed,' &c. Hence 'Asara' implying the absence of 'Sara,' may be rendered as 'having no pith'","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913), translator's footnote","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"8","verse":"125 in Kaviratna's marginal numbering","establishes":"Sarva-sāra, the all-round type, which WHO records at ITA-2.8.1.10 with oja-sāraḥ as a synonym.","quote":"Now, those men in whose constitutions all the elements exist in a large and harmonious measure, become endued with great strength and great honors (in every direction). They become capable of enduring toil and pain in all kinds of acts : they are inspired with confidence in their own abilities","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"8","verse":"126-128 in Kaviratna's marginal numbering","establishes":"That sāra is graded (pravara, madhyama, avara) rather than binary, that asāra is a recognised category, and again that the purpose is assessing strength.","quote":"Those men that are possessed of attributes which are the reverse of these, are regarded as possessed of no pith. Persons endued with a predominance, in a middling measure, of any of the eight elements, have attributes, corresponding with the above, in a middling measure. Thus have been explained the eight different kinds of pith as regards human beings. These explanations are given for a knowledge of the differences in respect of the measure of strength of different men.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"8","verse":"129 in Kaviratna's marginal numbering","establishes":"The stated RATIONALE for sāra examination: body size is an unreliable index of strength, so a different measure is needed. This is the text arguing for its own method, and it is the passage a lexicon entry should be built around. OCR has 'btearing' for 'bearing'.","quote":"It has been said that a person should be examined by the test of his pith. This has been laid down for preventing a physician from arriving at an erroneous conclusion by a sight of the body alone of the patient. Such conclusions should never be formed, viz., that this one is endued with strength because this one's body is large ; ... It is, indeed, seen that men whose bodies are of small dimensions or whose bodies are lean are still possessed of strength. In this connection, a proof is offered by ants (which are very diminutive creatures) btearing away large weights.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"15","verse":"19 (Bhishagratna, Chap. XV, p. 130)","establishes":"Sushruta's use of sāra for ojas, the essence of all seven dhātus. This is separate from Sushruta's sāra examination, which comes at Sutrasthana 35, where Bhishagratna translates the traits of each preponderant principle (Sara).","quote":"The quintessence of all the fundamental principles of the body, starting with lymph chyle and ending with semen, is called the Ojas, which is identical with what is termed \"vital power.\"","translator":"Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907-1916)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/b24758619_0001/b24758619_0001_djvu.txt","checked":"corrected against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"prakṛti","why":"Constitution by doṣa predominance, determined at conception and fixed. Sāra is predominance by dhātu and is assessed at examination. PMID 42161239 records both separately for each participant, which is the clearest demonstration that they are different instruments."},{"term":"bala","why":"Strength, which sāra examination exists to estimate. Charaka Vimanasthana 8 states the purpose explicitly. WHO gives balam its own headword at ITA-2.2.27. Sāra is the index; bala is what is indexed."},{"term":"dhātu-sāmya","why":"Equilibrium of the dhātus (WHO ITA-2.2.26), a state of health. Sāra is a constitutional predominance, present in health. A person can be dhātu-sāmya and also asthi-sāra."},{"term":"ojas","why":"WHO gives oja-sāraḥ as a synonym of sarva-sāraḥ (ITA-2.8.1.10), and Sushruta calls ojas the quintessence of all dhātus. So ojas is both the all-round sāra type and the substance that is the sāra of every dhātu. Two related but distinct uses."},{"term":"asthi-sāra","why":"Collides inside WHO ISTA: at ITA-2.2.16 asthisāram is a Sanskrit synonym for majjā ('bone marrow'), at ITA-2.8.1.6 asthi-sāraḥ is the bone-predominant constitution. Same string, two referents, one standard."},{"term":"sāra (other senses)","why":"In dravyaguna sāra is the heartwood of a tree; in general Sanskrit it is essence, pith or wealth. Kaviratna's 'pith' rendering deliberately exploits this."},{"term":"sattva-sāra","why":"The eighth sāra is mind, not a dhātu at all (WHO ITA-2.8.1.9, 'Person with predominance or essence of strong willpower'). So the 'eight saras' are not eight dhātus, and calling the construct dhātu-sāra is already slightly inaccurate."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"tissue excellence / tissue quality","why":"Introduces a quality judgement. Charaka's construct is predominance for the purpose of estimating strength, and it includes a negative category (asāra, 'having no pith') and a middling grade. 'Excellence' cannot accommodate the grading."},{"rendering":"essence","why":"Too bare. It loses the constitutional and diagnostic function entirely, and collides with the separate use of sāra for ojas as the essence of all dhātus."},{"rendering":"dhātu-sāra as though it were the classical term","why":"Charaka's phrase as translated is simply sāra, and the compounds attested in Kaviratna's footnote are twak-sāra, rakta-sāra and so on, not dhātu-sāra. WHO ISTA likewise has sāraḥ, not dhātusāra. Citing 'dhātusāra' to Ca.Vi.8 would attribute a compound to the text that the retrieved sources do not show there."},{"rendering":"'the eight dhatu saras'","why":"The eighth is sattva (mind), which is not a dhātu. Charaka's list is skin, blood, flesh, fat, bones, marrow, vital seed and mind."},{"rendering":"treating rasa-sāra and tvak-sāra as one type because WHO does","why":"WHO merges them at ITA-2.8.1.2. Kaviratna's Charaka lists skin first and never mentions rasa in the eightfold list. The variant is real and WHO has resolved it in one direction without marking that it did."}],"openQuestions":["The tvak-sāra / rasa-sāra variant is unresolved. WHO ISTA merges them under one term ID titled by rasa; Kaviratna's Charaka lists skin. Which the mula gives, and whether commentators differ, needs a Sanskrit Charaka and Chakrapanidatta.","Kaviratna's marginal verse numbers in this section run 116-128 while carakasamhitaonline cites the sāra section as Vi 8/102 ff. Roughly a fourteen-verse offset in this chapter alone. No verse number in this record should be treated as verified.","No study reports interrater reliability for sāra assessment. Given that the project's own reconnaissance records kappa of 0.28 for prakriti assessment, the prior for sāra is poor and nobody has measured it.","Whether sāra classification predicts anything independent of body habitus has not been tested. Charaka's own argument is that it should, since he explicitly rejects body size as an index of strength - which makes it a testable claim that has never been tested.","Sushruta's sāra examination (Sutrasthana 35) has not been compared item by item with Charaka's eightfold list."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/dhatu-sara/","canary":"e42602d2b78b1630"},{"slug":"dhatvagni","page":"/lexicon/dhatvagni/","iast":"dhātvagni","devanagari":"धात्वग्नि","alternates":["rasāgni","raktāgni","māṃsāgni","medo-agni","asthyagni","majjāgni","śukrāgni","dhātupāka agni","sapta dhātvagni"],"category":"physiology / core concept","family":"body","renderings":[{"english":"Metabolic factors located in structural components","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"terminology-standard","locator":"ITA-2.6.6","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO description verbatim: 'Transformative factors at structural component level which governs the transformation of one fundamental structural component into another: i.e. primary circulating nutrient metabolic factors, blood metabolic factors, muscle metabolic factors, fat metabolic factors, bone metabolic factors, bone-marrow metabolic factors, semen and reproductive tissue metabolic factors.' WHO lists the seven sub-terms in the same entry and gives them individual IDs at ITA-2.6.12 onward.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false},{"english":"Metabolic factors located in primary circulating nutrient fluid","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"terminology-standard","locator":"ITA-2.6.12","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Example of WHO's per-dhātu entries; ITA-2.6.13 'Metabolic factors located in blood', ITA-2.6.14 '... in muscle', ITA-2.6.15 '... in fat' follow the same pattern.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Dhātvagni (protoplasm)","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, tr. Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907-1916)","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"Translator's Introduction, vol. I, pp. xlix-l","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Bhishagratna's own gloss, repeated: 'The Dhatvagnis (protoplasm) of the muscle are not of the same kind as that of the arteries.' This is a documented historical rendering and a clear category error, recorded here as evidence of how the term was read in 1907, not as a usable definition.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"their seven respective fires","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"Cikitsāsthāna Lesson XV (Kaviratna's v.14 = Ca.Ci.15.15)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna does not transliterate the term; he renders it descriptively. No public-domain English word-for-word rendering of 'dhātvagni' exists.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"tissue fire / tissue-level metabolic fire / tissue enzymes","sourceName":"General textbook and review usage","sourceKind":"secondary-literature","locator":"e.g. PMID 22131747","verbatim":false,"assessment":"The commonest modern renderings; 'tissue enzymes' is the biomedicalising variant.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true},{"english":"no NAMASTE code found","sourceName":"NAMASTE / NAMC","sourceKind":"terminology-standard","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"Searched the NAMC term list for 'DAtv' and related stems: zero hits. NAMC codes morbidity, and dhātvagni disorders are not separately coded.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true},{"english":"no ICD-11 TM2 category found","sourceName":"ICD-11 MMS v2026-01, TM2","sourceKind":"classification","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"Statement about the TM2 blocks I retrieved, not an exhaustive proof.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Saṃhitā (Sanskrit)","sthana":"Cikitsāsthāna","chapter":"15","verse":"15","establishes":"The seven-fold tissue-level cooking, stated as 'agnibhiḥ' in the plural rather than as the compound dhātvagni; and the two-fold output (kiṭṭa / prasāda, waste and essence).","quote":"सप्तभिर्देहधातारो धातवो द्विविधं पुनः। यथास्वमग्निभिः पाकं यान्ति किट्टप्रसादवत् ॥१५॥","translator":"none (Sanskrit mūla)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.siva.sh/caraka-samhita/chikitsa-sthana/15/15","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Saṃhitā","sthana":"Cikitsāsthāna","chapter":"15","verse":"15 (Kaviratna prints 14)","establishes":"The only public-domain English for the seven dhātvagnis. Kaviratna adds a footnote noting that the text has just said there are five fires and now says seven, and explains the discrepancy, evidence that the bhūtāgni and dhātvagni counts were already felt as awkward.","quote":"They who sustain the body, viz., the 'dhatus' (i. e., 'Rasa' or juice, blood, flesh, adeps, marrow, bones, and vital seed), are cooked by their seven respective fires. This process of cooking which they undergo is of two kinds in consequence of the 'Kitta' (refuse) and the 'Prasada' (pure substance) which results from it.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Aṣṭāṅga Hṛdaya (Sanskrit)","sthana":"Śārīrasthāna","chapter":"3","verse":"70","establishes":"Vāgbhaṭa names the three levels together as a technical triad, anna(-agni), bhautika(-agni), dhātv-agni. This is the earliest compound form of dhātvagni I could actually retrieve. Chapter/verse fixed by the file's own internal variant markers around this passage.","quote":"doṣāṇām api caivaṃ syād eka-deśa-prakopaṇam |\nanna-bhautika-dhātv-agni-karmeti paribhāṣitam || 70 ||","translator":"none — no public-domain English translation of Aṣṭāṅga Hṛdaya exists","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/corpustei/transformations/plaintext/sa_vAgbhaTa-aSTAGgahRdayasUtra.txt","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"bhūtāgni","why":"bhūtāgni acts on the five elemental fractions of food; dhātvagni acts on the already-assimilated tissue. Vāgbhaṭa names them as separate members of a triad (AH Śā.3.70). Popular writing frequently merges them."},{"term":"jāṭharāgni","why":"jāṭharāgni is prior and governing (Ca.Ci.15.39); dhātvagni is downstream and dependent. Weak dhātvagni with intact jāṭharāgni is a distinct clinical picture from mandāgni."},{"term":"dhātu pāka / dhātu pariṇāma","why":"These name the process; dhātvagni names the agent. Texts that define dhātvagni as 'tissue metabolism' collapse agent into process."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"protoplasm","why":"Bhishagratna's 1907 gloss. Protoplasm is a substance, dhātvagni is a transforming agent; the gloss also makes his own sentence ('the Dhatvagnis (protoplasm) of the muscle are not of the same kind as that of the arteries') incoherent as physiology."},{"rendering":"tissue enzymes","why":"The modern successor to 'protoplasm'. It imports specificity (named catalysts, measurable activity) that the concept does not have, and there is no study identifying any enzyme with any dhātvagni."},{"rendering":"metabolic rate","why":"Conflates a seven-fold, tissue-specific, directional transformation series with a single scalar quantity."}],"openQuestions":["Does Aruṇadatta or Cakrapāṇi give the first explicit seven-fold dhātvagni list, and with what wording?","Why does WHO mix two naming conventions inside ITA-2.6.6?","Has any study attempted a measurable proxy for any individual dhātvagni?"],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/dhatvagni/","canary":"a505a972e8a6c362"},{"slug":"dinacharya","page":"/lexicon/dinacharya/","iast":"dinacaryā","devanagari":"दिनचर्या","alternates":["dinacharya","dincharya","dinacaryā adhyāya (AH.Su.2 chapter title)"],"category":"swasthavritta","family":"daily-life","renderings":[{"english":"Daily routine","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator-standard","locator":"ITA-10.3.1","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO pairs it with ITA-10.3.2 rātricaryā 'Night routine' (no description) and ITA-10.3.3 ṛtucaryā 'Seasonal routine'.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":null,"sourceName":"NIA Jaipur / WHO-APW draft (2011)","sourceKind":"comparator-draft","locator":"SV0089 dinacaryā","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"(no term) - chapter title rendered 'Matrashitiya (proper measure in respect of diet)'; regimen items listed individually (collyrium, the stick to be smoked, the stick for brushing the teeth, rubbing the body with oil...)","sourceName":"Kaviratna, Charaka-Samhita (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"Sutrasthana Lesson V","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Charaka has no chapter or term 'dinacharya'; the daily-regimen material sits in Su.5 under the heading of food quantity. Kaviratna accordingly never uses the word.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"the rules of hygiene and the prophilactic measures in general","sourceName":"Bhishagratna, Sushruta Samhita Chikitsa-sthana Ch. XXIV (Anagatabadha-pratishedha) (1911)","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-4-cikitsasthana/d/doc142934.html","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Sushruta's daily-regimen chapter is titled 'prevention of future afflictions'; Bhishagratna does not use 'daily regimen'.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"Daily regimen for preservation of health (dinacharya); daily regimen","sourceName":"Charak Samhita New Edition wiki (carakasamhitaonline.com)","sourceKind":"textbook/secondary","locator":null,"locatorWithheld":"the CSRTSDC/Charak Samhita New Edition English, in copyright","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"the CSRTSDC/Charak Samhita New Edition English, in copyright","downloadable":false},{"english":"daily regimen; daily routine; Ayurvedic daily routine","sourceName":"Common textbook and popular renderings","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":null,"licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"5 (Matrashitiya)","verse":"71-73 (numbering as printed on carakasamhitaonline.com)","establishes":"A representative daily-regimen item in Charaka (tooth-stick, twice daily, astringent/pungent/bitter, without injuring gums). The chapter contains no word 'dinacaryā'; the carakasamhitaonline page uses it only in its own headings/keywords.","quote":"आपोथिताग्रं द्वौ कालौ कषायकटुतिक्तकम्||७१|| भक्षयेद्दन्तपवनं दन्तमांसान्यबाधयन्| निहन्ति गन्धं वैरस्यं जिह्वादन्तास्यजं मलम्||७२|| निष्कृष्य रुचिमाधत्ते सद्यो दन्तविशोधनम्| करञ्जकरवीरार्कमालतीककुभासनाः||७३||","translator":"none (Sanskrit)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Matrashiteeya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"5","verse":"3 (carakasamhitaonline numbering)","establishes":"The chapter opens with food quantity, showing that Charaka frames the regimen chapter around mātrā rather than a 'daily routine'.","quote":"मात्राशी स्यात्| आहारमात्रा पुनरग्निबलापेक्षिणी||३||","translator":"none (Sanskrit)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Matrashiteeya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"Lesson V (Kaviratna)","verse":"Kaviratna Lesson V, his printed 63 (the tooth-stick rule, with dagger footnote) and 64 (its effects), pp. 60-61 (page image; the djvu OCR prints '88' and '84'); standard Sutrasthana 5.71cd-73ab per carakasamhitaonline Matrashiteeya_Adhyaya (||७१|| आपोथिताग्रं द्वौ कालौ कषायकटुतिक्तकम्; ||७२|| भक्षयेद्दन्तपवनं दन्तमांसान्यबाधयन्| निहन्ति गन्धं वैरस्यं जिह्वादन्तास्यजं मलम्; ||७३|| निष्कृष्य रुचिमाधत्ते सद्यो दन्तविशोधनम्). Recorded separately, not converted.","establishes":"Kaviratna's English for the tooth-stick rule (astringent, pungent or bitter stick, end chewed to a brush, used twice daily without hurting the gums; removes bad odour and taste, clears sordes, restores appetite). His footnote 'To this day many Hindus wash their teeth twice a day... A brush once used should not be used again.—T.' is the translator's note, not the text. In Su.5 his numbers run about eight BEHIND the standard (his 63-64 = std 71-73).","quote":"The stick for brushing the teeth should be either astringent or pungent or bitter. One of its ends should be chewed into the form of a brush. It should he used twice a day, taking care that the gums be not injured. The process (of washing the teeth thus) destroys bad odor and bad taste. It removes sordes from the tongue, teeth, and mouth, and quickly produces appetite and purifies the teeth.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Chikitsa-sthana","chapter":"XXIV (Anagatabadha-pratishedha; Bhishagratna's chapter number)","verse":"Sanskrit verse numbers not established (Bhishagratna prints none)","establishes":"Sushruta's daily-regimen chapter (rising, tooth-brushing, exercise, massage) framed as prophylaxis against future disease.","quote":"Now we shall discourse on the rules of hygiene and the prophilactic measures in general ... A man should leave his bed early in the morning and brush his teeth. The tooth-brush should be made of a fresh twig of a tree or a plant grown on a commendable tract and it should be straight, not worm-eaten, devoid of any knot or at most with one knot only ... What is (popularly) known as physical exercise is (nothing but) a sense of weariness from bodily labour, and it should be taken every day. After taking physical exercise, the whole body should be shampooed, until it gives rise to a comfortable sensation in the limbs.","translator":"Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-4-cikitsasthana/d/doc142934.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Ashtanga Hridaya","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"2 (Dinacaryā adhyāya)","verse":"1 (verse number not printed on retrieved page; conventionally 2.1)","establishes":"Vagbhata is the text that uses 'Dinacaryā' as a chapter title; the opening verse prescribes rising in brāhma muhūrta to protect life. Verse number not displayed on the retrieved page.","quote":null,"quoteWithheld":"nobody has yet read this quotation against its printed source, and an unchecked quotation is not published here","translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://ahsutrasthana.blogspot.com/2013/10/2-dinacharya-adhyaya-daily-regimen.html"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"rātricaryā","why":"Night regimen (WHO ITA-10.3.2); dinacaryā in the texts actually runs from waking to sleep, so textbooks sometimes fold night into day."},{"term":"ṛtucaryā","why":"Seasonal regimen (Ca.Su.6, AH.Su.3); varies by season rather than by day."},{"term":"sadvṛtta","why":"Code of conduct (Ca.Su.8), ethical rather than hygienic, though AH.Su.2 mixes conduct rules into its dinacaryā chapter."},{"term":"svasthavṛtta","why":"The umbrella discipline (WHO ITA-10.1.3 'Routine(s) for health maintenance': 'Daily, seasonal and ethical regimens'); dinacaryā is one of its parts."},{"term":"Mātrāśitīya (Ca.Su.5)","why":"Charaka's chapter containing the daily-regimen rules is named for food quantity; citing it as 'Charaka's dinacharya chapter' is a modern relabelling."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"Ayurvedic morning routine","why":"Popular usage reduces dinacaryā to pre-noon practices; the texts and WHO run it from waking to sleep."},{"rendering":"Hygiene","why":"Bhishagratna's 'rules of hygiene' captures only part; dinacaryā includes exercise, massage, diet, conduct and sleep."},{"rendering":"Daily ritual","why":"Imports a religious frame; the texts give physiological rationales (e.g. tooth-stick 'produces appetite and purifies the teeth')."}],"openQuestions":["Verify the NAMASTE SAT code for dinacharya (carakasamhitaonline cites 'SAT-J.9'); the portal term list was not reachable without sign-in.","Verify AH.Su.2.1 verse number and Kaviratna's Su.5 aphorism numbers (OCR '88' is doubtful).","Does the word dinacaryā occur anywhere in Charaka or Sushruta Sanskrit? Not found in the retrieved Su.5 page; a full-text check is needed."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/dinacharya/","canary":"728de18a8f5fa752"},{"slug":"dosha","page":"/lexicon/dosha/","iast":"doṣa","devanagari":"दोष","alternates":["dosa","dosh","dosham","doṣaḥ","śārīra-doṣa"],"category":"dosha","family":"dosha","renderings":[{"english":"Dosha","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-2.1.1","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO leaves the headword untranslated and carries the explanatory gloss in the section heading rather than the term. Its description is 'The regulatory functional factors of the body formed by the synchronized interplay between the five basic elements within any living system.' Recorded as a fact about WHO ISTA; not adopted as this entry's definition (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO).","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"humour / bodily humour / vital humour","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, tr. Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sutrasthana XV and XXI","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Public-domain Edwardian translation. Bhishagratna uses 'humour' throughout but appends his own disclaimer that the terms 'differ in their meaning from their usual English synonyms'. Period document; the Galenic framing is the translator's, not the text's.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"fault (of the body)","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"e.g. p. 755 of the Kaviratna edition; also 'faults of the body' at p. 592","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna renders doṣa by its ordinary-language Sanskrit sense 'fault/defect'. Lexically defensible, clinically misleading: doṣa in its normal (prakṛta) state is constitutive of the body, not a fault.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"Derangement of dosha","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-5.2.1","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO's term for the pathological state, distinct from doṣa itself.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"humoral derangement pattern","sourceName":"ICD-11 MMS v2026-01, Traditional Medicine Module 2","sourceKind":"classification","locator":"block SR10-SR2Z","verbatim":true,"assessment":"ICD-11 retains 'humoral' at block level while using untranslated 'vata/pitta/kapha' at code level. The block is pan-ASU (Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani share it), so the English was chosen to cover three systems at once.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"WHO ICD-11","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"WHO ICD-11"},{"english":"three factors determining the state of health","sourceName":"Chauhan M, Srivastava VK, Patwardhan K, Indian J Med Ethics 2024","sourceKind":"paper","locator":"PMID 39183608","verbatim":true,"assessment":"A contemporary Indian academic gloss, given parenthetically rather than as a proposed standard.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Chauhan M, Srivastava VK, Patwardhan K, Indian J Med Ethics 2024\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"\"Chauhan M, Srivastava VK, Patwardhan K, Indian J Med Ethics 2024\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation"}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"57","establishes":"The doṣa set is explicitly partitioned: vāyu, pitta and kapha are the bodily (śārīra) doṣas, while rajas and tamas are the mental ones. 'Dosha' therefore does not mean 'the three humours' without qualification.","quote":"वायुः पित्तं कफश्चोक्तः शारीरो दोषसङ्ग्रहः| मानसः पुनरुद्दिष्टो रजश्च तम एव च||५७|| / vāyuḥ pittaṁ kaphaścōktaḥ śārīrō dōṣasaṅgrahaḥ| mānasaḥ punaruddiṣṭō rajaśca tama ēva ca||57||","translator":"none quoted (Sanskrit mula only)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Deerghanjiviteeya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"57 (Kaviratna prints this as aphorism 56)","establishes":"The only lawfully quotable English rendering of the foundational Charaka doṣa verse. Shows Kaviratna translating the triad as 'wind, bile, and phlegm' and narrowing doṣa to 'causes of disease', which the Sanskrit does not do.","quote":"Wind, bile, and phlegm have been said to be the causes of all bodily diseases. The qualities of Passion and Darkness have, again, been indicated to be the causes of mental diseases.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sharirasthana","chapter":"4","verse":"34","establishes":"Repeats the bodily/mental doṣa partition in prose and introduces the doṣa-dūṣya relation: the doṣas are what vitiates (dūṣayanti), not what is vitiated.","quote":"tatra trayaḥ śarīradoṣā vātapittaśleṣmāṇaḥ, te śarīraṁ dūṣayanti; dvau punaḥ sattvadoṣau rajastamaśca, tau sattvaṁ dūṣayataḥ| tābhyāṁ ca sattvaśarīrābhyāṁ duṣṭābhyāṁ vikr̥tirupajāyatē, nōpajāyatē cāpraduṣṭābhyām||34||","translator":"none quoted (Sanskrit mula only)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Mahatigarbhavakranti_Sharira","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"21","verse":"","establishes":"Sushruta treats the doṣas as constitutive supports of the healthy body, not as pathogens, and adds blood as a fourth factor. Wisdomlib's Sushruta is Bhishagratna and is quotable; it does not carry verse numbers, only chapters.","quote":"The Vayu, Pitta and Shleshma should be considered as the primary and the most essential factors in the constitution of human organism. These fundamental and vital humours, occupying respectively the lower, middle, and upper parts of the body, maintain its integrity. The human body is supported by the three fundamental humours in the same way as a dwelling house is propped up by three supporting poles or stays; from which fact, the body is called the three-supported one (Tristhuna) by certain authorities.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122917.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"21","verse":"","establishes":"The text's own etymology of the three names, grounded in function (moving, burning, cohering) rather than in substance.","quote":"The terms Vata (Vayu), Pitta and Shleshma (Kapha) are respectively derived from the roots ‘Va’, to move or smell, ‘Tapa,’ to burn or to heat, and “Shlisha,” to embrace, with the suffix ‘Ta’ thereto added.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122917.html","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"dūṣya","why":"The doṣas vitiate; the dūṣyas (dhātus, malas, srotas) are what gets vitiated. Charaka Sharirasthana 4/34 states this directly ('te śarīraṁ dūṣayanti'). Treating dosha as 'the thing that is diseased' inverts the grammar of the system."},{"term":"mānasa doṣa (rajas, tamas)","why":"Charaka Sutrasthana 1/57 makes rajas and tamas doṣas too. 'Dosha' unqualified in English writing almost always means śārīra doṣa only; the classical term is broader."},{"term":"prakṛti","why":"Prakṛti is the individually fixed proportion of doṣas at conception; doṣa is the factor itself. 'Vata type' is a prakṛti claim, not a doṣa claim, and the two are routinely collapsed in popular writing."},{"term":"vikṛti","why":"Vikṛti is the current deviation from one's prakṛti. A doṣa reading taken today is a vikṛti observation unless explicitly constitutional."},{"term":"doṣa in general Sanskrit / Nyaya usage","why":"Outside medicine doṣa means fault, blemish, or a flaw in an argument. This is the sense Kaviratna translated by, and it is why 'fault' entered English Ayurvedic writing."},{"term":"mala","why":"Malas are the excreta (faeces, urine, sweat). Sushruta Sutrasthana 15 treats doṣa, dhātu and mala as three parallel categories, so 'dosha = waste product' is a category error, though Charaka Sutrasthana 17/117 does call vitiated kapha a mala."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"humour","why":"Imports the Galenic four-humour scheme, which has different members, a different number, a different theory of mixture and a different pathology. The public-domain translator who used it most, Bhishagratna, himself appended a note that the terms 'differ in their meaning from their usual English synonyms'."},{"rendering":"wind, bile and phlegm","why":"Kaviratna's rendering. Substitutes three material substances for three functional factors; it cannot accommodate prāṇa-vāta governing cognition or sādhaka-pitta governing decision-making."},{"rendering":"fault / defect","why":"Etymologically the ordinary Sanskrit sense, but in the medical texts the doṣas in their normal state constitute and maintain the body (Sushruta Sutrasthana 21). Only the vitiated state is a fault."},{"rendering":"toxin","why":"Conflates doṣa with āma and with viṣa. No classical text equates them, and the conflation is the main route by which 'detox' marketing language enters translated Ayurveda."},{"rendering":"energy / bio-energy / life force","why":"Popular-wellness rendering with no classical or standardised warrant. WHO ISTA, ICD-11 and both public-domain translators all avoid it."}],"openQuestions":["Kaviratna's aphorism numbering in Sutrasthana runs one behind the Jamnagar/ITRA numbering (his 43 = Cha.Su.1/44, his 56 = Cha.Su.1/57). Is the offset constant across all sthanas, or only in Sutrasthana 1?","Does any WHO ISTA entry define doṣa in its normal state as against its deranged state, or does the standard rely wholly on the 5.2 'Derangement of dosha' block for that contrast?","NAMASTE's English headword for doṣa itself could not be retrieved."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/dosha/","canary":"88dfa5b744cce8df"},{"slug":"dosha-dushya-sammurchana","page":"/lexicon/dosha-dushya-sammurchana/","iast":"doṣa-dūṣya-sammūrcchanā","devanagari":null,"alternates":["dosha dushya sammurchchana","doshadushyasammurchana","dosha-dushya samurchana","dosha dushya sammurcchana"],"category":"disease-kinds","family":"disease","renderings":[{"english":"Provoked and circulating dosha may get localized in specific microchannels/organs/tissues (dosha-dushya sammurcchana).","sourceName":"Charak Samhita Online (Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre), 'Shat-kriya Kala' article","sourceKind":"modern reference work (in copyright)","locator":"section IV","verbatim":true,"assessment":"The source does not translate the compound at all; it uses the Sanskrit as a technical label attached to the sthana-samshraya stage. This is the pattern across modern Ayurvedic academic writing: the term is used untranslated and glossed by its mechanism.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Charak Samhita Online (Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre), 'Shat-kriya Kala' article\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"\"Charak Samhita Online (Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre), 'Shat-kriya Kala' article\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation"},{"english":null,"englishWithheld":"this project has not cleared that source for quotation","sourceName":"Charak Samhita Online, 'Shat-kriya Kala' article","sourceKind":"modern reference work (in copyright)","locator":"section V","verbatim":true,"assessment":"The same source attaches the term to TWO different kriyakala stages (sthana-samshraya in section IV and vyakti in section V) within one article. That internal inconsistency is itself the finding: the term does not have a single agreed stage-location even in contemporary Ayurvedic pedagogy.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Charak Samhita Online, 'Shat-kriya Kala' article\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"\"Charak Samhita Online, 'Shat-kriya Kala' article\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation"},{"english":"disease develops through the interaction of disturbed doshas with susceptible body tissues","sourceName":"Suthar OP et al., 'Dosha Dushya Sammurchana in Disease Manifestation - A Review', Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences 10(6), 2025","sourceKind":"journal review (in copyright)","locator":"abstract","verbatim":false,"assessment":"Paraphrase from the article landing page, not a verbatim quotation of the abstract; recorded as a rendering-in-effect, not as quoted text.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true},{"english":"When Imbalanced Doshas Meet Weak Tissues","sourceName":"easyayurveda.com article title","sourceKind":"popular website","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":"Title text only; the article body was not retrieved. Included because popular-web renderings are what most English readers meet first, and this one reads the compound as 'meeting', not 'fusion'.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"easyayurveda.com article title\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"\"easyayurveda.com article title\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation"},{"english":"NO ENTRY","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"searched the full extracted text of the 608-page PDF for 'sammūrcchana', 'sammurchana', 'sammūrchana', 'saṃmūrcchana' and 'dūṣya' compounds; the only hit for dūṣya is ITA-2.2.2 'A bodily structure which can be vitiated by aggravated doṣa' = dūṣyam","verbatim":false,"assessment":"WHO ISTA has no entry for this compound. It codes the six kriyakala stages individually (ITA-4.6.6 to 4.6.12) including sthānasamśrayaḥ 'Stage of a dosha localizing outside its location', but never names the dosha-dushya union as a term. A lexicon entry therefore cannot cite WHO for this headword.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true},{"english":"NOT RETRIEVED","sourceName":"NAMASTE portal (National AYUSH Morbidity and Standardized Terminologies Electronic portal)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"namstp.ayush.gov.in and namaste.ayush.gov.in","verbatim":false,"assessment":"Both portals return only the SPA shell over plain HTTP retrieval; no terminology search endpoint could be reached without a browser session. NAMASTE coverage of this term is unknown, not absent.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"21","verse":"","establishes":"This is the shat-kriyakala verse, the classical locus modern writers point to when they use 'dosha-dushya-sammurchana'. It names six stages including sthana-samshraya; it does NOT contain the compound dosha-dushya-sammurchana, and Bhishagratna's English contains no word for the dosha-dushya union.","quote":"The physician, who fully knows about the accumulation (Sancaya), disturbance or aggravation (Prakopa), expansion (Prasara), and differentiating traits of the deranged humours (Bheda), and is well conversant with the specific localities in which they are respectively confined in the course of their expansion (Sthana-samshrayam), and with the symptoms which they respectively exhibit in connection with the incidental disease (Vyakti), is alone worthy of that epithet.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122917.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"21","verse":"","establishes":"Opening of the Sthana-Samshraya section. Establishes that the classical text describes doshas lodging in a site and producing site-specific diseases, i.e. the mechanism the modern compound names, expressed without any term for the union itself.","quote":"Now we shall enumerate the names of the peculiar diseases, which are originated by the deranged and expanded humours, incarcerated in the different parts of the body.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122917.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Nidana Sthana","chapter":"1","verse":"11","establishes":"Charaka's definition of samprapti and its synonyms jati and agati. Recorded here to bound the claim: Charaka's treatment of pathogenesis names samprapti and its six subdivisions (Ni.1/12) and never uses sammurchana. Sanskrit quoted; the English on that page is the 2020 CSRTSDC translation and is not quoted.","quote":"सम्प्राप्तिर्जातिरागतिरित्यनर्थान्तरं व्याधेः||११|| / samprāptirjātirāgatirityanarthāntaraṁ vyādhēḥ||11||","translator":"","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Jwara_Nidana","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"samprapti","why":"Samprapti is the whole causal sequence from nidana to bheda and is a defined classical term with its own synonyms (Cha.Ni.1/11) and six subdivisions (Cha.Ni.1/12). Sammurchana, as used today, names one event inside that sequence. Treating them as equivalents collapses a process into a moment."},{"term":"sthana-samshraya","why":"Sthana-samshraya is the fourth kriyakala, a classical stage named in Sushruta Su.21 with a retrievable verbatim text. Dosha-dushya-sammurchana is a later descriptor for what is said to happen at that stage. The stage has classical standing; the descriptor does not, on the evidence gathered."},{"term":"khavaigunya","why":"Khavaigunya is the pre-existing defect or weakness in a channel or tissue that permits the lodging. Sammurchana is the lodging/union itself. Modern sources sometimes run them together; khavaigunya is the precondition, not the event."},{"term":"murchana / murchita (as in taila-murchana, ghrita-murchana)","why":"A pharmaceutical processing operation on oils and ghee, from the same root. Entirely unrelated to pathogenesis, and a live collision risk in any glossary that indexes on the string 'murchana'."},{"term":"sannipata","why":"Sannipata is the coming-together of the three doshas with one another. Sammurchana as used here is the coming-together of dosha with dushya (tissue). Both are 'combination' words and are routinely conflated in English summaries."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"fusion of doshas and tissues","why":"Implies an irreversible material merging. The classical mechanism (Su.Su.21) is lodging and localisation of a mobile dosha in a susceptible site, which the same chapter says can be reversed at an earlier stage. 'Fusion' overstates the physical claim."},{"rendering":"coma / fainting / stupefaction","why":"A dictionary-driven error. Sammūrcchanā shares a root with mūrcchā, which does mean fainting or stupor, and that sense is what a general Sanskrit dictionary returns first. It is not the sense in this compound."},{"rendering":"dosha-dushya combination","why":"Flattens the term to mere co-occurrence. The point of the concept in modern usage is a pathological interaction at a defective site, not that dosha and dushya are both present, which they always are."},{"rendering":"pathogenesis","why":"'Pathogenesis' is the standard English for samprapti, which is the whole sequence. Using it for sammurchana loses the distinction between the process and the event and makes the two terms indistinguishable in English."}],"openQuestions":["Is the compound doṣa-dūṣya-sammūrcchanā attested in any samhita mula text, or does it first appear in a commentary (Chakrapani on Charaka, Dalhana on Sushruta, Vijayarakshita/Madhukosha on Madhava Nidana)? Nothing retrieved settles this.","If commentarial, which commentator and at which verse? Search summaries repeatedly attributed it to 'Charaka Nidana Sthana chapter 1' but no retrieved page showed the compound in that chapter.","Does the term properly belong to sthana-samshraya (4th kriyakala) or to vyakti (5th)? One single modern source uses it for both.","Is the term in NAMASTE? The portal could not be queried."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/dosha-dushya-sammurchana/","canary":"aceca3f633ae5c53"},{"slug":"dosha-gati","page":"/lexicon/dosha-gati/","iast":"doṣagati","devanagari":"दोषगति","alternates":["doṣa-gati","gati","doṣagatiḥ","trividhā gatiḥ","prākṛta gati / vaikṛta gati","ūrdhva-adhaḥ-tiryak gati","koṣṭha-śākhā-marmāsthisandhi gati"],"category":"dosha-dynamics","family":"dosha","renderings":[{"english":"Movement of dosha","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-4.8.19","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Full description: 'When it is not physiological, the movement of dosha within the body is a pathogenic mechanism which results in the manifestation of disease in different tracts.' WHO's phrasing concedes that doṣagati is often physiological, but the English headword does not.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Transit destinations of dosha","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-4.8.20","verbatim":true,"assessment":"'Spread or migration of vitiated dosha.'","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Shifting of dosha from gut to structual components","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-4.8.21","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Quoted exactly as printed, including the typo 'structual'. This is WHO's rendering of koṣṭha-to-śākhā movement.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Shifting of dosha","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-4.8.22","verbatim":true,"assessment":"'A movement of dosha towards the vital parts, including the head and various junctures and junctions of the body.' Note WHO gives śākhāgati and madhyamagati near-identical English headwords ('Shifting of dosha from...' and 'Shifting of dosha'), which is a standardisation weakness worth recording.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Gait","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-2.1.1.12","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Recorded as a HOMOGRAPH TRAP, not as a rendering of this term. In the same standard, bare gatiḥ means gait, i.e. walking, as a normal function of vāta. A search on 'gati' in WHO ISTA returns this first.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Spreading of vata pattern (TM2)","sourceName":"ICD-11 MMS v2026-01, Traditional Medicine Module 2","sourceKind":"classification","locator":"SR13","verbatim":true,"assessment":"ICD-11 codes only prasara-type movement; it has no code for the kṣaya/sthāna/vṛddhi, ūrdhva/adhaḥ/tiryak or koṣṭha/śākhā triads.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"WHO ICD-11","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"WHO ICD-11"},{"english":"courses / course of the humours","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, tr. Bhishagratna (1907)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sutrasthana XXI, on prasara and sthāna-saṃśraya","verbatim":false,"assessment":"Bhishagratna has no single term for gati; he uses 'expansion', 'over-run', 'coursing' and 'slanting or downward course' as occasion requires.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"17","verse":"112-113","establishes":"The core passage. THREE distinct threefold gatis are given: (1) kṣaya, sthāna, vṛddhi; (2) upward, downward, transverse; (3) koṣṭha, śākhā, marma-asthi-sandhi. 'Dosha gati' is a family of three unrelated classifications, not one concept, and only the second and third are movement in any spatial sense.","quote":"क्षयः स्थानं च वृद्धिश्च दोषाणां त्रिविधा गतिः| ऊर्ध्वं चाधश्च तिर्यक्च विज्ञेया त्रिविधाऽपरा||११२|| त्रिविधा चापरा कोष्ठशाखामर्मास्थिसन्धिषु| इत्युक्ता विधिभेदेन दोषाणां त्रिविधा गतिः||११३|| / kṣayaḥ sthānaṁ ca vr̥ddhiśca dōṣāṇāṁ trividhā gatiḥ| ūrdhvaṁ cādhaśca tiryakca vijñēyā trividhā'parā||112|| trividhā cāparā kōṣṭhaśākhāmarmāsthisandhiṣu| ityuktā vidhibhēdēna dōṣāṇāṁ trividhā gatiḥ||113||","translator":"none quoted (Sanskrit mula only)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Kiyanta_Shiraseeya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"17","verse":"7","establishes":"Charaka announces the three gatis of doṣa in the chapter's opening list of topics, confirming that Sutrasthana 17 (Kiyantaḥśirasīya) is the locus classicus.","quote":"दोषाणां त्रिविधा चोक्ता गतिर्विस्तरतः शृणु||७|| / dōṣāṇāṁ trividhā cōktā gatirvistarataḥ śr̥ṇu||7||","translator":"none quoted (Sanskrit mula only)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Kiyanta_Shiraseeya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"17","verse":"114-115","establishes":"Two further gatis beyond the three threefold ones: the time-made (seasonal caya-prakopa-praśama) gati, and the twofold prākṛta/vaikṛta gati. Five classifications in total in this one chapter. Any definition of doṣagati as 'the movement of vitiated dosha' captures at most one of them.","quote":"गतिः कालकृता चैषा चयाद्या पुनरुच्यते|११५| गतिश्च द्विविधा दृष्टा प्राकृती वैकृती च या||११५|| / gatiḥ kālakr̥tā caiṣā cayādyā punarucyatē|115| gatiśca dvividhā dr̥ṣṭā prākr̥tī vaikr̥tī ca yā||115||","translator":"none quoted (Sanskrit mula only)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Kiyanta_Shiraseeya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"21","verse":"","establishes":"Sushruta's account of prasara, the movement stage, in lawfully quotable English. Note Sushruta frames doṣa movement through the kriyākāla scheme rather than through Charaka's gati classifications; the two texts organise the same phenomenon differently.","quote":"As a vast and mighty expanse of water, which has been divided into two expanses by a dam or barrier, will sweep away the latter and unite again to form one sheet of water; so the deranged humours, sometimes singly, sometimes in combination with two or all of their species, or in unison with blood, expand and over-run the organism in all directions.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122917.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"21","verse":"","establishes":"The therapeutic consequence of doṣa movement: treat by the site occupied, not by the doṣa that moved. This is the clinical payload of the gati doctrine and it is quotable.","quote":"The deranged and aggravated Vayu, having moved into any specific seat of Pitta, should be medicinally treated as a case of Pittaja aggravation. Similarly, the deranged and aggravated Pitta, or Kapha, changing their respective places with each other, should be medicinally treated as the humour in whose location it is found.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122917.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"11 (Tistraishaniya)","verse":"48 (translator's footnote, pp. 127-128)","establishes":"Kaviratna's own gloss on mārga, śākhā and asthi-sandhi, in his footnote to the three pathways of disease (Sutrasthana 11.48). The same terms name the third gati in Sutrasthana 17/113. Quotable in English and useful because it shows śākhā means the dhātus and skin, not 'the limbs' as is often assumed.","quote":"‘Cakha’ literally means branch. As a techinacal word in medical science, it implies, as explained in the text, blood and the like, the humours and the skin. Of course, it includes flesh, marrow, fat, bones, and seminal fluid. ... ‘Asthi-sandhi’ is, literally, bone-joints.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (translator's footnote)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"corrected against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"gati = gait","why":"In WHO ISTA itself, bare gatiḥ (ITA-2.1.1.12) means gait, a normal function of vāta. A search for 'gati' in the standard hits this before doṣagatiḥ."},{"term":"prasara","why":"Prasara is the third kriyākāla stage (WHO ITA-4.6.9); doṣagati in Charaka's sense is a classification scheme that is not stage-indexed. ICD-11 codes prasara ('Spreading of vata pattern', SR13) and does not code gati at all."},{"term":"sañcārasthāna","why":"WHO ITA-4.8.20, the destinations rather than the movement. Separately standardised."},{"term":"roga-mārga","why":"The three disease pathways (śākhā, marmāsthisandhi, koṣṭha) look identical to Charaka's third gati but are a classification of DISEASES by site, not of doṣa movement. The overlap in vocabulary is total and the referents differ."},{"term":"āśaya-apakarṣa","why":"The pulling of one doṣa from its seat by another, dealt with at Charaka Sutrasthana 17/45-47 per the retrieved chapter page. A specific mechanism, not a gati class."},{"term":"the kṣaya/sthāna/vṛddhi gati","why":"This 'gati' involves no movement at all, it is the three quantitative states. Calling it a movement is a translation artefact of rendering gati as 'movement' across all three of Charaka's triads."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"movement of dosha (as the whole meaning)","why":"WHO's headword. It fits two of Charaka's five gatis and actively misdescribes the kṣaya/sthāna/vṛddhi triad, which is about quantity, and the prākṛta/vaikṛta pair, which is about normality."},{"rendering":"dosha circulation","why":"Implies a continuous transport system analogous to blood circulation. Nothing in Charaka Sutrasthana 17 supports it."},{"rendering":"dosha migration to the limbs","why":"Takes śākhā as 'limbs'. Kaviratna's own footnote gives śākhā as blood, the doṣas, skin, flesh, marrow, fat, bone and semen, the tissue compartment, not the extremities."},{"rendering":"upward/downward/sideways movement (as the definition)","why":"This is one of five gatis. Presenting it as the meaning of doṣagati is the commonest error in secondary literature."},{"rendering":"the path of disease","why":"Conflates doṣagati with roga-mārga, which is a classification of diseases rather than of doṣa states."}],"openQuestions":["Charaka Sutrasthana 17/113 has 'trividhā gatiḥ' twice in two lines while enumerating three separate threefold schemes; whether the commentators read this as three parallel classifications or as a single one with three aspects was not established and materially affects the entry.","The Kaviratna footnote on śākhā and asthi-sandhi could not be located to a sthana and chapter in the OCR; a human should find the corresponding passage in a paginated copy.","Whether Sushruta anywhere uses gati as a technical term, or organises this material solely through kriyākāla, was not established.","Neither WHO ISTA nor ICD-11 has any term for the kṣaya/sthāna/vṛddhi gati or the prākṛta/vaikṛta gati. Whether this is deliberate scope limitation or an omission is unknown."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/dosha-gati/","canary":"c18fd7bd5bcfc598"},{"slug":"dosha-kshaya","page":"/lexicon/dosha-kshaya/","iast":"doṣakṣaya","devanagari":"दोषक्षय","alternates":["doṣa-kṣaya","kṣaya","saṅkṣaya","kṣīṇa doṣa","dosha kshaya","dosha depletion"],"category":"dosha-dynamics","family":"dosha","renderings":[{"english":"Diminution of vata","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-5.2.1.9","verbatim":true,"assessment":"As with vṛddhi, WHO has no general doṣakṣaya entry; it appears only per-doṣa, and under 'Morbidity and diagnostic terms (disorders)', i.e. depletion is classified as a disorder.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Diminution of pitta","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-5.2.2.6","verbatim":true,"assessment":"","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Diminution of kapha","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-5.2.3.5","verbatim":true,"assessment":"","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Depletion of vata pattern (TM2)","sourceName":"ICD-11 MMS v2026-01, Traditional Medicine Module 2","sourceKind":"classification","locator":"SR14","verbatim":true,"assessment":"ICD-11 chooses 'depletion' where WHO chooses 'diminution' for the same Sanskrit. A direct rendering disagreement between two WHO-published instruments.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"WHO ICD-11","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"WHO ICD-11"},{"english":"loss / waste / deterioration","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, tr. Bhishagratna (1907)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sutrasthana XV","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Bhishagratna alternates freely between 'loss', 'waste', 'deterioration' and 'degeneration' for kṣaya, without signalling that one Sanskrit term underlies them.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"deterioration or loss","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"opening of Lesson XVII","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna's phrasing in Agniveśa's question at the head of Charaka Sutrasthana 17.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"17","verse":"7","establishes":"Charaka announces eighteen kṣayas as a topic in its own right, alongside the three gatis of doṣa. Kṣaya is a named division of the doctrine, not an afterthought to vṛddhi.","quote":"दशाष्टौ च क्षयाः सप्त पिडका माधुमेहिकाः| दोषाणां त्रिविधा चोक्ता गतिर्विस्तरतः शृणु||७|| / daśāṣṭau ca kṣayāḥ sapta piḍakā mādhumēhikāḥ| dōṣāṇāṁ trividhā cōktā gatirvistarataḥ śr̥ṇu||7||","translator":"none quoted (Sanskrit mula only)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Kiyanta_Shiraseeya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"17","verse":"63","establishes":"The eighteen kṣayas are distributed across doṣas, dhātus, malas and ojas, so 'kshaya' unqualified is ambiguous in the source text itself and must always be qualified.","quote":"वातादीनां रसादीनां मलानामोजसस्तथा| क्षयास्तत्रानिलादीनामुक्तं सङ्क्षीणलक्षणम् ||६३|| / vātādīnāṁ rasādīnāṁ malānāmōjasastathā| kṣayāstatrānilādīnāmuktaṁ saṅkṣīṇalakṣaṇam ||63||","translator":"none quoted (Sanskrit mula only)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Kiyanta_Shiraseeya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"17","verse":"62","establishes":"The diagnostic criterion for kṣaya: the depleted doṣa abandons its own signs. Kṣaya is recognised by absence of function, which is why it is systematically under-diagnosed relative to vṛddhi. (Site prints 'कुवेते' for 'कुर्वते'.)","quote":"क्षीणा जहति लिङ्गं स्वं, समाः स्वं कर्म कुवेते||६२|| / kṣīṇā jahati liṅgaṁ svaṁ, samāḥ svaṁ karma kuvētē||62||","translator":"none quoted (Sanskrit mula only)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Kiyanta_Shiraseeya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"15","verse":"","establishes":"The three kṣaya sign-lists and the treatment principle (supply what was lost) in lawfully quotable English. The single most useful passage for this term.","quote":"The loss of the bodily Vayu (nerve-force) is followed by a state of languor, shortness of speech, uneasiness or absence of hilarity, and loss of consciousness. The loss of (Pitta) is marked by a dulness of complexion, diminution of the bodily heat and an impaired state of internal fire (digestive heat). The loss of phlegm (Kapha) is marked by dryness, a sensation of internal burning, a feeling of emptiness in the stomach and other cavities or chambers of the body, looseness of the joints (a feeling as if the joints were all broken), thirst, weakness, and insomnia. In such cases the medical treatment should consist of remedial agents which are capable of directly contributing to the growth or formation of the humour so lost or deteriorated.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122907.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"15","verse":"","establishes":"Bhishagratna's footnote 5 giving the causes of kṣaya, and naming overtreatment by śodhana and śamana first. Directly relevant to dosha-prashamana: excessive pacification is itself a cause of doṣa depletion.","quote":"Such a loss or perceptible deterioration of any of them should be ascribed to the use of excessive cleansing or cathartic (Samshodhana) and pacifying (Samshamana) measures, or to a repression of the natural urgings of the body, or to a course of violent or overfatiguing physical exercise, or to amorous excesses, or to the use of unwholesome and unsuitable food, or to, grief, etc.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122907.html","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"dhātu-kṣaya","why":"Charaka Sutrasthana 17/63 lists kṣaya of doṣas, dhātus, malas and ojas together. Dhātu-kṣaya (tissue wasting) drives a different pathology, Charaka Nidana 4 uses it for one type of madhumeha, and is not interchangeable."},{"term":"ojaḥ-kṣaya","why":"Enumerated in the same eighteen but treated separately and prognostically worse; Sushruta Sutrasthana 15 says a patient who has lost consciousness through loss of ojas 'should be given up by a physician'."},{"term":"kṣaya / rājayakṣmā as a disease name","why":"Kṣaya standing alone commonly denotes phthisis/consumption in classical and colonial-era Indian medical writing. Another genuine homograph trap."},{"term":"praśamana","why":"Praśamana is the deliberate therapeutic reduction of an aggravated doṣa toward normal; kṣaya is depletion below normal. Sushruta's footnote makes excessive śamana a cause of kṣaya, so they are causally linked and conceptually opposite."},{"term":"śodhana-induced depletion","why":"Post-purification doṣa reduction is an expected therapeutic state, not a kṣaya diagnosis, unless it exceeds the target."},{"term":"vaiṣamya","why":"WHO ITA-5.2.1 doṣavaiṣamyam, 'Derangement of dosha', is the umbrella term covering both vṛddhi and kṣaya."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"deficiency","why":"Borrows the nutritional-deficiency frame, which implies a measurable shortfall against a reference intake. No doṣa has a reference range."},{"rendering":"low vata / low pitta","why":"Laboratory register again, and it also invites the inference that raising the doṣa is straightforwardly good."},{"rendering":"loss","why":"Bhishagratna's rendering, and it overstates: kṣaya is diminution, not absence, and the texts describe it as recoverable."},{"rendering":"consumption / wasting","why":"Imports the disease kṣaya (phthisis). Correct for one homograph, wrong for this one."},{"rendering":"imbalance","why":"Collapses kṣaya with vṛddhi; the two have opposite treatments and opposite diagnostic criteria."}],"openQuestions":["The eighteen kṣayas are announced at Charaka Sutrasthana 17/7 but the full enumeration across verses 63-72 was only partly read; a complete list of which eighteen was not compiled here.","WHO ISTA and ICD-11 TM2 disagree ('Diminution' vs 'Depletion') for the same Sanskrit; whether either instrument documents the choice was not established.","The Devanagari compound दोषक्षय was not attested verbatim; क्षय and दोष were each verified (Cha.Su.17/7, 17/63)."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/dosha-kshaya/","canary":"f8a63226e241ab71"},{"slug":"dosha-prakopa","page":"/lexicon/dosha-prakopa/","iast":"doṣaprakopa","devanagari":"दोषप्रकोप","alternates":["prakopa","prakupita doṣa","kopa","doṣa-prakopaḥ","vātaprakopa / pittaprakopa / kaphaprakopa"],"category":"dosha-dynamics","family":"dosha","renderings":[{"english":"Stage of a dosha reaching the threshold","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-4.6.8","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO's full description is 'The second stage of disease manifestation, when dosha increases to reach the threshold at its own location. This term may also indicate physiological aggravation of dosha.' The second sentence matters: WHO records that prakopa is not necessarily pathological.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Aggravation of vata","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-5.2.1.2","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Same entry merges prakopa with vṛddhi-lakṣaṇa, unlike ITA-4.6.8 which keeps prakopa stage-specific. The standard is internally inconsistent on this point.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Aggravation of vata pattern (TM2)","sourceName":"ICD-11 MMS v2026-01, Traditional Medicine Module 2","sourceKind":"classification","locator":"SR12","verbatim":true,"assessment":"ICD-11 codes the kriyākāla stages as separate patterns: accumulation (SR11), aggravation (SR12), spreading (SR13), depletion (SR14). This is a finer-grained treatment than WHO ISTA's.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"WHO ICD-11","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"WHO ICD-11"},{"english":"Vitiating action","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-6.2.6.6","verbatim":true,"assessment":"The pharmacological counterpart: a substance that provokes a doṣa. Rendered 'vitiating', not 'aggravating', in the same standard, which is a further internal inconsistency.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"aggravation / disturbance / excitement","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, tr. Bhishagratna (1907)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sutrasthana XXI","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Bhishagratna glosses prakopa as 'disturbance or aggravation' when giving the six-stage list, but elsewhere uses 'aggravated', 'enraged' and 'agitated' for related states.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"excited","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"throughout, e.g. 'the excited phlegm', 'the faults have been excited'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna's standard rendering for prakupita.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"17","verse":"114","establishes":"Caya, prakopa and praśama occur individually and in sequence for each doṣa across the six seasons. Prakopa here is a normal seasonal event, not a disease, decisive against rendering it as a purely pathological 'aggravation'.","quote":"चयप्रकोपप्रशमाः पित्तादीनां यथाक्रमम्| भवन्त्येकैकशः षट्सु कालेष्वभ्रागमादिषु||११४|| / cayaprakōpapraśamāḥ pittādīnāṁ yathākramam| bhavantyēkaikaśaḥ ṣaṭsu kālēṣvabhrāgamādiṣu||114||","translator":"none quoted (Sanskrit mula only)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Kiyanta_Shiraseeya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"21","verse":"","establishes":"The six kriyākāla stages named in Sanskrit inside a lawfully quotable English translation, with prakopa as the second. The only quotable English source located for the six-stage scheme.","quote":"The physician, who fully knows about the accumulation (Sancaya), disturbance or aggravation (Prakopa), expansion (Prasara), and differentiating traits of the deranged humours (Bheda), and is well conversant with the specific localities in which they are respectively confined in the course of their expansion (Sthana-samshrayam), and with the symptoms which they respectively exhibit in connection with the incidental disease (Vyakti), is alone worthy of that epithet.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122917.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"21","verse":"","establishes":"Prakopa is time-indexed and circadian as well as seasonal, and Bhishagratna's word for it here is 'naturally aggravated', again a normal process.","quote":"The bodily Vayu is naturally aggravated in a cold, cloudy or windy day, in winter, during the rains, in the morning and evening and especially at the close of digestion.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122917.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"21","verse":"","establishes":"The clinical rationale for the kriyākāla scheme: intervention at sañcaya forestalls prakopa. This is why the stages are called 'occasions for treatment' rather than stages of disease.","quote":"The deranged humours, checked or subdued in their accumulating stage, fail to exhibit any further or subsequent development, but, if left unremedied, they gain in strength and intensity in the course of their further development.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122917.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"21","verse":"","establishes":"A representative prakopa aetiology list, showing that emotional states are given equal standing with diet.","quote":"The Pitta is aggravated by anger, grief, fear, fatigue, fasting, acid transformation (reaction) of the assimilated food, or deficient gastric digestion, unnatural sexual indulgence, partaking of a food consisting of pungent, acid or saline, keen, heat making or light substances, as well as of those whose digestion is followed by a reactionary acidity.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122917.html","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"vṛddhi","why":"See the dosha-vriddhi record. Vṛddhi is increase; prakopa is the threshold-crossing stage. WHO ISTA keeps them apart at ITA-4.6.8 and merges them at ITA-5.2.1.2, so the standard cannot be cited as settling the question."},{"term":"sañcaya","why":"The preceding stage, accumulation within the doṣa's own seat (WHO ITA-4.6.7). Sushruta's whole clinical point is that these are different treatment occasions."},{"term":"prasara","why":"The following stage, overflow beyond the seat (WHO ITA-4.6.9). Sushruta attributes prasara specifically to vāta's mobility."},{"term":"doṣavaiṣamya","why":"WHO ITA-5.2.1, 'Derangement of dosha', the general state, not a stage."},{"term":"kopana (drug action)","why":"WHO ITA-6.2.6.6 kōpanam is a pharmacological property of a substance, not a state of a patient."},{"term":"ritu-prakopa (seasonal) vs nidāna-prakopa (aetiological)","why":"Charaka Sutrasthana 17/114 makes seasonal prakopa a normal cycle; Sushruta Sutrasthana 21 lists behavioural and dietary causes. Only the latter is a clinical finding on its own."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"aggravation (unqualified)","why":"Standard in both WHO ISTA and ICD-11, but it carries a pathological connotation in English that the seasonal prakopa of Charaka Sutrasthana 17/114 does not have. WHO itself notes the term 'may also indicate physiological aggravation'."},{"rendering":"vitiation","why":"Used by WHO for kopanam and by ICD-11 for SR10/SR15/SR1A. Vitiation maps better to doṣa-duṣṭi or vaiṣamya; using it for prakopa loses the stage information."},{"rendering":"flare-up","why":"Clinical English shorthand. It implies symptomatic disease, whereas prakopa by definition precedes vyakti (manifestation)."},{"rendering":"anger of the dosha","why":"Literal from the root kup. Occasionally seen in older translations ('enraged humours' in Bhishagratna); anthropomorphic and misleading."},{"rendering":"imbalance","why":"Erases the six-stage structure entirely, which is the main thing prakopa contributes."}],"openQuestions":["WHO ISTA is internally inconsistent: ITA-4.6.8 defines prakopa as a stage, ITA-5.2.1.2 uses it as a synonym of vṛddhi-lakṣaṇa, and ITA-6.2.6.6 renders kopana as 'vitiating'. Whether this was deliberate was not established.","Whether the six-stage kriyākāla scheme is Sushruta's alone or is also stated as such in Charaka was not verified; Charaka Sutrasthana 17 gives caya-prakopa-praśama (three seasonal states), not six.","The compound दोषप्रकोप was not attested verbatim; प्रकोप is verified within चयप्रकोपप्रशमाः at Cha.Su.17/114."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/dosha-prakopa/","canary":"78238828295f0b09"},{"slug":"dosha-prakriti","page":"/lexicon/dosha-prakriti/","iast":"doṣaprakṛti","devanagari":"दोषप्रकृति","alternates":["doshaprakruti","prakṛti"],"category":"prakriti","family":"daily-life","renderings":[{"english":"Body constitution with a predominance of dosha","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-2.8.2","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Full description: 'a result of the baseline state of the doshas of sperm (shukra) and ovum (shonita) at the time of conception. Doshaprakriti is unique to each individual. It is immutable and does not change during a lifespan.'","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false},{"english":null,"sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO also gives three dual types (2.8.6-2.8.8) and ITA-2.8.9 ṭridoṣajaprakṛtiḥ 'Body constitution in terms of the three dosha', which alone in this block is published with an EMPTY description.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"nature … dependent on the predominance or otherwise of such a fault or faults","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Vimanasthana 8","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna renders doṣa as 'fault' throughout, so constitution becomes a configuration of faults, a reading most moderns reject.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"Dosha Prakritis","sourceName":"Hankey A, Anc Sci Life 2010","sourceKind":"paper","locator":"PMID 22557353","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Keeps the Sanskrit in the title.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Hankey A, Anc Sci Life 2010\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"constitution types","sourceName":"TRISUTRA Ayurgenomics literature","sourceKind":"paper","locator":"PMID 27457695","verbatim":false,"assessment":"The genomics literature drops 'dosha' from the English entirely.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"8","verse":"95","establishes":"The defining passage and the only occurrence of the compound in the retrieved chapter. Four determinants: the prakṛti of śukra and śoṇita, of time and womb, of maternal diet and conduct, and of the modifications of the mahābhūtas. The doṣa involved is the one affecting those causes, not a doṣa resident in the foetus. Ellipsis marks omitted text present at the URL.","quote":"tadyathā- śukraśōṇitaprakr̥tiṁ, kālagarbhāśayaprakr̥tiṁ, āturāhāravihāraprakr̥tiṁ, mahābhūtavikāraprakr̥tiṁ ca garbhaśarīramapēkṣatē| … tataḥ sā sā dōṣaprakr̥tirucyatē manuṣyāṇāṁ garbhādipravr̥ttā||95||","translator":"","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Rogabhishagjitiya_Vimana","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"8","verse":"96","establishes":"Fixes verse 96 as the kapha type description, from which vāta and pitta follow to verse 100.","quote":"tē ēvaṅguṇayōgācchlēṣmalā balavantō vasumantō vidyāvanta ōjasvinaḥ śāntā āyuṣmantaśca bhavanti||96||","translator":"","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Rogabhishagjitiya_Vimana","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"8","verse":"96","establishes":"Public-domain English; shows the classical type descriptions are evaluative (kapha type = fortunate) in a way modern neutral typologies are not.","quote":"In consequence of their being endued with these attributes, people in whose constitution phlegm predominates become possessed of strength, wealth, learning, energy, mildness of disposition, and length of life.","translator":"Kaviraj Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sharirasthana","chapter":"4","verse":"69","establishes":"Sushruta's dual and triple types, giving seven where Charaka Vi 8/95 lists five classes.","quote":"A combination of two different temperaments should be called a double temperament or a Dvandaja one; and one of all the three temperaments in a person should be stated as a Sannipatika one.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-3-sharirasthana/d/doc142882.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sharirasthana","chapter":"4","verse":"70-71","establishes":"A competing bhautika classification recorded inside Sushruta itself, continued at v.72 with pārthiva and nābhasa types. Doṣa-based typing is not the only classical scheme, almost no modern source mentions this.","quote":"Several authorities hold that the temperaments of persons have their origin in the material elements of the body and accordingly they classify them as the Vatika Prakriti , the Taijasa Prakriti , and the apya (watery) Prakriti","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-3-sharirasthana/d/doc142882.html","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"prakṛti","why":"WHO subordinates doṣaprakṛti to prakṛti; Charaka Vi 8/95 uses doṣaprakṛti as the operative term. The hierarchy is WHO's, not Charaka's."},{"term":"doṣaprakopa","why":"Constitution versus derangement. ICD-11 TM2 codes only the vitiation patterns (e.g. SR10), not the constitution."},{"term":"bhautika prakṛti","why":"An alternative five-element typology at Sushruta Sharirasthana 4/70-72. A different classification, not a variant spelling."},{"term":"saṃsṛṣṭa / dvandvaja","why":"Charaka covers all mixed types in one word; Sushruta splits dvandvaja from sānnipātika. Modern seven-type charts follow Sushruta while citing Charaka."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"dosha imbalance","why":"Exactly backwards. doṣaprakṛti is the individual's balanced baseline; imbalance is vikṛti (Vi 8/101)."},{"rendering":"tridoshic constitution = the balanced/ideal type","why":"Charaka's balanced type is samadhātu (Vi 8/95, defined at 100). WHO's ṭridoṣajaprakṛtiḥ is a separate headword with NO description at all, so equating them is unsupported by either source."},{"rendering":"the foetus has a dosha","why":"Vi 8/95 says the doṣa attaches to the four causal factors and the foetus is bound in consequence, a claim about causes, not about a doṣa in the embryo."}],"openQuestions":["Why is WHO's ITA-2.8.9 published with an empty description, editorial gap, or a refusal to define?"],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/dosha-prakriti/","canary":"38f3fce53d4f1d3d"},{"slug":"dosha-prashamana","page":"/lexicon/dosha-prashamana/","iast":"doṣapraśamana","devanagari":"दोषप्रशमन","alternates":["praśamana","praśama","śamana","saṃśamana","doṣa-praśamanam","doṣopakrama"],"category":"dosha-dynamics","family":"dosha","renderings":[{"english":"Pacifying vitiated dosha","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-6.2.6.2","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Listed under 'Pharmacological activity', with no description text at all in the published table, the standard gives the English and the Sanskrit and nothing else. The term is therefore standardised but not defined by WHO.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Restoring normalcy or pacifying action","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-6.2.6.5","verbatim":true,"assessment":"A second, differently worded WHO entry for a near-synonym. 'Restoring normalcy' is a materially different claim from 'pacifying'.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Palliative action","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-6.2.6.9","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Described as 'A drug which neither eliminates aggravated doṣha nor aggravates normal dosha but restores irregular dosha to normalcy.' A third WHO entry in the same family, and the only one with a real definition.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Dosha-specific therapeutic measure","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-9.1.62","verbatim":true,"assessment":"'A therapeutic measure or set of therapies with characteristics or properties which are antagonistic to specific dosha.' The viparīta principle, standardised.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Cleansing therapy","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-9.2.1","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Recorded for contrast: śodhana removes the doṣa, śamana pacifies it in situ. These are the two arms of doṣa management and English writing frequently merges them.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"pacifying measures","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, tr. Bhishagratna (1907)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sutrasthana XV","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Bhishagratna glosses saṃśamana as 'pacifying' and saṃśodhana as 'corrective (cleansing)'.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"alleviative","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"translator's note on ghee and excited phlegm","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna uses 'alleviative of phlegm' and 'checks excited phlegm' for what modern texts call kapha-śamana.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"17","verse":"114","establishes":"The crucial and usually missed sense: praśama occurs by itself, seasonally, with no therapeutic agent. Doṣa pacification is a natural process before it is a treatment category.","quote":"चयप्रकोपप्रशमाः पित्तादीनां यथाक्रमम्| भवन्त्येकैकशः षट्सु कालेष्वभ्रागमादिषु||११४|| / cayaprakōpapraśamāḥ pittādīnāṁ yathākramam| bhavantyēkaikaśaḥ ṣaṭsu kālēṣvabhrāgamādiṣu||114||","translator":"none quoted (Sanskrit mula only)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Kiyanta_Shiraseeya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"58","establishes":"The verb praśāmyati is applied to the bodily doṣas (pacified by drugs) and, in the same breath, to the mental doṣas (pacified by knowledge, discernment, fortitude, memory and concentration). Praśamana is not restricted to pharmacology.","quote":"प्रशाम्यत्यौषधैः पूर्वो दैवयुक्तिव्यपाश्रयैः| मानसो ज्ञानविज्ञानधैर्यस्मृतिसमाधिभिः||५८|| / praśāmyatyauṣadhaiḥ pūrvō daivayuktivyapāśrayaiḥ| mānasō jñānavijñānadhairyasmr̥tisamādhibhiḥ||58||","translator":"none quoted (Sanskrit mula only)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Deerghanjiviteeya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"58 (Kaviratna prints this as aphorism 67, an OCR corruption)","establishes":"The same verse in lawfully quotable English. Kaviratna renders praśāmyati as 'is cured by', which overstates: praśamana is pacification toward normalcy, not cure of a disease.","quote":"The first kind (i.e., bodily disease) is cured by medicines founded upon acts in respect of the deities and upon reason* Mental disease is cured by knowledge of the soul, knowledge of the scriptures, (exercise of) patience and memory, and the abstraction of the mind from all worldly objects.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"15","verse":"","establishes":"Sushruta sets a floor on reduction: abnormal excesses of the humours and bodily principles are to be checked or remedied \"so as not to reduce them to a smaller quantity than that in which they are found in the normal and healthy state of a body.\" The floor is stated for corrective (cleansing, śodhana) and pacifying (śamana) measures together, so it binds praśamana without being distinctive to it, and the sentence governs vṛddhi only. The sentence does not itself name kṣaya as the result of overshooting the floor.","quote":"These abnormal excesses of the aforesaid humours and principles, etc. of the body should be checked or remedied with corrective (cleansing) or pacifying measures as would be indicated by their respective natures, so as not to reduce them to a smaller quantity than that in which they are found in the normal and healthy state of a body.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122907.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"59 (Kaviratna prints this as aphorism 58)","establishes":"The viparīta (opposite-quality) mechanism of praśamana in lawfully quotable English, stated guṇa by guṇa rather than substance by substance.","quote":"Wind, which may be dry, cold, light, subtile, unstable, clear, keen, is cured by objects which have adverse attributes.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"15","verse":"40","establishes":"Susruta's closing mandate for Sutrasthana 15: the physician preserves health in the healthy, and in the sick reduces or increases the dosas, dhatus and malas as the case requires, until the patient is free of disease, which is the mark of samya (equilibrium). This sets restoration of the normal quantity, not reduction as such, as the endpoint of treatment, and so fixes the floor below which pacification must not go. It does not make prasamana bidirectional: the mula (Su. Su. 15.40) names the two directions ksapayet and brmhayet, and the increasing arm is brmhana, a separate upakrama from samana. What 'pacifying' conceals is therefore the equilibrium target, not an increasing sense of prasamana.","quote":"An intelligent physician should preserve the state of health in a healthy individual, while he should increase or decrease the quantity of the bodily humours, vital fluids, or excrements in a sick patient according to the exigencies of the case until his health is perfectly restored.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122907.html","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"śodhana / saṃśodhana","why":"Śodhana expels the doṣa from the body (WHO ITA-9.2.1, 'Cleansing therapy', of which pañcakarma is the five-fold form). Śamana pacifies it where it is. The two are the primary division of Ayurvedic treatment and are constantly merged in English writing as 'detox'."},{"term":"praśama (seasonal)","why":"Charaka Sutrasthana 17/114 uses praśama for the natural seasonal subsidence of a doṣa with no therapy involved. A published entry that defines praśamana only as a drug action is incomplete."},{"term":"saṃśamana-karma","why":"WHO ITA-6.2.6.9 defines this as the drug that neither eliminates nor aggravates but restores. Narrower than praśamana, which covers regimen and non-material means too (Cha.Su.1/58)."},{"term":"upaśaya","why":"The diagnostic trial, relief on applying an antagonistic measure, used to confirm a diagnosis. Therapeutically identical in form to praśamana, epistemically opposite in purpose."},{"term":"doṣopakrama","why":"WHO ITA-9.1.62. The full dosha-specific management plan, of which praśamana is one arm."},{"term":"kṣaya","why":"Praśamana pursued past the normal quantity produces kṣaya; Bhishagratna's footnote to Sushruta Sutrasthana 15 names excessive śodhana and śamana as the first causes of doṣa depletion."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"balancing / rebalancing the doshas","why":"The dominant wellness rendering. It has no classical counterpart term, obscures the śodhana/śamana division, and implies a symmetrical operation where the texts specify a directional one with a floor."},{"rendering":"detox / detoxification","why":"Renders śodhana, not śamana, and imports a toxin model absent from the texts."},{"rendering":"cure","why":"Kaviratna's 'is cured by'. Praśamana returns a doṣa toward normalcy; it is not coextensive with curing a disease."},{"rendering":"sedation / calming","why":"Reads the root śam as psychological calm. Correct for the mānasa doṣas at Cha.Su.1/58, wrong as a general gloss."},{"rendering":"suppression","why":"Actively misleading: the texts distinguish pacification from suppression of urges (vegadhāraṇa), which is itself a cause of doṣa derangement."}],"openQuestions":["WHO ISTA carries at least four overlapping entries in this family (ITA-6.2.6.2, 6.2.6.5, 6.2.6.9, 9.1.62) with different English and only one definition between them. Whether the standard anywhere states how praśamana, śamana and saṃśamana differ was not established.","Ashtanga Hridaya Sutrasthana 13 (Doshopakramaniya) is the classical chapter devoted to this topic and has no public-domain English translation; it was located but not quoted.","The compound दोषप्रशमन was verified in WHO ISTA's index as दोष-प्रशमनम्; प्रशम is verified in the Charaka Sanskrit at Su.17/114."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/dosha-prashamana/","canary":"2ca8e65363b82844"},{"slug":"dosha-vriddhi","page":"/lexicon/dosha-vriddhi/","iast":"doṣavṛddhi","devanagari":"दोषवृद्धि","alternates":["doṣa-vṛddhi","vṛddhi","dosha vridhi","dosha increase","vṛddhi-lakṣaṇa"],"category":"dosha-dynamics","family":"dosha","renderings":[{"english":"Aggravation of vata","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-5.2.1.2","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Significant: WHO has NO entry for doṣavṛddhi as a general concept. It appears only inside per-doṣa disorder entries, and there it is merged with prakopa under one English label. The merger is WHO's, not the classical texts'.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Stage of a dosha increasing in its own location","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-4.6.7","verbatim":true,"assessment":"The nearest WHO entry to 'increase of dosha' is for sañcaya, not vṛddhi.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Hydrocoele and related disorders","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-5.45.1","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Recorded as a trap, not as a rendering of this term. In WHO ISTA the bare headword vṛddhiḥ means hydrocoele, with vātaja-vṛddhiḥ, pittaja-vṛddhiḥ and kaphaja-vṛddhiḥ as its subtypes (ITA-5.45.2-4). A gatherer searching the standard for 'vriddhi' will land here first.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Accumulation of Vata pattern (TM2) / Aggravation of vata pattern (TM2)","sourceName":"ICD-11 MMS v2026-01, Traditional Medicine Module 2","sourceKind":"classification","locator":"SR11","verbatim":true,"assessment":"ICD-11 has no 'increase of vata' for Ayurveda; it uses accumulation/aggravation/spreading/depletion. It DOES use 'Increase of Vaḷi pattern (TM2)' (SR1F) and 'Decrease of Vaḷi pattern (TM2)' (SR1J) for the Siddha triad. So increase/decrease vocabulary exists in TM2 but is reserved for Siddha, a comparator finding worth keeping.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"WHO ICD-11","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"WHO ICD-11"},{"english":"increase / excess / abnormal increase","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, tr. Bhishagratna (1907)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sutrasthana XV","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Bhishagratna uses 'excess', 'increase' and 'abnormally increased' interchangeably for the same Sanskrit.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"17","verse":"62","establishes":"The operational definition: increased doṣas display their own signs in proportion to the increase, depleted doṣas abandon their own signs, and balanced doṣas perform their own function. Vṛddhi is therefore defined by sign-expression, not by any quantity. NOTE: the hosting site prints 'कुवेते' where the reading should be 'कुर्वते'; the typo is reproduced here as retrieved and should be corrected against a critical edition.","quote":"दोषाः प्रवृद्धाः स्वं लिङ्गं दर्शयन्ति यथाबलम्| क्षीणा जहति लिङ्गं स्वं, समाः स्वं कर्म कुवेते||६२|| / dōṣāḥ pravr̥ddhāḥ svaṁ liṅgaṁ darśayanti yathābalam| kṣīṇā jahati liṅgaṁ svaṁ, samāḥ svaṁ karma kuvētē||62||","translator":"none quoted (Sanskrit mula only)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Kiyanta_Shiraseeya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"17","verse":"43-44","establishes":"Vṛddhi and kṣaya are combinatorial: the text enumerates states in which one doṣa is increased, one normal and one decreased, and so on. The framework is a three-valued vector, not a single 'aggravated dosha'.","quote":"वृद्धिक्षयकृतश्चान्यो विकल्प उपदेक्ष्यते||४३|| वृद्धिरेकस्य समता चैकस्यैकस्य सङ्क्षयः| द्वन्द्ववृद्धिः क्षयश्चैकस्यैकवृद्धिर्द्वयोः क्षयः ||४४|| / vr̥ddhikṣayakr̥taścānyō vikalpa upadēkṣyatē||43|| vr̥ddhirēkasya samatā caikasyaikasya saṅkṣayaḥ| dvandvavr̥ddhiḥ kṣayaścaikasyaikavr̥ddhirdvayōḥ kṣayaḥ ||44||","translator":"none quoted (Sanskrit mula only)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Kiyanta_Shiraseeya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"15","verse":"","establishes":"The sign-lists for vāta-vṛddhi and pitta-vṛddhi in lawfully quotable English.","quote":"An excess of Vayu in the body is marked by such symptoms as roughness of the skin, emaciation of the body, darkness of complexion (lit: blackness of hue), a little tremor or trembling of the limbs, longing for heat, or for hot things, insomnia, thickness or increased consistency of the fecal matter and decrease of bodily strength. (Similarly, an abnormal) increase of Pitta is characterised by a sallow complexion or a yellowish colour of the skin, a general burning sensation in the body as well as insomnia, a craving for cold contacts and cooling things, diminution of strength, weakness of the sense organs, fits of fainting and yellowness of the conjunctive, stool and urine.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122907.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"15","verse":"","establishes":"The sign-list for kapha-vṛddhi.","quote":"An excess of Kapha in the body is marked by such symptoms, as the whiteness, coldness and numbness of the body, heaviness of the limbs, a sense of drowsiness and languor, somnolence, and a feeling of looseness of the bone-joints.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122907.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"15","verse":"","establishes":"The causal rule for vṛddhi, i.e. like increases like. Bhishagratna's footnote records that several editions treat this as an additional text, so its status is not uniform across manuscripts.","quote":"The quantities of these humours, principles and secretion, are abnormally increased through the use of substances that primarily contribute to their formation in the organism.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122907.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"44 (Kaviratna prints this as aphorism 43)","establishes":"The sāmānya-viśeṣa principle that governs all vṛddhi and kṣaya, in lawfully quotable English. Verse number confirmed independently: the Sanskrit 'sarvadā sarvabhāvānāṁ sāmānyaṁ vr̥ddhikāraṇam| hrāsahēturviśēṣaśca, pravr̥ttirubhayasya tu||44||' is numbered 44 at https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Deerghanjiviteeya_Adhyaya, establishing the one-verse offset in Kaviratna's Sutrasthana numbering.","quote":"Of all things, at all times, similarity is the cause of increase ; and dissimilarity is the cause of decrease. A tendency exists towards both.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"prakopa","why":"The most damaging confusion in this batch. Vṛddhi is quantitative/qualitative increase; prakopa is the second stage of the six-stage kriyākāla in which the increased doṣa reaches the threshold to leave its seat. WHO ISTA merges them into one entry (ITA-5.2.1.2 'vātaprakopaḥ / vātavṛddhilakṣaṇam'), which is a standardisation decision, not a textual identity."},{"term":"sañcaya","why":"Sañcaya is accumulation in the doṣa's own site (WHO ITA-4.6.7), the first kriyākāla stage. Charaka's vṛddhi in Sutrasthana 17 is not stage-indexed at all."},{"term":"vṛddhi as a disease name","why":"In WHO ISTA and in classical nosology, bare vṛddhi denotes hydrocoele and scrotal enlargement (ITA-5.45.1, with antra-vṛddhi for hernia at ITA-5.46.1). This is a true homograph and a search trap."},{"term":"dhātu-vṛddhi","why":"Sushruta Sutrasthana 15 treats increase of dhātus (rasa, rakta, māṃsa, medas...) in the same chapter and with the same vocabulary. The sign-lists are different and the therapeutic response is different."},{"term":"upacaya","why":"A general term for accretion, used e.g. in WHO ITA-9.x śukropacayaḥ. Not stage-indexed and not doṣa-specific."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"aggravation","why":"The most common English rendering, and it is really the rendering of prakopa. Using it for vṛddhi erases a distinction both Charaka and the kriyākāla scheme maintain."},{"rendering":"excess","why":"Implies a quantity above a threshold. Charaka Sutrasthana 17/62 defines the state by sign-expression, not by amount, and Sushruta Sutrasthana 15 states plainly that the exact quantity of doṣas in a body cannot be laid down."},{"rendering":"imbalance","why":"Too weak and too broad: it covers vṛddhi, kṣaya and vaiṣamya indifferently, and is the usual route by which the whole vocabulary collapses into one word in English health writing."},{"rendering":"elevated levels of dosha","why":"Borrows laboratory register for something with no assay; there is no unit and no reference range."}],"openQuestions":["Does the WHO ISTA merger of vṛddhi-lakṣaṇa and prakopa into one English term appear in every doṣa's entry or only vāta's? Only the vāta entry was read in full.","The Devanagari compound दोषवृद्धि was not itself attested in a retrieved source; वृद्धि and दोष were each verified separately (Cha.Su.17/43-44, 17/62).","Whether Ashtanga Hridaya's vṛddhi treatment (Sutrasthana 11) differs from Charaka's was not checked; there is no quotable English translation in any case."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/dosha-vriddhi/","canary":"c62ce8a27eb04ec9"},{"slug":"drava","page":"/lexicon/drava/","iast":"drava","devanagari":"द्रव","alternates":["drava guna","liquid","liquidity","fluidity"],"category":"dravyaguna-1","family":"pharmacology","renderings":[{"english":"Liquid; one among the 20 gurvadi guna","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"code DG0075","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Minimal entry; no mahabhuta or karma stated (unlike guru, kaṭhina entries).","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"liquid","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. A. C. Kaviratna, public domain","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Su.1 (his 59) Pitta 'liquid'; Su.22 (his 13, 14) snehana/svedana lists 'liquid'; Su.26 (his 23) water-dominant objects 'principally liquid'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Consistent 'liquid' for the guna.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"solubility (for dravānta, 'ending with drava')","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. A. C. Kaviratna, public domain","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Su.26 his 21 (= standard 26.10): 'heaviness, &c., ending with solubility'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Odd rendering: drava is liquidity, not solubility. Translator's word choice, not doctrine.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"Liquidity (paired with Sandra 'Solidity')","sourceName":"easyayurveda.com 'Gurvadi Gunas' (J. V. Hebbar), modern","sourceKind":"modern web textbook","locator":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/2019/06/12/gurvadi-gunas/","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Typical textbook rendering.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"easyayurveda.com 'Gurvadi Gunas' (J. V. Hebbar), modern\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"fluidity (opposed to Sāndra 'thickness'/'dense')","sourceName":"wisdomlib.org Ayurveda glossary (Wisdom Library entry)","sourceKind":"web glossary","locator":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/drava","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Also states drava 'increases the Kapha' and is ap-predominant; secondary source.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"wisdomlib.org Ayurveda glossary (Wisdom Library entry)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"26","verse":"Standard 26.10; Kaviratna prints 21","establishes":"Drava is the terminal member of the gurvādi series (gurvādayaś ca dravāntāḥ). Sanskrit as retrieved: तस्य गुणाः शब्दादयो गुर्वादयश्च द्रवान्ताः, कर्म पञ्चविधमुक्तं वमनादि||१०|| (https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Atreyabhadrakapyiya_Adhyaya).","quote":"The attributes which inhere in objects are Sound, &c., heaviness, &c., ending with solubility. The operations performed with their aid are five, beginning with vomiting, as has been already said.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"Standard 1.60 — printed ॥ ६० ॥ in Trikamji's Nirnaya Sagar Carakasaṃhitā with the Āyurvedadīpikā, Sūtrasthāna p. 16 (archive.org TheCarakasahitOrCharakasamhitaOfCarakaEditedByYadavaarman leaf n84), and listed as verse 60 'पित्तस्य गुणास्तत्प्रशमनानि च' in that edition's own index; Kaviratna prints 59","establishes":"Drava is one of the seven attributes of pitta listed at Charaka Sutrasthana 1.60, which prescribes treating them with substances of opposite quality: सस्नेहमुष्णं तीक्ष्णं च द्रवमम्लं सरं कटु| विपरीतगुणैः पित्तं द्रव्यैराशु प्रशाम्यति||६०||, sasneha (unctuous), ushna (hot), tikshna (sharp), drava (liquid), amla (sour), sara (mobile), katu (pungent). The claim rests on the Sanskrit द्रवम्. The English quoted here is Kaviratna's, and only four of his seven words render the verse: 'hot' = ushna, 'keen' = tikshna, 'sour' = amla, 'liquid' = drava. His 'cold', 'soft' and 'bitter' answer to nothing in it, the Sanskrit having sasneha, sara and katu in those places; 'cold' goes further and contradicts ushna inside his own sentence. His English is recorded as a specimen of how he rendered the verse, not as the Samhita's list of pitta's qualities.","quote":"Bile, which may be cold, hot, keen, soft, sour, liquid, and bitter, is speedily cured by objects having adverse attributes.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"22","verse":"Standard 22.15 (snehana) and 22.16 (svedana) per carakasamhitaonline danda placement; Kaviratna prints 13 and 14","establishes":"Drava heads the snehana-guna list. Sanskrit as retrieved: द्रवं सूक्ष्मं सरं स्निग्धं पिच्छिलं गुरु शीतलम्| प्रायो मन्दं मृदु च यद्द्रव्यं तत्स्नेहनं मतम्||१५|| ; svedana: उष्णं तीक्ष्णं सरं स्निग्धं रूक्षं सूक्ष्मं द्रवं स्थिरम्| द्रव्यं गुरु च यत् प्रायस्तद्धि स्वेदनमुच्यते||१६|| (https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Langhanabrimhaniya_Adhyaya). Kaviratna is two behind standard in this chapter (his 10-14 = standard 12-16).","quote":"Such things as are liquid, subtile, stable, oily, slimy, heavy, cooling, not pungent or mild, and soft, are generally regarded as Snehana.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"26","verse":"Standard number NOT verified (expected 26.11, the pañcabhautika-dravya unit after 26.10); Kaviratna prints 23","establishes":"Drava as the lead quality of ap-dominant substances (āpya dravya). Standard verse number was not read in the Sanskrit source; located in the chapter only.","quote":null,"quoteWithheld":"nobody has yet read this quotation against its printed source, and an unchecked quotation is not published here","translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"sāndra","why":"The opposite member of the pair (dense/thick/solid)."},{"term":"snigdha","why":"Unctuousness; a liquid can be rūkṣa (water) and an unctuous thing can be solid (ghee)."},{"term":"sara","why":"Mobility/flowing tendency, listed separately alongside drava in Su.1.60 and Su.22.15-16."},{"term":"dravya","why":"'Substance' - a near-homograph; dravya is the substratum in which drava (a guna) inheres."},{"term":"drava as a dosage-form category (liquid preparations)","why":"Pharmaceutical use of the word for liquids (e.g., 'dravānna', WHO SV0092 'Treated with liquid food') is not the pharmacological guna."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"solubility","why":"Kaviratna's rendering of dravānta; drava is the state of being liquid, not the capacity to dissolve."},{"rendering":"watery","why":"Suggests the ap-mahabhuta or dilution rather than the guna; Kaviratna uses 'watery' for Kapha in Su.1.61 where the Sanskrit is snigdha."}],"openQuestions":["Standard verse number for the pañcabhautika-dravya unit in Su.26 (Kaviratna 22-26).","Whether Sushruta Su.42 or Su.46 Sanskrit uses drava as a guna (Bhishagratna's English of Su.42 does not mention it)."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/drava/","canary":"847407cb34348106"},{"slug":"dravya","page":"/lexicon/dravya/","iast":"dravya","devanagari":"द्रव्य","alternates":["dravyam","dravyāṇi (pl.)","kāraṇa-dravya / kārya-dravya (subtypes)"],"category":"padartha","family":"foundations","renderings":[{"english":"Substance, entity (description: 'Matter.')","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"ITA-1.9.3.1","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO's one-word description 'Matter.' is thinner than Charaka's definition (substratum of guna and karma, samavāyi-kāraṇa). WHO's subtype entries carry the real content. Read in the text-extracted PDF mirrored at https://www.ayurvedadoctor.co.uk/WHO%20terminologies%20on%20Ayurveda.pdf (official record https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/365543).","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Matter; the main substratum of action and property","sourceName":"National Institute of Ayurveda, WHO-APW project 'Standardization of Non-Clinical Terminologies of Ayurveda' (nia.nic.in/pdf/TERMINOLOGIES.pdf)","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"BP0096","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Three registers in one glossary: ontological (BP), pharmacological (DG), pharmaceutical raw material (BK). The DG0076 'akin to drug' is an interpretive gloss. Earlier project records labelled this BP/DG-coded glossary 'WHO ISTA'; it is a different document from WHO ISTA 2022.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"objects (in the list of six); constituent elements (of all things) (at the enumeration of nine dravyas); substance (in the definition)","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. A. C. Kaviratna, public domain","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Su.1, his printed 27 ('similarities, dissimilarities, properties, objects, and operations'), his 47 ('are constituent elements (of all things)'), his 50 ('is called substance')","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna uses three different English words for dravya within 25 verses. 'Objects' in the list, 'constituent elements' for the nine, 'substance' in the definition.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"drug; substance; a drug or a substance (Dravyam); substance (vegetable or otherwise); thing","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita tr. K. L. Bhishagratna, public domain (wisdomlib.org)","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Su.Su.40 (Bhishagratna's chapter XL, 'Knowledge of taste etc of drugs'), passage on the primacy of dravya; chapter XLI title rendered 'specific properties of drugs'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Bhishagratna oscillates between 'drug' and 'substance', often hedging with 'a drug or a substance'. In the pharmacological chapters he leans to 'drug'.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"Dravya (substance)","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. A. C. Kaviratna, public domain","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Vi.8, his printed 28 (OCR reads '*23'; sequence 27, 28, 29): 'Dravya (substance), Guna (attribute), Samanya (similarity), Vigesha (dissimilarity), and Samavaya (combination)'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna's Vimanasthana gloss. Note his list omits Karma, which the Sanskrit (Vi.8.29) includes.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"substance","sourceName":"carakasamhitaonline.com section heading 'Dravya, Guna and Karma' at Su.1.48 and wiki link labels at Vi.8.29","sourceKind":"modern online edition (CC BY-NC-SA)","locator":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Deerghanjiviteeya_Adhyaya&action=raw","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Headings only; the translation body is in copyright and was not quoted.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"carakasamhitaonline.com section heading 'Dravya, Guna and Karma' at Su.1.48 and wiki link labels at Vi.8.29\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"Substance (as one of the 'Predicables')","sourceName":"Vaiśeṣika Sūtra 1.1.4 tr. Nandalal Sinha (1923), as presented on wisdomlib.org","sourceKind":"comparator (non-Ayurvedic philosophical text)","locator":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/vaisheshika-sutra-commentary/d/doc427557.html","verbatim":true,"assessment":"The philosophical source for the category; useful to show that 'substance' is the Indological default.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"Sinha 1923, pre-1930 and probably clear, but outside the two translations this project has cleared and never confirmed by a human","downloadable":false}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"Standard 1.51 (carakasamhitaonline numbering); Kaviratna prints 50","establishes":"The definition of dravya as the substratum of karma and guna and as the (inherent) cause. Sanskrit as retrieved from https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Deerghanjiviteeya_Adhyaya&action=raw : यत्राश्रिताः कर्मगुणाः कारणं समवायि यत्| तद्द्रव्यं समवायी तु निश्चेष्टः कारणं गुणः||५१||. Kaviratna's 'the cause' drops 'samavāyi' (inherent); the Sanskrit says dravya is the samavāyi-kāraṇa.","quote":"That in which actions and attributes inhere, and that which is the cause, is called substance. That, on the other hand, which is inherent, and which is the passive cause, is called attribute.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"Standard 1.48; Kaviratna prints 47","establishes":"Kaviratna's English names EIGHT dravyas: the five bhūtas (via his bracketed gloss '(i.e., ether, air, fire, water, and earth)' on 'those having ether for the first'), soul, mind, and 'the quarters' (diś). It omits kāla (time), which the Sanskrit has: खादीन्यात्मा मनः कालो दिशश्च द्रव्यसङ्ग्रहः| सेन्द्रियं चेतनं द्रव्यं, निरिन्द्रियमचेतनम्||४८|| (carakasamhitaonline). The ninefold list therefore rests on the Sanskrit alone; his footnote at this aphorism discusses only 'quarters' and does not explain the omission. The passage does establish the division into sendriya/cetana ('united with the senses... animate') and nirindriya/acetana ('without the senses... inanimate'). '(of all things)' is also his gloss. Note he renders dravya here as 'constituent elements', not 'substance'.","quote":"Those having ether for the first (i.e., ether, air, fire, water, and earth), soul, mind, and the quarters, are constituent elements (of all things) United with the senses, elements are called animate; without the senses, they are called inanimate.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"Standard 1.28-29; Kaviratna prints 27-28","establishes":"Dravya ('objects') as one of the six things the sages saw. Sanskrit: महर्षयस्ते ददृशुर्यथावज्ज्ञानचक्षुषा| सामान्यं च विशेषं च गुणान् द्रव्याणि कर्म च||२८|| समवायं च तज्ज्ञात्वा...||२९||.","quote":"Those great Rishis (then) beheld duly, with the eye of knowledge, similarities, dissimilarities, properties, objects, and operations, as also compositions.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"40 (Bhishagratna's chapter XL, 'Dravya-rasa-guna-virya-vipaka-vijnaniya')","verse":"Standard 40.3 per siva.sh (https://www.siva.sh/sushruta-samhita/sutra-sthana/40/3); Bhishagratna prints no verse numbers","establishes":"Sushruta's statement of the dravya-pradhāna view with nine reasons (permanence, nityatva, retention of own class, perceptibility by all five senses, being the substratum (āśraya) of rasa etc., being the starting point of a procedure, scriptural usage, dependence of rasa on the stage of the dravya, curability by a single part). Sanskrit opening as retrieved from siva.sh: केचिदाचार्या ब्रुवते- द्रव्यं प्रधानं, कस्मात्? व्यवस्थितत्वात्... Note the passage is one of several rival views (rasa, vīrya, vipāka each have their advocates) before the reconciliation.","quote":"Hence a drug or a substance (Dravyam) is the most important factor (which the science of medicine has got to deal with). A substance or drug necessarily implies action and attributes with which it is intimately connected and of which it is the primary cause, or to put it more explicitly, these attributes have an inseparable inherence in and are intimately associated with the substance by way of cause and effect (Samavayi-Karana).","translator":"K. L. Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc141670.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"40 (Bhishagratna's chapter XL), closing reconciliation","verse":"Sushruta Sutrasthana 40/13-18 (siva.sh Devanagari numbering; Bhishagratna prints no verse numbers): 'equal importance... co-operation of all these five factors' = 40/13 (चतुर्णामपि सामग्र्यम्); 'Digestive reaction is impossible without drug potency... greatest of them all' = 40/15; 'greatest of all the aforesaid five factors... attributes lie inherent' = 40/18 (with 40/17 on the eight guṇas resting on dravya)","establishes":"Sushruta's closing reconciliation of the chapter's rival doctrines: the wise want the conjunction of FOUR, caturṇām api sāmagryam (40/13), namely dravya, rasa, vīrya and vipāka, the four positions actually argued in the chapter; and dravya is the substratum, since there is no vipāka without vīrya, no vīrya without rasa, no rasa without dravya (40/15), and the remaining bhāvas rest on it (40/18, śeṣā bhāvās tadāśrayāḥ; 40/17, the eight guṇas called vīrya rest on dravya). 'All these five factors' and 'the aforesaid five factors (of substance, taste, virtues, etc.)' are Bhishagratna's wording: guṇa is not a contending party in the Sanskrit. Bracketed ellipses mark omitted sentences within the same paragraph.","quote":"The wise and the erudite set an equal importance to each of them, and ascribe the curative efficacy of a medicine to the co-operation of all these five factors. [...] Digestive reaction is impossible without drug potency. There is no potency without a taste, and taste without a drug or substance is an absurdity. Hence a substance (vegetable or otherwise) is the greatest of them all. [...] Hence a substance is the greatest of all the aforesaid five factors (of substance, taste, virtues, etc.) and the attributes lie inherent in the substance.","translator":"K. L. Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc141670.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"8","verse":"Standard 8.29; Kaviratna prints 28 (OCR shows '*23'; preceded by his 27, followed by his 29)","establishes":"That in the debate chapter the six categories are referred back to the Sutrasthana definitions. Sanskrit as retrieved: द्रव्य-गुण-कर्म-सामान्य-विशेष-समवायाः स्वलक्षणैः श्लोकस्थाने पूर्वमुक्ताः||२९||. Kaviratna's list omits Karma (present in the Sanskrit); 'flokas' is OCR for 'Slokas'.","quote":"Dravya (substance), Guna (attribute), Samanya (similarity), Vigesha (dissimilarity), and Samavaya (combination), — these have been explained, by means of their respective indications, in the Place of flokas Sutrasthana before.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"guṇa","why":"Ca.Su.1.51: dravya is the substratum in which guna and karma inhere and is the samavāyi-kāraṇa; guna is the inherent but inactive (niśceṣṭa) cause. Bhishagratna (Su.Su.40): 'a drug or a substance is the receptacle of the attributes of taste, etc., while the latter are the things contained'."},{"term":"mahābhūta / pañcamahābhūta","why":"The five bhutas are five of the nine kāraṇa-dravyas (Ca.Su.1.48); dravya is the wider class that also includes ātmā, manas, kāla and diś. Collapsing dravya into 'the elements' loses four of nine."},{"term":"auṣadha / bheṣaja (drug, medicine)","why":"Dravya is the ontological category; auṣadha/bheṣaja is dravya put to therapeutic use. Bhishagratna's habitual 'drug or substance' blurs exactly this. NIA DG0076 ('akin to drug in modern pharmacology') adopts the narrow pharmacological sense."},{"term":"kāraṇa-dravya vs kārya-dravya","why":"WHO ITA-1.9.3.1.1/1.9.3.7.1 and NIA DG0102/DG0103: nine causal substances versus the manifest products made of them (herbs, animals, minerals). Both are 'dravya'."},{"term":"rasa, vīrya, vipāka","why":"Su.Su.40 presents them as rival candidates for primacy; Sushruta's conclusion is that they inhere in dravya and cannot exist without it."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"element","why":"Kaviratna's 'constituent elements' for the nine dravyas invites confusion with the five mahābhūtas, which are only a subset."},{"rendering":"drug (as the definition)","why":"The pharmacological sense is a sub-use. Ca.Su.1.48 counts soul, mind, time and direction as dravyas; none is a drug."},{"rendering":"object","why":"Kaviratna's word in the list at Su.1.28. In English 'object' suggests an external physical thing, which excludes ātmā and manas."},{"rendering":"matter","why":"WHO ITA-1.9.3.1 and NIA BP0096 use it; in English 'matter' excludes the immaterial dravyas (ātmā, manas, kāla, diś) that Charaka explicitly lists."}],"openQuestions":["Chakrapāṇi's gloss on Su.1.51 (samavāyi-kāraṇa) was not retrieved.","The standard verse number for Bhishagratna's closing reconciliation paragraph in Su.Su.40 was not established.","Whether Aṣṭāṅga Hṛdaya/Saṃgraha define dravya separately was not checked."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/dravya/","canary":"d0651ce827297576"},{"slug":"drik-pariksha","page":"/lexicon/drik-pariksha/","iast":"dṛk-parīkṣā","devanagari":"दृक्परीक्षा","alternates":["dṛś-parīkṣā","drik pariksha","druk pariksha","netra-parīkṣā (modern paraphrase)","dṛṣṭi-parīkṣā (modern paraphrase)"],"category":"pariksha (examination of the patient's eyes; seventh member of the Yogaratnakara's eightfold examination)","family":"clinic","renderings":[{"english":"eyes and eyesight (domain 7 of aṣṭasthānaparīkṣā, ITA-4.7.4)","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"ITA-4.7.4","verbatim":true,"assessment":"No stand-alone WHO entry for dṛk-parīkṣā; WHO glosses the domain as covering both the organ and the function.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Drik (eyes & vision)","sourceName":"Shekhawat, JVWU BAMS e-notes","sourceKind":"textbook/teaching","locator":"https://www.jvwu.ac.in/documents/Book%20Chapter%20by%20Dr%20suman%20-Ashtavidha%20pariksha.pdf","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Shekhawat, JVWU BAMS e-notes\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"Druk (Eyes)","sourceName":"Shekhawat, JVWU BAMS e-notes (second list)","sourceKind":"textbook/teaching","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Shekhawat, JVWU BAMS e-notes (second list)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"Drika Pariksha (Eye Examination); 'Drik Pariksha indicates eye examination'","sourceName":"IJARSCT review on Ashtavidha Pariksha","sourceKind":"journal review (non-indexed)","locator":"https://ijarsct.co.in/Paper22641.pdf","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"IJARSCT review on Ashtavidha Pariksha\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"Drik - In-Person Examination or Observation","sourceName":"web search summary of review articles","sourceKind":"secondary","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"This rendering treats dṛk as the physician's looking (darśana); the Yogaratnakara section examines the PATIENT's eyes. Likely a confusion, see mistranslations.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Yogaratnakara","sthana":"Pūrvārdha, section 'atha rogiṇām aṣṭasthāna-nirīkṣaṇam'","chapter":"Nirnaya Sagar Press edition, text pp. 2-3","verse":"verse 1 of the section (see aṣṭavidha-parīkṣā record for the numbering caveat)","establishes":"dṛk is the seventh of the eight sites to be inspected.","quote":"रोगाकान्तञ्मरीरस्य स्थानान्यष्टौ निरीक्षयेत्‌ । नाडीं मूं मलं जिह शब्दं स्पश दगाङरृती ॥","translator":"none (Sanskrit OCR; 'दगाङरृती' = दृगाकृती)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/yogaratnakarakrishnasharmanavrenirnayasagarpress_366_b/Yoga%20Ratnakara%20Krishna%20Sharma%20Navre%20Nirnaya%20Sagar%20Press_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Yogaratnakara","sthana":"Pūrvārdha, section headed 'atha dṛk-parīkṣā'","chapter":"Nirnaya Sagar Press edition, text pp. 6-7 per OCR headers","verse":"dṛk-parīkṣā verses 1-8; the fatal-sign verses are numbered 4-7 in the Nirnaya Sagar text (archive.org leaf n35, text p. 7), verse 8 being the Yāmala quotation that closes the section with 'इति दृक्परीक्षा'","establishes":"Fatal eye signs, now read from the page image rather than the OCR: one eye terrible while the second is CLOSED (मीलितं) means death in three days (v. 4-5a); sudden loss of lustre in the patient's eye, with a slight blackness, means death (vv. 5b-6a); redness, blackness or a fierce look, likewise (v. 6); a fixed stare, unconsciousness and a wandering, flickering pupil mean death within one night (v. 7).","quote":"एकं चक्षुर्यदा भीमं द्वितीयं मीलितं भवेत् ॥ ४ ॥ त्रिभिर्दिनैस्तदा रोगी स याति यममन्दिरम् । ज्योतिर्विहीनं सहसा रोगिणो यस्य लोचनम् ॥ ५ ॥ ईषत्कृष्णं स नियतं प्रयाति यमशासनम् । सरक्तं कृष्णवर्णं च रौद्रं च प्रेक्षते यदा ॥ ६ ॥ इति लिङ्गैर्विजानीयान्मृत्युरेव न संशयः । एकदृष्टिरचैतन्यो भ्रमन्स्फुरिततारकः । एकरात्रेण नियतं परलोकपथं व्रजेत् ॥ ७ ॥","translator":"none (Sanskrit OCR, garbled: टक् = दृक्, रक्षा = रूक्षा, दटिर्थदा = दृष्टिर्यदा)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/yogaratnakarakrishnasharmanavrenirnayasagarpress_366_b/page/n35.jpg","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"darśana","why":"darśana is the physician's inspection (method); dṛk here is the patient's eyes (object). Reviews that gloss dṛk as 'observation' have collapsed the two."},{"term":"dṛṣṭi (vision/pupil)","why":"WHO glosses the domain as 'eyes and eyesight'; the Yogaratnakara verses read eye appearance (colour, moisture, lustre, steadiness) with dṛṣṭi used for the gaze; it is not a visual-acuity test."},{"term":"netra-roga examination (Śālākya)","why":"Dṛk-parīkṣā reads systemic dosha and prognosis from the eyes; it is not diagnosis of eye diseases."},{"term":"dṛkprasādanam (WHO)","why":"A therapeutic term (clearing the vision) that shares the stem; unrelated."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"In-person examination / observation","why":"Confuses dṛk (the patient's eye, object of the eighth-fold scheme) with darśana (the physician's looking)."},{"rendering":"Vision test / eyesight examination","why":"The Yogaratnakara verses examine the appearance and movement of the eyes for dosha and ariṣṭa, not acuity."}],"openQuestions":["Exact verse count and numbering of the dṛk-parīkṣā section across editions.","Whether the section includes the yāmala quotation on fatal signs (the Nirnaya Sagar OCR shows 'यामलखात्' before verse 8) in all editions."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/drik-pariksha/","canary":"4b306fb2842c8f3c"},{"slug":"duhkhayu","page":"/lexicon/duhkhayu/","iast":"duḥkhāyu / duḥkhāyuḥ","devanagari":"दुःखायुः","alternates":["duhkhayu","dukhayu","duḥkha ayu","asukham ayuh"],"category":"foundational","family":"foundations","renderings":[{"english":"Poor quality of life","sourceName":"WHO international standard terminologies on Ayurveda (WHO, 2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"Term ID ITA-1.2.5","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO's description: 'A lifestyle characterized by a low quotient of happiness.' Recorded as a fact about WHO. WHO lemmatises the term as duḥkhāyuḥ even though the defining verse (Su 30.24) actually reads asukham.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"unhappy Life","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sutrasthana Lesson XXX, aphorism 19: 'The reverse of this is called unhappy Life.'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Public domain, and consistent with his 'unhappy' at Su 1.41. Like ahitāyu, he gives no independent description because the source gives none.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"miserable life / sorrowful life","sourceName":"common Indian journal and textbook usage","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"Both circulate. Both import affective content; the verse supplies only 'the reverse' of a list of circumstances.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"30 (Arthedaśamahāmūlīya Adhyāya)","verse":"24","establishes":"The whole classical content of the term: it is defined as asukham, by the reverse of the sukhāyu list. The lexically important point is that the word used here is asukha, not duḥkha - so the standard modern lemma duḥkhāyu (used by WHO) is drawn from Su 1.41's compound rather than from the defining passage.","quote":"सुखमायुरुच्यते; असुखमतो विपर्ययेण","translator":"none - Sanskrit mūla only","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.siva.sh/caraka-samhita/sutra-sthana/30/24","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"Lesson XXX (Arthedaśamahāmūlīya)","verse":"19 in Kaviratna's numbering","establishes":"Quotable English confirming the definition-by-reverse. The trailing '*' is the footnote marker in the scan; reproduced as retrieved.","quote":"The  reverse  of  this  is  called  unhappy  Life.19*","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1 (Dīrghañjīvitīya Adhyāya)","verse":"41","establishes":"The only place in the two verses I retrieved where the word duḥkha itself is used of āyu. This verse, not the defining one, is the source of the term's standard modern form.","quote":"हिताहितं सुखं दुःखमायुस्तस्य हिताहितम्| मानं च तच्च यत्रोक्तमायुर्वेदः स उच्यते||४१||","translator":"none - Sanskrit mūla only","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Deerghanjiviteeya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"ahitāyu","why":"Duḥkhāyu is the reverse of the circumstantial list (disease, age, weakness, poverty, thwarted undertakings); ahitāyu is the reverse of the ethical list. They are separate limbs and a life can be one without the other."},{"term":"duḥkha as the general term for pain/suffering","why":"Duḥkha is used throughout the Samhitas for pain and for the suffering that treatment relieves. In duḥkhāyu it classifies a whole life against a checklist, not a symptom."},{"term":"roga / vyādhi","why":"Disease is one item in the reversed list. A life can be duḥkhāyu through poverty or thwarted undertakings without disease."},{"term":"asukha","why":"Not a different concept but the actual word in the defining verse. Worth keeping visible because it is the evidence that duḥkhāyu is a lemma assembled from Su 1.41 rather than a term Charaka uses in the definition."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"poor quality of life","why":"Recorded because WHO uses it, but it maps a definition-by-negation onto a graded measurement scale. The verse offers no gradation, only a reverse."},{"rendering":"diseased life","why":"Disease is one reversed item among many; wealth, youth, success and freedom of action are equally in the list."},{"rendering":"suffering","why":"Renders the noun duḥkha, not the compound. Duḥkhāyu is a classification of a life, not a state of experience."}],"openQuestions":["Why the defining verse says asukham where the enumerating verse says duḥkham, and whether any commentator treats them as equivalent. Not established.","Whether the standalone word duḥkhāyuḥ occurs anywhere in the Brhattrayi, or only in the compounded/adjectival forms I retrieved. Not checkable against GRETIL, whose Charaka file does not include Su 30.","Whether NAMASTE codes it."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/duhkhayu/","canary":"97a0fea7f1b3d6dc"},{"slug":"guna","page":"/lexicon/guna/","iast":"guṇa","devanagari":"गुण","alternates":["guṇāḥ (pl.)","gurvādi guṇa (the twenty)","sattva/rajas/tamas (mahāguṇa, different sense)"],"category":"padartha","family":"foundations","renderings":[{"english":"Property, quality or trait","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"ITA-1.9.4.1","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Tracks Ca.Su.1.51 (niśceṣṭa) closely. Section 1.9.4 then runs to the sāttvika etc. and the 41 gunas.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":null,"sourceName":"National Institute of Ayurveda, WHO-APW 'Standardization of Non-Clinical Terminologies of Ayurveda' (nia.nic.in/pdf/TERMINOLOGIES.pdf)","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"DG0086","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Pharmacological framing; 'mainly pertains to the pharmacological properties' is a modern gloss.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"properties (in the list of six); attributes (in the definition and at the enumeration); 'the attributes of matter'","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. A. C. Kaviratna, public domain","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Su.1 his printed 27 ('properties'), his 48 ('are called attributes'), his 50 ('is called attribute'); his 54 region ('the attributes of matter')","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna switches from 'properties' in the list to 'attributes' in the definitions. His footnote to his 48 says 'The word rendered properties is artha', i.e. in that verse 'properties' translates artha (sense-objects), not guna.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"Guna (attribute)","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. A. C. Kaviratna, public domain","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Vi.8, his printed 28 (= standard 8.29)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Consistent with his Su.1 definitional choice.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"attributes; virtues; properties (e.g. 'the attributes of taste, etc.'; 'five factors (of substance, taste, virtues, etc.)'; 'native or inherent properties')","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita tr. K. L. Bhishagratna, public domain (wisdomlib.org)","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Su.Su.40 (Bhishagratna's chapter XL)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Three words in one chapter; 'virtues' is Edwardian pharmacy English for guna.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"Attribute (as one of the 'Predicables')","sourceName":"Vaiśeṣika Sūtra 1.1.4 tr. Nandalal Sinha (1923), as presented on wisdomlib.org","sourceKind":"comparator (non-Ayurvedic philosophical text)","locator":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/vaisheshika-sutra-commentary/d/doc427557.html","verbatim":true,"assessment":"The Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika Indological default.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"Sinha 1923, pre-1930 and probably clear, but outside the two translations this project has cleared and never confirmed by a human","downloadable":false},{"english":"quality","sourceName":"WHO ITA-1.9.1 description of the six ('quality (gunaḥ)') and carakasamhitaonline wiki link label 'guna'","sourceKind":"comparator / modern online edition","locator":"ITA-1.9.1","verbatim":true,"assessment":"'Quality' is the most common textbook rendering; WHO uses it in the six-category list but 'Property, quality or trait' as the headword.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"Standard 1.51 (carakasamhitaonline numbering); Kaviratna prints 50","establishes":"The definition of guna: inherent (samavāyī), inactive (niśceṣṭa), a cause. Sanskrit as retrieved from https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Deerghanjiviteeya_Adhyaya&action=raw : समवायी तु निश्चेष्टः कारणं गुणः||५१||. 'Passive' is Kaviratna's rendering of niśceṣṭa (without activity).","quote":"That, on the other hand, which is inherent, and which is the passive cause, is called attribute.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"Standard 1.49; Kaviratna prints 48","establishes":"The enumeration of gunas: the sense-objects (artha), the gurvādi pairs, buddhi and the series ending in prayatna, and the parādi series. Sanskrit: सार्था गुर्वादयो बुद्धिः प्रयत्नान्ताः परादयः| गुणाः प्रोक्ताः प्रयत्नादि कर्म चेष्टितमुच्यते||४९||. All bracketed expansions are Kaviratna's. His footnote (translator's note, not text) reads: 'The word rendered properties is artha. They are, as explained by the commentator, the sensations, viz., vision, taste, touch, scent, and hearing' and admits 'I am not sure as to what parādaya means'.","quote":"The properties (of vision, taste, scent, touch, and hearing), pairs of opposites (such as heavy and light, heat and cold, &c.), the intellect, pleasure and pain, and desire and aversion and will, and the qualities of dissimilarity and others (i.e., dissimilarity, contrariety, union, number, composition, division, separateness, measure, inertia and contiguity) are called attributes, while all functions such as (of the mind in) will, are called action.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"Standard 1.28-29; Kaviratna prints 27-28","establishes":"Guna ('properties') among the six. Sanskrit: सामान्यं च विशेषं च गुणान् द्रव्याणि कर्म च||२८||.","quote":"Those great Rishis (then) beheld duly, with the eye of knowledge, similarities, dissimilarities, properties, objects, and operations, as also compositions.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"40 (Bhishagratna's chapter XL)","verse":"Standard 40.3 per siva.sh for the dravya argument; Bhishagratna prints no verse numbers","establishes":"The guna-as-contained / dravya-as-container relation (āśrayatvāc ca, dravyam āśritā rasādayaḥ in the Sanskrit retrieved from siva.sh). Also in the same chapter: 'Since an attribute per se can not be possessed of another attribute, the eight kinds of potency (properties) can only appertain to a substance and not to a taste, which is an attribute in itself.' (the nirguṇā guṇāḥ principle in Bhishagratna's words).","quote":"Fifthly because, a drug or a substance is the receptacle of the attributes of taste, etc., while the latter are the things contained.","translator":"K. L. Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc141670.html","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"dravya","why":"Ca.Su.1.51: dravya is the substratum and samavāyi-kāraṇa; guna inheres in it and is niśceṣṭa. Bhishagratna: receptacle versus thing contained."},{"term":"karma","why":"Ca.Su.1.49: 'are called attributes, while all functions such as (of the mind in) will, are called action'. Guna is passive, karma is activity (prayatnādi ceṣṭita)."},{"term":"artha (sense-objects)","why":"Kaviratna's footnote to his 48: the word he renders 'properties' at the head of the guna list is artha (śabda, sparśa, rūpa, rasa, gandha), which are a subclass of guna, not a synonym."},{"term":"gurvādi guṇa (the twenty)","why":"The twenty pharmacological pairs are one sub-series of Ca.Su.1.49's list; guna as a padārtha is the whole category including buddhi, sukha/duḥkha, icchā/dveṣa, prayatna and the parādi gunas. NIA DG0086's 'mainly pertains to the pharmacological properties' narrows to this subset."},{"term":"sattva, rajas, tamas (mahāguṇa / triguṇa)","why":"WHO ITA-1.9.4.2 lists them under the same heading, but they are Sāṃkhya constituents of prakṛti, not inherent properties of a dravya in Charaka's Su.1.49 sense."},{"term":"guna as 'virtue' (merit)","why":"Bhishagratna's 'virtues' is pharmacy English ('the virtues of a herb'); the ethical sense of guna (good quality of a person) is a separate use."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"virtue","why":"Bhishagratna and Kaviratna both use it; modern English reads it as moral merit."},{"rendering":"property (as if only physical/chemical)","why":"Ca.Su.1.49 counts buddhi, pleasure, pain, desire, aversion and effort among gunas; a reader equating guna with material properties will not recognise half the list."},{"rendering":"quality (as 'grade' or 'excellence')","why":"The ordinary English sense of 'quality' (high/low quality) is absent from the technical term."},{"rendering":"energy","why":"Popular writing; the abstract of PMID 22408303 even calls the mahāgunas 'the prime energy'. Charaka's definition is the opposite: guna is niśceṣṭa, without activity."}],"openQuestions":["Chakrapāṇi on parādi gunas (Su.1.49) not retrieved; Kaviratna himself confesses uncertainty about 'parādaya'.","Whether Sushruta anywhere gives a categorial definition of guna (as opposed to using it) was not established; only Su.40 was read.","Relation between WHO's 41 gunas (ITA-1.9.4 series) and Charaka's 1.49 list not tabulated."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/guna/","canary":"b99eba825e059f0b"},{"slug":"guru","page":"/lexicon/guru/","iast":"guru","devanagari":"गुरु","alternates":["guru guna","gurutva","heavy","heaviness"],"category":"dravyaguna-1","family":"pharmacology","renderings":[{"english":null,"sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"code DG0087","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Fullest comparator entry; note typographic errors in the headword.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"heavy; heaviness","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. A. C. Kaviratna, public domain","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Su.1 his 48 ('heavy and light' in his parenthesis), his 60 Kapha 'Heavy'; Su.22 his 11 brimhana 'heavy'; Su.26 his 21 'heaviness, &c.', his 22 earth objects 'heavy'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Stable rendering.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"heavy","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita tr. K. L. Bhishagratna, public domain, via wisdomlib","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Su.42: 'The tastes such as sweet, acid and saline are heavy and emollient in their character'; Su.46: 'The lightness or heaviness of a potion (Panaka) should be determined according to the quantities, properties and preparations...'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Consistent.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"Heaviness","sourceName":"easyayurveda.com 'Gurvadi Gunas' (Hebbar), modern","sourceKind":"modern web textbook","locator":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/2019/06/12/gurvadi-gunas/","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Typical textbook.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"easyayurveda.com 'Gurvadi Gunas' (Hebbar), modern\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"Guru (heavy to digest)","sourceName":"Jagtap et al., AYU 2012 (PMID 23723671)","sourceKind":"modern literature","locator":"abstract","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Research usage glossing guru by digestibility rather than mass.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Jagtap et al., AYU 2012 (PMID 23723671)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"Standard 1.49; Kaviratna prints 48","establishes":"Guru heads the gurvādi series named as gunas. All parentheses are the translator's glosses; the Sanskrit says only gurvādayaḥ: सार्था गुर्वादयो बुद्धिः प्रयत्नान्ताः परादयः| गुणाः प्रोक्ताः प्रयत्नादि कर्म चेष्टितमुच्यते||४९|| (https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Deerghanjiviteeya_Adhyaya).","quote":"The properties (of vision, taste, scent, touch, and hearing), pairs of opposites (such as heavy and light, heat and cold, &c.), the intellect, pleasure and pain, and desire and aversion and will, and the qualities of dissimilarity and others (i.e., dissimilarity, contrariety, union, number, composition, division, separateness, measure, inertia and contiguity) are called attributes, while all functions such as (of the mind in) will, are called action.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"Standard 1.61; Kaviratna prints 60","establishes":"Guru as the first quality of Kapha. Sanskrit as retrieved: गुरुशीतमृदुस्निग्धमधुरस्थिरपिच्छिलाः| श्लेष्मणः प्रशमं यान्ति विपरीतगुणैर्गुणाः||६१||. Kaviratna's 'watery' is snigdha (unctuous).","quote":"Heavy, cold, mild, watery, sweet, stable, and slimy, these attributes of phlegm are cured by objects having adverse attributes.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"22","verse":"Standard 22.13 per carakasamhitaonline danda placement; Kaviratna prints 11","establishes":"Guru as the leading bṛṁhaṇa quality. Sanskrit as retrieved: गुरु शीतं मृदु स्निग्धं बहलं स्थूलपिच्छिलम्||१३|| प्रायो मन्दं स्थिरं श्लक्ष्णं द्रव्यं बृंहणमुच्यते| (https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Langhanabrimhaniya_Adhyaya). 'Vringhana' is OCR of Vrimhana.","quote":"Such things as are heavy, cooling, soft, exceedingly oily, gross, slimy, mild stable, and smooth, are generally said to be Vringhana.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"26","verse":"Standard 26.43 (final sub-section, kashaya); Kaviratna prints 67","establishes":"Kaviratna renders alaghu ('not light') as 'heavy'. Sanskrit as retrieved: ...रूक्षः शीतोऽलघुश्च| (https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Atreyabhadrakapyiya_Adhyaya). Useful for showing guru/alaghu are not simply interchangeable.","quote":"It is dry, cool, and heavy.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"42","verse":"Sanskrit verse number not established","establishes":"Guru/laghu assignment of the six rasas in Sushruta (note: Charaka 26.43 calls kashaya alaghu, agreeing against Sushruta's 'light' here; a real inter-text disagreement worth flagging).","quote":"The tastes such as sweet, acid and saline are heavy and emollient in their character, while the pungent, astringent and bitter ones are dry and light.","translator":"K. L. Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc141672.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"26","verse":"Standard number NOT verified (expected 26.11); Kaviratna prints 22","establishes":"Guru as lead quality of pārthiva dravya and its karma (upacaya, gaurava). Standard verse not read in Sanskrit.","quote":null,"quoteWithheld":"nobody has yet read this quotation against its printed source, and an unchecked quotation is not published here","translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"laghu","why":"Opposite member; WHO DG0143 'Light/ lightness ... opposite of guru guna'."},{"term":"alaghu","why":"'Not light' (Ca.Su.26.43 for kashaya); Kaviratna renders it 'heavy', but the text avoids calling kashaya guru outright."},{"term":"sthūla","why":"Gross/bulky (a separate pair with sūkṣma); Kaviratna 'gross' in the bṛṁhaṇa list alongside 'heavy'."},{"term":"guru = preceptor; guru = Mucuna pruriens synonym","why":"WHO DG0087 senses 2 and 3; wisdomlib (Raj Nighantu 3.50-53) lists Guru as a Kapikacchu synonym."},{"term":"gaurava (symptom of heaviness)","why":"A clinical sign (Kaviratna 'Gurugatrata implies a sense of heaviness in all the limbs'), not the drug quality."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"heavy (as physical weight/mass)","why":"The texts define guru by effect (hard to digest, builds tissue, increases Kapha); a dense but light-to-digest food is not guru."},{"rendering":"gurū","why":"WHO headword misspelling; IAST is guru."}],"openQuestions":["Standard verse for the pārthiva-dravya unit in Su.26.","Reconcile Sushruta Su.42 (kashaya 'light') with Charaka Su.26.43 (kashaya alaghu) in Sanskrit."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/guru/","canary":"c304de5d1689a8b6"},{"slug":"gurvadi-guna","page":"/lexicon/gurvadi-guna/","iast":"gurvādi guṇa","devanagari":"गुर्वादि गुण","alternates":["gurvādiguṇa","gurvadi gunas","twenty gunas","viṁśati guṇa","śārīra guṇa","ten pairs of qualities"],"category":"dravyaguna-1","family":"pharmacology","renderings":[{"english":"Group of 20 pharmacological properties of the medicinal substances","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"code DG0088","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Comparator; 'pharmacological' is the WHO frame, not the texts' word.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"'pairs of opposites (such as heavy and light, heat and cold, &c.)'; 'heaviness, &c., ending with solubility'; '(Besides the attributes, numbering 20, of heaviness or weight, &c., of objects, already mentioned)'","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. A. C. Kaviratna, public domain","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Su.1 his 48; Su.26 his 21; Su.26 his 46 (parenthesis)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna never renders gurvādi as a fixed term; the number 'twenty' appears only inside his parenthesis.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"'ten opposing pairs of qualities of drugs'; 'twenty Śārīraguṇa (or Gurvādiguṇa)'","sourceName":"wisdomlib.org Ayurveda glossary","sourceKind":"web glossary","locator":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/drava","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Records the alternative name śārīra guṇa.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"wisdomlib.org Ayurveda glossary\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"\"wisdomlib.org Ayurveda glossary\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation"},{"english":"the group of qualities begins with guru quality","sourceName":"easyayurveda.com 'Gurvadi Gunas' (Hebbar), modern","sourceKind":"modern web textbook","locator":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/2019/06/12/gurvadi-gunas/","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Etymological gloss (guru + ādi).","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"easyayurveda.com 'Gurvadi Gunas' (Hebbar), modern\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"basic properties/ qualities","sourceName":"carakasamhitaonline.com section heading at Su.1.49","sourceKind":"modern online edition","locator":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Deerghanjiviteeya_Adhyaya","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Heading only.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"carakasamhitaonline.com section heading at Su.1.49\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"Standard 1.49; Kaviratna prints 48","establishes":"The gurvādi group is one of the classes of guna, named by its first member. Sanskrit as retrieved: सार्था गुर्वादयो बुद्धिः प्रयत्नान्ताः परादयः| गुणाः प्रोक्ताः प्रयत्नादि कर्म चेष्टितमुच्यते||४९|| (https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Deerghanjiviteeya_Adhyaya). Charaka does NOT enumerate the twenty here; the list in Kaviratna's parenthesis is his.","quote":"The properties (of vision, taste, scent, touch, and hearing), pairs of opposites (such as heavy and light, heat and cold, &c.), the intellect, pleasure and pain, and desire and aversion and will, and the qualities of dissimilarity and others (i.e., dissimilarity, contrariety, union, number, composition, division, separateness, measure, inertia and contiguity) are called attributes, while all functions such as (of the mind in) will, are called action.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"26","verse":"Standard 26.10; Kaviratna prints 21","establishes":"The series is bounded: begins with guru, ends with drava (gurvādayaś ca dravāntāḥ). Sanskrit: तस्य गुणाः शब्दादयो गुर्वादयश्च द्रवान्ताः (https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Atreyabhadrakapyiya_Adhyaya).","quote":"The attributes which inhere in objects are Sound, &c., heaviness, &c., ending with solubility.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"26","verse":"Standard number NOT verified (the parādi-guna unit; Kaviratna prints 46)","establishes":"Marks the boundary between gurvādi (20) and parādi (10) gunas. The count 'numbering 20' sits inside the translator's parenthesis, not the text.","quote":null,"quoteWithheld":"nobody has yet read this quotation against its printed source, and an unchecked quotation is not published here","translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt"},{"text":"Ashtanga Hridaya","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"1.18 (as cited by easyayurveda.com; not verified against a Sanskrit edition)","establishes":"Reported as the locus of the explicit 'viṁśatiḥ saviparyayāḥ' list of twenty gunas (guru manda hima snigdha ślakṣṇa sāndra mṛdu sthira sūkṣma viśada, with their opposites). Secondary citation only; no quotation permitted and verse not independently verified.","quote":null,"translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/2019/06/12/gurvadi-gunas/","checked":"address only, nothing quoted to check"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"sārtha guṇa (śabdādi, the five sense-objects)","why":"The other guna class in Ca.Su.1.49 / 26.10; rasa (taste) belongs here, not among the gurvādi."},{"term":"parādi guṇa (ten)","why":"Paratva, aparatva, yukti, saṁkhyā, saṁyoga, vibhāga, pṛthaktva, parimāṇa, saṁskāra, abhyāsa (Kaviratna Su.26 his 46): 'means for the success of treatment', not drug qualities."},{"term":"buddhi-prayatnānta (ātma-guṇa, six)","why":"Intellect, pleasure, pain, desire, aversion, effort: psychological gunas in the same verse."},{"term":"Vaiśeṣika guṇas (24)","why":"A philosophical list overlapping only partly; gurutva and dravatva are among them, but Ayurveda's twenty is a different enumeration."},{"term":"vīrya","why":"Potency; many authors treat vīrya as a selection of gurvādi gunas (two or eight), but that is a doctrinal position not verified here."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"twenty physical properties","why":"The texts tie each guna to bodily effect (Su.22, Su.26); WHO says 'pharmacological'. 'Physical' invites density/viscosity reductionism (see IJHSR review)."},{"rendering":"ten pairs of gunas (as if ten qualities)","why":"The count is twenty; the pairing is a mnemonic. Charaka's own texts list them functionally, not as pairs."},{"rendering":"'ending with solubility' (Kaviratna for dravāntāḥ)","why":"Drava is liquidity."}],"openQuestions":["No single verse in Charaka Sutrasthana 1 or 26 was found that lists all twenty; Charaka's enumeration is distributed (Su.22.12-16, Su.26 element lists). Confirm whether Chakrapani supplies the full list on 1.49.","Verify Ashtanga Hridaya Su.1.18 in a Sanskrit edition (reference only).","Standard verse for the parādi unit in Su.26."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/gurvadi-guna/","canary":"3c749c07905ba279"},{"slug":"hetu","page":"/lexicon/hetu/","iast":"hetu","devanagari":"हेतु","alternates":["hetuḥ","hetū","hethu"],"category":"nidana","family":"disease","renderings":[{"english":"Etiology","sourceName":"WHO international standard terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standards body","locator":"ITA-4.4.1","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO gives hetu no code of its own in the general sense; it sits inside the ITA-4.4.1 synonym block.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Etiological factor","sourceName":"WHO international standard terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standards body","locator":"ITA-4.4.1","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Position-aligned to hetuḥ, the second Sanskrit term in WHO's list. The alignment is read off the PDF table layout, not labelled.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Two types of etiological factors","sourceName":"WHO international standard terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standards body","locator":"ITA-4.4.2","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Hetu, unlike nidāna, carries a family of compounded codes. Description: 'Twofold type of etiological factors based on discriminating the etiological factor which directly causes a disease or condition which acts as an additional factor in its manifestation.'","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Originating cause of disease","sourceName":"WHO international standard terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standards body","locator":"ITA-4.4.3","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Description: 'An etiological factor that acts as the direct cause in the initiation of a disease by promoting the accumulation of the respective dosha.'","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Aggravating cause of disease","sourceName":"WHO international standard terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standards body","locator":"ITA-4.4.4","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Description: 'An etiological factor that sustains, aggravates and stimulates progression of a disease or condition.' Note the Sanskrit is vyañjaka, 'manifesting', while WHO's English says 'aggravating'.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Causes which aggravate dosha","sourceName":"WHO international standard terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standards body","locator":"ITA-4.4.19","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Description: 'Causes which aggravate dosha irrespective of the disease.' Paired with ITA-4.4.20 vyādhihetuḥ, 'Disease-specific causes': 'Factors that give rise to a disease or condition irrespective of the dosha involved.' This dosha/disease split is the operative distinction in upaśaya's definition at Ca. Ni. 1.10.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"cause of apprehension","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (public domain)","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Vimana Sthana, Lesson VIII (aphorism 33)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"THE RENDERING NO MODERN SOURCE CARRIES. In Charaka's debate vocabulary hetu is not a cause of disease at all but a means of knowing, 'apprehension' in Kaviratna's Victorian usage means cognition. WHO does not code this sense.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"causative factor","sourceName":"Charak Samhita New Edition (carakasamhitaonline.com)","sourceKind":"modern scholarly edition","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":"CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 comparator.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"the CSRTSDC/Charak Samhita New Edition English, in copyright","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the CSRTSDC/Charak Samhita New Edition English, in copyright"}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimāna Sthāna","chapter":"8 (Roga-bhiṣagjitīya)","verse":"33","establishes":"THE MOST IMPORTANT SINGLE FACT ABOUT THIS TERM. Here hetu is upalabdhi-kāraṇa, the cause of apprehension, and is fourfold: pratyakṣa, anumāna, aitihya, aupamya. That is an epistemology, not an etiology. The word is item 11 in Charaka's list of debate terms. Retrieved and string-matched by me on the cited page.","quote":"अथहेतुः- हेतुर्नामोपलब्धिकारणं; तत्प्रत्यक्षम्, अनुमानम्, ऐतिह्यम्, औपम्यमिति; एभिर्हेतुभिर्यदुपलभ्यतेतत्तत्त्वम्||३३||","translator":"none (Sanskrit mūla)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Rogabhishagjitiya_Vimana","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimāna Sthāna","chapter":"8 (Roga-bhiṣagjitīya)","verse":"33","establishes":"Public-domain English for the epistemological sense. 'apprenhen-sion' is a scan artifact, preserved verbatim. Kaviratna prints this in his Lesson on medical disputation, immediately after Upanaya and Nigamana.","quote":"As regards Hetu : Hetu, verily, is cause of apprehension. That is Pratyaksha (Direct perception), Anumana (Ratiocination), Aitihya (Testimony), and Upamana (Analogy). Since through these Hetus things are apprehended, therefore is their condition as such (that is, of being the cause of apprenhen- sion)","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Nidāna Sthāna","chapter":"1 (Jvara Nidāna)","verse":"3","establishes":"The etiological sense: hetu heads the list of eight words declared anarthāntara with nidāna. Charaka therefore uses hetu in two incompatible technical senses in two sthānas of one work, and says so in neither place.","quote":"इह खलु हेतुर्निमित्तमायतनं कर्ता कारणं प्रत्ययः समुत्थानं निदानमित्यनर्थान्तरम्|","translator":"none (Sanskrit mūla)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Jwara_Nidana","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Ashtanga Hridaya","sthana":"Nidāna Sthāna","chapter":"1 (Sarvaroga Nidāna)","verse":"3 (first half)","establishes":"Hetu appears as the second of Vagbhata's six synonyms for nidāna. Devanagari mūla sighted on the retrieved page; not quoted per the rule for this text.","quote":null,"translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/2024/03/14/sarvaroga-nidana-general-disease-diagnosis-ashtanga-hridaya-nidanasthana-1/","checked":"address only, nothing quoted to check"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"nidāna","why":"Declared synonymous at Ca. Ni. 1.3, and WHO gives them one code. They are not interchangeable in practice: nidāna also names a text division and the five-member set, and hetu also names a means of knowledge. Kaviratna's footnote adds that hetu 'is generally limited to the circumstances that precede'."},{"term":"kāraṇa","why":"Also in the same synonym list, and WHO glosses kāraṇam 'Primary cause' against hetuḥ 'Etiological factor'. At Vi. 8.33 the two are not synonyms at all: hetu is DEFINED as a kind of kāraṇa (upalabdhi-kāraṇa), so kāraṇa is the wider term there."},{"term":"hetu in Nyāya","why":"The middle term or reason of a syllogism. Charaka's Vi. 8 list is a medical adaptation of debate logic, and this sense is much closer to Nyāya's than to anything etiological. A reader who knows Nyāya will import the syllogistic sense into Nidāna Sthāna, where it does not belong."},{"term":"utpādaka-hetu vs vyañjaka-hetu","why":"WHO ITA-4.4.3 and ITA-4.4.4. The first initiates by promoting dosha accumulation; the second sustains and manifests. Collapsing them into 'cause' loses the only causal distinction the standard actually codes."},{"term":"doṣa-hetu vs vyādhi-hetu","why":"WHO ITA-4.4.19 and ITA-4.4.20. Causes of dosha aggravation irrespective of disease, versus causes of a disease irrespective of dosha. Ca. Ni. 1.10's definition of upaśaya turns on exactly this pair, so conflating them makes upaśaya's three viparīta subtypes unreadable."},{"term":"nimitta / āyatana / pratyaya / samutthāna / kartṛ","why":"The other members of the Ni. 1.3 synonym set, each with a distinct WHO gloss (Indicative factor; Abode of the causative factor; Causative setting, conducive factor; Factors augmenting the pathology; Agent). Declared synonymous, glossed differently, used differently."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"reason","why":"Correct for Vi. 8.33 and wrong for Ni. 1.3. The failure mode is picking one and applying it everywhere."},{"rendering":"pathogen","why":"Imports a germ-theory object. Charaka's three nidāna are misuse of the senses, error of judgement and the action of time; none is an organism."},{"rendering":"aetiology","why":"Names the study or the account; hetu names the factor. WHO's ITA-4.4.1 head term has the same slippage."},{"rendering":"trigger","why":"Names only vyañjaka-hetu and silently drops utpādaka-hetu."}],"openQuestions":["Whether any classical commentator addresses the Vi. 8.33 / Ni. 1.3 clash directly. Chakrapani is the obvious place and I did not retrieve him.","Whether hetu has PubMed-indexed literature. I did not run a dedicated PubMed query for 'hetu' alone; the term is too short and ambiguous for a useful search, and I am recording that as a gap rather than reporting a count I did not obtain. Related queries I did run returned nothing about the term itself.","Ca. Vi. 8.57 reportedly discusses hetu further in the pratijñā/sthāpanā sequence. I retrieved the page but did not confirm what verse 57 says, so I have not recorded it."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/hetu/","canary":"78d8707622186711"},{"slug":"hitayu","page":"/lexicon/hitayu/","iast":"hitāyu / hitāyuḥ","devanagari":"हितायुः","alternates":["hitayu","hita ayu","hitaayu"],"category":"foundational","family":"foundations","renderings":[{"english":"Salutary life","sourceName":"WHO international standard terminologies on Ayurveda (WHO, 2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"Term ID ITA-1.2.2","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO's description: 'A mode of life that is advantageous for oneself and generally beneficial.' Recorded as a fact about WHO. Note WHO reads hitāyu as a mode of life, i.e. a way of living, which is a reading of Su 30.24's long list of conduct rather than of Su 1.41's bare adjective.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"beneficial","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sutrasthana Lesson XXX, aphorism 20","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Public domain. Kaviratna's phrasing is 'the Life is said to be beneficial', so his English term is 'beneficial Life'. He does not use 'salutary'.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"Good","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sutrasthana Lesson I, aphorism 40 (= Su 1.41 modern): 'Good, evil, happy and unhappy is Life.'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"The same translator renders the same word two different ways in two places - 'Good' in Su 1.41 and 'beneficial' in Su 30.24. A real internal inconsistency in the only quotable English Charaka, and worth recording as such.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"wholesome life / useful life / life in harmony with self and surroundings","sourceName":"common Indian journal and textbook usage","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"Circulates widely; 'useful life' and 'life in harmony with the surroundings' appear in Indian journal abstracts. None of these is anchored to a single Sanskrit word in the source verse.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"30 (Arthedaśamahāmūlīya Adhyāya)","verse":"24","establishes":"Defines hitam āyuḥ by a list of ethical and cognitive conduct - benevolence, abstention from others' property, truthfulness, tranquillity, deliberate action, vigilance, balanced pursuit of the trivarga, reverence, control of passions, giving, austerity and knowledge, attention to this world and the next, good memory - and then defines ahitam simply as the reverse. This excerpt is the hitāyu/ahitāyu portion of the verse; the sukha/asukha portion precedes it in the same verse.","quote":"हितैषिणः पुनर्भूतानां परस्वादुपरतस्य सत्यवादिनः शमपरस्य परीक्ष्यकारिणोऽप्रमत्तस्य त्रिवर्गं परस्परेणानुपहतमुपसेवमानस्य पूजार्हसम्पूजकस्य ज्ञानविज्ञानोपशमशीलस्य वृद्धोपसेविनःसुनियतरागरोषेर्ष्यामदमानवेगस्य सततं विविधप्रदानपरस्य तपोज्ञानप्रशमनित्यस्याध्यात्मविदस्तत्परस्य लोकमिमं चामुंचावेक्षमाणस्य स्मृतिमतिमतो हितमायुरुच्यते; अहितमतो विपर्ययेण ॥२४॥","translator":"none - Sanskrit mūla only","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.siva.sh/caraka-samhita/sutra-sthana/30/24","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"Lesson XXX (Arthedaśamahāmūlīya)","verse":"20 in Kaviratna's numbering","establishes":"The lawfully quotable English of the hitāyu definition, item-for-item matching the Sanskrit of Su 30.24 above. Kaviratna prints this as aphorism 20 of his Lesson XXX; the modern vulgate prints the whole fourfold definition as a single verse 24. Hyphenation artefacts and 'waite' for 'waits' are OCR; reproduced as retrieved.","quote":"Of  one  who  seeks  the  good  of  all  creatures,  who  abstains  from  appropriating  what  belongs  to  others,  who  is  truthful  in  speech, who  is  devoted  to  tranquillity,  who  acts  only  after  reflection  and  exami¬  nation,  who  is  never  heedless,  who  pursues  the  aggregate  of  three  (/.  e.,  Religion,  Wealth,  and  Pleasure)  without  any  one  of  them  afflicting  the  others,  who  worships  with  reverence  all  those  that  deserve  worship,  who  derives  praise  from  knowledge  and  science,  who  waite  with  reverence  on  the  old,  who  has  properly  controlled  the  impulses  of  affection  or  attachment,  of  jealousy,  of  arrogance,  and  of  pride,  who  always  makes  diverse  kinds  of  gifts,  who  is  devoted  to  penances,  knowledge,  and  peace,  who  is  conversant  with  topics  connected  with  the  Soul,  who  is  devoted  to  That,  who  acts  in  view  of  both  this  world  and  the  next,  and  who  has  a  good  memory,  the  Life  is  said  to  be  beneficial.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1 (Dīrghañjīvitīya Adhyāya)","verse":"41","establishes":"The first occurrence of the hita/ahita pair as a division of āyu, here as a bare dvandva (hitāhitaṃ) with no content; the content comes only at Su 30.24. Note the same verse also says āyurveda declares what is hita and ahita TO life (tasya hitāhitam) - a second, different use of the same pair in one line.","quote":"हिताहितं सुखं दुःखमायुस्तस्य हिताहितम्| मानं च तच्च यत्रोक्तमायुर्वेदः स उच्यते||४१||","translator":"none - Sanskrit mūla only","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Deerghanjiviteeya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"sukhāyu","why":"The pair that the tradition itself insists is not the same. Sukhāyu is defined by health, youth, strength, wealth and the ability to do as one pleases (Su 30.24, first half); hitāyu by ethical conduct and cognition. A person can have one without the other, which is the whole point of the fourfold division."},{"term":"svastha","why":"Svastha is a state of the body-mind system defined by doṣa-agni-dhātu-mala balance and pleasant ātman/indriya/manas (Su.Su 15.41). Hitāyu is a manner of living. Health is a precondition described in sukhāyu, not in hitāyu."},{"term":"pathya","why":"Pathya is what is suitable for the channels/for a given patient in a given condition - a dietetic and therapeutic judgement. Hita in hitāyu is an ethical and social judgement about a life as a whole."},{"term":"hita (as in tasya hitāhitam)","why":"Su 1.41 uses hita twice in one verse: once as a kind of life, once as what is beneficial to life. They are not the same use and conflating them collapses a distinction Charaka draws in a single line."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"healthy life","why":"Health belongs to the sukhāyu description in Su 30.24 ('not afflicted by any disease physical or mental'), not to hitāyu. Rendering hitāyu as healthy life imports the wrong half of the verse."},{"rendering":"happy life","why":"That is sukhāyu. The two are explicitly separate limbs of the same definition."},{"rendering":"long life","why":"Duration is not mentioned in the hitāyu definition at all."}],"openQuestions":["Whether any classical commentator (Chakrapani on Su 30.24) makes explicit the now-common teaching that sukhāyu is immediate pleasure while hitāyu is beneficial in the long run and for society. That formulation appears on carakasamhitaonline.com's discussion, which is a modern editorial layer, not the mūla; I did not retrieve Chakrapani's Sanskrit on this verse.","Whether NAMASTE codes hitāyu, and whether it follows WHO's 'salutary life'."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/hitayu/","canary":"92489a934be163f4"},{"slug":"indriya","page":"/lexicon/indriya/","iast":"indriya","devanagari":"इन्द्रियम्","alternates":["indriyam","indriyāṇi (pl.)","akṣa","jñānendriya / buddhīndriya and karmendriya (the two classes)","indriyādhiṣṭhāna (the seat, often confused with the indriya)"],"category":"sharira / manas","family":"body","renderings":[{"english":"The motor or sensory faculty","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-3.10.1 indriyam","verbatim":true,"assessment":"COMPARATOR. Description: 'A term that usually refers to the sense organs.' Section 3.10 is headed 'Motor or sensory faculties'. Elsewhere WHO glosses indriya as 'cognitive organ' (ITA-1.8.1.2 sannikarṣaḥ; ITA-1.9.3.3.1 manaḥ).","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"organs of motor action and sensory perception","sourceName":"National Institute of Ayurveda terminology list","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"BP0111 indriya","verbatim":true,"assessment":"COMPARATOR.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the National Institute of Ayurveda terminology list","downloadable":false},{"english":"senses / the five senses / organs of sense","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sūtrasthāna 8 passim ('there are five senses'; 'The senses become capable of seizing their respective objects only when they are led by the mind'); Sūtrasthāna 1 ('The union of body, senses, mind, and soul')","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Public domain. Kaviratna uses 'senses' for the jñānendriyas and 'organs (of knowledge and action)' when the ten are meant (Śā.1, his 24).","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"organs of cognition, communication or sense perception","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita tr. Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1911)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Śārīrasthāna 1, section 4-5","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Public domain. Used for the eleven indriyas (ten plus manas).","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"sense organs / sensory and motor organs / faculties","sourceName":"common textbook renderings","sourceKind":"other","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"'Sense organ' is near-universal and is the problematic one (see mistranslations).","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"8 (Indriyopakramaṇīya)","verse":"3 (standard; Kaviratna prints 1)","establishes":"The pañca-pañcaka: five indriyas, five indriya-dravyas (constituent elements), five adhiṣṭhānas (seats), five arthas (objects), five buddhis (cognitions). The indriya is listed separately from its seat, which is the key to the 'sense organ' problem. Kaviratna (his 1): 'It is certain that there are five senses, five materials that constitute those senses, five resting places of those senses, five objects of those senses, and five kinds of perceptions obtained through those senses.'","quote":"Iha khalu pañcēndriyāṇi, pañcēndriyadravyāṇi, pañcēndriyādhiṣṭhānāni, pañcēndriyārthāḥ, pañcēndriyabuddhayō bhavanti, ityuktamindriyādhikārē||3||","translator":"Sanskrit text as printed on Charak Samhita Online","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Indriyopakramaniya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"8","verse":"8-11 (standard; Kaviratna merges these into his aphorism 6)","establishes":"The indriyas are cakṣus, śrotra, ghrāṇa, rasana, sparśana (faculties of seeing, hearing, smelling, tasting, touching); their seats are the eyes, ears, nostrils, tongue and skin. Kaviratna: 'The five senses are vision, hearing, scent, taste, and touch. ... The resting places of the five senses are the two eyes, the two ears, the nose, the tongue, and the skin or whole body.'","quote":"Tatra cakṣuḥ śrōtraṁ ghrāṇaṁ rasanaṁ sparśanamiti pañcēndriyāṇi||8|| pañcēndriyadravyāṇi- khaṁ vāyurjyōtirāpō bhūriti||9|| Pañcēndriyādhiṣṭhānāni- akṣiṇī karṇau nāsikē jihvā tvak cēti||10|| Pañcēndriyārthāḥ- śabdasparśarūparasagandhāḥ||11||","translator":"Sanskrit text as printed on Charak Samhita Online","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Indriyopakramaniya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"8","verse":"7 and 14 (standard; Kaviratna prints 5 and 8-9)","establishes":"Indriyas grasp objects only when preceded by manas (7); they are known by inference (anumānagamya), composed of all five bhūtas with one predominant each (14). 'Known by inference' is why 'organ' misleads: the indriya is not the visible eye. Kaviratna (his 5): 'The senses become capable of seizing their respective objects only when they are led by the mind.'","quote":"Manaḥpuraḥsarāṇīndriyāṇyarthagrahaṇasamarthāni bhavanti||7|| ... Tatrānumānagamyānāṁ pañcamahābhūtavikārasamudāyātmakānāmapi satāmindriyāṇāṁ tējaścakṣuṣi, khaṁ śrōtrē, ghrāṇē kṣitiḥ, āpō rasanē, sparśanē'nilō viśēṣēṇōpapadyatē|...||14||","translator":"Sanskrit text as printed on Charak Samhita Online","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Indriyopakramaniya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Śārīrasthāna","chapter":"1","verse":"17 and 24-26 (standard; Kaviratna prints 24 and 31-33)","establishes":"The ten indriyas (daśendriya) of the 24-fold puruṣa: five inferred from their actions, five karmendriyas. Kaviratna (his 24): 'These are mind, the ten organs (of knowledge and action), the five objects of the five organs of knowledge, and the eight modifications of Prakriti.'","quote":"manō daśēndriyāṇyarthāḥ prakr̥tiścāṣṭadhātukī||17|| ... ēkaikādhikayuktāni khādīnāmindriyāṇi tu| pañca karmānumēyāni yēbhyō buddhiḥ pravartatē||24|| hastau pādau gudōpasthaṁ vāgindriyamathāpi ca| karmēndriyāṇi pañcaiva pādau gamanakarmaṇi||25||","translator":"Sanskrit text as printed on Charak Samhita Online","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Katidhapurusha_Sharira","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Śārīrasthāna","chapter":"1","verse":"Bhishagratna's sections 4-5; Sanskrit verse number not established","establishes":"Suśruta counts eleven indriyas including manas (ubhayātmaka), and derives them from ahaṃkāra in Sāṃkhya fashion. Caraka (Sū.8.4) instead calls manas atīndriya. The two texts differ on whether manas is an indriya.","quote":"The eleven organs of cognition, communication or sense perception have emanated from the co-operation of the aforesaid Vaikarika Ahamkara with the Taijasa or Rajasa. They are the ears, skin, eyes, tongue, nose, speech, hands, genitals, anus, feet and the mind (Manah). Of these foregoing organs the first five are intellectual or sense organs (Vuddhi-Indriya); the next five being operative (Karma-Indriya). The mind (Manah) partakes of the character of both the intellectual and operative organs alike.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-3-sharirasthana/d/doc142879.html","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"indriyādhiṣṭhāna","why":"The seat (eye, ear, nose, tongue, skin) is a separate member of the pañca-pañcaka (Ca.Sū.8.10). The indriya is the inferred faculty; 'sense organ' names the seat."},{"term":"indriyārtha","why":"The object (śabda etc.), the thing grasped, not the grasper."},{"term":"indriya-buddhi","why":"The resulting cognition (Ca.Sū.8.12), momentary and determinative."},{"term":"manas","why":"Caraka Sū.8.4: manas is atīndriya, beyond the indriyas; Suśruta Śā.1 counts it as the eleventh indriya. A lexicon must say which text it follows."},{"term":"Indriyasthāna","why":"The fifth section of the Caraka Saṃhitā, on prognostic signs (ariṣṭa), takes its name from indriya in the sense of 'signs perceptible to the physician's senses'; Kaviratna (Sū.30): 'The fifth division, called Indriya, treats of the Senses in particular'. Not the sensory faculty doctrine."},{"term":"jñānendriya vs karmendriya","why":"The two classes of the ten; see their own records."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"sense organ","why":"Universal and misleading: Ca.Sū.8.3 and 8.10 separate indriya from adhiṣṭhāna, and 8.14 says the indriya is anumāna-gamya (inferred). The organ is the seat, the indriya is the faculty. WHO's 'faculty' is the more careful choice."},{"rendering":"senses","why":"Kaviratna's default. Adequate for the five jñānendriyas but makes nonsense of karmendriya ('sense of grasping') and of daśendriya."},{"rendering":"organs of cognition, communication or sense perception","why":"Bhishagratna's triple hedge for eleven items including feet and genitals; 'communication' has no Sanskrit warrant."}],"openQuestions":["Whether Caraka anywhere counts manas among the indriyas (Sū.8.4 says atīndriya; Śā.1.17 lists mano daśendriyāṇi separately), against Suśruta's eleven.","Whether Cakrapāṇi reads Sū.8.14 as bhautika origin of indriyas in deliberate opposition to Sāṃkhya."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/indriya/","canary":"38ecedc4085e85ee"},{"slug":"indriya-artha","page":"/lexicon/indriya-artha/","iast":"indriyārtha","devanagari":"इन्द्रियार्थः (pl. इन्द्रियार्थाः)","alternates":["indriyartha","indriyārthāḥ","artha (in context)","viṣaya","bhūta-guṇa (śabda, sparśa, rūpa, rasa, gandha as qualities of the mahābhūtas)"],"category":"sharira / manas","family":"body","renderings":[{"english":"object of cognitive organ(s) (indriyartha)","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-1.8.1.2 sannikarṣaḥ","verbatim":true,"assessment":"COMPARATOR. No standalone indriyārtha headword was found by string search of the extracted PDF text ('indriyārth' in the IAST column: 0 hits); the term appears only inside this description. PDF text extraction can break hyphenated terms, so absence is not certain.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":null,"sourceName":"National Institute of Ayurveda terminology list","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"BP0113 indriyārthāḥ","verbatim":true,"assessment":"COMPARATOR. The NIA list also has BP0114 indriyārthasannikarṣaḥ 'sequential interaction between the sensory organ with object'.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the National Institute of Ayurveda terminology list","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the National Institute of Ayurveda terminology list"},{"english":"objects of the senses / the objects of those senses","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sūtrasthāna 1 (his 53), Sūtrasthāna 8 (his 1, 6)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Public domain. His standing equivalent.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"properties","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sūtrasthāna 1, his aphorism 48 (= standard 49, sārthā)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Public domain. His footnote: 'The word rendered properties is artha. They are, as explained by the commentator, the sensations, viz., vision, taste, touch, scent, and hearing, corresponding to the five elemental objective existences.' Note he reads artha as the sensation rather than the object.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"sense objects","sourceName":"Charak Samhita Online translation (CC BY-NC-SA)","sourceKind":"edition","locator":"Sū.8.11","verbatim":true,"assessment":"In-copyright, recorded as rendering only.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Charak Samhita Online translation (CC BY-NC-SA)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"\"Charak Samhita Online translation (CC BY-NC-SA)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation"},{"english":"the subjects of the five intellectual (Vuddhi) organs","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita tr. Bhishagratna (1911)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Śārīrasthāna 1, section 7","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Public domain. 'Hearing, touch, sight, taste and smell respectively form the subjects of the five intellectual (Vuddhi) organs'; Bhishagratna lists the faculties, not the objects, as 'subjects'.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"sense objects / sensory objects / objects of perception","sourceName":"common textbook renderings","sourceKind":"other","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":null,"licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"8","verse":"11 (standard; within Kaviratna's aphorism 6)","establishes":"The canonical list: śabda, sparśa, rūpa, rasa, gandha. Kaviratna: 'The five objects of the five senses are sound, touch, form, taste, and scent.'","quote":"Pañcēndriyārthāḥ- śabdasparśarūparasagandhāḥ||11||","translator":"Sanskrit text as printed on Charak Samhita Online","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Indriyopakramaniya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"8","verse":"12 (standard; Kaviratna's 6)","establishes":"Indriyārtha is one of the four factors (indriya, indriyārtha, sattva, ātmā) whose sannikarṣa produces the indriya-buddhi. Kaviratna: 'These perceptions spring from a union of the senses, the objects of the senses, mind, and the soul.'","quote":"tāḥ punarindriyēndriyārthasattvātmasannikarṣajāḥ, kṣaṇikā, niścayātmikāśca","translator":"Sanskrit text as printed on Charak Samhita Online","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Indriyopakramaniya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"1","verse":"54 (standard; Kaviratna prints 53)","establishes":"Indriyārtha as one of the three things whose mis-, under- or over-conjunction causes disease; the basis of asātmyendriyārtha-saṃyoga.","quote":"kālabuddhīndriyārthānāṁ yōgō mithyā na cāti ca| dvayāśrayāṇāṁ vyādhīnāṁ trividhō hētusaṅgrahaḥ||54||","translator":"Sanskrit text as printed on Charak Samhita Online","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Deerghanjiviteeya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"11","verse":"37 (standard)","establishes":"Here artha alone stands for indriyārtha, and the verse works through each of the five objects giving ati-, a- and mithyā-yoga (only the rūpa clause reproduced). Shows 'artha' is used elliptically for indriyārtha in the etiological context.","quote":"त्रीण्यायतनानीति- अर्थानां कर्मणः कालस्य चातियोगायोगमिथ्यायोगाः| तत्रातिप्रभावतां दृश्यानामतिमात्रं दर्शनमतियोगः, सर्वशोऽदर्शनमयोगः, अतिश्लिष्टातिविप्रकृष्टरौद्रभैरवाद्भुतद्विष्टबीभत्सनविकृतवित्रासनादिरूपदर्शनं मिथ्यायोगः;","translator":"Sanskrit text as printed on Charak Samhita Online","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Tistraishaniya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Śārīrasthāna","chapter":"1","verse":"27 (standard)","establishes":"The five indriyārthas are the guṇas of the five mahābhūtas (śabda, sparśa, rūpa, rasa, gandha of ākāśa, vāyu, agni, ap, pṛthivī), which is why Sū.1.56 can list them as bhūta-guṇa. Kaviratna (his 34-35): 'The great primal elements are ether (space), air, fire (or light), water, and earth. Their (respective) attributes are sound, touch, form (vision), taste, and scent.' His footnote to Sū.1 (his 48, pp. 4-5) glosses artha, following the commentator, as 'the sensations, viz., vision, taste, touch, scent, and hearing', and matches each to one of 'the five elemental objective existences, viz., light, water, air, earth, and space': that phrase is his name for the bhūtas, not for the arthas.","quote":"mahābhūtāni khaṁ vāyuragnirāpaḥ kṣitistathā| śabdaḥ sparśaśca rūpaṁ ca rasō gandhaśca tadguṇāḥ||27||","translator":"Sanskrit text as printed on Charak Samhita Online","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Katidhapurusha_Sharira","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"indriya","why":"The faculty that grasps; indriyārtha is what is grasped."},{"term":"manortha / mano'rtha","why":"The objects of the mind (cintya, vicārya, ūhya, dhyeya, saṅkalpya; Ca.Śā.1.20; WHO ITA-1.9.3.3.7 'Objects of the mind'). Caraka keeps the two object-classes apart in Sū.8.5 (svārtha vs indriyārtha)."},{"term":"artha (as 'meaning' or 'purpose' or 'wealth')","why":"Artha is polysemous; Sū.11.37 uses bare artha for sense-object, while the same chapter's title (tisra eṣaṇā) and Sū.11.45 use artha for wealth/aims. Kaviratna renders artha 'properties' at Sū.1.49."},{"term":"viṣaya","why":"The Nyāya/Yoga word for the same five objects; Caraka uses viṣaya in Śā.1.23 ('jāyate viṣaye tatra yā buddhiḥ'). Treated as synonymous in textbooks."},{"term":"tanmātra","why":"In the Sāṃkhya 24-tattva scheme (Suśruta Śā.1; Kaviratna's footnote to Ca.Śā.1.17) the subtle sensibles are tanmātras, counted within the eightfold prakṛti, whereas Caraka's Śā.1.17 counts the five arthas among the sixteen vikāras. The two schemes place 'objects' on opposite sides of the prakṛti/vikāra line."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"properties (of vision, taste, scent, touch, and hearing)","why":"Kaviratna, Sū.1.49, following a commentarial reading that artha = the sensation. The Sanskrit list in Sū.8.11 is of objects (śabda, sparśa ...), not sensations."},{"rendering":"subjects of the five intellectual organs","why":"Bhishagratna, Su.Śā.1: 'subjects' in Edwardian English meant 'topics', and he lists the faculties (hearing, touch) where the Sanskrit has the objects."},{"rendering":"sensory stimuli","why":"Modern paraphrase; imports a physiological causal model (stimulus-response) absent from the sannikarṣa account."}],"openQuestions":["Whether Cakrapāṇi at Sū.1.49 reads sārthā as 'together with the arthas' (objects) or as Kaviratna's 'properties/sensations'."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/indriya-artha/","canary":"2e9b6a5aa9c7a124"},{"slug":"jala","page":"/lexicon/jala/","iast":"jala","devanagari":"जल (WHO/NAMASTE form जलम्)","alternates":["jalam","āpaḥ / ap (Caraka's name in lists: पृथिव्यापस्तेजो...)","toya (Ca.Śā. 4.6 ...तोय...)","udaka / audaka (adj., Ca.Sū. 26.8)","āpya (adj., substance with jala predominant)","salila","vāri"],"category":"mahabhuta","family":"foundations","renderings":[{"english":"Water element","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator standard","locator":"ITA-1.9.3.1.6 jalam","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO's index (p.507) also has a separate entry āpaḥ ITA-8.2.35, which from its section number is in a non-elemental (probably dietetic) part of the book; not retrieved.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"water element","sourceName":"NAMASTE Standardized Ayurveda Terminologies","sourceKind":"comparator standard","locator":"SAT-A.180 jalam","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology"},{"english":null,"sourceName":"NIA/WHO-APW draft (2011)","sourceKind":"comparator draft terminology","locator":"SK0086","verbatim":true,"assessment":"The draft's p.20 entry (not fully captured) also reads 'One of the pancha mahabhuta which is responsible for binding all particles within a substance; Synonym of Jala' for an āpaḥ-type headword.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"water (Apa)","sourceName":"Bhishagratna, Su.Sū. 41","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"wisdomlib doc141671","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"fluid (water); 'Apa (water or liquid)'","sourceName":"Bhishagratna, Su.Śā. 1","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"wisdomlib doc142879, sections 6 and 20: 'The properties of Apa (water or liquid) are taste, the tongue, fluidity, heaviness, coldness, olioginousness and semen.'","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"Water","sourceName":"Kaviratna, Caraka Sū. 26, Śā. 1, 4, 5","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"archive.org BIUSante_47357; Śā. 5: 'the liquid secretions are Water'","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"water","sourceName":"Common textbook usage","sourceKind":"textbook usage","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":null,"licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Caraka Saṃhitā","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"26","verse":"Standard 26.11 (prose unit; carakasamhitaonline Atreyabhadrakapyiya); Kaviratna prints '23' after the two sentences, p. 300, Lesson XXVI (archive.org BIUSante_47357 leaf 414, read from the page image)","establishes":"Kaviratna's two departures from the Trikamji text at Ca.Sū. 26.11 are variants of his named base edition, not his own errors: Jivananda Vidyasagara's Calcutta Charaka (1877, p. 156) reads picchila-SARA-rasaguṇabahulāny āpyāni, which is his 'mobile', and lists only five effects (upakleda, sneha, bandha, viṣyanda, prahlāda) without mārdava, which is his five. Kaviratna himself names 'the Calcutta edition (of Pandit Jibananda)' as his text. What is his own is the silent omission of rasaguṇabahula, which he renders in all four parallel bhūta clauses. The commented reading remains rasa: Cakrapāṇi re-quotes 'rasaguṇabahulāni' in his gloss on this very passage.","quote":"Those that are principally liquid, oily, cold, mild, soft, unctious, and mobile, are regarded as appertaining to Water. These objects promote impurities, oiliness, numbness, stoppage of secretions, and cheerfulness and joy (in both body and mind).","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/charakasamhitajivanandavidyasagar1877_226_N/page/n165.jpg","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Suśruta Saṃhitā","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"41","verse":"Sushruta Sutrasthana 41.4, item (2) (siva.sh numbering); Bhishagratna 'Apyam Drugs' paragraph, no section number printed","establishes":"Sushruta's apya dravya profile at Su 41.4: ten gunas, sita, stimita, snigdha, manda, guru, sara, sandra, mrdu, picchila, rasabahula, which Bhishagratna renders one for one (cold, moist, glossy, devoid of keenness, takes time to be digested, mobile, compact, soft, slimy, sappy); sara ('mobile') is genuinely in Sushruta's list, unlike Caraka Su 26.11. Taste: predominantly madhura (madhura-rasa-prayam), with a slight (isat) kasaya, amla and lavana. Bhishagratna's 'largely endued with an acid, saline or sweet taste marked by a shade of astringent' moves amla and lavana into the dominant group; that regrouping is his, not the Sanskrit's.","quote":"A thing or substance, which is cold, moist, glossy, devoid of keenness, takes time to be digested, is mobile, compact, soft, slimy, sappy, and is largely endued with an acid, saline or sweet taste marked by a shade of astringent, is called a substance of dominant water (Apyam) principle.","translator":"Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc141671.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Suśruta Saṃhitā","sthana":"Śārīrasthāna","chapter":"1","verse":"Bhishagratna section 20; Sanskrit verse 19 per siva.sh","establishes":"Jala-derived bodily features including śukra (semen). 'Olioginousness' is as printed.","quote":"The properties of Apa (water or liquid) are taste, the tongue, fluidity, heaviness, coldness, olioginousness and semen.","translator":"Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-3-sharirasthana/d/doc142879.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Caraka Saṃhitā","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"26","verse":"Kaviratna prints '15' after this unit; standard number not established (lies between 26.8 and 26.10 in the Sanskrit; I did not retrieve the verse)","establishes":"Water (ap) as the yoni of the six rasas, the classical reason jala is called the substratum of taste (WHO ITA-1.9.3.1.6).","quote":null,"quoteWithheld":"nobody has yet read this quotation against its printed source, and an unchecked quotation is not published here","translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"kapha (doṣa)","why":"Kapha is the doṣa in which jala and pṛthvī predominate (NIA draft p.149); not the bhūta."},{"term":"rasa dhātu","why":"The first dhātu, 'dominated by Jala' (NIA draft p.261); a tissue, not the bhūta."},{"term":"drinking water / jala varga","why":"The NIA draft and Caraka's dietetics use jala for potable water and classify waters (antarikṣa jala, sāmudra jala, gāṁga jala, duṣṭa jala); WHO has a separate āpaḥ ITA-8.2.35 in the dietetic range."},{"term":"'liquid' as a state of matter","why":"Bhishagratna's 'fluid (water)', 'water or liquid' and footnote 'Liquid'; the bhūta is defined by rasa (taste) and dravatva/snigdhatva, including cohesion ('binding all particles')."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"liquid / fluid","why":"Period-science equivalence (Bhishagratna); misses the cohesion sense that WHO, NAMASTE and the NIA draft all retain."},{"rendering":"'promote impurities'","why":"Kaviratna's rendering of the effects of āpya dravyas (Sū. 26) looks like Edwardian English for a Sanskrit term (probably kleda, moistening); do not record as Caraka saying water-substances cause impurity without checking the Sanskrit."}],"openQuestions":["Standard verse number for Kaviratna's aphorism 15 ('their origin, is Water') in Sū. 26 needs a numbered Sanskrit check.","Content of WHO 2022 āpaḥ ITA-8.2.35 (seen only in the index)."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/jala/","canary":"5830e4db88dc83e3"},{"slug":"jatharagni","page":"/lexicon/jatharagni/","iast":"jāṭharāgni","devanagari":"जाठराग्नि","alternates":["jaṭharāgni (NAMASTE spelling)","koṣṭhāgni","pācakāgni","udarāgni","antarāgni","dehāgni"],"category":"physiology / core concept","family":"body","renderings":[{"english":"Metabolic factors located in the digestive tract","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"terminology-standard","locator":"ITA-2.6.3","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO description verbatim: 'Transformative factors in the gastrointestinal tract.' Re-verified against the live IRIS PDF.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false},{"english":"disorders of digestive power","sourceName":"NAMASTE / National AYUSH Morbidity Codes (NAMC), Ministry of Ayush","sourceKind":"terminology-standard","locator":"NAMC code DB","verbatim":true,"assessment":"NAMASTE codes the disorder heading, not the physiological term. Note NAMASTE spells the stem जठर- (jaṭhara-), not जाठर- (jāṭhara-); the two spellings are both in circulation and a lexicon should record the variance.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology"},{"english":"the fire, that burns within a person ... the digestant of food","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, tr. Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907-1916)","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"Sūtrasthāna Chapter XXXV (= Su.Sū.35.27), p. 321","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Bhishagratna does not transliterate the term; he renders the underlying jāṭharo ... agniḥ periphrastically. There is therefore no public-domain English word-for-word rendering of 'jāṭharāgni'.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"metabolic fire","sourceName":"Anc Sci Life 2015 (PMID 26283805)","sourceKind":"secondary-literature","locator":"abstract","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Verbatim from the abstract: 'Jāṭharāgni (metabolic fire)'. Same paper also renders it '(the metabolic agent in Ayurveda)'. Common in the research literature and in direct conflict with WHO's 'digestive tract' localisation.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Anc Sci Life 2015 (PMID 26283805)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"digestive fire / gastric fire","sourceName":"General textbook usage","sourceKind":"secondary-literature","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"The most widespread English rendering. 'Gastric' is too narrow, see distinguishFrom.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true},{"english":"no ICD-11 TM2 category found","sourceName":"ICD-11 MMS v2026-01, TM2","sourceKind":"classification","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"TM2 codes disorders, not physiological faculties. Related morbidity appears at SM3B (see agnimandya).","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Sushruta Saṃhitā (Sanskrit)","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"35 (Ātura-upakramaṇīya)","verse":"27","establishes":"The word jāṭhara occurs here as an adjective qualifying agni ('the jāṭhara agni, lordly and divine, is the cooker of food'), not yet as a fixed compound. This is the closest thing to a saṃhitā-level attestation of the term.","quote":"जाठरो भगवानग्निरीश्वरोऽन्नस्य पाचकः \nसौक्ष्म्याद्र सानाददानो विवेक्तुं नैव शक्यते २७","translator":"none (Sanskrit mūla)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/सुश्रुतसंहिता/सूत्रस्थानम्/अध्याय_३१-४६","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Saṃhitā (Sanskrit)","sthana":"Cikitsāsthāna","chapter":"15","verse":"39","establishes":"The doctrine of jāṭharāgni's supremacy, stated without using the word: 'the cooker of food is held to be the lord of all cookers; they are rooted in it, and wax and wane as it waxes and wanes.'","quote":"अन्नस्य पक्ता सर्वेषां पक्तॄणामधिपो मतः। तन्मूलास्ते हि तद्वृद्धिक्षयवृद्धिक्षयात्मकाः॥३९॥","translator":"none (Sanskrit mūla)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.siva.sh/caraka-samhita/chikitsa-sthana/15/39","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Saṃhitā","sthana":"Cikitsāsthāna","chapter":"15","verse":"39 (Kaviratna prints 38)","establishes":"Public-domain English for the supremacy doctrine. Kaviratna renders it 'the prince of all heats' and never uses the word jāṭharāgni.","quote":"That heat which cooks (digests) the food eaten is the prince of all heats whose function is cooking. Indeed, all the other heats have the food-cooking heat for their root. Their increase or decrease depends on its increase or decrease.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Aṣṭāṅga Hṛdaya (Sanskrit)","sthana":"Śārīrasthāna","chapter":"3","verse":"71","establishes":"Vāgbhaṭa restates the supremacy doctrine in almost the same words as Charaka (adhiko for Charaka's adhipo). Chapter/verse confirmed by the file's own internal variant markers (3.51dv ... 3.74dv ... 3.75av) bracketing this passage.","quote":"annasya paktā sarveṣāṃ paktṝṇām adhiko mataḥ |\ntan-mūlās te hi tad-vṛddhi-kṣaya-vṛddhi-kṣayātmakāḥ || 71 ||","translator":"none — no public-domain English translation of Aṣṭāṅga Hṛdaya exists, so no English is quoted","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/corpustei/transformations/plaintext/sa_vAgbhaTa-aSTAGgahRdayasUtra.txt","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"agni (general)","why":"jāṭharāgni is one member of the 13-fold set; agni is the whole category. WHO gives them separate term IDs (ITA-2.6.1 vs ITA-2.6.3)."},{"term":"pācakāgni / pācaka pitta","why":"Sushruta's own term for the digesting fire (Su.Sū.21), explicitly a variety of pitta seated between āmāśaya and pakvāśaya. Authors who treat jāṭharāgni and pācakāgni as one word are importing Charaka's framework into Sushruta's."},{"term":"grahaṇī","why":"Grahaṇī is the anatomical seat, not the agent: Ca.Ci.15.56 'agnyadhiṣṭhānam annasya grahaṇād grahaṇī matā'. Kaviratna: 'The duct called Grahani is the seat of the digestive fire'. Confusing the two produces the common error of treating grahaṇī-roga as identical with mandāgni."},{"term":"dhātvagni","why":"jāṭharāgni acts on ingested food in the gut; dhātvagni acts on already-formed tissue. Ca.Ci.15.39 makes jāṭharāgni causally prior, not identical."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"gastric fire / stomach fire","why":"Localises it to the stomach. The classical seat is the grahaṇī above the navel, at the āmāśaya-pakvāśaya junction (Ca.Ci.15.56; Su.Sū.21), which is duodenal rather than gastric."},{"rendering":"gastric juice / hydrochloric acid","why":"A 19th-20th century equivalence (Bhishagratna's introduction already gestures at it) that cannot carry the doctrine of Ca.Ci.15.39, where jāṭharāgni governs the strength of all the other agnis."},{"rendering":"metabolism","why":"Loses the gastrointestinal localisation that WHO's own gloss insists on ('Transformative factors in the gastrointestinal tract'). PMID 26283805's 'metabolic fire' has this problem."}],"openQuestions":["Where does the compound jāṭharāgni first appear, Vāgbhaṭa, Cakrapāṇi, Śārṅgadhara, or later?","Is NAMASTE's जठराग्निविकारः spelling a deliberate variant or a data-entry slip?","Does any text localise jāṭharāgni to the stomach rather than the grahaṇī?"],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/jatharagni/","canary":"8e3e55dd33f5a1c3"},{"slug":"jihva-pariksha","page":"/lexicon/jihva-pariksha/","iast":"jihvā-parīkṣā","devanagari":"जिह्वापरीक्षा","alternates":["jihwa pariksha","jivha pariksha","rasanā-parīkṣā (rasanā is a WHO synonym of jihvā)","āsya-parīkṣā (adjacent mouth-taste section in the Yogaratnakara, not identical)"],"category":"pariksha (tongue examination; fourth member of the Yogaratnakara's eightfold examination)","family":"clinic","renderings":[{"english":"tongue (domain 4 of aṣṭasthānaparīkṣā, ITA-4.7.4)","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"ITA-4.7.4","verbatim":true,"assessment":"No stand-alone entry for jihvā-parīkṣā.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Tongue (jihvā, rasanā, gojihvikā, gojihvā as synonyms)","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"PDF page 87","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Jihwa (tongue); Jivha (Tongue)","sourceName":"Shekhawat, JVWU BAMS e-notes","sourceKind":"textbook/teaching","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Shekhawat, JVWU BAMS e-notes\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"tongue (jivha) assessment","sourceName":"Kurande et al. 2013 (PMID 24191170)","sourceKind":"peer-reviewed","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Kurande et al. 2013 (PMID 24191170)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":null,"englishWithheld":"this project has not cleared that source for quotation","sourceName":"Wagh et al. 2026 (PMID 42142499)","sourceKind":"peer-reviewed pilot","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Wagh et al. 2026 (PMID 42142499)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false}],"classical":[{"text":"Yogaratnakara","sthana":"Pūrvārdha, section 'atha rogiṇām aṣṭasthāna-nirīkṣaṇam'","chapter":"Nirnaya Sagar Press edition, text pp. 2-3","verse":"verses 1 and 5-8 of the section (vv. 7-8 open text p. 3 under the running head 'अष्टविधपरीक्षा ३', archive.org leaf n31)","establishes":"Tongue (jihvā) is one of the eight sites named in v. 1 (nāḍī, mūtra, mala, jihvā, śabda, sparśa, dṛk, ākṛti). Verses 5-6ab single out pulse, tongue, eyes and urine as what the physician examines first in all diseases before treating. Verses 6cd-7ab say the physician who does not know the signs (lakṣaṇa) of pulse, urine and tongue soon kills the patient and earns no fame; vv. 7cd-8 give the positive counterpart, that the physician who has noted place and time and gauged the strength of the disease before beginning treatment wins fame and renown.","quote":"रोगाक्रान्तशरीरस्य स्थानान्यष्टौ निरीक्षयेत् । नाडीं मूत्रं मलं जिह्वां शब्दं स्पर्शं दृगाकृती ॥ १ ॥ ... आदौ सर्वेषु रोगेषु नाडीजिह्वाक्षिमूत्रतः ॥ ५ ॥ परीक्षां कारयेद्वैद्यः पश्चाद्रोगं चिकित्सयेत् । नाड्या मूत्रस्य जिह्वाया लक्षणं यो न विन्दति ॥ ६ ॥ मारयत्याशु वै जन्तुं स वैद्यो न यशो भजेत् । लक्षयित्वा देशकालौ ज्ञात्वा रोगबलाबलम् ॥ ७ ॥ चिकित्सामारभेद्वैद्यो यशः कीर्तिमवाप्नुयात् ॥ ८ ॥","translator":"none (Sanskrit OCR; 'जिह' = जिह्वां, 'जिह्धाक्षि' = जिह्वाक्षि, 'रश्चणं' = लक्षणं)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/yogaratnakarakrishnasharmanavrenirnayasagarpress_366_b/page/n31.jpg","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Yogaratnakara","sthana":"Pūrvārdha, section headed 'atha jihvā-parīkṣā' (preceded by 'athāsya-parīkṣā')","chapter":"Nirnaya Sagar Press edition, text p. 7 per OCR headers","verse":"jihvā-parīkṣā verses 1-2","establishes":"The tongue signs by dosha: cold, rough, cracked in vāta excess; red or dark in pitta; white and very slimy in kapha; black, thorny, dry in sannipāta; mixed signs in combined dosha.","quote":"अथ्‌ जिहापरीक्षा ¦ जिह्वा रीता खरस्परषं स्फुटिता मार्तेऽधिके । रक्ता इयामा भवेप्पित्ते कफे शख्राऽतिपिच्छिखा ॥ ¶॥ कृष्णा सकण्टका शुष्का संनिपाताधिके कु सा । मिश्रिते मिभिता ज्ञेया सवैलक्षणवर्जिता ॥ २॥ इति जिह्धापरीकश्चा ।","translator":"none (Sanskrit OCR, garbled: रीता = शीता, खरस्परषं = खरस्पर्शा, मार्तेऽधिके = मारुतेऽधिके, इयामा = श्यामा, शख्रा = शुक्ला, पिच्छिखा = पिच्छिला)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/yogaratnakarakrishnasharmanavrenirnayasagarpress_366_b/Yoga%20Ratnakara%20Krishna%20Sharma%20Navre%20Nirnaya%20Sagar%20Press_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Caraka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"4, Kaviratna Lesson IV, printed p. 497","verse":"Kaviratna's aphorism 9 (printed after); within standard 4/7","establishes":"Caraka excludes rasa alone from the physician's direct sensory examination of the patient (Vi 4/7: sarvān indriyārthān āturaśarīragatān parīkṣeta, anyatra rasajñānāt); the patient's mouth-taste (āturamukharasa) is to be learned by questioning him, because the physician cannot taste it himself. The 'tongue' in this passage is the physician's, not the patient's. It shows that Caraka's explicit tongue-related instruction here concerns taste, not inspection; it is NOT evidence that Caraka never inspected a patient's tongue, since the same aphorism orders colour and form of the body examined by eye and Vi 8/8 describes a fit student's tongue as thin, red and clear (tanu-rakta-viśada-jihva). The named eightfold jihvā-parīkṣā is Yogaratnakara's, but this passage does not prove its absence from Caraka.","quote":"Verily, the taste occurring in the body of the patient, though an object of sense, should be ascertained by Inference ; since, the ascertainment of this by the employment of the physician's own tongue cannot very well take place. Therefore, it is by questioning the patient that the taste of his mouth should be known.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"āsya-parīkṣā (mouth/taste examination)","why":"In the Nirnaya Sagar Yogaratnakara a separate section on taste in the mouth (sweet in vāta, pungent in pitta, sweet-sour in kapha) immediately precedes jihvā-parīkṣā; Caraka likewise treats mouth-taste by questioning (Vi. 4/7)."},{"term":"rasanā (gustatory sense)","why":"WHO lists rasanā as a synonym of jihvā (the organ), but in the indriya context rasanendriya is the sense of taste, not the inspected organ."},{"term":"Chinese-medicine tongue diagnosis","why":"Modern papers (e.g. 42142499) borrow TCM-derived indices such as the Winkel coating index; the Yogaratnakara's dosha-sign scheme is different and much shorter."},{"term":"jihvā-stambha, jihvā-mūlagata-mala (WHO disease/sign terms)","why":"These are disorders or signs of the tongue, not the examination."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"Tongue diagnosis","why":"The Yogaratnakara reads dosha predominance from the tongue; it is one of eight sites contributing to assessment, not a diagnostic system of its own."},{"rendering":"Treating 'coated tongue = Ama' as classical doctrine of jihvā-parīkṣā","why":"The Yogaratnakara jihvā verses quoted speak of cold/rough/cracked, red/dark, white/slimy, black/thorny/dry tongues by dosha; the specific equation of coating with āma as an index is a modern operationalisation (PMID 42142499 calls it 'an indicator of Ama in Ayurveda' without citing a verse)."}],"openQuestions":["Verse numbering of the jihvā-parīkṣā section in the Vidyotini and Suresh Babu editions.","Whether the āsya-parīkṣā section is treated as part of jihvā-parīkṣā in other editions."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/jihva-pariksha/","canary":"d87b352f05849b0f"},{"slug":"jnanendriya","page":"/lexicon/jnanendriya/","iast":"jñānendriya","devanagari":"ज्ञानेन्द्रियम्","alternates":["jnanendriya","buddhīndriya (Caraka Śā.1, Suśruta Śā.1 'Vuddhi-Indriya')","jñānendriyāṇi (pl.)","pañcendriya (when only the five cognitive faculties are meant, as in Ca.Sū.8)"],"category":"sharira / manas","family":"body","renderings":[{"english":"Sensory faculty","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-3.10.4 jñānendriyam","verbatim":true,"assessment":"COMPARATOR. Description: 'The five sensory or cognitive faculties: auditory, visual, gustatory, olfactory and tactile sensory faculties.' Sub-entries ITA-3.10.5 śrotrendriyam 'Auditory sense faculty', ITA-3.10.6 'Visual sense faculty', etc. Elsewhere WHO writes 'cognitive organs (jñanendriya)' (ITA pāṇḍurogaḥ description).","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false},{"english":null,"sourceName":"National Institute of Ayurveda terminology list","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"SK0089 jñānendriya","verbatim":true,"assessment":"COMPARATOR.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the National Institute of Ayurveda terminology list","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the National Institute of Ayurveda terminology list"},{"english":"organs of knowledge / the five organs of sense","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Śārīrasthāna 1, his aphorism 24 and its footnote","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Public domain. 'the ten organs (of knowledge and action), the five objects of the five organs of knowledge'; footnote: 'the five organs of sense, viz., eye, ear, nose, tounge, and the entire skin'.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"the (five) organs of sense","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. Kaviratna","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Śārīrasthāna 1, his aphorism 31 (= standard 24)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Public domain. 'The (five) organs of sense, whose existence is indicated by five (different) functions, are connected with the (five) primal elements'.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"intellectual or sense organs (Vuddhi-Indriya) / the five intellectual (Vuddhi) organs","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita tr. Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1911)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Śārīrasthāna 1, sections 4-5 and 7","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Public domain. Note Suśruta's word is buddhīndriya, not jñānendriya.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"sense organs / organs of perception / cognitive senses / sensory faculties","sourceName":"common textbook renderings","sourceKind":"other","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":null,"licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"8","verse":"8 (standard; within Kaviratna's aphorism 6)","establishes":"The five cognitive faculties by name. Caraka's chapter calls them simply pañcendriyāṇi; the word jñānendriya does not occur in any passage retrieved for this record.","quote":"Tatra cakṣuḥ śrōtraṁ ghrāṇaṁ rasanaṁ sparśanamiti pañcēndriyāṇi||8||","translator":"Sanskrit text as printed on Charak Samhita Online","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Indriyopakramaniya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Śārīrasthāna","chapter":"1","verse":"Kaviratna's printed 31 confirmed from the page image (archive.org BIUSante_47357 leaf n841, printed p. 6 of the Sarirasthana part); standard Trikamji number 24 independently confirmed from GRETIL car_5,1.24","establishes":"Cakrapani's Ayurvedadipika on Ca.Sa.1.24 does not adjudicate between the two readings of ekaikadhikayuktani; it carries both. His literal gloss is the cumulative one that Kaviratna follows (ekaikena adhikena bhutena yuktani: each indriya yoked to one more mahabhuta than the last), and he then says the very same word hints (sucayati) at the doctrine that all five indriyas are pancabhautika with one element predominating in each, which is the reading carakasamhitaonline adopts. He further notes that against Samkhya, which makes the indriyas ahamkarika, their bhautikatva may be taken as real on a difference of doctrine or as figurative, the figure resting on which element predominates in what the indriya grasps.","quote":null,"quoteWithheld":"the translator \"Sanskrit text as printed on Charak Samhita Online\" is not one this project has cleared, and the quote is not Sanskrit","translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/corpustei/transformations/plaintext/sa_agniveza-carakasaMhitA-parts-comm.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Śārīrasthāna","chapter":"1","verse":"Bhishagratna's sections 4-5 and 7; Sanskrit verse number not established","establishes":"Suśruta's explicit two-class division of the ten indriyas, under the name buddhīndriya; the first retrieved passage in the Bṛhattrayī that names the class.","quote":"Of these foregoing organs the first five are intellectual or sense organs (Vuddhi-Indriya); the next five being operative (Karma-Indriya). ... Hearing, touch, sight, taste and smell respectively form the subjects of the five intellectual (Vuddhi) organs of man","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-3-sharirasthana/d/doc142879.html","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"karmendriya","why":"The other five of the ten: faculties of action (speech, hands, feet, excretion, generation). Both classes are 'indriya'; English 'sense organ' fits only this class."},{"term":"buddhīndriya","why":"Suśruta's and the Sāṃkhya term for the same five. The Caraka passages retrieved use neither compound, only pañcendriyāṇi. A lexicon should record jñānendriya as the later/standard label, not as Caraka's."},{"term":"indriyādhiṣṭhāna","why":"Eye, ear, nose, tongue, skin are the seats; the jñānendriya is the inferred faculty (Ca.Sū.8.10, Śā.1.24)."},{"term":"manas","why":"Suśruta makes manas an eleventh indriya 'partaking of the character of both' classes; Caraka makes it atīndriya. Neither counts it a jñānendriya proper."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"sense organs","why":"Names the adhiṣṭhāna, not the indriya; see indriya record. Kaviratna's footnote to Ca.Śā.1.17 even lists 'the entire skin' as the organ, which is the seat of sparśanendriya, not the faculty."},{"rendering":"intellectual organs","why":"Bhishagratna's literalism for buddhīndriya. 'Intellectual' in modern English means something else entirely; the Sanskrit buddhi here means cognition."},{"rendering":"knowledge organs","why":"Calque of jñāna-indriya found in popular writing; grammatical but opaque."}],"openQuestions":["Earliest attestation of jñānendriya (as against buddhīndriya) in the Ayurvedic corpus; not pursued here."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/jnanendriya/","canary":"c962e589193148ef"},{"slug":"kala","page":"/lexicon/kala/","iast":"kāla","devanagari":"कालः","alternates":["kala","kālaḥ","pariṇāma (as the third cause of disease, Ca.Sū.11.42-43)","nityaga kāla and avasthika kāla (the two divisions)","saṃvatsara (the seasonal year, Ca.Sū.11.42)"],"category":"padartha / nidana","family":"foundations","renderings":[{"english":"Time","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-1.9.3.4.1 kālaḥ","verbatim":true,"assessment":"COMPARATOR. Description: 'Time as a continuum, one of the nine elementary causal substances (karanadravya).' A second entry ITA-1.11.9 kālaḥ, also 'Time': 'Time in general including the seasons, the point when something occurs (which may refer to diseases).' WHO ITA-4.4.9 renders the third cause of disease as 'transformation under the effect of time'.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false},{"english":null,"sourceName":"National Institute of Ayurveda terminology list","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"SK0090 kāla","verbatim":true,"assessment":"COMPARATOR. A second NIA entry SV0116 kāla: 'Kala is of two types Nityaga and Avasthika Kala.Externally moving time is Nityaga and conditional moving time is Avasthika.'","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the National Institute of Ayurveda terminology list","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the National Institute of Ayurveda terminology list"},{"english":"Time","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sūtrasthāna 1 (his 53), Sūtrasthāna 11 (his 42), Vimānasthāna 6 (his 10)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Public domain. Consistent.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"Time or Parinama","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. Kaviratna","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sūtrasthāna 11, his aphorism 42","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Public domain. 'Time has another name, viz., Parinama' (OCR 'Ratinanta'); and at Vi.6 footnote 'By Parinama is meant Time.' In a later footnote he glosses 'Parinama, i.e., time, in the sense of both the season and age or years.'","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"The Eternal Time","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita tr. Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sūtrasthāna 6 (Ṛtucaryā), opening","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Public domain. 'The Eternal Time is without origin, middle, or end, self-begotten, and the lord of all attributes.' Bhishagratna adds an etymology paragraph of his own headed 'Etymology of the term Kala (time)'.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"time / season / the time factor","sourceName":"common textbook and translation renderings (Charak Samhita Online: 'time factor', 'seasonal effects' for pariṇāma)","sourceKind":"other","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"Charak Samhita Online renders pariṇāma in Sū.11.43 as 'seasonal effects', which narrows it to ṛtu.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"1","verse":"48 (standard; Kaviratna prints 47)","establishes":"Kāla is one of the nine dravyas (kāraṇa-dravya), with the five bhūtas, ātmā, manas and diś. Basis of WHO ITA-1.9.3.4.1.","quote":"khādīnyātmā manaḥ kālō diśaśca dravyasaṅgrahaḥ| sēndriyaṁ cētanaṁ dravyaṁ, nirindriyamacētanam||48||","translator":"Sanskrit text as printed on Charak Samhita Online","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Deerghanjiviteeya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"1","verse":"54 (standard; Kaviratna prints 53)","establishes":"Kāla heads the etiological triad. Kaviratna's footnote here: 'Time is of two kinds, viz., (1) that portion of eternity with which human life is concerned and which goes on ceaselessly, and (2) the age of man, that is, his infancy, youth, manhood, and decrepitude.' That is the nityaga/avasthika division, but stated in a TRANSLATOR'S FOOTNOTE, not in the verse; and his preface gives a different second kind ('the seasons of the year').","quote":"kālabuddhīndriyārthānāṁ yōgō mithyā na cāti ca| dvayāśrayāṇāṁ vyādhīnāṁ trividhō hētusaṅgrahaḥ||54||","translator":"Sanskrit text as printed on Charak Samhita Online","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Deerghanjiviteeya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"11","verse":"42 (standard; Kaviratna's 42 spans this and the opening clause of 43)","establishes":"The etiological definition: kāla IS the year marked by cold, heat and rain (hemanta, grīṣma, varṣā); its ati-, a- and mithyā-yoga are excess, deficiency and reversal of a season's own character; and 'kāla is also called pariṇāma'. Kaviratna: 'Heat, cold, and rain, or autumn, summer, and rain, constitute the indications of the year. That is also called Time. When the particular indication of a particular period of Time manifests itself in excess, that is called excess of correlation in respect of Time ... When indications, that are the reverse of those which are normal, are manifested, that is called improper correlation (such as heat in winter or cold in summer). Time has another name, viz., [Parinama].' English at https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt; 'Ratinanta' in the OCR is a scan error for Parinama.","quote":"शीतोष्णवर्षलक्षणाः पुनर्हेमन्तग्रीष्मवर्षाः संवत्सरः, स कालः| तत्रातिमात्रस्वलक्षणः कालः कालातियोगः, हीनस्वलक्षणः (कालः) कालायोगः, यथास्वलक्षणविपरीतलक्षणस्तु (कालः) कालमिथ्यायोगः| कालः पुनः परिणाम उच्यते||४२||","translator":"Sanskrit text as printed on Charak Samhita Online","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Tistraishaniya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"6 (Ṛtucaryā)","verse":"Su.Su.6.3 confirmed from a printed Sanskrit edition: Jadavji Trikamji / Nirnaya Sagar text-with-Dalhana, leaf n86, prints the mula closed with ||3||","establishes":"Bhishagratna's closing sentence at Su.Su.6.3 ('Some assert that the name is due to the fact that time blends (kalanam) all beings with misery or happiness according to their respective acts, or to its leading all beings to destruction') translates Dalhana's Nibandhasamgraha, not the translator's own speculation: Dalhana offers 'sankalayati sukhaduhkhabhyam bhutani yojayatiti va kalah' and 'athava kalayati mrtyusamipam nayatiti va kalah' as two of four alternative niruktis. Only the qualifier 'according to their respective acts' is Bhishagratna's addition; Dalhana's clause contains no karma word.","quote":"कालस्य निरुक्तिं कुर्वन्नाह,—स सूक्ष्मामित्यादि।—सः कालः, सूक्ष्मामपि स्तोकामपि, कलां भागम्, न लीयते गतिमत्त्वात् श्लिष्टो न भवति; अन्ये तु न लीयत इत्यत्र कलीयते इति पठन्ति। व्याख्यानयन्ति च—कलीयते संख्यायते इति कालः; निरुक्तिपक्षान्तरमाह, संकलयतीत्यादि।—संकलयति संहरणादेकराशीकरोति भूतानीति वा कालः, संकलयति सुखदुःखाभ्यां भूतानि योजयतीति वा कालः; कालयति संक्षिपतीति वा कालः, अथवा कालयति मृत्युसमीपं नयतीति वा कालः; अन्ये तु","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/sushrutasamhitanibhandasangrahadalhancharyajadavajitrikumjinirnaya_247_I/page/n86.jpg","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"6","verse":"not numbered in Bhishagratna","establishes":"The metrological division of kāla; note kalā (a sub-unit) is a different word from kāla and appears inside this list.","quote":"The Sun-god, by his peculiar motions, divides eternal time which is measured by years (Samvatsaras) into (increasingly progressive but smaller subdivisions) such as, Nimeshas (lit:—time taken in closing the eyelids), Kashthas, Kalas, Muhurtas, days and nights, fortnights, months, seasons, solstices, years and Yugas.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita,_Volume_1/Chapter_6","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"pariṇāma","why":"Ca.Sū.11.42 says kāla is also called pariṇāma; in the triad of causes (11.43, Vi.6.6) the third cause is named pariṇāma. Textbooks sometimes render pariṇāma as 'transformation' (WHO ITA-4.4.9: 'transformation under the effect of time') and treat it as something other than kāla; the text equates them."},{"term":"ṛtu","why":"Season. Ca.Sū.11.42 defines etiological kāla by the seasons, so Charak Samhita Online's 'seasonal effects' is defensible there, but kāla as kāraṇa-dravya (Sū.1.48) and as Suśruta's eternal time are wider."},{"term":"vayas (age)","why":"Kaviratna's footnote at Sū.1.54 makes age the second kind of time (avasthika kāla in later terminology, NIA SV0116). That division is commentarial/translatorial in the sources retrieved; not found in the verses quoted."},{"term":"kalā","why":"A time sub-unit (Suśruta Sū.6) and, separately, the seven kalās (membranes) of Su.Śā.4. Different word, short a."},{"term":"kāla as death (kāla-mṛtyu)","why":"NIA SK0090 includes 'time of the death'; Bhishagratna's etymology paragraph derives kāla from destroying beings. A secondary sense, not the etiological one."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"season","why":"Correct only for the Sū.11.42 definition; wrong for kāla as one of the nine dravyas and for Suśruta's beginningless time."},{"rendering":"transformation (for pariṇāma)","why":"WHO ITA-4.4.9. Pariṇāma literally means transformation, but Ca.Sū.11.42 says 'kālaḥ punaḥ pariṇāma ucyate', so in this context the referent is time, and rendering it 'transformation' obscures the identity."},{"rendering":"Eternal Time","why":"Bhishagratna's capitalised 'Eternal' personifies kāla beyond what 'anādimadhyanidhana' (without beginning, middle or end) says; acceptable but theological in tone."}],"openQuestions":["Source of the nityaga/avasthika division within the Bṛhattrayī or its commentaries.","Whether Cakrapāṇi reads 'kālaḥ punaḥ pariṇāma ucyate' as identity or as kāla-in-its-effect."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/kala/","canary":"646e3c1881d26b02"},{"slug":"kapha","page":"/lexicon/kapha/","iast":"kapha","devanagari":"कफ","alternates":["śleṣman","ślēṣmā","shleshma","kaph","balāsa (Vedic)","soma (contextually)"],"category":"dosha","family":"dosha","renderings":[{"english":"Kapha, doṣha responsible for cohesiveness","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-2.1.3.1","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Quoted exactly as printed, including the typo 'doṣha' in the published PDF. WHO's description names stability, unctuousness, lubrication, immunity and cohesion, and earth and water as the predominant elements.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Vitiation of kapha pattern (TM2)","sourceName":"ICD-11 MMS v2026-01, Traditional Medicine Module 2","sourceKind":"classification","locator":"SR1A","verbatim":true,"assessment":"","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"WHO ICD-11","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"WHO ICD-11"},{"english":"phlegm","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"throughout","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna's uniform rendering; public domain and quotable.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"Shleshma / Kapha","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, tr. Bhishagratna (1907)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sutrasthana XV and XXI","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Bhishagratna mostly transliterates, using 'phlegm' as a parenthetical, and flags in a footnote that the usual English synonyms differ in meaning.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"kapha (potential)","sourceName":"Prasher B et al., J Genet 2016","sourceKind":"paper","locator":"PMID 27019453","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Ayurgenomics gloss.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Prasher B et al., J Genet 2016\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"Kapha, Storage (inheritable structure)","sourceName":"Hankey A, Anc Sci Life 2010","sourceKind":"paper","locator":"PMID 22557353","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Systems-theoretic gloss; not equivalent to 'potential'.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Hankey A, Anc Sci Life 2010\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"Diminution of kapha","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-5.2.3.5","verbatim":true,"assessment":"","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Patience","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-2.1.3.8","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Worth recording because it shows the standard itself assigning a psychological function to kapha, which no substance rendering can accommodate.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"}],"classical":[{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"15","verse":"","establishes":"Kapha's functions are lubrication, healing, growth, tissue-building, strength and stability. Every one of them is constructive; none is pathological. This is the clearest single refutation of 'phlegm'.","quote":"The function of the five kinds of Shleshma is to lubricate the interior of the joints (Sandhi-Samshleshana), to contribute to the gloss of the body (Snehana), to aid in the formation of healthy granules in sores (Ropana), to add to the size of the body (Purana), to build fresh tissues (Vrimhana), to impart a pleasant or soothing sensation to the body (Tarpana), to increase its strength (Valakrit), and to give firmness to the limbs (Sthairya-krit), thereby contributing to the welfare of the body by supplying it with its watery element.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122907.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"21","verse":"","establishes":"The guṇas of kapha, and the normal/deranged taste shift that Ayurvedic diagnosis uses.","quote":"The Kapha is white, heavy, oily, slimy and cool. In its normal state, it is possessed of a sweet taste, which is followed by a saline one in its reactionary transformation (chemical reaction) when deranged or vitiated.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122917.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"61 (Kaviratna prints this as aphorism 80, evidently an OCR error for 60)","establishes":"The seven guṇas of kapha in lawfully quotable English. The printed aphorism number in this scan is corrupt and the verse number is inferred from sequence.","quote":"Heavy, cold, mild, watery, sweet, stable, and slimy, these attributes of phlegm are cured by objects having adverse attributes.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"17","verse":"117","establishes":"Normal śleṣman is strength and is identified with ojas; vitiated śleṣman is called mala. The single most important verse for kapha, because it makes the normal/abnormal distinction constitutive of the term rather than incidental.","quote":"प्राकृतस्तु बलं श्लेष्मा विकृतो मल उच्यते| स चैवौजः स्मृतः काये स च पाप्मोपदिश्यते||११७|| / prākr̥tastu balaṁ ślēṣmā vikr̥tō mala ucyatē| sa caivaujaḥ smr̥taḥ kāyē sa ca pāpmōpadiśyatē||117||","translator":"none quoted (Sanskrit mula only)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Kiyanta_Shiraseeya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"śleṣman","why":"Treated as a synonym by WHO ISTA (ITA-2.1.3.1 gives 'śleṣmā, kapha'). Sushruta uses śleṣman as the primary term and kapha as secondary; some scholastic traditions distinguish them by register rather than reference."},{"term":"ojas","why":"Charaka Sutrasthana 17/117 says normal śleṣman is ojas in the body, yet Sushruta Sutrasthana 15 defines ojas as the essence of all seven dhātus. The two texts do not agree, and the disagreement is unresolved."},{"term":"kleda / kledaka","why":"Kleda is moisture as such; kledaka-kapha is one subtype (WHO ITA-2.1.3.3). Neither is kapha."},{"term":"meda (fat) and rasa (plasma/chyle)","why":"Sushruta Sutrasthana 15 lists rasa, rakta, māṃsa, medas etc. as dhātus, parallel to but distinct from the doṣas. Kapha-increase and medo-increase have different signs."},{"term":"kapha prakṛti","why":"WHO ITA-2.8.5, 'Body constitution with a predominance of kapha'. Constitutional, not a current-state claim."},{"term":"mucus / sputum","why":"A visible secretion. Kapha includes synovial lubrication, tissue anabolism, immunity and patience (WHO ITA-2.1.3.8), none of which is sputum."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"phlegm","why":"Kaviratna's rendering and the commonest. Assigns the doṣa the properties of one waste product; cannot carry vṛṃhaṇa (tissue building), ropaṇa (wound healing), balakṛt (strength) or kṣamā (patience)."},{"rendering":"mucus","why":"Narrower still than 'phlegm' and equally unable to cover the anabolic and psychological functions."},{"rendering":"water","why":"Confuses doṣa with mahābhūta; WHO ISTA names earth and water together as predominant, not water alone."},{"rendering":"the earth element","why":"Same category error in the other direction."},{"rendering":"the stagnant / heavy dosha","why":"Popular-wellness framing that treats kapha as intrinsically undesirable, contradicting Charaka Sutrasthana 17/117, where normal śleṣman is strength and ojas."}],"openQuestions":["The Charaka 17/117 identification of normal kapha with ojas versus the Sushruta Sutrasthana 15 definition of ojas as the essence of all dhātus is a genuine intertextual conflict; which reading the commentators (Chakrapani, Dalhana) take was not established here.","No kapha-specific peer-reviewed literature was located."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/kapha/","canary":"3593c4b7b52e35ae"},{"slug":"karana","page":"/lexicon/karana/","iast":"kāraṇa","devanagari":"कारण","alternates":["kāraṇam","karaṇa (करण, instrument; a DIFFERENT word often written identically in roman script)","hetu","kartā","samavāyi-kāraṇa / asamavāyi-kāraṇa / nimitta-kāraṇa"],"category":"padartha","family":"foundations","renderings":[{"english":"Causative agent","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"ITA-1.8.2.29","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Note WHO's 'doer (karma)' where the Sanskrit of Ca.Vi.8.69 has kartā; this looks like an error in WHO (karma for kartā).","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Principal agent","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"ITA-1.11.2","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO has two separate kāraṇa headwords (epistemology section and ten-factors section) and renders them differently ('Causative agent' vs 'Principal agent'). In ITA-1.11.1 both kāraṇa and karaṇa appear as 'karana' in the English column, which is exactly the confusion this entry exists to prevent.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Ayurveda uses the term Karana (cause) for Padartha","sourceName":"National Institute of Ayurveda, WHO-APW 'Standardization of Non-Clinical Terminologies of Ayurveda'","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"BP0178","verbatim":true,"assessment":"The NIA glossary has no standalone kāraṇa headword that I found; it covers the compounds and treats karaṇa (instrument) separately.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Kārana (cause); 'that which does an act. That, again, is (otherwise) called Hetu, as also Actor'","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. A. C. Kaviratna, public domain","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Vi.8 his printed 80 (enumeration) and the following aphorism (his number OCR-garbled; by sequence 81)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna keeps the Sanskrit and glosses in brackets. He consistently distinguishes Kārana (cause) from Karana (means/instrument).","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"Cause (in 'Thus is explained Cause as also Action or Effect')","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. A. C. Kaviratna, public domain","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Su.1 his printed 52 (= standard 1.53 'ityuktaṁ kāraṇaṁ kāryaṁ')","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Here kāraṇa sums up the six categories just defined (dravya, guna, karma, samavāya etc. as the causes) and kārya is dhātusāmya.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"cause or doer","sourceName":"carakasamhitaonline.com section heading at Vi.8.69 ('Karana (cause or doer)') and translation body","sourceKind":"modern online edition (CC BY-NC-SA)","locator":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Rogabhishagjitiya_Vimana&action=raw","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Heading only quoted.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"carakasamhitaonline.com section heading at Vi.8.69 ('Karana (cause or doer)') and translation body\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"Samavayi-Karana (rendered 'by way of cause and effect' / 'inseparable inherence')","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita tr. K. L. Bhishagratna, public domain","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Su.Su.40 (Bhishagratna's chapter XL): 'these attributes have an inseparable inherence in and are intimately associated with the substance by way of cause and effect (Samavayi-Karana)'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Bhishagratna paraphrases rather than translating the compound.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"8","verse":"Standard 8.69 (carakasamhitaonline numbering); Kaviratna's printed number OCR-garbled ('*1'), by sequence 81 between his legible 80 and 87","establishes":"The definition of kāraṇa in the ten factors to be examined before action: the agent, identified with hetu and kartā. Sanskrit as retrieved from https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Rogabhishagjitiya_Vimana&action=raw : तत्र कारणं नाम तद्यत्करोति, स एव हेतुः, स कर्ता||६९||. OCR 'Kdrana' corrected to Kārana.","quote":"Amongst these, Kārana is that which does an act. That, again, is (otherwise) called Hetu, as also Actor.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"8","verse":"Standard 8.68; Kaviratna prints 80","establishes":"The enumeration of the ten factors, with Kaviratna's bracketed renderings. Sanskrit: ज्ञात्वा हि कारण-करण-कार्ययोनि-कार्य-कार्यफलानुबन्ध-देश-काल-प्रवृत्त्युपायान् सम्यगभिनिर्वर्तमानः...||६८||. Kaviratna's printed 80 is twelve ahead of the standard 68 in this block (read, not computed; his legible 87 and 88 fall on standard 75 and 76 by content).","quote":"The actor, with unsurpassable intensity of resolution, should, for accomplishing it, set himself to achieve an act that is fraught with desirable results, being deeply engaged on it, and after having properly ascertained (Kārana) cause, (Karana) means, (Kāryya-yoni) springs of actions, (Kāryya) action, (Kāryya-phala) fruits of action, (Anubandha) adjuncts, (Deśa) place, (Kāla) time, (Pravritti) exertion and (Upāya) instruments.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"8","verse":"Standard 8.84; Kaviratna's printed number illegible in OCR","establishes":"The medical application: kāraṇa = physician, karaṇa = medicine, kāryayoni = dhātuvaiṣamya, kārya = dhātusāmya. Sanskrit: इह कार्यप्राप्तौ कारणं भिषक्, करणं पुनर्भेषजं, कार्ययोनिर्धातुवैषम्यं, कार्यं धातुसाम्यं, कार्यफलं सुखावाप्तिः...||८४||. Kaviratna's '(material cause)' and 'or, rather, result of energy spent' are his glosses.","quote":"In this connection, the Kārana (cause) for the accomplishment of action is the physician. The Karana (or instrument) is medicine. The Kāryya-yoni (material cause) is absence of harmony, among the dhātus or constituent elements of the body. The Kāryya (action, or, rather, result of energy spent) is restoration of harmony among the dhātus.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"Standard 1.53; Kaviratna prints 52","establishes":"That Charaka sums up the six categories as kāraṇa (cause) and names dhātusāmya as the kārya. Sanskrit: इत्युक्तं कारणं कार्यं धातुसाम्यमिहोच्यते| धातुसाम्यक्रिया चोक्ता तन्त्रस्यास्य प्रयोजनम्||५३||. This is the textual basis for the NIA BP0178 remark that Ayurveda calls the padārthas 'kāraṇa'.","quote":"Thus is explained Cause as also Action or Effect. The restoration of the ingredient humours (of the human body) to their normal state will now be explained.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"karaṇa (करण, instrument)","why":"A different word with a short first vowel. Ca.Vi.8.70 defines karaṇa as what serves as upakaraṇa (means) for the agent; Vi.8.84 makes it the medicine while kāraṇa is the physician. Kaviratna: 'Kārana (cause)' vs 'Karana (means)'. WHO ITA-1.11.1 prints both as 'karana' in English. Roman-script sources without diacritics merge them."},{"term":"hetu","why":"Ca.Vi.8.69 identifies them ('sa eva hetuḥ'), but hetu is also the nidāna-sense cause of disease and the 'reason' in a syllogism (Vi.8.33 hetur nāmopalabdhikāraṇaṁ). Kaviratna elsewhere (Nidanasthana) lists 'Hetu, Nimitta, Āyatana, Kartri, Kārana, Pratyaya, Samutthāna' as synonyms of disease-cause."},{"term":"kārya","why":"Effect versus cause: Vi.8.72 kārya is what the agent sets out to accomplish; Su.1.53 kārya = dhātusāmya, kāraṇa = the six categories."},{"term":"the six padārthas","why":"Su.1.53 and NIA BP0178 show Ayurveda calling the six categories collectively 'kāraṇa' (causes of dhātusāmya). So 'kāraṇa' can mean either the whole set of six or the agent/physician in the ten-factor list."},{"term":"samavāyi / asamavāyi / nimitta kāraṇa","why":"The Vaiśeṣika threefold analysis (WHO ITA-1.8.2.30-32). Ca.Su.1.51 uses only samavāyi: dravya is the samavāyi-kāraṇa. The three-fold scheme is not stated in the Charaka verses read."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"instrument / means / tool (for kāraṇa)","why":"Those render karaṇa. WHO ITA-1.11.2's 'the idea expressed by instrumental cause' for kāraṇa imports the karaṇa sense into the kāraṇa headword."},{"rendering":"doer (karma)","why":"WHO ITA-1.8.2.29 writes 'doer (karma)'; the Sanskrit (Vi.8.69) has kartā. Karma is action, kartā is doer."},{"rendering":"reason (as in 'the reason why')","why":"Kaviratna renders hetu as 'reason' in the debate context (Vi.8); kāraṇa in Vi.8.69 is the agent that acts, not an argument."}],"openQuestions":["The task listed 'karana' without diacritics. This record treats it as kāraṇa and records karaṇa under distinguishFrom; if the lexicon wants a separate karaṇa entry, Ca.Vi.8.70 and 8.84, WHO ITA-1.11.3 and NIA BP0128/SK0099 are the anchors already retrieved.","Kaviratna's printed numbers for Vi.8.69-73 and 8.84 are OCR-garbled; a human should read the page images to confirm 81-85.","Chakrapāṇi on 'sa eva hetuḥ, sa kartā' not retrieved."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/karana/","canary":"74c5813a98c8650d"},{"slug":"karma","page":"/lexicon/karma/","iast":"karma","devanagari":"कर्म","alternates":["karman","kriyā","ceṣṭā","pravṛtti (Vi.8.77 gives kriyā, karma, yatna, kāryasamārambha as synonyms of pravṛtti)"],"category":"padartha","family":"foundations","renderings":[{"english":"Action","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"ITA-1.9.5.1","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO's description is grammatically broken ('pharmacological, nutritional and action') but shows the pharmacological narrowing.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":null,"sourceName":"National Institute of Ayurveda, WHO-APW 'Standardization of Non-Clinical Terminologies of Ayurveda'","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"BP0129","verbatim":true,"assessment":"'Six causative factors' = the six padārthas as kāraṇa. DG0111's 'breakdown & resynthesis at the mahabhautika level' is an interpretive gloss with no classical anchor retrieved.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"operations (in the list of six); action (in the definitions); 'Action or Effect' (in the summary)","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. A. C. Kaviratna, public domain","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Su.1 his printed 27 ('operations'), his 48 and 51 ('action'), his 52 ('Cause as also Action or Effect')","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna's 'operations' in the list is unusual; he shifts to 'action' once defining.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"(omitted)","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. A. C. Kaviratna, public domain","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Vi.8 his printed 28 (= standard 8.29): 'Dravya (substance), Guna (attribute), Samanya (similarity), Vigesha (dissimilarity), and Samavaya (combination)'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna drops Karma from the six here although the Sanskrit (द्रव्य-गुण-कर्म-सामान्य-विशेष-समवायाः) has it. A translator's omission, not a doctrine.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"action","sourceName":"carakasamhitaonline.com section heading 'Dravya, Guna and Karma' at Su.1.48 and link label at Vi.8.29","sourceKind":"modern online edition (CC BY-NC-SA)","locator":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Deerghanjiviteeya_Adhyaya&action=raw","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Heading only.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"carakasamhitaonline.com section heading 'Dravya, Guna and Karma' at Su.1.48 and link label at Vi.8.29\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"Action (as one of the 'Predicables')","sourceName":"Vaiśeṣika Sūtra 1.1.4 tr. Nandalal Sinha (1923), as presented on wisdomlib.org","sourceKind":"comparator (non-Ayurvedic philosophical text)","locator":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/vaisheshika-sutra-commentary/d/doc427557.html","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Indological default.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"Sinha 1923, pre-1930 and probably clear, but outside the two translations this project has cleared and never confirmed by a human","downloadable":false},{"english":"action (Bhishagratna: 'A substance or drug necessarily implies action and attributes')","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita tr. K. L. Bhishagratna, public domain","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Su.Su.40 (Bhishagratna's chapter XL)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Bhishagratna pairs 'action and attributes' for karma and guna.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"Standard 1.52 (carakasamhitaonline numbering); Kaviratna prints 51","establishes":"The categorial definition of karma: cause of conjunction and disjunction, residing in dravya, the activity of what is to be done, needing nothing else. Sanskrit as retrieved from https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Deerghanjiviteeya_Adhyaya&action=raw : संयोगे च विभागे च कारणं द्रव्यमाश्रितम्| कर्तव्यस्य क्रिया कर्म कर्म नान्यदपेक्षते||५२||. Kaviratna's 'independent of other action' renders 'nānyad apekṣate' (depends on nothing else); the Sanskrit does not say 'other action'.","quote":"That which is the cause of both Union and Separation, which inheres to the substance, and which represents that function which is to be, is (called) Action. Action is independent of other action.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"Standard 1.49; Kaviratna prints 48","establishes":"Karma contrasted with guna: 'prayatnādi karma ceṣṭitam ucyate' (activity beginning with effort). Sanskrit: ...गुणाः प्रोक्ताः प्रयत्नादि कर्म चेष्टितमुच्यते||४९||. '(of the mind in)' is Kaviratna's gloss.","quote":"...are called attributes, while all functions such as (of the mind in) will, are called action.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"Standard (Trikamji / carakasamhitaonline) Su 1.28 through the first word of 1.29: 'sāmānyaṃ ca viśeṣaṃ ca guṇān dravyāṇi karma ca ||28|| samavāyaṃ ca ...'. Kaviratna prints '27' after 'operations,' (= Su 1.28) and '28' after 'immortal life' (= Su 1.29); 'as also compositions' is the opening of his 28 and of Su 1.29. Both numberings recorded; no conversion.","establishes":"Karma ('operations') as one of the six padārthas the ṛṣis beheld, named at the close of Su 1.28; samavāya ('compositions'), the sixth, is the first word of Su 1.29. Sanskrit: सामान्यं च विशेषं च गुणान् द्रव्याणि कर्म च||२८|| समवायं च तज्ज्ञात्वा ...||२९||.","quote":"Those great Rishis (then) beheld duly, with the eye of knowledge, similarities, dissimilarities, properties, objects, and operations, as also compositions.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"8","verse":"Standard 8.29; Kaviratna prints 28 (OCR '*23')","establishes":"The six including karma, referred back to their Sutrasthana definitions; the Sanskrit order here (dravya, guṇa, karma, sāmānya, viśeṣa, samavāya) is the Vaiśeṣika order, unlike Su.1.28-29. Kaviratna's English for this sentence omits Karma.","quote":"द्रव्य-गुण-कर्म-सामान्य-विशेष-समवायाः स्वलक्षणैः श्लोकस्थाने पूर्वमुक्ताः||२९||","translator":"none quoted for the Sanskrit; Kaviratna for the English","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Rogabhishagjitiya_Vimana&action=raw","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"guṇa","why":"Ca.Su.1.49 and 1.51: guna is niśceṣṭa (inactive), karma is ceṣṭita (activity)."},{"term":"kārya","why":"Karma is the activity (kriyā); kārya is the result aimed at. Kaviratna's 'Action or Effect' at Su.1.53 for kārya blurs this."},{"term":"pravṛtti","why":"Ca.Vi.8.77 (Kaviratna: 'It is also known by the names of Kriyā, Karma, Yatna, and Kāryya-samārambha') makes karma a synonym of pravṛtti in the ten-factor list, a different register from the padārtha."},{"term":"pañcakarma / karma as therapeutic procedure","why":"Ca.Su.26.10 'karma pañcavidham' (see existing record karma-dravyaguna.json); therapeutic operations, not the category."},{"term":"karma as deed/destiny","why":"Ethical sense; irrelevant to the category."},{"term":"saṁyoga / vibhāga","why":"Conjunction and disjunction are gunas in the parādi series (Kaviratna's 'union ... division' at Su.1.49); karma is their cause (Su.1.52), not identical with them."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"pharmacological action (as the definition)","why":"WHO ITA-1.9.5.1 and NIA BP0129/DG0111 frame; Ca.Su.1.52 defines karma physically as cause of conjunction/disjunction residing in substance."},{"rendering":"operations","why":"Kaviratna's word in the list; in modern English suggests surgery or procedures."},{"rendering":"fate / karma (destiny)","why":"Popular English sense."},{"rendering":"'independent of other action'","why":"Kaviratna's rendering of 'karma nānyad apekṣate'; the Sanskrit says action requires nothing else (for being action), not that it is independent of other actions."}],"openQuestions":["Why Vi.8.29 uses the Vaiśeṣika order while Su.1.28-29 leads with sāmānya/viśeṣa was not investigated; Chakrapāṇi not retrieved.","Whether the omission of Karma in Kaviratna's Vi.8 sentence is in his printed text or an OCR dropout should be checked on the page image."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/karma/","canary":"942ca0b7b61f6b97"},{"slug":"karma-dravyaguna","page":"/lexicon/karma-dravyaguna/","iast":"karma","devanagari":"कर्म","alternates":["karman","action","pharmacological action","kriyā"],"category":"dravyaguna-1","family":"pharmacology","renderings":[{"english":null,"sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"code BP0129","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Two entries; DG0111's 'breakdown & resynthesis at the mahabhautika level' is a modern interpretive gloss, not a classical statement.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"action; 'Action or Effect'; 'all functions such as (of the mind in) will, are called action'","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. A. C. Kaviratna, public domain","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Su.1 his 48 and 51-52","verbatim":true,"assessment":"'Action' consistently; 'operations' in Su.26 his 21 for karma pañcavidham.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"operations or effects","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. A. C. Kaviratna, public domain","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Su.26 his 14 and 15 (Kankayana's and Atreya's statements: 'virtues, operations or effects')","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Shows the translator treating guna/karma/prabhāva loosely as 'virtues, operations or effects'.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"action","sourceName":"carakasamhitaonline.com section headings at Su.1.49 and 1.52","sourceKind":"modern online edition","locator":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Deerghanjiviteeya_Adhyaya","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Heading only.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"carakasamhitaonline.com section headings at Su.1.49 and 1.52\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":null,"englishWithheld":"this project has not cleared that source for quotation","sourceName":"Essentials of Ayurveda (as excerpted on wisdomlib.org/definition/karma)","sourceKind":"modern textbook (secondary excerpt)","locator":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/karma","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Textbook paraphrase of Ca.Su.1.52; retrieved only via wisdomlib excerpt.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Essentials of Ayurveda (as excerpted on wisdomlib.org/definition/karma)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"Standard 1.52; Kaviratna prints 51","establishes":"The definition of karma. Sanskrit as retrieved: संयोगे च विभागे च कारणं द्रव्यमाश्रितम्| कर्तव्यस्य क्रिया कर्म कर्म नान्यदपेक्षते||५२|| (https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Deerghanjiviteeya_Adhyaya). Note the definition is physical/categorial (conjunction and disjunction), not 'pharmacological'.","quote":"That which is the cause of both Union and Separation, which inheres to the substance, and which represents that function which is to be, is (called) Action. Action is independent of other action.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"Standard 1.49; Kaviratna prints 48","establishes":"Karma distinguished from guna in the padārtha scheme. Sanskrit: ...गुणाः प्रोक्ताः प्रयत्नादि कर्म चेष्टितमुच्यते||४९|| ('prayatnādi karma ceṣṭitam': action is activity beginning with effort). Kaviratna's '(of the mind in)' is a gloss.","quote":"...are called attributes, while all functions such as (of the mind in) will, are called action.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"26","verse":"Standard 26.10; Kaviratna prints 21","establishes":"In the dravyaguna chapter, karma of substances is glossed as the five procedures (vamanādi). Sanskrit: कर्म पञ्चविधमुक्तं वमनादि||१०|| (https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Atreyabhadrakapyiya_Adhyaya). Shows 'karma' here means therapeutic operations, a different register from 1.52.","quote":"The operations performed with their aid are five, beginning with vomiting, as has been already said.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"Standard 1.52-53 boundary; Kaviratna prints 52","establishes":"Kaviratna's summarising sentence renders karma/kārya as 'Action or Effect'. Standard verse for this sentence not separately verified.","quote":null,"quoteWithheld":"nobody has yet read this quotation against its printed source, and an unchecked quotation is not published here","translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"guṇa","why":"Ca.Su.1.50-51 (Kaviratna 50): guna is 'inherent, and ... the passive cause'; karma is the activity (1.52)."},{"term":"prabhāva","why":"Specific action unexplained by rasa-guna-vīrya-vipāka; karma is the action itself whatever its explanation."},{"term":"karma as the five procedures (vamanādi, pañcakarma)","why":"Ca.Su.26.10 uses karma for therapeutic operations; a different register from the categorial definition."},{"term":"karma as bodily/mental effort (prayatnādi ceṣṭita)","why":"Ca.Su.1.49 and WHO BP0129 sense 2."},{"term":"karma as deed/destiny (daiva, pūrvakarma)","why":"Ethical/religious sense (e.g., Ca.Vi.3 on daiva); not the dravyaguna term."},{"term":"vīrya / vipāka","why":"Potency and post-digestive effect are explanatory factors of action, not the action."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"pharmacological action (as the definition)","why":"WHO's frame; Ca.Su.1.52 defines karma as the cause of conjunction/disjunction residing in substance - a general categorial definition."},{"rendering":"fate / destiny","why":"Popular English 'karma'; irrelevant to dravyaguna."},{"rendering":"'breakdown & resynthesis at the mahabhautika level'","why":"WHO DG0111 interpretive gloss with no classical anchor retrieved."}],"openQuestions":["Chakrapani's gloss on 1.52 (kartavyasya kriyā) was not retrieved.","Whether Sushruta Su.40 or Su.41 (dravya-rasa-guṇa-vīrya-vipāka chapters) define karma; not checked."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/karma-dravyaguna/","canary":"8d7a471ad41ac0d4"},{"slug":"karmendriya","page":"/lexicon/karmendriya/","iast":"karmendriya","devanagari":"कर्मेन्द्रियम्","alternates":["karmendriyam","karmendriyāṇi (pl.)","the five: vāk, pāṇi, pāda, pāyu, upastha","vāgindriya (speech, named as an indriya in Ca.Śā.1.25-26)"],"category":"sharira / manas","family":"body","renderings":[{"english":"Motor faculty","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-3.10.2 karmendriyam","verbatim":true,"assessment":"COMPARATOR. Description: 'The five faculties of action: speech faculty (vak), hands (pani),,legs (padaḥ), anus (payu) and genitalia (upastha).' (double comma sic). ITA-3.10.3 vāgindriyam 'Speech faculty'. Elsewhere WHO writes 'organs of physical action, i.e. hands, legs and tongue (karmendriya)' (pāṇḍurogaḥ description).","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false},{"english":"organs of action","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Śārīrasthāna 1, his aphorisms 24 (footnote) and 32-33","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Public domain. 'the five organs of action, viz., the organ of speech, the two arms, the two legs the organ of generation, and the anal canal' (footnote); 'The arms and legs, the anus, the organ of generation, and the tongue, are the five organs of action' (text).","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"operative (Karma-Indriya) [organs]","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita tr. Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1911)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Śārīrasthāna 1, sections 4-5 and 7","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Public domain. 'the next five being operative (Karma-Indriya)'; 'the faculty of speech, handling, pleasure, ejections or evacutation, locomotion successively belong to the (remaining) five operative (Karma-Indriya) ones'. Note 'pleasure' for upastha.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"motor organs","sourceName":"Charak Samhita Online translation (CC BY-NC-SA)","sourceKind":"edition","locator":"Śā.1.25-26 heading","verbatim":true,"assessment":"In-copyright; recorded as rendering only.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Charak Samhita Online translation (CC BY-NC-SA)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"\"Charak Samhita Online translation (CC BY-NC-SA)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation"},{"english":"motor organs / organs of action / action senses","sourceName":"common textbook renderings","sourceKind":"other","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":null,"licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Śārīrasthāna","chapter":"1","verse":"25-26 (standard; Kaviratna prints 32-33)","establishes":"The five karmendriyas and their functions: feet for locomotion, anus and genitals for discharge (visarga), hands for grasping and holding, tongue as the speech-faculty, with the ethical rider that true speech is light and false speech darkness. Kaviratna (his 32-33): 'The arms and legs, the anus, the organ of generation, and the tongue, are the five organs of action. The legs are used for locomotion. The anus and the genital organ are for the discharge of secretions. The two arms are for seizing and holding. The tongue is the organ of speech. It should be noted that that speech which is truthful is represented as light; while that speech which is false is represented as darkness.' English at https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt. Caraka names the tongue (jihvā) as the seat of vāgindriya; WHO's list gives 'vak' and omits jihvā.","quote":"hastau pādau gudōpasthaṁ vāgindriyamathāpi ca| karmēndriyāṇi pañcaiva pādau gamanakarmaṇi||25|| pāyūpasthaṁ visargārthaṁ hastau grahaṇadhāraṇē| jihvā vāgindriyaṁ vāk ca satyā jyōtistamō'nr̥tā||26||","translator":"Sanskrit text as printed on Charak Samhita Online","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Katidhapurusha_Sharira","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Śārīrasthāna","chapter":"1","verse":"17 (standard; Kaviratna prints 24)","establishes":"The karmendriyas are five of the daśendriya in the 24-fold puruṣa.","quote":"punaśca dhātubhēdēna caturviṁśatikaḥ smr̥taḥ| manō daśēndriyāṇyarthāḥ prakr̥tiścāṣṭadhātukī||17||","translator":"Sanskrit text as printed on Charak Samhita Online","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Katidhapurusha_Sharira","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Śārīrasthāna","chapter":"1","verse":"Bhishagratna's sections 4-5 and 7; Sanskrit verse number not established","establishes":"Suśruta's list, in the order speech, hands, genitals, anus, feet, derived from ahaṃkāra. Bhishagratna renders the function of upastha as 'pleasure' where Caraka has visarga (discharge).","quote":"They are the ears, skin, eyes, tongue, nose, speech, hands, genitals, anus, feet and the mind (Manah). Of these foregoing organs the first five are intellectual or sense organs (Vuddhi-Indriya); the next five being operative (Karma-Indriya). ... the faculty of speech, handling, pleasure, ejections or evacutation, locomotion successively belong to the (remaining) five operative (Karma-Indriya) ones.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-3-sharirasthana/d/doc142879.html","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"jñānendriya / buddhīndriya","why":"The cognitive five. Both are indriyas; the division is by function (grasping objects vs acting)."},{"term":"karma (action) in the prajñāparādha definition","why":"Ca.Sū.11.39 defines karma as vāk-manaḥ-śarīra-pravṛtti, a different threefold scheme; the karmendriyas are the five Sāṃkhya organs of action, and the two are not the same taxonomy."},{"term":"the anatomical limbs","why":"Hands and feet as karmendriya are faculties (indriya) inferred from action, on the same logic as Ca.Sū.8.14 and Śā.1.24; the limb is the adhiṣṭhāna."},{"term":"vāgindriya and jihvā/rasanā","why":"The tongue is the seat of both rasanendriya (taste, a jñānendriya) and vāgindriya (speech, a karmendriya), Ca.Śā.1.26. One organ, two indriyas, which is itself an argument that indriya is not the organ."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"motor organs","why":"Imports the motor/sensory neurology distinction; pāyu and upastha (excretion, generation) are not 'motor' in that sense, and 'organ' again names the seat."},{"rendering":"pleasure (for upastha's function)","why":"Bhishagratna, Su.Śā.1. Caraka Śā.1.26 gives visarga (discharge) for both pāyu and upastha; 'pleasure' is the translator's substitution."},{"rendering":"action senses","why":"Oxymoronic in English; a sense does not act."}],"openQuestions":["Why WHO ITA-3.10.2 lists the speech faculty as 'vak' without naming jihvā, when Ca.Śā.1.26 explicitly makes the tongue the vāgindriya."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/karmendriya/","canary":"3fce377ceb8951de"},{"slug":"karya","page":"/lexicon/karya/","iast":"kārya","devanagari":"कार्य","alternates":["kāryam","kāryaḥ (WHO's headword form)","dhātusāmya (its medical identification)","kārya-dravya (compound, different sense)"],"category":"padartha","family":"foundations","renderings":[{"english":"Treatment protocol","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"ITA-1.11.5","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO reads kārya as the PROCESS; Ca.Vi.8.84 says kāryaṁ dhātusāmyaṁ, the state achieved. WHO's 'treatment protocol' is a clinical-trial idiom imposed on the term.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"the objective of physician to maintain the equilibrium of the body humors","sourceName":"National Institute of Ayurveda, WHO-APW 'Standardization of Non-Clinical Terminologies of Ayurveda'","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"BP0125","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Closer to Vi.8.84 (equilibrium as the objective) than WHO's 'protocol', though 'humors' for dhātu is loose.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Kāryya (action); 'that purpose for the achievement of which the actor moves'; 'Kāryya (action, or, rather, result of energy spent)'; 'Action or Effect'","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. A. C. Kaviratna, public domain","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Vi.8 his printed 80 (list), the definition following (his number OCR-garbled, by sequence 84), the application passage (his number illegible); Su.1 his printed 52","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna first writes 'action', then corrects himself in the application passage: 'or, rather, result of energy spent'. His own hesitation is the disambiguation.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"action","sourceName":"carakasamhitaonline.com section heading 'Karya (action)' at Vi.8.72 and translation body","sourceKind":"modern online edition (CC BY-NC-SA)","locator":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Rogabhishagjitiya_Vimana&action=raw","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Heading only quoted. Rendering kārya as 'action' makes it indistinguishable from karma.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"carakasamhitaonline.com section heading 'Karya (action)' at Vi.8.72 and translation body\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"effect (in 'Karya-Karana')","sourceName":"PubMed abstract, PMID 22661852","sourceKind":"modern paper","locator":null,"locatorWithheld":"\"PubMed abstract, PMID 22661852\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","verbatim":true,"assessment":"The cause-effect usage of the Sāṃkhya satkāryavāda frame, a third register.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"PubMed abstract, PMID 22661852\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"8","verse":"Standard 8.72 (carakasamhitaonline numbering); Kaviratna's printed number OCR-garbled ('4), by sequence 84 between his legible 80 and 87","establishes":"The definition of kārya in the ten factors: that whose accomplishment the agent intends. Sanskrit as retrieved from https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Rogabhishagjitiya_Vimana&action=raw : कार्यं तु तद्यस्याभिनिर्वृत्तिमभिसन्धाय कर्ता प्रवर्तते||७२||. OCR 'KSryya' corrected to Kāryya.","quote":"Kāryya is that purpose for the achievement of which the actor moves.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"8","verse":"Standard 8.84; Kaviratna's printed number illegible in OCR","establishes":"The medical identification: kārya = dhātusāmya. Sanskrit: ...कार्ययोनिर्धातुवैषम्यं, कार्यं धातुसाम्यं, कार्यफलं सुखावाप्तिः...||८४||. '(material cause)' and 'or, rather, result of energy spent' are Kaviratna's glosses.","quote":"The Kāryya-yoni (material cause) is absence of harmony, among the dhātus or constituent elements of the body. The Kāryya (action, or, rather, result of energy spent) is restoration of harmony among the dhātus.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"Standard 1.53; Kaviratna prints 52","establishes":"That the six categories are kāraṇa and dhātusāmya is kārya, the purpose (prayojana) of the science. Sanskrit: इत्युक्तं कारणं कार्यं धातुसाम्यमिहोच्यते| धातुसाम्यक्रिया चोक्ता तन्त्रस्यास्य प्रयोजनम्||५३||. Kaviratna's 'ingredient humours' renders dhātu.","quote":"Thus is explained Cause as also Action or Effect. The restoration of the ingredient humours (of the human body) to their normal state will now be explained. The modes of restoring the ingredient humours to their normal state have been said to be the object of this Science.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"8","verse":"Standard 8.71 and 8.73; Kaviratna's numbers OCR-garbled, by sequence 83 and 85","establishes":"The neighbouring terms that bracket kārya: kāryayoni (what is transformed into the kārya) and kāryaphala (what the kārya is for). Sanskrit: कार्ययोनिस्तु सा या विक्रियमाणा कार्यत्वमापद्यते||७१|| ... कार्यफलं पुनस्तद्यत्प्रयोजना कार्याभिनिर्वृत्तिरिष्यते||७३||. The bracketed ellipsis skips the kārya definition (8.72) quoted separately.","quote":"Kāryya-yoni is that which, undergoing a modification, becomes developed into action. [...] Kāryya-phala, is that for the attainment of which the accomplishment is undertaken of an action.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"karma","why":"Karma is the activity (Ca.Su.1.52 kriyā); kārya is what the activity is for (Vi.8.72) or its result (Vi.8.84 dhātusāmya). Rendering both as 'action' (carakasamhitaonline heading; Kaviratna's first choice) erases the distinction; Kaviratna's own correction 'or, rather, result of energy spent' restores it."},{"term":"kāryaphala","why":"Vi.8.84: kārya = dhātusāmya, kāryaphala = sukhāvāpti (attainment of happiness). WHO: 'Treatment protocol' vs 'Immediate outcome, primary endpoint'. The state achieved versus the benefit it yields."},{"term":"kāryayoni","why":"Vi.8.71/84: the material that is transformed into the kārya; medically dhātuvaiṣamya. Kaviratna's translator's note calls it 'material cause' (clay for the jar)."},{"term":"kārya-dravya","why":"WHO ITA-1.9.3.7.1 and NIA DG0103: the manifest substances produced from the nine causal dravyas. A compound using kārya as 'effect/product', unrelated to the ten factors."},{"term":"prayojana","why":"Ca.Su.1.53 calls dhātusāmya-kriyā the prayojana (purpose) of the tantra; kārya is the thing to be achieved, prayojana the purpose of the science. Overlapping but not identical."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"action","why":"Makes kārya = karma. Ca.Vi.8.84 identifies kārya with dhātusāmya, a state, not an act."},{"rendering":"treatment protocol / treatment process","why":"WHO ITA-1.11.5. Imposes a process reading; the Sanskrit at Vi.8.84 names the equilibrium itself."},{"rendering":"duty / task (ordinary Sanskrit kārya)","why":"Everyday meaning of the gerundive 'what is to be done'; the technical sense in Vi.8 is specific."}],"openQuestions":["Kaviratna's printed numbers for Vi.8.71-73 and 8.84 need confirmation from page images.","Whether Sushruta or Vāgbhaṭa use kārya in the ten-factor sense was not checked."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/karya/","canary":"b0c0f277b419793e"},{"slug":"kashaya","page":"/lexicon/kashaya/","iast":"kaṣāya","devanagari":"कषाय","alternates":["kashaya rasa","kaṣāyo rasaḥ","astringent taste","kasaya"],"category":"dravyaguna-1","family":"pharmacology","renderings":[{"english":"Astringent; One among the six Rasas.","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"code DG0112","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO keeps taste, decoction and colour senses as separate codes.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"astringent; the Astringent Taste","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. A. C. Kaviratna, public domain","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Su.1 his 64; Su.26 his 67-68 and his 35","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Consistent for the rasa.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"astringent (Kashaya)","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita tr. K. L. Bhishagratna, public domain, via wisdomlib","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Sutrasthana ch. XLII","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Consistent.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"Kashaya (astringent) Rasa (taste)","sourceName":"Kolhe, Acharya & Shukla, AYU 2014 (PMID 25558164)","sourceKind":"modern literature","locator":"title and abstract","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Research usage.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Kolhe, Acharya & Shukla, AYU 2014 (PMID 25558164)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"Standard 1.65; Kaviratna prints 64","establishes":"Kashaya as the sixth rasa. Sanskrit: स्वादुरम्लोऽथ लवणः कटुकस्तिक्त एव च| कषायश्चेति षट्कोऽयं रसानां सङ्ग्रहः स्मृतः||६५||","quote":"Sweet, sour, salt, pungent, bitter, and astringent, these are regarded as the sixfold catalogue of tastes.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"26","verse":"Standard 26.43 (final sub-section, ending ||४३||); Kaviratna prints 67 (merits) and 68 (effects of excess)","establishes":"Karma and guna of kashaya. Sanskrit as retrieved: कषायो रसः संशमनः सङ्ग्राही सन्धानकरः पीडनो रोपणः शोषणः स्तम्भनः श्लेष्मरक्तपित्तप्रशमनः शरीरक्लेदस्योपयोक्ता रूक्षः शीतोऽलघुश्च| (https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Atreyabhadrakapyiya_Adhyaya). Kaviratna: 'restores harmony among the faults' = saṁśamana; 'heavy' = alaghu. His footnotes gloss Grahi/Samgrahi, Pidana ('akrishya-sankocha-kara', Gangadhara), Ropana ('Vranasya mangsadi-purana'), and quote U. C. Dutt on Stambhana; these are notes, not text. Excess effects (his 68) end: 'In consequence of its being rough, clear, and dry, it brings about Hemiplegia, Paralysis, Spasmodic contractions, facial paralysis, and other diseases of the kind that spring from excited wind.'","quote":"The Astringent Taste restores harmony among the faults. It restrains (the stools, urine, and other secretions). It draws in and contracts the limbs of the body. It causes sores and parts eaten away to heal or fill up. It dries up the fluids of the body. It retains or restrains all secretions. It alleviates phlegm and hemorrhages caused by excitement of the bile. It sucks up all phlegmonous and other secretions of the system. It is dry, cool, and heavy.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"26","verse":"Standard 26.40; Kaviratna prints 54","establishes":"Pañcabhautika constitution: vāyu + pṛthvī. Agrees with Bhishagratna's Sushruta ('earth and air').","quote":"From a preponderance of the attributes of Wind and Earth arises the taste called Astringent.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"26","verse":"Standard number NOT established (taste-identification verses near chapter end); Kaviratna prints 35","establishes":"Charaka's perceptual test for kashaya.","quote":"That object which brings upon the tongue a sensation that is the very reverse of sliminess, as also of contraction and rigidity, and which seems to contract the throat also and stretch the heart, is to be known as possessing the Astringent taste.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"42","verse":"Sanskrit verse number not established","establishes":"Sushruta's perceptual definition. Same page: 'An astringent taste is possessed of astringent, healing, styptic (Stambhana), purifying, liquefacient, drying and contracting virtues. It lessens secretions from mucous membranes.' and 'The specific properties of earth and air should be regarded as dominant in an astringent taste.' and 'An astringent taste should be considered as possessed of the same properties as the Vayu'. Note Bhishagratna's 'liquefacient' sits oddly beside 'drying'; check against Sanskrit before use.","quote":"A taste, which brings about the dryness of the mouth, numbs the palate, obstructs the throat, and gives rise to a drawing, pressing sensation in the region of the heart, is called astringent (Kashaya).","translator":"K. L. Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc141672.html","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"kaṣāya = decoction (kvātha, niryūha, śṛta)","why":"WHO BK0070 and wisdomlib (Yogasārasaṅgraha) record the pharmaceutical sense; context decides. Kaviratna in Su.4 appears to render the five kaṣāya-kalpanā as 'Astringents' (line not read in full; flagged)."},{"term":"kaṣāya = colour (brownish/ochre)","why":"WHO index 'kaṣāyavarṇaṁ'; also the monastic robe colour in Buddhist/Jain usage."},{"term":"kaṣāya (Jain/Buddhist 'passions')","why":"Homograph in religious literature (wisdomlib notes Jainism/Buddhism senses)."},{"term":"tikta (bitter)","why":"Lay speakers conflate bitter and astringent; Charaka separates them (tikta: 'pains it much and destroys its relish... dryness'; kashaya: 'contraction and rigidity')."},{"term":"stambhana / saṁgrāhī (actions)","why":"These are karmas of kashaya (Ca.Su.26.43), not the taste; Bhishagratna's 'astringent... styptic' virtues illustrate the slide from taste to action."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"bitter","why":"Common lay error; kashaya is the astringent, mouth-drying taste."},{"rendering":"astringent (as a drug action/styptic)","why":"In English pharmacology 'astringent' names an action; the rasa is a perception. Both Kaviratna and Bhishagratna use the one word for both."},{"rendering":"heavy (for alaghu)","why":"Kaviratna's 'heavy' renders 'not light'; the Sanskrit avoids 'guru'. Sushruta (Bhishagratna) calls astringent 'light' - an inter-text tension hidden by the rendering."},{"rendering":"liquefacient (Bhishagratna)","why":"Doctrinally odd next to 'drying'; probably his rendering of a Sanskrit term (kledana/vilekhana?) - unverified; do not record as doctrine."}],"openQuestions":["Standard verse numbers for the Charaka taste-identification block and for Sushruta Su.42 passages.","Kaviratna's Su.4 use of 'Astringents' for kaṣāya-kalpanā (line 2297 of the OCR) should be read in full.","Which Sanskrit term Bhishagratna renders 'liquefacient'."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/kashaya/","canary":"44893dce0964cd3b"},{"slug":"kathina","page":"/lexicon/kathina/","iast":"kaṭhina","devanagari":"कठिन","alternates":["kathina guna","kāṭhinya","hard","hardness"],"category":"dravyaguna-1","family":"pharmacology","renderings":[{"english":null,"sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"code DG0114","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Comparator; 'consolidation' is WHO's gloss.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"hard","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. A. C. Kaviratna, public domain","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Su.22 his 10 (langhana) and 12 (rukshana); Su.26 his 22 (earth objects); footnote: ''Kathina' implies hard, the thing itself should be so.'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Consistent; his footnote insists on literal physical hardness.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"Hardness (paired with Mridu 'Softness')","sourceName":"easyayurveda.com 'Gurvadi Gunas' (Hebbar), modern","sourceKind":"modern web textbook","locator":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/2019/06/12/gurvadi-gunas/","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Typical textbook.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"easyayurveda.com 'Gurvadi Gunas' (Hebbar), modern\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"22","verse":"Standard 22.12 (carakasamhitaonline places ||१२|| after the first half-line; the half-line containing kaṭhinaṁ follows it, so an edition may count it as 12 or 13); Kaviratna prints 10","establishes":"Kaṭhina among the laṅghana qualities. Sanskrit as retrieved: लघूष्णतीक्ष्णविशदं रूक्षं सूक्ष्मं खरं सरम्||१२|| कठिनं चैव यद्द्रव्यं प्रायस्तल्लङ्घनं स्मृतम्| (https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Langhanabrimhaniya_Adhyaya). Kaviratna's footnote (translator's note): 'Each of these attributes should be well understood. 'Laghu' is light, in the sense of being easily digestible.... 'Sara' means moving or unstable. 'Kathina' implies hard, the thing itself should be so.— T.'","quote":"Such things as are light, warm, pungent, not slimy, dry, subtile, rough, unstable, and hard, are generally Langhana.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"22","verse":"Standard 22.14 (same half-verse caveat); Kaviratna prints 12","establishes":"Kaṭhina among rūkṣaṇa qualities. Sanskrit as retrieved: रूक्षं लघु खरं तीक्ष्णमुष्णं स्थिरमपिच्छिलम्||१४|| प्रायशः कठिनं चैव यद्द्रव्यं तद्धि रूक्षणम्| Kaviratna's translator's note on the pairs: '...Khara in Slakshma; and Kathina in Mridu. — T.'","quote":"Such things as are dry, productive of lightness, pungent, warm, stable, not slimy, and hard, are generally Rukshana.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"26","verse":"Standard number NOT verified (expected 26.11); Kaviratna prints 22","establishes":"Kaṭhina as a pārthiva quality; agrees with WHO's 'activated prithvi'. Standard verse not read in Sanskrit.","quote":null,"quoteWithheld":"nobody has yet read this quotation against its printed source, and an unchecked quotation is not published here","translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"mṛdu","why":"Opposite member (soft); Kaviratna's pairing note."},{"term":"khara","why":"Rough (surface texture); Kaviratna renders 'rough' and 'Khara ... productive of roughness', distinct from 'hard'."},{"term":"sāndra","why":"Dense/thick (Kaviratna 'thick'); a dense liquid is sāndra, not kaṭhina."},{"term":"sthira","why":"Stable/immobile (Kaviratna 'stable', 'immobile'); hardness is not stability."},{"term":"stambha / kāṭhinya as a symptom","why":"Clinical stiffness/induration (e.g., 'hardness of the limbs' in Vata lists) is a sign, not the drug guna."},{"term":"kaṭhina (Pali kaṭhina, Buddhist robe-offering ceremony)","why":"Homograph in Buddhist literature (wisdomlib lists it)."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"rigid / stiff","why":"Those describe stambha; kaṭhina is hardness of the substance."},{"rendering":"solid","why":"Solid vs liquid is sāndra vs drava; a soft solid is not kaṭhina."},{"rendering":"rough","why":"That is khara."}],"openQuestions":["Half-verse boundary of 22.12/13 and 22.14/15 in a printed Trikamji edition.","Standard verse for the pārthiva-dravya unit in Su.26.","Any sensory or texture-analysis literature attempting to operationalise kaṭhina: none found."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/kathina/","canary":"f244745a85f4c46e"},{"slug":"katu","page":"/lexicon/katu/","iast":"kaṭu","devanagari":"कटु","alternates":["kaṭuka","katu","katuka","ūṣaṇa (Aṣṭāṅga Hṛdaya's synonym in Su. 1.14)"],"category":"rasa (taste); one of the six rasas","family":"pharmacology","renderings":[{"english":"Pungent","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022), entry DG0115 kaṭu","sourceKind":"comparator standard","locator":"DG0115","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Comparator; WHO treats kaṭu primarily as the rasa and secondarily as a plant-name synonym. Text taken from the NIA-hosted copy of the WHO PDF (nia.nic.in/pdf/TERMINOLOGIES.pdf).","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Pungent","sourceName":"Kaviratna, Charaka Samhita (1890-1908), Sutrasthana Lesson XXVI","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"archive.org BIUSante_47357, printed pp. 296-297 and 312","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Consistent 'pungent' throughout; he lists the six as 'sweet, sour, saltish, pungent, bitter, and astringent'.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"Pungent (Katuka)","sourceName":"Bhishagratna, Sushruta Samhita (1907), Sutrasthana ch. XLII","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"wisdomlib doc141672","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Also 'pungent' in the dosha-property passages: 'Heat, pungency, dryness, lightness, and non-sliminess form the specific properties of the Pitta.'","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"pungent, acrid, sharp (one of the six kinds of flavour, rasa)","sourceName":"Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899), p. 244","sourceKind":"dictionary","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":"Lexical range includes 'bitter, caustic (as words)', which is the root of the katu/tikta confusion in English.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899), p. 244\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"\"Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899), p. 244\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation"},{"english":"Pungent / spicy / hot (chilli-like)","sourceName":"Common textbook and popular usage","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"'Hot' conflates kaṭu rasa with uṣṇa vīrya; 'spicy' is a culinary gloss, not a doctrinal one.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"26","verse":"9 (standard Trikamji numbering, read on carakasamhitaonline.com)","establishes":"Atreya's settled position that there are exactly six rasas, kaṭu fourth in the list.","quote":"षडेव रसा इत्युवाच भगवानात्रेयः पुनर्वसुः, मधुराम्ललवणकटुतिक्तकषायाः|","translator":"Sanskrit text (no translation quoted)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Atreyabhadrakapyiya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"26","verse":"43 sub-paragraph (4) in standard numbering; Kaviratna prints his own number after the passage, OCR reads '68' which is doubtful (sequence suggests 63); not established","establishes":"Actions of kaṭu rasa and its guṇas: laghu, uṣṇa, rūkṣa. Kaviratna's rendering of the same passage: 'The Pungent Taste corrects (the dulness of) the mouth ; provokes the digestive fire ; dries up the food that has been eaten ; causes nasal discharges ; purges the eye ; clears all the senses ; ... It is light, warm, and dry.'","quote":"कटुको रसो वक्त्रं शोधयति, अग्निं दीपयति, भुक्तं शोषयति, घ्राणमास्रावयति, चक्षुर्विरेचयति, स्फुटीकरोतीन्द्रियाणि, ... लघुरुष्णो रूक्षश्च|","translator":"Sanskrit quoted; English by Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Atreyabhadrakapyiya_Adhyaya ; English: https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt (printed p. 312)","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"42 (Rasa-Vishesha-Vijnaniya)","verse":"Bhishagratna prints no verse numbers; Sanskrit verse number not established","establishes":"Sushruta's recognition criterion for kaṭu. Same chapter: 'A pungent taste is largely possessed of attributes, which mark the elementary principles of air and fire.' and 'A pungent taste is endued with appetising, resolving (Pacana) and purifying properties in respect of ulcers etc.), and destroys obesity, languor, deranged Kapha and intestinal parasites.'","quote":"A taste, which produces a burning sensation at the tip of the tongue attended with a tingling of the part and headache, and is instantaneously followed by a running at the nose (fluent coryza) is called pungent (Katuka).","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc141672.html","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"tikta (bitter)","why":"English 'acrid/bitter' glosses of kaṭu (and the Monier-Williams 'bitter, caustic as words') blur the two; Charaka and Sushruta list them as separate rasas with different bhautika composition (kaṭu: vāyu + agni; tikta: vāyu + ākāśa per Bhishagratna's Su. 42)."},{"term":"uṣṇa (hot vīrya)","why":"Kaṭu rasa is said to be uṣṇa in guṇa (Ca.Su. 26.43), but kaṭu is a taste and uṣṇa a potency; Charaka's own counter-examples in 26 show rasa and vīrya can diverge."},{"term":"kaṭu vipāka","why":"The post-digestive transformation also called kaṭu (Kaviratna: 'Of the Pungent, the Bitter, and the Astringent, the change, upon assimilation, is generally Pungent'); same word, different level of analysis."},{"term":"kaṭukī / kaṭu as plant name","why":"WHO DG0115 sense 2 and Monier-Williams record kaṭu as a synonym of Picrorhiza and Brassica juncea; in materia medica contexts the word may be a drug name."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"bitter","why":"Lexical overlap in English; kaṭu is pungent/acrid, tikta is bitter; the two have opposite effects on agni and on fat."},{"rendering":"hot / spicy","why":"Imports uṣṇa vīrya (potency) or a culinary category into a rasa; Charaka separates rasa from vīrya explicitly."}],"openQuestions":[],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/katu/","canary":"6f565491d465262b"},{"slug":"kedari-kulya-nyaya","page":"/lexicon/kedari-kulya-nyaya/","iast":"kedārī-kulyā-nyāya","devanagari":"केदारीकुल्यान्यायः","alternates":["kedara kulya nyaya","kedari kulya nyaya","kedārikulyā-nyāya"],"category":"dhatu","family":"body","renderings":[{"english":"Theory of serial distribution","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-2.6.20","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO's description: 'it states that primary circulating nutrient fluid (primary product of digestion) is supplied to all seven structural components through channels for their nourishment, just as tributary canals subdivide and distribute irrigation water to every part of a paddy field.'","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false},{"english":"Theory of Transmission","sourceName":"Int J Res Ayurveda Pharm 11(6):2020, nyāya survey","sourceKind":"paper","locator":"section","verbatim":true,"assessment":"COMPARATOR. Glosses kedārī as 'the field' and kulyā as 'the canal'.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Int J Res Ayurveda Pharm 11(6):2020, nyāya survey\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"\"Int J Res Ayurveda Pharm 11(6):2020, nyāya survey\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation"},{"english":"analogy of irrigation","sourceName":"Charak Samhita Online (carakasamhitaonline.com)","sourceKind":"website","locator":"Grahani Chikitsa","verbatim":true,"assessment":"COMPARATOR ONLY, in copyright. Note it reverses the usual gloss, making kedarika the reservoir and kulyas the small canals.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Charak Samhita Online (carakasamhitaonline.com)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"transportation of nutrients via channels","sourceName":"J Ayurveda Integr Med, PMID 32855015 (2021)","sourceKind":"paper","locator":"abstract","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"J Ayurveda Integr Med, PMID 32855015 (2021)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"Law of Transmission","sourceName":"common BAMS lecture/textbook usage","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"Widespread; paired in teaching with 'passive diffusion'.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita with Cakrapāṇidatta's Āyurvedadīpikā","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"28 (Vividhāśitapītīya)","verse":"commentary on v.4, Cakrapāṇi's segment 28","establishes":"The nyāya is named here in so many words, and Cakrapāṇi rules it of EQUAL FORCE (tulyabala) with khale-kapota, not inferior to it. He explicitly does not decide between them.","quote":"kedārīkulyānyāyas tu tulyabala eva khalekapotanyāyena yato yad uktaṃ vṛṣyaprabhāvaṃ prati tat kedārīkulyāpakṣe'pi prabhāvādeva śīghraṃ raktādidhātūnabhigamya śukraṃ janayiṣyati vṛṣyaṃ yathā khalekapotapakṣe'pi prabhavāditi","translator":"none (Sanskrit)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/corpustei/transformations/plaintext/sa_agniveza-carakasaMhitA-parts-comm.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita with Cakrapāṇidatta's Āyurvedadīpikā","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"28","verse":"commentary on v.4, Cakrapāṇi's segment 31","establishes":"Cakrapāṇi closes the discussion by declining to settle it: both positions are held by great authorities and are of equal cogency, neither is established, and nothing practical turns on the choice. Any presentation of these nyāyas as a settled classical doctrine misrepresents the source.","quote":"evamanayoḥ pakṣayormahājanādṛtatvena tulyanyāyatvena ca naikamapi niścitaṃ buddhivibhavānna pakṣabalābalam atra na kaścit kāryavirodha ityuparamyate","translator":"none (Sanskrit)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/corpustei/transformations/plaintext/sa_agniveza-carakasaMhitA-parts-comm.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"14","verse":"not numbered in Bhishagratna","establishes":"Sushruta uses irrigation language for rasa's distribution, but does NOT name the nyāya. Secondary sources cite Su.Sū.14/10 with Dalhaṇa for it; the nyāya name is not in Bhishagratna's English.","quote":"The Rasa or the ​lymph chyle, thus flowing out of the heart, constantly soothes, maintains, and irrigates by transudation the body, and further contributes to its growth, and supports life","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita,_Volume_1/Chapter_14","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"khale-kapota-nyāya","why":"Kedārī-kulyā is a delivery mechanism with no selection: water goes where the channels go, and the nearest field fills first. Khale-kapota has each dhātu actively select its own nutrient. Teaching them as passive vs active transport captures this, but the classical contrast is about routing vs selection, not about membrane energetics."},{"term":"kṣīra-dadhi-nyāya","why":"Kedārī-kulyā leaves the dhātus distinct and nourishes them from a common supply; kṣīra-dadhi has each dhātu convert into the next."},{"term":"srotas","why":"Srotas are the channels themselves, an anatomical/physiological category. The nyāya is an explanatory simile about how nutrient moves through them."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"passive diffusion","why":"A modern gloss taught alongside the simile, not a translation. Diffusion runs down a concentration gradient; the simile's point is gravity-fed sequential filling by proximity, which is a different mechanism."},{"rendering":"Theory of irrigation canals as blood vessels","why":"Over-literal. The simile is about the pattern of distribution, not an anatomical claim about vessels."},{"rendering":"reservoir theory","why":"Sources disagree about which element of the simile is the reservoir. IJRAP makes kedārī the field and kulyā the canal; Charak Samhita Online makes kedarika the reservoir. Any rendering that fixes the roles is picking a side."}],"openQuestions":["Whether kedārī denotes the field or the reservoir. Retrieved sources contradict each other, and the Sanskrit compound in Cakrapāṇi is not glossed in the passage retrieved.","The Dalhaṇa citation at Su.Sū.14/10 could not be verified; no retrievable Sanskrit Sushruta-with-Dalhaṇa text was located.","JAIMS 7(1):2022 'Physiological study of Kedari Kulya Nyaya in reference to transport of Particles through Cell Membrane' was retrieved and read (jaims.in/jaims/article/view/1689) but carries no DOI or PMID, so it is not recorded in the modern array."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/kedari-kulya-nyaya/","canary":"9a45a6d5ed505d7d"},{"slug":"khale-kapota-nyaya","page":"/lexicon/khale-kapota-nyaya/","iast":"khale-kapota-nyāya","devanagari":"खलेकपोतन्यायः","alternates":["khale kapota nyaya","khalekapota-nyāya","khala-kapota-nyāya (less correct; khale is the locative of khala)"],"category":"dhatu","family":"body","renderings":[{"english":"Theory of selective uptake","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-2.6.21","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO's description: 'it states that each structural component selectively absorbs its specific nutrients just as a pigeon picks grains from a granary according to its need.'","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false},{"english":"Theory of selectivity","sourceName":"Int J Res Ayurveda Pharm 11(6):2020, nyāya survey","sourceKind":"paper","locator":"section","verbatim":true,"assessment":"COMPARATOR. Glosses khale as 'heap of grains' and kapota as 'pigeons'.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Int J Res Ayurveda Pharm 11(6):2020, nyāya survey\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"\"Int J Res Ayurveda Pharm 11(6):2020, nyāya survey\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation"},{"english":"analogy of pigeons picking up the choicest grains","sourceName":"Charak Samhita Online (carakasamhitaonline.com)","sourceKind":"website","locator":"Grahani Chikitsa","verbatim":true,"assessment":"COMPARATOR ONLY, in copyright. Glosses khala as 'a storehouse for thrashed grain'.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Charak Samhita Online (carakasamhitaonline.com)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"selective uptake of nutrients","sourceName":"J Ayurveda Integr Med, PMID 32855015 (2021)","sourceKind":"paper","locator":"abstract","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"J Ayurveda Integr Med, PMID 32855015 (2021)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"Law of Selection","sourceName":"common BAMS lecture/textbook usage","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"Widespread; paired in teaching with 'active transport'.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita with Cakrapāṇidatta's Āyurvedadīpikā","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"28 (Vividhāśitapītīya)","verse":"commentary on v.4, Cakrapāṇi's segment 21","establishes":"Cakrapāṇi introduces the nyāya as the view of OTHERS (anye tv āhuḥ). The mechanism as he states it: the food-essence travels separately along each dhātu's own path; the fraction nourishing one dhātu has no contact with any other dhātu; the channels get progressively finer-mouthed and longer, which is why nourishment reaches the later dhātus later.","quote":"anye tv āhuḥ khalekapotanyāyenāyam annarasaḥ pṛthak pṛthag dhātumārge gataḥ san rasādīn poṣayati na tv asya dhātupoṣako rasabhāgo dhātvantareṇa samaṃ sambandham apyanubhavati rasādipoṣakāni srotāṃsyuttarottaraṃ sūkṣmamukhāni dīrghāṇi ca","translator":"none (Sanskrit)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/corpustei/transformations/plaintext/sa_agniveza-carakasaMhitA-parts-comm.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita with Cakrapāṇidatta's Āyurvedadīpikā","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"28","verse":"commentary on v.4, Cakrapāṇi's segment 26","establishes":"The clinical argument FOR this view: if rasa is vitiated, on the selective model only the affected nutrient fraction is spoiled, not every downstream dhātu. Cakrapāṇi uses it against the transformation view, on which all subsequent dhātus would necessarily be vitiated.","quote":"khalekapotapakṣe tu yaddhātupoṣako rasabhāgo duṣṭaḥ sa eva duṣyati na sarve taditareṣāmaduṣṭakāraṇatvāt","translator":"none (Sanskrit)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/corpustei/transformations/plaintext/sa_agniveza-carakasaMhitA-parts-comm.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Cikitsāsthāna","chapter":"15","verse":"Kaviratna's v.14","establishes":"The seven-fires doctrine in the mūla is the mechanism the nyāyas are trying to reconcile with the observed order of nourishment; it does not itself decide between them.","quote":"They who sustain the body, viz., the 'dhatus' (i. e., 'Rasa' or juice, blood, flesh, adeps, marrow, bones, and vital seed), are cooked by their seven respective fires.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"kedārī-kulyā-nyāya","why":"Khale-kapota has each dhātu take what it needs from a common supply, with the poṣaka fractions travelling in separate channels and never mixing. Kedārī-kulyā has a single supply filling tissues in order of proximity. Cakrapāṇi treats them as of equal force."},{"term":"kṣīra-dadhi-nyāya","why":"On khale-kapota no dhātu turns into another; the dhātus are nourished in parallel from the common pool. The transformation view is exactly what Cakrapāṇi contrasts it with."},{"term":"dhātu-agni","why":"The fire acting within each dhātu, not the selection of what reaches it. Selection is about routing; agni is about conversion."},{"term":"prīṇana / āhāra-rasa","why":"Āhāra-rasa is the common nutrient pool (the khala, the threshing floor) in the simile, not the theory."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"active transport","why":"A modern teaching gloss, not a translation. The simile's pigeons expend effort, but the classical point is selectivity and the separateness of each nutrient path, not ATP-dependent membrane transport."},{"rendering":"pigeons in a dovecote","why":"Khala is a threshing floor or grain heap, not a dovecote. The pigeons come to the grain and leave; they do not live there."},{"rendering":"Chakrapani's theory of selective nutrition","why":"Cakrapāṇi reports it as the view of others (anye tv āhuḥ) and declines to endorse either candidate."}],"openQuestions":["Whether the name also occurs in Dalhaṇa on Sushruta, as secondary sources imply. Not verified; no retrievable Sanskrit Sushruta-with-Dalhaṇa text was found.","Whether the nearest-first ordering is intrinsic to this nyāya or borrowed into it from kedārī-kulyā. Cakrapāṇi's segment 21 derives the order from channel length and fineness, which is a third mechanism again."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/khale-kapota-nyaya/","canary":"71589a37e8898c44"},{"slug":"khara","page":"/lexicon/khara/","iast":"khara","devanagari":"खर","alternates":["karkaśa (Sushruta's term in the second decade of guṇas, Su.Su. 46.521)"],"category":"guṇa (one of the twenty gurvādi guṇas; opposite of ślakṣṇa)","family":"pharmacology","renderings":[{"english":"Roughness/coarseness","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022), entry DG0119 khara","sourceKind":"comparator standard","locator":"DG0119","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Comparator. WHO's vāta attribute list also reads 'Rūkṣa (dry), Laghu (light), Śīta (cold), Khara ...'.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"keen","sourceName":"Kaviratna, Charaka Samhita, Sutrasthana Lesson I (verse printed as 58 by him; standard 1.59)","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"archive.org BIUSante_47357","verbatim":true,"assessment":"'Wind, which may be dry, cold, light, subtile, unstable, clear, keen' renders rūkṣa śīta laghu sūkṣma cala viśada khara; 'keen' for khara is a translator's choice that matches Monier-Williams' 'sharp' sense, not the pharmacological 'rough'.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"sharp or pungent","sourceName":"Kaviratna, Charaka Samhita, Sutrasthana Lesson XXVI (his no. 22; standard 26.11)","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"archive.org BIUSante_47357, printed p. 300","verbatim":true,"assessment":"'heavy, sharp or pungent, hard, mild, immobile, clear, thick, gross, and possessed of scent' for guru khara kaṭhina manda sthira viśada sāndra sthūla gandha; 'sharp or pungent' for khara is doctrinally odd and collides with kaṭu.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"rough (to tactual perception)","sourceName":"Bhishagratna, Sushruta Samhita, Sutrasthana ch. XLVI","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"wisdomlib doc141678; archive.org in.ernet.dli.2015.43171 printed p. 567","verbatim":true,"assessment":"'Parchedness is the opposite of oleaginousness; it produces stypsis and makes a thing rough to tactual perception.' Here khara is rendered as an effect of rūkṣa, following the Sanskrit of Su.Su. 46.516. For the twenty-guṇa list proper Bhishagratna renders karkaśa as 'Roughness'.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"hard, harsh, rough, sharp, pungent, acid (opposed to mṛdu and ślakṣṇa)","sourceName":"Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899), p. 337","sourceKind":"dictionary","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":"Confirms both the 'rough' and 'sharp' senses; the Ayurvedic technical sense fixes on 'rough' as opposite of ślakṣṇa.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899), p. 337\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"Rough","sourceName":"Common textbook rendering (gurvādi guṇa tables)","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"Near-universal in modern teaching.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"59 (standard; Kaviratna prints 58 after the passage)","establishes":"Khara listed among the seven qualities of vāta. Kaviratna: 'Wind, which may be dry, cold, light, subtile, unstable, clear, keen, is cured by objects which have adverse attributes.'","quote":"रूक्षः शीतो लघुः सूक्ष्मश्चलोऽथ विशदः खरः| विपरीतगुणैर्द्रव्यैर्मारुतः सम्प्रशाम्यति||५९||","translator":"Sanskrit quoted; English by Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Deerghanjiviteeya_Adhyaya ; English: https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"26","verse":"11 (standard; Kaviratna prints 22 and 23 after the pārthiva and āpya sentences)","establishes":"Khara is an attribute of both pṛthvī-dominant and vāyu-dominant substances.","quote":"तत्रद्रव्याणिगुरुखरकठिनमन्दस्थिरविशदसान्द्रस्थूलगन्धगुणबहुलानि पार्थिवानि, तान्युपचयसङ्घातगौरवस्थैर्यकराणि; ... लघुशीतरूक्षखरविशदसूक्ष्मस्पर्शगुणबहुलानि वायव्यानि, तानि रौक्ष्यग्लानिविचारवैशद्यलाघवकराणि;","translator":"Sanskrit text","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Atreyabhadrakapyiya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"46","verse":"516 (numbering as printed in the Sanskrit on easyayurveda.com, which follows the common Trikamji/Nirnaya Sagar numbering; verify against a printed edition)","establishes":"In Sushruta's guṇa-karma passage khara appears as a characteristic of rūkṣa, while the second decade of guṇas uses karkaśa (46.521: 'श्लक्ष्णः पिच्छिलवज्ज्ञेयः कर्कशो विशदो यथा'). Bhishagratna: 'Parchedness is the opposite of oleaginousness; it produces stypsis and makes a thing rough to tactual perception.' and 'Humidity is like sliminess. Roughness is like absorption.'","quote":"स्नेहमार्दवकृत् स्निग्धो बलवर्णकरस्तथा | रूक्षस्तद्विपरीतः स्याद्विशेषात् स्तम्भनः खरः ||५१६||","translator":"Sanskrit quoted; English by Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/sushruta-samhitha-sutrasthana-46-annapana-vidhi-adhyaya-regimen-of-food-and-drinks/ (Sanskrit only quoted); English: https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.43171 printed pp. 567-568 and https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc141678.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Aṣṭāṅga Hṛdaya","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"18 (as printed on easyayurveda.com; verify in a printed edition)","establishes":"Enumerates the twenty guṇas as ten named qualities 'with their opposites' (ślakṣṇa named, khara implied as its opposite). No public-domain English translation; no quotation recorded.","quote":null,"translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/2012/08/31/ashtanga-hrudaya-sutra-sthana-chapter-1-basic-principles-of-ayurveda/","checked":"address only, nothing quoted to check"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"rūkṣa (dry)","why":"Both are vāta attributes and Sushruta 46.516 even lists khara as a property of rūkṣa; but rūkṣa is the opposite of snigdha (unctuous) while khara is the opposite of ślakṣṇa (smooth)."},{"term":"kaṭhina (hard)","why":"Kaviratna's 'sharp... hard' and Monier-Williams' 'hard, harsh' invite confusion; kaṭhina pairs with mṛdu, khara with ślakṣṇa."},{"term":"tīkṣṇa (sharp/penetrating)","why":"Kaviratna's 'keen' and 'sharp' for khara are the standard English for tīkṣṇa; the pharmacological khara is tactile roughness."},{"term":"karkaśa","why":"Sushruta's term for the same slot in the twenty-guṇa list (Su.Su. 46.521); treat as synonym in Sushruta, not a 21st guṇa."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"sharp / keen / pungent","why":"Kaviratna's renderings at Ca.Su. 1.59 and 26.11; follow the dictionary's secondary sense and collapse khara into tīkṣṇa or kaṭu."}],"openQuestions":[],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/khara/","canary":"5c04f8018a3dd3aa"},{"slug":"khavaigunya","page":"/lexicon/khavaigunya/","iast":"khavaiguṇya","devanagari":"खवैगुण्य","alternates":["khavaiguṇyam","kha-vaiguṇya","srotovaiguṇya (स्रोतोवैगुण्य, the near-synonym standardised by WHO)","khavaigunyata","kha vaigunya"],"category":"srotas-concept","family":"body","renderings":[{"english":"Functional alteration of body channels","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standards-body","locator":"Entry ITA-4.8.2","verbatim":true,"assessment":"IMPORTANT: WHO ISTA has NO entry for khavaiguṇya. Verified by full-text search of the 608-page PDF: the string 'khavaigu' returns zero hits and 'vaigun' returns only srotovaiguṇyam. WHO standardises the srotas-compound and not the kha- compound. Also note WHO assigns the identical English term 'Functional alteration of body channels' to ITA-4.8.3 (srotoduṣṭihetuḥ), so the standard does not distinguish the two in English at all.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"owing to an obstruction in their natural passage","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, tr. Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (public domain)","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"Sutrasthana ch. XXIV, authoritative verse (= Su.Su.24/10)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"This is Bhishagratna rendering the whole phrase 'yatra saṅgaḥ khavaiguṇyāt'. He does NOT give khavaiguṇya a distinct English equivalent; he merges it with saṅga. So there is no public-domain English rendering of khavaiguṇya as such.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"defect in channels of transportation and transformation","sourceName":"Charak Samhita New Edition (CSRTDC), 'Kha vaigunya' article","sourceKind":"modern-scholarly-edition","locator":"carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Kha_vaigunya, DOI 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.027, by Khandel S.K. & Baghel M.S., first published 15 Aug 2020","verbatim":false,"assessment":"Recorded as a comparator. This edition's English is CC-licensed and in copyright, so it is paraphrased here rather than quoted. The same article supplies the etymology: 'Kha' literally means empty or vacant space; 'Vaigunya' means defect or deformity. It also states expressly that khavaigunya is DIFFERENT from srotodushti and that srotodushti occurs at a site where khavaigunya already exists.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true},{"english":"any area or bodily part lacking normalcy or normal traits","sourceName":"Ali M, Sharma RK, Pareek P, 'Concept Of Khavaigunya and Srotodushti in Vyadhiutpati: A Review', Int. J. for Multidisciplinary Research 5(4), 2023","sourceKind":"modern-journal-review","locator":"IJFMR23045456","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Telling detail: for the ETYMOLOGY of both halves of the word this review cites a nineteenth-century Sanskrit lexicon (Shabdakalpadruma), not a medical text. Its only classical citations are to Charaka and Ashtanga Hridaya passages about srotas and dhatvagni, none of which contains the word khavaiguṇya.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"a modern translator, in copyright","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"a modern translator, in copyright"},{"english":"the impairment of the function integrity of the Srotas","sourceName":"Sharma S et al., Int. Res. J. Ayurveda & Yoga 6(12):98-102 (2023)","sourceKind":"modern-journal-review","locator":"DOI 10.47223/IRJAY.2023.61218","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Treats khavaiguṇya and srotovaiguṇya as interchangeable, as most of the literature does. Also attributes the role of srotovaigunya at the sthanasamshraya stage to 'Dalhan Tika of Sushruta Samhita'.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"a modern translator, in copyright","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"a modern translator, in copyright"},{"english":"not verified","sourceName":"NAMASTE portal / ICD-11 TM2","sourceKind":"standards-body","locator":"registration wall","verbatim":false,"assessment":"Unretrieved. Given khavaiguṇya is a mechanism rather than a morbidity, a NAMC code would be unlikely.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"24 (Vyadhi-samuddeshiya)","verse":"10","establishes":"THE locus classicus, and the ONLY mula-text occurrence of the word khavaiguṇya that I was able to verify anywhere. Of the aggravated doshas coursing through the body, disease arises at the place where they are arrested BECAUSE OF khavaiguṇya (defect of the kha, i.e. of the channel-space). This single verse is the entire textual basis of the concept; everything else in the literature is inference from it or from the sthana-samshraya stage of shatkriyakala.","quote":"भवति चात्र- कुपितानां हि दोषाणां शरीरे परिधावताम् | यत्र सङ्गः खवैगुण्याद्व्याधिस्तत्रोपजायते ||१०||","translator":"none (Sanskrit mula text)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/2023/07/05/sushruta-24-vyadhi-samuddesheeya-adhyaya/","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"XXIV","verse":"10 ('Authoritative verse on the Subject')","establishes":"The only lawfully quotable English of the locus classicus. It also demonstrates that Bhishagratna did not recognise khavaiguṇya as a term of art: he renders it as 'an obstruction in their natural passage', which reads it as a second description of saṅga rather than as its cause.","quote":"The deranged and aggravated humours, freely coursing through the body, give rise to a disease at the place in which they are incarcerated owing to an obstruction in their natural passage.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122921.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"21 (Vrana-prashna)","verse":"the shatkriyakala passage; sthana-samshraya is the fourth stage","establishes":"Where the concept operates in the six-stage model: sthana-samshraya, the lodgement of the disseminated doshas in a particular site. The secondary literature (IRJAY 2023, IJRAP 2020, IJFMR 2023, CSNE) is unanimous that khavaiguṇya is what determines WHERE lodgement occurs. I located the chapter and confirmed it contains the six-stage sequence, but I could NOT verify a verse number or obtain a clean verbatim sentence tying khavaiguṇya to it, and the word does not appear in the English I retrieved. Recorded as located, not quoted.","quote":null,"translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122917.html","checked":"address only, nothing quoted to check"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"srotoduṣṭi","why":"The tradition orders them in time: khavaiguṇya is the pre-existing defect or susceptibility in the channel; srotoduṣṭi is the vitiation that then occurs there when dosha meets dushya. The CSNE article states this explicitly. WHO ISTA, by giving srotovaiguṇyam and srotoduṣṭihetuḥ the SAME English term, erases the distinction. A lexicon should preserve it and flag the WHO collision."},{"term":"srotovaiguṇya (स्रोतोवैगुण्य)","why":"Treated as a synonym throughout the modern literature, and it is the form WHO standardised. But note it is srotovaiguṇya, not khavaiguṇya, that WHO carries, so the two words are not interchangeable at the level of a standards lookup even if they are in clinical usage."},{"term":"sthāna-saṃśraya","why":"The fourth stage of shatkriyakala, the EVENT of lodgement. khavaiguṇya is the pre-condition that determines where lodgement happens. Stage versus mechanism."},{"term":"bīja-doṣa / bīja-bhāga-avayava-doṣa","why":"Defect in the reproductive seed or in a specific part of it, Charaka's mechanism for congenital disease. Reviews treat bija dushti as one CAUSE of khavaiguṇya, not as the same thing."},{"term":"saṅga","why":"In Su.Su.24/10 saṅga is the arrest of the doshas and khavaiguṇya is its cause ('yatra saṅgaḥ khavaiguṇyāt'). They appear in one clause and are routinely collapsed, Bhishagratna himself collapses them."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"obstruction in the natural passage","why":"Bhishagratna's own rendering, and the reason English readers of Sushruta never encounter the term. It reads khavaiguṇya as a restatement of saṅga, whereas the ablative khavaiguṇyāt makes it the CAUSE of saṅga."},{"rendering":"locus minoris resistentiae","why":"A Latin tag imported by twentieth-century Ayurvedic writers. It is a reasonable analogy but it is not a translation, it carries specific connotations from European pathology, and presenting it as an equivalent gives the concept a spurious biomedical pedigree."},{"rendering":"genetic predisposition","why":"One proposed subtype (IJRAP 2020) offered as the whole. The classical verse says nothing about heredity; the hereditary/congenital/acquired classification is explicitly labelled a hypothesis by its own author."},{"rendering":"khavaigunya as a stage of shatkriyakala","why":"It is not one of the six. The six are sanchaya, prakopa, prasara, sthanasamshraya, vyakti, bheda. Khavaiguṇya is the condition that makes the fourth possible."},{"rendering":"tissue weakness / weak organ","why":"Loses the channel reference. 'Kha' is the space or lumen of the srotas; the defect is in the channel-space, not in a tissue mass or an organ generally."}],"openQuestions":["Whether khavaiguṇya occurs anywhere in the Charaka Samhita mula. I could not run an exhaustive negative check: the GRETIL Caraka e-text I searched covers only selected chapters. The dedicated reviews give no Charaka citation containing the word, which is suggestive but not proof.","Whether Dalhana's commentary on Su.Su.24/10 or on Su.Su.21 supplies the definition that the secondary literature attributes to him. This is the single highest-value next step.","Whether Chakrapani uses the term anywhere, and whether the equation of 'kha' with 'srotas' is his.","Whether the sirā/dhamanī-level defect and the dhatvagni-level defect are two distinct classical mechanisms or one."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/khavaigunya/","canary":"f797205ec772d053"},{"slug":"kitta","page":"/lexicon/kitta/","iast":"kiṭṭa","devanagari":"किट्ट","alternates":["kiṭṭam","kitta","kittam","āhāra-kiṭṭa","anna-mala (Kaviratna's gloss)","sāra-kiṭṭa / prasāda-kiṭṭa (paired usage)"],"category":"mala","family":"body","renderings":[{"english":"Waste product","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-2.4.2 kiṭṭam","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO distinguishes kiṭṭam ('Waste product', ITA-2.4.2) from malaḥ ('Excretory products', ITA-2.4.1) only by headword; the two descriptions overlap almost completely. The 'either digestion or metabolism' wording matches Charaka's use of kiṭṭa at both the food level (Su 28/4) and the dhātu level (Chi 15/18-19).","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"waste product","sourceName":"NAMASTE Portal, Standardised Ayurveda Terminologies (ayu_sat_table_combined.xlsx)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"SAT-B.458 kiṭṭam","verbatim":true,"assessment":"NAMASTE drops WHO's 'digestion' and keeps only 'metabolism', which is narrower than Charaka Su 28/4, where kiṭṭa is first of all the waste fraction of digested food.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology"},{"english":"Refuse; dregs or dross","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sutrasthana Lesson XXVIII, p. 392 of the scan (archive.org BIUSante_47357)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna's running rendering is 'Refuse' (capitalised, paired with 'Substance' for prasāda); at first mention he glosses 'a Refuse called dregs or dross'. In Chikitsa Lesson XV he keeps the Sanskrit and glosses it 'Kitta (refuse)'.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"Kitta (refuse)","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Chikitsasthana Lesson XV, his aphorisms 14, 17-19","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Here he retains the Sanskrit as a technical term, which he does not do in Sutrasthana 28.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"kitta or dross","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Vimanasthana, list of items to be examined (OCR line 57676: 'whether the result is abundance of kitta or dross')","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Incidental use; shows 'dross' is his settled equivalent.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"the waste form / waste part (of food)","sourceName":"Charak Samhita Online (ITRA Jamnagar), Vividhashitapitiya Adhyaya, translation of Su 28/4","sourceKind":"edition","locator":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Vividhashitapitiya_Adhyaya","verbatim":true,"assessment":"CC BY-NC-SA; cited as a comparator rendering only, not reproducible.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Charak Samhita Online (ITRA Jamnagar), Vividhashitapitiya Adhyaya, translation of Su 28/4\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"\"Charak Samhita Online (ITRA Jamnagar), Vividhashitapitiya Adhyaya, translation of Su 28/4\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation"}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"28","verse":"4 (standard/Trikamji numbering as printed on carakasamhitaonline, the whole prose unit is ||4||)","establishes":"The defining passage. Food yields two products: rasa 'called āhāra-prasāda' and kiṭṭa 'called mala'. From kiṭṭa are nourished sweat, urine, faeces, AND vāta, pitta, śleṣman, plus the secretions of ear, eye, nose, mouth, hair follicles and genitals, and hair, beard, body hair, nails. Kiṭṭa is thus the source-fraction; mala is its name/class; the doṣas themselves are listed among what kiṭṭa nourishes.","quote":"तत्राहारप्रसादाख्यो रसः किट्टं च मलाख्यमभिनिर्वर्तते| किट्टात् स्वेदमूत्रपुरीषवातपित्तश्लेष्माणः कर्णाक्षिनासिकास्यलोमकूपप्रजननमलाः केशश्मश्रुलोमनखादयश्चावयवाःपुष्यन्ति| / tatrāhāraprasādākhyō Rasaḥ kiṭṭaṁ ca malākhyamabhinirvartatē| kiṭṭāt svēdamūtrapurīṣavātaPittaślēṣmāṇaḥ karṇākṣināsikāsyalōmakūpaprajananamalāḥ kēśaśmaśrulōmanakhādayaścāvayavāḥ puṣyanti|","translator":"none quoted (Sanskrit mula only; site's English is CC BY-NC-SA and not reproduced)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Vividhashitapitiya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"28","verse":"4 (standard); Kaviratna's printed aphorism numbers here are unreadable in OCR (the passage is bracketed by a '4', a '3' and another '4'), so his number is NOT established","establishes":"The lawfully quotable English of Su 28/4. 'Aharaprasdda' is an OCR artefact for Aharaprasada. Kaviratna renders kiṭṭa as 'Refuse ... dregs or dross' and the derived malas as 'excrements'. Note that he, like the Sanskrit, lists 'wind, bile, and phlegm' among the products of the Refuse.","quote":"From that, (viz., the food thus taken), arises a juice which is called Aharaprasdda or food-substance, as also a Refuse called dregs or dross. From the Refuse arise urine, sweat, faeces* wind, bile, and phlegm ; as also those excrements which have for their sources the ears and eyes and nose and mouth, the hair-cells of the body and the genital organs, and such limbs of the body as hair, beard, bristles, nails, &c.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Chikitsasthana","chapter":"15","verse":"18-19 (standard, as printed on carakasamhitaonline); Kaviratna prints 17 and 18 for the same two units, i.e. one behind here","establishes":"Kiṭṭa is used at the dhātu level too: faeces and urine are the kiṭṭa of food; kapha of rasa; pitta of rakta; the orifice-wastes (khamala) of māṁsa; sweat of medas; hair of asthi; the unctuousness of eyes, faeces and skin of majjā. Verse 18 uses kiṭṭa and mala interchangeably within one line.","quote":"किट्टमन्नस्य विण्मूत्रं, रसस्य तु कफोऽसृजः| पित्तं, मांसस्य खमला, मलः स्वेदस्तु मेदसः||१८|| स्यात्किट्टं केशलोमास्थ्नो, मज्ज्ञः स्नेहोऽक्षिविट्त्वचाम्| प्रसादकिट्टे धातूनां पाकादेवंविधर्च्छतः ||१९|| / kiṭṭamannasya viṇmūtraṁ, rasasya tu kaphō'sr̥jaḥ| Pittaṁ, māṁsasya khamalā, malaḥ svēdastu mēdasaḥ||18|| syātkiṭṭaṁ kēśalōmāsthnō, majjñaḥ snēhō'kṣiviṭtvacām| prasādakiṭṭē dhātūnāṁ pākādēvaṁvidharcchataḥ ||19||","translator":"none quoted (Sanskrit mula only)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Grahani_Chikitsa","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Chikitsasthana","chapter":"15","verse":"Kaviratna's printed 17 and 18 (= standard 18-19)","establishes":"Public-domain English of the dhātu-mala list. 'sweet' is a misprint/OCR error for 'sweat'; 'Prasfida' for Prasada. His 'that of the skin is the secretions flowing from the eyes' does not match the Sanskrit 'majjñaḥ snēhō'kṣiviṭtvacām' (the unctuousness of eyes, faeces and skin comes from majjā); flag before relying on his construal of verse 19.","quote":"That which Is called the ‘Kitta’ (refuse) of the food taken, consists of stools and urine ; the ‘Kitta’ of ‘Rasa is phlegm ; that of blood is bile ; that of flesh are the filths of the body, including the secretions (from the nose, the ears, &c.) ; while sweet forms the ‘Kitta’ of adeps, [17] The ‘Kitta’ of bones is hair (of the head and the body) ; that of marrow is the oily-substance in the body ; that of the skin is the secretions flowing from the eyes. From digestion (of the food eaten) thus arise, it is said, both ‘Prasfida’ and ‘Kitta’ of the ‘Dhatus.’ [18]","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Ashtanga Hridaya","sthana":"Sharirasthana","chapter":"3","verse":"61, 63-64 (GRETIL numbering, Das and Emmerick e-text)","establishes":"Vāgbhaṭa pairs kiṭṭa with sāra (not prasāda) for the two products of digested food, and specifies that the liquid (accha) kiṭṭa of food is urine and the solid (ghana) kiṭṭa is faeces, a distinction Charaka 28/4 does not make. Verse 64 then reverts to prasāda-kiṭṭau.","quote":"kiṭṭaṃ sāraś ca tat pakvam annaṃ saṃbhavati dvi-dhā | tatrācchaṃ kiṭṭam annasya mūtraṃ vidyād ghanam śakṛt || 61 || ... kaphaḥ pittaṃ malāḥ kheṣu prasvedo nakha-roma ca || 63 || sneho 'kṣi-tvag-viṣām ojo dhātūnāṃ krama-śo malāḥ | prasāda-kiṭṭau dhātūnāṃ pākād evaṃ dvi-dharcchataḥ || 64 ||","translator":"none (no public-domain English exists; Sanskrit only)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/1_sanskr/6_sastra/7_ayur/vagaah_u.htm","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"mala","why":"Charaka Su 28/4 makes kiṭṭa the waste FRACTION of digested food and mala the CLASS NAME ('kiṭṭaṁ ca malākhyam'); the malas (sweat, urine, faeces...) are nourished FROM kiṭṭa. WHO (ITA-2.4.1 vs 2.4.2) and NAMASTE (SAT-B.457 vs 458) keep two headwords but near-identical definitions, and Charaka Chi 15/18 itself uses the two words interchangeably, so the distinction is real but soft."},{"term":"sāra / prasāda","why":"The complementary nutritive fraction. Charaka Su 28/4 says prasāda; Charaka Chi 15/15 says kiṭṭa-prasāda; Ashtanga Hridaya Sha 3/61 says sāra. Same pair, three labels."},{"term":"āma","why":"Āma is incompletely digested food that has not undergone pāka; kiṭṭa is a normal product of completed pāka. WHO separately codes sāmamalaḥ (ITA-5.4.8) for waste associated with incomplete digestion, which is the pathological overlap of the two."},{"term":"dhātumala","why":"WHO ITA-2.4.6 'Metabolic waste'. In Charaka Chi 15/18-19 the dhātu-level wastes are also called kiṭṭa, so kiṭṭa is the broader word and dhātumala a subclass."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"toxin(s)","why":"Popular rendering; no classical source calls kiṭṭa toxic. Charaka Su 28/4 says kiṭṭa nourishes (puṣyanti) the malas and, by Kaviratna's footnote, restores them to measure. 'Toxin' imports a modern biochemical claim and contradicts the nutritive verb."},{"rendering":"excrement / excreta (for kiṭṭa itself)","why":"Kaviratna reserves 'excrements' for the malas that arise FROM the Refuse; kiṭṭa is the pre-excretory fraction. Using 'excreta' for kiṭṭa collapses the source and its products."},{"rendering":"metabolic by-product only (NAMASTE SAT-B.458)","why":"Drops the primary sense: in Su 28/4 kiṭṭa is first the waste of FOOD digestion (āhāra), and only secondarily dhātu-level waste. WHO's 'either digestion or metabolism' is the more faithful comparator."}],"openQuestions":["Kaviratna's printed aphorism number for Su 28/4 could not be read from OCR (the passage shows '4', then '3', then '4'); a human should check the page image (archive.org BIUSante_47357, scan p. 392-393).","Whether Chakrapāṇi treats 'kiṭṭaṁ ca malākhyam' as making kiṭṭa and mala synonyms or as naming a class was not checked; Kaviratna's footnote reads it the latter way.","Dalhana / Arunadatta on accha-kiṭṭa vs ghana-kiṭṭa (AH Sha 3/61) not checked."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/kitta/","canary":"54383c92607d5bef"},{"slug":"kledaka-kapha","page":"/lexicon/kledaka-kapha/","iast":"kledaka-kapha","devanagari":"क्लेदककफ","alternates":["kledaka-śleṣmā","Kledakam","Kledaka Kapha","Kledak Kapha"],"category":"kapha-subtype","family":"dosha","renderings":[{"english":"Moistening kapha","sourceName":"WHO international standard terminologies on Ayurveda (2022), term ID ITA-2.1.3.3","sourceKind":"standards-body","locator":"ITA-2.1.3.3","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO's description is VĀGBHAṬA's (anna-saṅghāta-kledana in the āmāśaya), not Suśruta's. In Suśruta the āmāśaya-kapha's stated function is to support the other kapha seats by udaka-karma; the 'moistening the food bolus' framing is AH Sū 12.16. WHO does not flag that it is choosing between authorities.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Kledakam","sourceName":"Suśruta Saṃhitā tr. Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (public domain)","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"Sūtrasthāna ch. 21, Wikisource text: 'The Kledakam:—The Kapham, even though principally located in the stomach, permeates its four other distant localities with its peculiar watery or humid essence in virtue of its inherent attributes.'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"CRITICAL: the NAME 'Kledakam' here is Bhishagratna's supplied section heading. The Sanskrit mūla at Su.Sū. 21.14 does not contain the word kledaka. Bhishagratna is importing the commentarial name onto an unnamed passage, helpfully, but a reader who quotes this as 'Suśruta calls it kledaka' is over-reading the translation.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"Kledaka","sourceName":"Suśruta Saṃhitā tr. Bhishagratna, footnote at Sūtrasthāna ch. 15","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"'They are known as Shleshmaka, Kledaka, Vodhaka, Tarpaka, Avalamvaka.'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Bhishagratna's footnote naming the five kaphas, again supplied because the mūla at Su.Sū. 15.4 says only 'śleṣmā pañcadhā pravibhaktaḥ' without names.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"food lubrication","sourceName":"J Ayurveda Integr Med (2026), IBS/Grahani Roga case report","sourceKind":"peer-reviewed-journal","locator":"PMID 42492167","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Wrong gloss. Kledana is moistening/liquefying; lubrication (snehana/saṃśleṣa) is śleṣaka kapha's domain. A published example of the confusion this record's distinguishFrom section documents.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"J Ayurveda Integr Med (2026), IBS/Grahani Roga case report\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"\"J Ayurveda Integr Med (2026), IBS/Grahani Roga case report\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation"},{"english":null,"englishWithheld":"this project has not cleared that source for quotation","sourceName":"J Ayurveda Integr Med (2025), atherosclerotic CVD review","sourceKind":"peer-reviewed-journal","locator":"PMID 40972327","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Correctly cites AH rather than Suśruta for this function, and correctly keeps the Sanskrit. The '~mucous secretions' equation is the paper's own modern correlate.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"J Ayurveda Integr Med (2025), atherosclerotic CVD review\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"\"J Ayurveda Integr Med (2025), atherosclerotic CVD review\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation"}],"classical":[{"text":"Suśruta Saṃhitā","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"21 (Vraṇapraśna Adhyāya)","verse":"","establishes":"The āmāśaya kapha supports/permeates the other four kapha seats. Note what is ABSENT: no mention of moistening the food bolus. The heading 'Kledakam' is the translator's supplied name.","quote":"The Kledakam:—The Kapham, even though principally located in the stomach, permeates its four other distant localities with its peculiar watery or humid essence in virtue of its inherent attributes.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita,_Volume_1/Chapter_21","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Suśruta Saṃhitā (Sanskrit mūla)","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"21","verse":"14","establishes":"MAJOR FINDING: the word 'kledaka' does NOT occur here. The mūla identifies this kapha only by location (implicitly āmāśaya, from 21.12-13) and by function, 'anugrahaṃ karoti' to the remaining kapha seats by udaka-karma. The name kledaka is supplied by commentary and by Vāgbhaṭa. Verified by reading the full ||१४|| sentence on the retrieved page, which names none of the five kaphas.","quote":"स तत्रस्थ एव स्वशक्त्या शेषाणां श्लेष्मस्थानानां शरीरस्य चोदककर्मणाऽनुग्रहं करोति;","translator":"","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/sushruta-samhita-sutrasthana-21-vranaprashna-adhyaya-question-concerning-wounds/","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Suśruta Saṃhitā (Sanskrit mūla)","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"15","verse":"4","establishes":"Kapha is fivefold and its listed functions are sandhi-saṃśleṣaṇa, snehana, ropaṇa, pūraṇa, bala and sthairya. Note that KLEDANA is not among them. The fivefold division is asserted without names.","quote":"सन्धिसंश्लेषणस्नेहनरोपणपूरणबलस्थैर्यकृच्छ्लेष्मा पञ्चधा प्रविभक्त उदककर्मणाऽनुग्रहं करोति ||४||","translator":"","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/2023/05/29/sushruta-15-doshadhatumala-kshayavruddhi-vijnaninya-adhyaya/","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Aṣṭāṅga Hṛdaya (Sanskrit mūla; no public-domain English translation exists, so no translation is quoted)","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"12 (Doṣabhedīya)","verse":"16","establishes":"Vāgbhaṭa is where the NAME and the moistening function both come from: seated in āmāśaya, called kledaka FROM anna-saṅghāta-kledana (moistening the compacted food mass). Vāgbhaṭa moves the 'supports the other kapha seats' role to AVALAMBAKA (12.15-16a). Corroborated: PMID 40972327 cites 'Ashtanga Hridaya Sutra Sthana 12/16'.","quote":null,"quoteWithheld":"nobody has yet read this quotation against its printed source, and an unchecked quotation is not published here","translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/2013/04/16/dosha-types-increase-and-decrease/"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"avalambaka-kapha","why":"THE central confusion for this term, and it is a genuine textual conflict, not a reader's error. Suśruta gives the āmāśaya kapha the job of supporting the remaining kapha seats (Su.Sū. 21.14); Vāgbhaṭa gives that same job to avalambaka in the chest (AH Sū 12.15-16a) and gives the āmāśaya kapha the moistening job instead. So 'the kapha that supports the other kaphas' means kledaka in Suśruta and avalambaka in Vāgbhaṭa."},{"term":"śleṣaka-kapha","why":"Kledana (moistening, liquefying) is not snehana/saṃśleṣa (unctuousness, binding, lubrication). PMID 42492167 glosses kledaka as 'food lubrication', which is śleṣaka's function applied to the wrong subtype."},{"term":"pācaka-pitta","why":"Co-located in the āmāśaya and both act on ingested food, with opposite qualities. Kledaka prepares (moistens, loosens the bolus); pācaka transforms (cooks, splits sāra from kiṭṭa). Grahaṇī/agnimāndya discussions invoke both."},{"term":"āma","why":"Āma is undigested/improperly processed residue, a pathological product. Kledaka is a physiological doṣa subtype. Excess kledaka is implicated in āma formation, but the two are not the same thing and English texts sometimes slide from one to the other."},{"term":"kleda (the mala)","why":"Kleda is the watery waste/moisture as a substance; kledaka is the agent that produces the moistening. Same root, different grammatical role."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"\"gastric mucus\" / \"mucin\" / \"the mucous lining of the stomach\"","why":"A proposed correlate, not a meaning. Gastric mucus is protective; kledaka's classical role is preparative (loosening the bolus) and, in Suśruta, supportive of the other kapha seats. No paper has operationalised or measured the equation."},{"rendering":"\"lubricating kapha\" / \"food lubrication\"","why":"Published in PMID 42492167 and wrong. 'Lubricating kapha' is WHO ISTA's English term for ŚLEṢAKA (ITA-2.1.3.6). Using it for kledaka collides head-on with the standards terminology."},{"rendering":"Citing Suśruta for 'kledaka moistens the food bolus'","why":"Su.Sū. 21.14 does not say this, and does not use the word kledaka at all. The moistening function and the name are both Vāgbhaṭa's (AH Sū 12.16)."}],"openQuestions":["Does Dalhaṇa name the five kaphas in his gloss on Su.Sū. 21.14, and is he the proximate source of Bhishagratna's supplied section headings? This would settle how the names attached to Suśruta's unnamed passage.","Do any classical or commentarial sources attempt to reconcile the Suśruta/Vāgbhaṭa swap of the 'supports the other kaphas' function between kledaka and avalambaka?","Whether NAMASTE or ICD-11 TM2 carries any kledaka-kapha entry."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/kledaka-kapha/","canary":"08ad286030591a10"},{"slug":"koshtha","page":"/lexicon/koshtha/","iast":"koṣṭha","devanagari":"कोष्ठ","alternates":["mahāsrotas","antaḥkoṣṭha","śarīramadhya","mahānimna","āmapakvāśaya","ābhyantara rogamārga","mṛdu / madhyama / krūra koṣṭha"],"category":"anatomy-physiology (central cavity; also bowel-habit type)","family":"body","renderings":[{"english":"Bowel habit","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"who-ista","locator":"ITA-2.6.37","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO's PRIMARY rendering is functional (bowel habit), with the anatomical sense demoted to a trailing remark. The classical primary sense in CS Sū. 11.48 is the opposite way round.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"The major inner cavity of the body from the mouth to anus","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"who-ista","locator":"ITA.3.11.1","verbatim":true,"assessment":"The synonym list here is lifted straight from CS Sū. 11.48, WHO has effectively standardised Charaka's own paryāya list. Note the internal inconsistency: the head-term says 'mouth to anus' while the description says only stomach and large intestine.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":null,"sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"who-ista","locator":"ITA-2.6.38","verbatim":true,"assessment":"'Costive' is archaic English for constipated; WHO's choice here is notably old-fashioned and may confuse non-native readers.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":null,"sourceName":"National Institute of Ayurveda / WHO-APW non-clinical terminologies glossary","sourceKind":"glossary","locator":"SK0104","verbatim":true,"assessment":"The Indian draft glossary puts the cavity sense FIRST and adds the thoracic and pelvic cavities, which WHO's 'mouth to anus' excludes. A real disagreement about the boundaries of the referent.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"[left untranslated] 'Koshtha is otherwise called the great Stream within the body. The great cavity below, the cavity containing undigested food, the cavity where digestion takes place... are also used for Koshtha. Koshtha is the Internal seat of disease.'","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Kaviratna","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"Sūtrasthāna ch. 11, his verse 47 (= CS Sū. 11.48)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna refuses an English equivalent (see his footnote at the śākhā record) and renders mahāsrotas as 'the great Stream within the body'.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"abdominal cavity (Koshtha)","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, tr. Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"Vol. I, in the description of an ulcer 'seated in the abdominal cavity (Koshtha)'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Bhishagratna, unlike Kaviratna, does supply an English equivalent, and it is purely anatomical, with no bowel-habit sense.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"gut / gastrointestinal tract / alimentary canal","sourceName":"Standard Indian BAMS textbook and journal usage","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":"pervasive","verbatim":false,"assessment":"Convenient and now dominant; loses the fact that CS Sū. 11.48's synonym list includes śarīramadhya ('middle of the body'), which is a region, not a tube.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"11 (Tistraiṣaṇīya)","verse":"11.48","establishes":"That Charaka defines koṣṭha OSTENSIVELY, by a list of synonyms used in the treatise (mahāsrotas, śarīramadhya, mahānimna, āmapakvāśaya), and assigns it the role of internal disease-pathway. He gives no boundary definition, which is why WHO and the NIA glossary can disagree about whether the thorax is included.","quote":"कोष्ठः पुनरुच्यते महास्रोतः शरीरमध्यं महानिम्नमामपक्वाशयश्चेति पर्यायशब्दैस्तन्त्रे, स रोगमार्ग आभ्यन्तरः","translator":"none (Sanskrit mūla)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Tistraishaniya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"28","verse":"28.31 and 28.33","establishes":"Koṣṭha as the destination to which doṣas must be brought before elimination, the therapeutic rationale for the whole of pūrvakarma.","quote":"koṣṭhācchākhā malā yānti drutatvānmarutasya ca ... śākhā muktvā malāḥ koṣṭhaṃ yānti vāyośca nigrahāt","translator":"none (Sanskrit mūla)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/corpustei/transformations/plaintext/sa_agniveza-carakasaMhitA-parts-comm.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Aṣṭāṅga Hṛdaya (referenced, NOT quoted — no public-domain English translation exists)","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"18","verse":"18/53-55 (for krūra koṣṭha); 12/46 cited for koṣṭha's extent 'stomach to large intestines'; 18/15 cited for the purpose of assessing koṣṭha","establishes":"That the mṛdu/madhyama/krūra triad and the practical purpose of koṣṭha assessment are treated in Aṣṭāṅga Hṛdaya. The verse numbers are as cited on the retrieved page; I did NOT open an Aṣṭāṅga Hṛdaya text to confirm them.","quote":null,"translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Koshtha","checked":"address only, nothing quoted to check"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"agni","why":"Koṣṭha is the site; agni is the transformative capacity. Mṛdu/krūra koṣṭha is classified by stool consistency and doṣa dominance, not by digestive power, though the NIA glossary entry for krūra koṣṭha does fold in 'irregular digestive ability', blurring the two."},{"term":"mahāsrotas","why":"Charaka lists mahāsrotas as a SYNONYM of koṣṭha (Sū. 11.48), which is why the two are interchangeable there, but mahāsrotas is also the name of a srotas, and srotas elsewhere is a distinct category from rogamārga."},{"term":"āmāśaya / pakvāśaya","why":"These are parts of koṣṭha (āmapakvāśaya is one of its synonyms as a dvandva), not the whole. WHO ITA.3.11.1's description, which names only stomach and large intestine, effectively reduces koṣṭha to this pair."},{"term":"prakṛti","why":"Koṣṭha type (mṛdu/madhya/krūra) is doṣa-determined and is often called a constitutional feature, but it is assessed from present stool behaviour and can be altered; it is not the same as janma-prakṛti."},{"term":"koṣṭhāṅga","why":"The viscera contained in the koṣṭha (WHO ITA.3.11.2), not the cavity itself."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"stomach","why":"The commonest single-word error. Koṣṭha's synonym list is a set of cavities and a body-region; āmāśaya alone is the stomach."},{"rendering":"colon","why":"Narrower still, and drives a false equation of krūra koṣṭha with constipation as a bowel disease rather than a physiological type."},{"rendering":"bowel habit (as the primary sense)","why":"WHO's choice. It is a legitimate secondary sense, but a reader who meets koṣṭha first in CS Sū. 11.48 as the ābhyantara rogamārga and then looks it up in WHO will find only a description of stool frequency."},{"rendering":"digestive fire","why":"Confuses koṣṭha with agni; nothing in Sū. 11.48 mentions agni."}],"openQuestions":["Does koṣṭha include the thoracic cavity? The NIA glossary says yes; WHO's 'mouth to anus' description says effectively no. Charaka's śarīramadhya is indeterminate on the point.","The primary classical locus for the mṛdu/madhyama/krūra triad, which text states it first, and in which verse. I located it in Aṣṭāṅga Hṛdaya via a secondary page but did not verify.","Whether any study has tested inter-rater agreement on koṣṭha classification, which is used to dose purgatives. None found."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/koshtha/","canary":"6875dd4151e936dc"},{"slug":"krichchhrasadhya","page":"/lexicon/krichchhrasadhya/","iast":"kṛcchrasādhya","devanagari":"कृच्छ्रसाध्य","alternates":["kṛcchra-sādhya","krichra sadhya","kricchrasadhya","kashtasadhya (colloquial synonym in modern usage; not seen in sources retrieved)"],"category":"prognosis (sub-class of sādhya)","family":"disease","renderings":[{"english":null,"sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"ITA-4.2.40","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"'curable with difficulty'","sourceName":"Kaviratna, Charaka-Samhita","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Sutrasthana Lesson X, his aphorisms 3 and 8-11, pp. 110-111","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"'curable by means that are difficult' (for utkṛṣṭa-sādhya, the third grade of sādhya in 10/10, which Kaviratna's footnote links to 'Utkrishtasadhya')","sourceName":"Kaviratna","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Sutrasthana Lesson X, his aphorism 4 and footnote","verbatim":true,"assessment":"A different threefold grading (alpa/madhya/utkṛṣṭa) of curable diseases by means required; not identical to kṛcchrasādhya.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"'extremely hard to cure' (for a disease 'exhibiting traits common to both' curable and incurable types)","sourceName":"Bhishagratna, Sushruta Samhita","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Sutrasthana ch. XXXV","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"Krichra sadhyata (scoring category)","sourceName":"NAMASTE portal, as described in secondary literature","sourceKind":"comparator (indirect)","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"Not verified on the portal.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true},{"english":"palliable / 'hard to cure' used loosely","sourceName":"common textbook/online usage","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"Often blurred with yāpya; see mistranslations.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Caraka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"10 (Mahācatuṣpāda)","verse":"standard 10/9 (Sanskrit); Kaviratna's aphorism 3","establishes":"kṛcchrasādhya is the second sub-class of sādhya (curable), alongside sukhasādhya.","quote":"सुखसाध्यं मतं साध्यं कृच्छ्रसाध्यमथापि च| द्विविधं चाप्यसाध्यं स्याद्याप्यं यच्चानुपक्रमम् ||९||","translator":"none (Sanskrit)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Mahachatushpada_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Caraka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"10","verse":"standard 10/14-16 (Sanskrit; first and last confirmed independently: 14 begins 'निमित्तपूर्वरूपाणां', 16 ends 'कृच्छ्रसाध्यं द्विदोषजम्'). Kaviratna's block printed '8-11' covers 14-17 (his 11 includes the yāpya verse 17).","establishes":"The defining features of kṛcchrasādhya: moderate strength of cause/prodrome/symptoms; one of kāla, prakṛti, dūṣya shared with the dosha; in pregnant women, the old, children; not very complicated; requiring śastra/kṣāra/agni; not new; arising in a difficult place; single-pathway with incomplete four requisites, or two-pathway, not very old, dvidoṣaja.","quote":"निमित्तपूर्वरूपाणां रूपाणां मध्यमे बले| कालप्रकृतिदूष्याणां सामान्येऽन्यतमस्य च||१४|| गर्भिणीवृद्धबालानां नात्युपद्रवपीडितम्| शस्त्रक्षाराग्निकृत्यानामनवं कृच्छ्रदेशजम्||१५|| विद्यादेकपथं रोगं नातिपूर्णचतुष्पदम्| द्विपथं नातिकालं वा कृच्छ्रसाध्यं द्विदोषजम्||१६||","translator":"none (Sanskrit)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Mahachatushpada_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Caraka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"10, Kaviratna Lesson X, printed pp. 110-111","verse":"Kaviratna's '8-11' (printed after) = standard 10/14-17","establishes":"Public-domain English of the kṛcchrasādhya criteria. Note divergences from the Sanskrit worth flagging: Kaviratna has 'elderly woman' where the Sanskrit has garbhiṇī (pregnant woman); he renders kṛcchradeśajam loosely ('affecting some vital limb or some joint ... only one part') and 'anavam' as 'chronic'. The final sentence is the yāpya verse (10/17) which he runs into this block.","quote":"The characteristics of diseases that are curable with difficulty are as follows : when the causes, premonitory indications, and present symptoms, are of force neither slight nor very grave ; when any of these, viz., the season of the disease, its nature, and the character of those ingredients of the body which are known by the name of Dushya, is sympathetic with the derangement that induces the disease ; when the disease appertains to an elderly woman, an old man, and an infant ; when the disease is not characterised by excessively violent symptoms ; when the disease is such that it should be treated with the aid of operations by (surgical) instruments, by caustic alkali, and by fire ; when the disease is chronic ; when the disease, affecting some vital limb or some joint of the body, affects only one part; when the four principal requisites of treatment are wanting in some particular and the disease affects two parts; when the disease is not very old; and lastly when the disease has been induced by a double derangement ; such diseases should be known as curable with difficulty. Even diseases that are incurable in consequence of the exhaustion of one's allotted period of life may be kept in a suppressed state by means of regulated diet and (proper) nursing.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"35 (Bhishagratna ch. XXXV); Sanskrit verse number not established","verse":null,"establishes":"Sushruta's criterion for the hard-to-cure class: mixed features of the curable and incurable types.","quote":"A disease, which is marked by features other than those described above, should be regarded as incurable, while the one exhibiting traits common to both the abovesaid types, should be looked upon as extremely hard to cure.","translator":"Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122935.html","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"yāpya","why":"Yāpya is a sub-class of ASĀDHYA (10/9): not curable, only maintainable. Kṛcchrasādhya is curable, with difficulty. Kaviratna's running of 10/17 into his kṛcchrasādhya block (his 8-11) makes this confusion easy."},{"term":"utkṛṣṭa-sādhya (10/10)","why":"The alpa/madhya/utkṛṣṭa grading is by the magnitude of MEANS required; kṛcchra/sukha is by the disease's features. They overlap but are distinct schemes in consecutive verses."},{"term":"asādhya","why":"Several kṛcchrasādhya features (dvidoṣaja, needs śastra/kṣāra/agni, in the old or very young) are shared by yāpya and pratyākhyeya in greater degree; the gradation is by degree, not by kind."},{"term":"kaṣṭasādhya","why":"Common modern synonym; not seen in Caraka 10 or WHO, which both use kṛcchra."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"palliable / manageable","why":"That is yāpya; kṛcchrasādhya diseases are expected to be cured."},{"rendering":"Kaviratna's 'elderly woman' for garbhiṇī","why":"The Sanskrit of 10/15 reads garbhiṇī-vṛddha-bālānām (pregnant women, the old, children); the translator's word is wrong, and should not be recorded as what the text says."},{"rendering":"chronic (for anavam)","why":"anavam means 'not new', i.e. not of recent onset; 'chronic' overstates duration, and Caraka reserves dīrghakālam avasthitam for yāpya (10/18)."}],"openQuestions":["Whether to record Kaviratna's grouping (10/17 within the kṛcchrasādhya block) as a reading or as an error; the Sanskrit yāpya verse begins 'śeṣatvād āyuṣo yāpyam asādhyam'."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/krichchhrasadhya/","canary":"d7f8d85f17607e8b"},{"slug":"kshira-dadhi-nyaya","page":"/lexicon/kshira-dadhi-nyaya/","iast":"kṣīra-dadhi-nyāya","devanagari":"क्षीरदधिन्यायः","alternates":["ksheera dadhi nyaya","kshira dadhi nyaya","pariṇāma-pakṣa / pariṇāma-vāda (the position itself, as Cakrapāṇi names it)","sarvātma-pariṇāma-vāda (the strong form Cakrapāṇi refutes)"],"category":"dhatu","family":"body","renderings":[{"english":"Theory of sequential transformation","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-2.6.19","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO's description: 'it states that the seven structural components are sequentially transformed from primary circulating nutrient fluid (primary product of digestion) to semen just as milk is transformed into curd and then butter and ghee.' Note WHO extends the simile to butter and ghee, which the name (milk/curd) does not.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false},{"english":"Theory of Transformation","sourceName":"Int J Res Ayurveda Pharm 11(6):2020, nyāya survey","sourceKind":"paper","locator":"section","verbatim":true,"assessment":"COMPARATOR. Also glosses it as describing 'Dhatu Parinama (tissue formation and development)'.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Int J Res Ayurveda Pharm 11(6):2020, nyāya survey\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"\"Int J Res Ayurveda Pharm 11(6):2020, nyāya survey\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation"},{"english":"milk curdling analogy","sourceName":"Charak Samhita Online (carakasamhitaonline.com)","sourceKind":"website","locator":"Grahani Chikitsa","verbatim":true,"assessment":"COMPARATOR ONLY, in copyright.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Charak Samhita Online (carakasamhitaonline.com)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"\"Charak Samhita Online (carakasamhitaonline.com)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation"},{"english":"transformation of nutrients","sourceName":"J Ayurveda Integr Med, PMID 32855015 (2021)","sourceKind":"paper","locator":"abstract","verbatim":true,"assessment":"The paper's parenthetical gloss.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"J Ayurveda Integr Med, PMID 32855015 (2021)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"Law of Transformation","sourceName":"common BAMS lecture/textbook usage","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"Widespread; 'law' overstates what is a simile used in a commentarial argument.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita with Cakrapāṇidatta's Āyurvedadīpikā","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"28","verse":"commentary on v.4, Cakrapāṇi's segment 25","establishes":"Cakrapāṇi names this position pariṇāma-pakṣa, NOT kṣīra-dadhi-nyāya, and raises an objection to it: on the transformation view an aphrodisiac would take a very long time to become śukra, yet milk and the like are seen to act as aphrodisiacs at once. CRITICAL: the string 'kṣīradadhi' does not occur anywhere in this commentary file.","quote":"kiṃca pariṇāmapakṣe vṛṣyaprayogasya raktādirūpatāpattikrameṇāticireṇa śukraṃ bhavatīti kṣīrādayaśca sadya eva vṛṣyā dṛśyante","translator":"none (Sanskrit)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/corpustei/transformations/plaintext/sa_agniveza-carakasaMhitA-parts-comm.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita with Cakrapāṇidatta's Āyurvedadīpikā","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"28","verse":"commentary on v.4, Cakrapāṇi's segment 27","establishes":"Cakrapāṇi explicitly REFUTES the total-transformation view by reductio: if every part of a dhātu were transformed, three or four days of fasting would empty the body of rasa and kill it, and a month's fast would leave a body made entirely of śukra. This is the single most important and most often omitted fact about this nyāya.","quote":"eṣu ca pakṣeṣu sarvātmapariṇāmavādo viruddha eva yena sarvātmapariṇāme tricaturopavāsenaiva nīrasatvāccharīrasya maraṇaṃ syāt māsopavāse kevalaṃ śukramayaṃ śarīraṃ syāt","translator":"none (Sanskrit)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/corpustei/transformations/plaintext/sa_agniveza-carakasaMhitA-parts-comm.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Cikitsāsthāna","chapter":"15","verse":"Kaviratna's v.20","establishes":"The transformation account, with a stated period, is reported in the mūla as one opinion among others.","quote":"Some are of opinion that the transformation (of one 'dhatu' into another) takes place in six days and nights.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"14","verse":"not numbered in Bhishagratna","establishes":"Sushruta gives the one-month serial-transformation timetable, and Cakrapani quotes exactly this Sushruta passage in his commentary on Ca.Su.28.4 when setting out the transformation view. This is the textual basis MODERN writing invokes for the name ksira-dadhi-nyaya; Sushruta does not use that name and neither does Cakrapani when quoting him. Note Sushruta's timetable differs from the six days reported in Ca.Ci.15.","quote":"The Rasa is successively transformed into each of the six remaining fundamental principles of the body, and continues in the shape of each for the period of three thousand and fifteen kalas five days according to our modern computation . Thus the Rasa is converted into semen, or into the menstrual blood (ovum) in women, in the course of a month.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita,_Volume_1/Chapter_14","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"khale-kapota-nyāya","why":"Kṣīra-dadhi has the whole preceding dhātu convert into the next; khale-kapota has a common nutrient pool from which each dhātu draws its own fraction, with the dhātus never converting into one another. They are mutually exclusive as stated, which is why Cakrapāṇi weighs them against each other."},{"term":"kedārī-kulyā-nyāya","why":"Kedārī-kulyā is about the route and order of delivery; kṣīra-dadhi is about the identity of the substance being nourished. Cakrapāṇi says kedārī-kulyā is of equal force with khale-kapota, and treats both as alternatives to the transformation view."},{"term":"dhātu-pariṇāma","why":"Pariṇāma is the doctrine; kṣīra-dadhi-nyāya is a later label naming it by its simile. Using the label where the sources say pariṇāma-pakṣa obscures that Cakrapāṇi argued against it."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"milk to curd to butter to ghee","why":"The name contains only kṣīra and dadhi. The extension to navanīta and ghṛta is a later elaboration, though WHO ISTA itself adopts it (ITA-2.6.19). Recording the four-stage version as 'the' simile misstates the compound."},{"rendering":"Law of Transformation","why":"'Law' implies a settled doctrine. In the commentary it is one contested pakṣa, and the strong form of it is refuted."},{"rendering":"Chakrapani's theory of tissue transformation","why":"Cakrapāṇi reports and criticises this position; he does not hold it. Attributing it to him inverts the source."}],"openQuestions":["Whether Dalhaṇa on Su.Sū.14 uses the name. No retrievable Sanskrit Sushruta-with-Dalhaṇa text was found.","Which timetable the lexicon should record: Sushruta's one month, or the six days reported in Ca.Ci.15."],"nameAttestation":{"finding":"The doctrine is classical. The name is not, so far as the retrievable corpus goes.","detail":"The four citations here document the DOCTRINE and not the NAME. Checked directly against GRETIL's Agnivesa Carakasamhita-parts with the Ayurvedadipika (328,448 characters, ed. Trikamji, Chaukhambha 1994, data entry Oliver Hellwig): ksiradadhi occurs ZERO times in any form, joined or hyphenated, and ksira and dadhi never fall within sixty characters of one another anywhere in the file. What Cakrapani does use, in his commentary on Ca.Su.28.4, is parinamapaksa and parinamavada for this position, and he reserves nyaya for its two RIVALS: khalekapota appears five times and kedarikulyanyayas once. The whole file contains only five nyaya compounds and none of them is ksiradadhi. So the passage supports the transformation doctrine under the name Cakrapani actually gives it, and the refutation was right that it does not support the term this record is filed under."},"citationsChecked":null,"source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/kshira-dadhi-nyaya/","canary":"ab5b04094cc3b823"},{"slug":"laghu","page":"/lexicon/laghu/","iast":"laghu","devanagari":"लघु","alternates":["lāghava (abstract noun, Ca.Su. 26.11)"],"category":"guṇa (one of the twenty gurvādi guṇas; opposite of guru); also one of the eight vīryas in some schools","family":"pharmacology","renderings":[{"english":"Light/ lightness","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022), entry DG0143 laghu","sourceKind":"comparator standard","locator":"DG0143","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Comparator; WHO folds Sushruta's lekhana/ropaṇa actions into the definition.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"light","sourceName":"Kaviratna, Charaka Samhita, Sutrasthana Lesson I and XXVI","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"archive.org BIUSante_47357","verbatim":true,"assessment":"'heavy and light, heat and cold, &c.' (his 48, standard 1.49); 'heavy, light, cold, hot, oily, and dry' (Varyovida's opinion, standard 26.8); 'It is light, warm, and dry' (kaṭu rasa, standard 26.43). He also renders the eight vīryas 'mild and keen, heavy and light, oily and dry, and hot and cooling'.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"Lightness","sourceName":"Bhishagratna, Sushruta Samhita, Sutrasthana ch. XLVI","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"archive.org in.ernet.dli.2015.43171 printed p. 568","verbatim":true,"assessment":"'Lightness is the opposite of heaviness. It acts as a liquefacient and healing agent.' Elsewhere in ch. 46 he uses 'light of digestion' / 'light in digestion' for foods.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"light, quick, swift... light in the stomach, easily digested, Suśr.","sourceName":"Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899), p. 893","sourceKind":"dictionary","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":"Dictionary already records the Suśruta technical sense 'easily digested'.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899), p. 893\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"Light (easy to digest)","sourceName":"Common textbook rendering","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"Textbooks typically gloss toward digestibility; the classical guṇa is broader (reducing, scraping).","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"49 (standard; Kaviratna prints 48 after the passage)","establishes":"The gurvādi (guru-first) qualities are listed among the guṇas; the verse names the series by its first member only. Kaviratna: 'pairs of opposites (such as heavy and light, heat and cold, &c.)'.","quote":"सार्था गुर्वादयो बुद्धिः प्रयत्नान्ताः परादयः| गुणाः प्रोक्ताः . प्रयत्नादि कर्म चेष्टितमुच्यते||४९||","translator":"Sanskrit quoted; English by Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Deerghanjiviteeya_Adhyaya ; English: https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"59 (standard; Kaviratna 58)","establishes":"Laghu as an attribute of vāta. Kaviratna: 'Wind, which may be dry, cold, light, subtile, unstable, clear, keen'.","quote":"रूक्षः शीतो लघुः सूक्ष्मश्चलोऽथ विशदः खरः| विपरीतगुणैर्द्रव्यैर्मारुतः सम्प्रशाम्यति||५९||","translator":"Sanskrit quoted","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Deerghanjiviteeya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"26","verse":"9 (standard)","establishes":"Guru-laghu head the list of guṇas residing in substances. Kaviratna: 'Those virtues are heavy, light, cold, warm, oily, dry, and others.'","quote":"तेष्वाश्रयेषु द्रव्यसञ्ज्ञकेषु गुणा गुरुलघुशीतोष्णस्निग्धरूक्षाद्याः;","translator":"Sanskrit quoted; English by Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Atreyabhadrakapyiya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"46","verse":"518-519 (numbering as printed in the web Sanskrit text; verify in a printed edition)","establishes":"Laghu is the opposite of guru and is lekhana (scraping) and ropaṇa (healing). Bhishagratna (p. 568): 'Heaviness produces languor, increases excrements, and is tonic, pleasing and flesh-building. Lightness is the opposite of heaviness. It acts as a liquefacient and healing agent.' ('liquefacient' is his rendering of lekhana; OCR reads 'liquefadent').","quote":"सादोपलेपबलकृद्गुरुस्तर्पणबृंहणः ||५१८|| लघुस्तद्विपरीतः स्याल्लेखनो रोपणस्तथा |","translator":"Sanskrit quoted; English by Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/sushruta-samhitha-sutrasthana-46-annapana-vidhi-adhyaya-regimen-of-food-and-drinks/ (Sanskrit only); English: https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.43171 and https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc141678.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"42","verse":"Sushruta Sutrasthana 42/7 (siva.sh numbering); Bhishagratna Chapter XLII, the unnumbered paragraph beginning 'According to certain authorities'","establishes":"Suśruta reporting the view of 'some' (kecid āhuḥ) at Su 42.7: within a two-fold Saumya/Āgneya division of the rasas, madhura, amla and lavaṇa are snigdha and guru, while kaṭu, tikta and kaṣāya are rūkṣa and laghu. Bhishagratna's 'According to certain authorities' marks the same framing. This is a cited opinion, not Suśruta's own siddhānta; in his own voice at 42.8 he assigns lāghava to kaṣāya (vāyu-samānayoni) and to kaṭu (pitta-samānayoni), and does not there list tikta. Sanskrit: तत्र मधुराम्ललवणाः स्निग्धा गुरवश्च, कटुतिक्तकषाया रूक्षा लघवश्च ॥७॥.","quote":"The tastes such as sweet, acid and saline are heavy and emollient in their character, while the pungent, astringent and bitter ones are dry and light.","translator":"Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc141672.html","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"guru (heavy)","why":"Its paired opposite; the pair is the eponym of the whole gurvādi list."},{"term":"laghu as vīrya","why":"Some schools count laghu among eight vīryas (Kaviratna: 'mild and keen, heavy and light, oily and dry, and hot and cooling, are the eight kinds of Energy'; AH 9 also records this view). Same word, different category (vīrya vs guṇa)."},{"term":"laṅghana (lightening therapy)","why":"A treatment principle derived from the same root; laghu is the quality, laṅghana the procedure."},{"term":"sūkṣma (subtle)","why":"Both vāta attributes often glossed 'light/fine'; sūkṣma is about penetration into minute channels (Su.Su. 46.524), laghu about weight/digestibility and reduction."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"low-calorie / easy to digest only","why":"Narrows a guṇa with lekhana (scraping/reducing) and ropaṇa (healing) actions to one dietary attribute."}],"openQuestions":[],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/laghu/","canary":"8dc3280a6f7ee951"},{"slug":"lakshana","page":"/lexicon/lakshana/","iast":"lakṣaṇa","devanagari":"लक्षण","alternates":["lakṣaṇam","lakshan","lakhana","liṅga (as declared synonym)"],"category":"nidana","family":"disease","renderings":[{"english":"Characteristic feature","sourceName":"WHO international standard terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standards body","locator":"ITA-4.5.5","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO gives lakṣaṇam no code of its own; it sits inside the ITA-4.5.5 'Signs and symptoms' synonym block with six other words. The alignment of this particular gloss to this particular term is read off the PDF table layout and is not labelled.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Signs and symptoms","sourceName":"WHO international standard terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standards body","locator":"ITA-4.5.5","verbatim":true,"assessment":"The head term under which lakṣaṇa is coded. Anyone crosswalking lakṣaṇa to WHO gets ITA-4.5.5 and cannot distinguish it from liṅga, cihna, ākṛti, saṃsthāna, vyañjana or rūpa.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"'Lakshana' is from the root 'laksha' to see or observe. Hence, that by which anything else is seen is called 'Lakshana.'","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (public domain), translator's footnote","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Nidana Sthanam, Lesson I, footnote to the synonym verse","verbatim":true,"assessment":"The only public-domain English etymology of the term I located. Note what it makes lakṣaṇa: an instrument of observation, 'that by which anything else is seen', which is why the word can serve in a definition (a defining mark) as well as in a symptom list.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"sign and symptoms","sourceName":"Charak Samhita New Edition (carakasamhitaonline.com)","sourceKind":"modern scholarly edition","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":"CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 comparator; treats lakṣaṇa as undifferentiated from the rest of the list.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"the CSRTSDC/Charak Samhita New Edition English, in copyright","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the CSRTSDC/Charak Samhita New Edition English, in copyright"},{"english":"signs and symptoms (as a synonym of rupa)","sourceName":"easyayurveda.com rendering of Ashtanga Hridaya Ni. 1.5 and Madhava Nidana 1.7","sourceKind":"modern textbook website","locator":"AH Ni. 1.5; MN 1.7","verbatim":false,"assessment":"PARAPHRASE of the comparator's treatment, not a quoted head term: both pages list lakṣaṇa among the synonyms of rūpa without glossing it separately. Recorded to document that the textbook tradition does not differentiate it either.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true},{"english":"defining characteristic (as used in the titles of classical chapters)","sourceName":"Madhava Nidana chapter 1 title, 'Pañca Nidāna Lakṣaṇa'","sourceKind":"classical text title","locator":"MN chapter 1 title, as printed on the retrieved page","verbatim":false,"assessment":"PARAPHRASE, and the reason this record exists. In the chapter title lakṣaṇa cannot mean 'symptom': the chapter is about the definitions of the five, not about anyone's symptoms. No standard records this sense.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Nidāna Sthāna","chapter":"1 (Jvara Nidāna)","verse":"9","establishes":"THE CIRCULARITY, visible in one verse. The definiens is prādurbhūta-LAKṢAṆA, the manifested lakṣaṇa; the definiendum is liṅga; and the second half then declares lakṣaṇa a synonym of liṅga. If they were strictly synonymous the definition would say nothing. Retrieved and string-matched by me.","quote":"प्रादुर्भूतलक्षणं पुनर्लिङ्गम्| तत्र लिङ्गमाकृतिर्लक्षणं चिह्नं संस्थानं व्यञ्जनं रूपमित्यनर्थान्तरम्||९||","translator":"none (Sanskrit mūla)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Jwara_Nidana","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Nidāna Sthāna","chapter":"1 (Jvara Nidāna)","verse":"8","establishes":"The same word doing the same job one verse earlier: pūrvarūpa is the pre-manifestation lakṣaṇa of the disease. So in Ni. 1.8-9 lakṣaṇa is the GENUS of which pūrvarūpa and liṅga are the temporally-divided species, and is simultaneously listed as a synonym of one of the species.","quote":"पूर्वरूपं प्रागुत्पत्ति लक्षणं व्याधेः||८||","translator":"none (Sanskrit mūla)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Jwara_Nidana","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Nidāna Sthāna","chapter":"1 (Jvara Nidāna)","verse":"9, translator's footnote","establishes":"Public-domain etymology. Retrieved and string-matched by me from the footnote in which Kaviratna glosses six of the seven synonyms separately, which is itself evidence that he did not regard them as interchangeable in use.","quote":"'Lakshana' is from the root 'laksha' to see or observe. Hence, that by which anything else is seen is called 'Lakshana.'","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Ashtanga Hridaya","sthana":"Nidāna Sthāna","chapter":"1 (Sarvaroga Nidāna)","verse":"5","establishes":"Lakṣaṇa appears as one of Vagbhata's six synonyms of rūpa (saṃsthāna, vyañjana, liṅga, lakṣaṇa, cihna, ākṛti). Devanagari mūla sighted on the retrieved page; not quoted per the rule for this text.","quote":null,"translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/2024/03/14/sarvaroga-nidana-general-disease-diagnosis-ashtanga-hridaya-nidanasthana-1/","checked":"address only, nothing quoted to check"},{"text":"Madhava Nidana","sthana":null,"chapter":"1 (Pañca Nidāna Lakṣaṇa)","verse":"7, and the chapter title itself","establishes":"Two uses on one page. At 1.7 lakṣaṇa is a synonym of rūpa; in the chapter title Pañca Nidāna Lakṣaṇa it means the definition or characterisation of the five. The retrieved page prints both.","quote":null,"translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/2023/03/22/pancha-nidana-madhava-nidana-1/","checked":"address only, nothing quoted to check"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"liṅga","why":"Declared anarthāntara at Ca. Ni. 1.9, yet liṅga is what one infers FROM (Kaviratna: root 'ligi', to go, hence to proceed to an inference) while lakṣaṇa is what one observes BY (root 'laksha', to see). Sign-as-evidence versus mark-as-criterion."},{"term":"rūpa","why":"The headword of the pentad's third member in Vagbhata and Madhavakara. Lakṣaṇa is a synonym of it there, but lakṣaṇa alone carries the definitional sense that rūpa does not."},{"term":"lakṣaṇa as 'definition' in śāstra","why":"THE DISTINCTION THIS RECORD IS FOR. Across Sanskrit systematic literature lakṣaṇa means the defining characteristic, the definiens, as in Madhava Nidana's own chapter title. Reading every occurrence as 'symptom' mistranslates chapter headings and definitional passages throughout the corpus."},{"term":"pūrvarūpa","why":"Not a contrast but a containment: Ca. Ni. 1.8 makes pūrvarūpa a KIND of lakṣaṇa (the pre-manifestation kind). A reader who treats lakṣaṇa as equal to liṅga will find Ni. 1.8 incoherent."},{"term":"cihna","why":"Kaviratna glosses cihna as 'literally a mark'. Closest to lakṣaṇa of the seven, and the pair is where an actual semantic distinction, if any survives, would have to be argued."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"symptom","why":"The default rendering and wrong wherever the word is doing definitional work, which includes Ca. Ni. 1.8, the definiens of Ca. Ni. 1.9, and the title of Madhava Nidana chapter 1. It also imports the modern sign/symptom split, which the Sanskrit does not make."},{"rendering":"sign","why":"Better than 'symptom' but still one-sided: it renders the evidential half and drops the definitional half."},{"rendering":"characteristic feature","why":"WHO's gloss, and the best of the short ones, but by placing lakṣaṇa inside the ITA-4.5.5 'Signs and symptoms' block WHO commits it to the clinical sense and makes the definitional sense uncodeable."},{"rendering":"lesion","why":"Seen in older translations influenced by pathological anatomy. A lakṣaṇa need not be structural at all."}],"openQuestions":["Whether any classical commentator addresses the circularity of Ni. 1.8-9 directly, where lakṣaṇa is both the genus and a synonym of one species. Chakrapani is the place to look and I did not retrieve him.","Whether the definitional sense has ever been given a terminology code by anyone. WHO has not; I could not check NAMASTE (the terminologies path 302-redirects) and could not query ICD-11 TM2 (search endpoints returned 404).","Whether any Sanskrit lexicographic study treats the seven Ni. 1.9 synonyms as genuinely distinct. Kaviratna's footnote glosses six of them separately, which implies he thought so, but he does not argue it.","Modern literature: none found. I did not locate any peer-reviewed paper on the semantics of lakṣaṇa, and I did not run a dedicated PubMed query because the term is too ambiguous for a useful search. That is a gap in this record, honestly stated rather than filled."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/lakshana/","canary":"cbef9c8dc273c690"},{"slug":"langhana","page":"/lexicon/langhana/","iast":"laṅghana","devanagari":"लङ्घन","alternates":["laṁghana","langhana","laṅghana-cikitsā","apatarpaṇa (related)","Langhana (Kaviratna)"],"category":"chikitsa","family":"clinic","renderings":[{"english":"Lightness promoting therapy","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator-standard","locator":"ITA-9.1.46 laṅghanam","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO's headword follows the Ca.Su.22.9 definition (lāghava) literally; 'depleting' is reserved for apatarpaṇa.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":null,"sourceName":"NIA Jaipur / WHO-APW draft terminology (2011)","sourceKind":"comparator-draft","locator":"entry SV0141 laṁghana","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Draft gloss adds the śamana/śodhana split (which is Vāgbhaṭa's, AH Su.14.4) and the ten-method count (Charaka's 22.18).","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Langhana: 'Any thing that lightens or attenuates (the aggravated humours and altered constituents) in the body'","sourceName":"Kaviratna, Charaka Samhita, Sutrasthana Lesson XXII","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"archive.org BIUSante_47357 OCR, his printed 7-9 (standard 22.9)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna keeps the Sanskrit term and glosses it; the parenthesis is his addition. His footnote says the term is 'clearly explained in course of the Lesson'.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"depleting therapy / reducing therapy / lightening therapy / fasting therapy","sourceName":"PubMed and textbook usage: PMID 23723649 'Langhana (depleting therapy)'; carakasamhitaonline section heads 'Langhana (reducing/lightening) therapy'; PMID 22131738 'Upavasa ... (among ten types of Langhanas)'","sourceKind":"textbook-usage","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":"'Depleting' and 'reducing' dominate; 'fasting' narrows it to one of the ten.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"PubMed and textbook usage: PMID 23723649 'Langhana (depleting therapy)'; carakasamhitaonline section heads 'Langhana (reducing/lightening) therapy'; PMID 22131738 'Upavasa ... (among ten types of Langhanas)'\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"22 (Laṅghanabṛṁhaṇīya)","verse":"9 (carakasamhitaonline numbering); Kaviratna prints 7-9 for the block","establishes":"Definition: whatever produces lightness (lāghava) in the body is laṅghana.","quote":"तदग्निवेशस्य वचो निशम्य गुरुरब्रवीत्| यत् किञ्चिल्लाघवकरं देहे तल्लङ्घनं स्मृतम्||९||","translator":"Sanskrit text (no translator)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Langhanabrimhaniya_Adhyaya&action=raw","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"Lesson XXII","verse":"Kaviratna's printed 7-9 (standard 22.9-11)","establishes":"Kaviratna's rendering; parenthesis is his gloss.","quote":"Any thing that lightens or attenuates (the aggravated humours and altered constituents) in the body has been said to be a Langhana.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (OCR text; spacing normalized)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"22 (Laṅghanabṛṁhaṇīya)","verse":"18 (carakasamhitaonline numbering); Kaviratna also prints 18","establishes":"The ten laṅghanas: fourfold saṁśuddhi, thirst, wind, sun, pācana drugs, fasting, exercise. The Sanskrit does not name the four śuddhis.","quote":"चतुष्प्रकारा संशुद्धिः पिपासा मारुतातपौ| पाचनान्युपवासश्च व्यायामश्चेति लङ्घनम्||१८||","translator":"Sanskrit text (no translator)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Langhanabrimhaniya_Adhyaya&action=raw","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"Lesson XXII","verse":"Kaviratna's printed 18 (standard 18)","establishes":"Kaviratna's rendering; his parenthetical naming of the four is gloss, not text.","quote":"The four kinds of corrective processes (viz., administration of emetics, of purgatives, of errhines or cerebral purgatives, and dry enemata), as also bearing thirst and wind and the heat of the Sun, drinking the medicines called Pachana, fast, and physical exercise, — these are all included under Langhana.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (OCR text; spacing normalized)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"22 (Laṅghanabṛṁhaṇīya)","verse":"34-35 (carakasamhitaonline numbering); Kaviratna prints 32-33","establishes":"Signs of properly completed laṅghana (samyak-laṅghana lakṣaṇa).","quote":"वातमूत्रपुरीषाणां विसर्गे गात्रलाघवे| हृदयोद्गारकण्ठास्यशुद्धौ तन्द्राक्लमे गते||३४|| स्वेदे जाते रुचौ चैव क्षुत्पिपासासहोदये| कृतं लङ्घनमादेश्यं निर्व्यथे चान्तरात्मनि||३५||","translator":"Sanskrit text (no translator)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Langhanabrimhaniya_Adhyaya&action=raw","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"Lesson XXII","verse":"Kaviratna's printed 32-33 (standard 22.34-35)","establishes":"Kaviratna's rendering of the samyak-laṅghana signs.","quote":"When wind, Urine, and stools are passed (freely), when the body becomes light, when the thorax, the eructations, and the throat become purified, when dulness and exhaustion disappear, when perspiration shows itself, when liking for food returns, when hunger and thirst arise together, and when the mind becomes cheerful, it should then be held that the Langhana desirable to be observed has been properly observed.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (OCR text; spacing normalized)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Ashtanga Hridaya","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"14 (Dvividhopakramaṇīya)","verse":"2 and 4 (GRETIL e-text numbering)","establishes":"Vāgbhaṭa defines laṅghana by lāghava, makes it a synonym of apatarpaṇa, and divides it into śodhana and śamana. This is the source of the two-part split the NIA gloss attributes to laṅghana generally.","quote":"bṛṃhaṇo laṅghanaś ceti tat-paryāyāv udāhṛtau | bṛṃhaṇaṃ yad bṛhat-tvāya laṅghanaṃ lāghavāya yat || 2 || ... bhūtānāṃ tad api dvaidhyād dvitayaṃ nātivartate | śodhanaṃ śamanaṃ ceti dvi-dhā tatrāpi laṅghanam || 4 ||","translator":"Sanskrit text (Das and Emmerick transcription); no English quotable","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/corpustei/transformations/plaintext/sa_vAgbhaTa-aSTAGgahRdayasUtra.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Ashtanga Hridaya","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"4 (GRETIL section; variant markers '4.26cv' in the block)","verse":"26","establishes":"Vāgbhaṭa repeats Charaka's contrast (Ca.Su.16.20): doṣas subdued by laṅghana and pācana may recur, those removed by saṁśodhana do not.","quote":"doṣāḥ kadā-cit kupyanti jitā laṅghana-pācanaiḥ | ye tu saṃśodhanaiḥ śuddhā na teṣāṃ punar-udbhavaḥ || 26 ||","translator":"Sanskrit text; no English quotable","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/corpustei/transformations/plaintext/sa_vAgbhaTa-aSTAGgahRdayasUtra.txt","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"apatarpaṇa","why":"The depleting half of the twofold scheme (WHO ITA-9.1.41); Vāgbhaṭa treats laṅghana as its synonym (AH Su.14.2), WHO keeps separate entries."},{"term":"upavāsa (fasting)","why":"One of the ten laṅghanas (Ca.Su.22.18), not the whole; WHO ITA-9.1.47 'Therapeutic sustained hunger' is a separate entry."},{"term":"śodhana / saṁśuddhi","why":"Charaka counts the fourfold saṁśuddhi inside laṅghana (22.18); Vāgbhaṭa makes śodhana one of laṅghana's two divisions (AH Su.14.4)."},{"term":"rūkṣaṇa","why":"Another of the six upakramas, defined by dryness and roughness (Ca.Su.22.10); Kaviratna notes its over- and under-dose signs are those of laṅghana."},{"term":"pācana","why":"Digestive drugs are one laṅghana method (22.18) and are paired with laṅghana in the recurrence verse (Ca.Su.16.20; AH Su.4.26)."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"fasting / fasting therapy","why":"Reduces ten methods (including exercise, sun, wind, purification) to one."},{"rendering":"weight-loss therapy / slimming","why":"The defined aim is lāghava (lightness), the signs of success are elimination, appetite and mental clarity (22.34-35), not weight."},{"rendering":"detoxification","why":"Only the four saṁśuddhis within laṅghana remove doṣa; the rest (thirst, wind, sun, pācana, fasting, exercise) do not expel anything."}],"openQuestions":["Kaviratna's offset in Lesson XXII shifts from two behind (7-9 for 9-11) to aligned (18) to two behind again (32-33 for 34-35); the exact point of each shift was not mapped.","The 'ten laṅghanas' count depends on reading catuṣprakārā saṁśuddhi as four items; the Sanskrit of 22.18 does not enumerate them, so any list of the four is gloss (Kaviratna supplies one)."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/langhana/","canary":"7ca90eb81baa43c2"},{"slug":"langhana-pachana","page":"/lexicon/langhana-pachana/","iast":"laṅghana-pācana","devanagari":"लङ्घनपाचन","alternates":["laṅghanapācana (compound as in Ca.Vi. 3.43: laṅghanapācanaṁ)","laṅghanapācanaiḥ (instrumental plural, Ca.Su. 16.20)","langhana pachana","langhana-pachana","Langhana-Pāchana (Kaviratna's spelling)","laṃghana-pācana"],"category":"agni","family":"pharmacology","renderings":[{"english":"Langhana-Pāchana (left untranslated as a proper term); in the explanatory aphorism: \"both Langhana and Pāchana\"","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (Vimanasthana, Lesson III, his printed aphorisms 59-61, his p. 490)","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"https://archive.org/details/BIUSante_47357 (page image: https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/page/n642_w1400.jpg)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna does not translate the compound; he transliterates it in the list of three apatarpana and then paraphrases it as the joint administration of Langhana and Pachana. His footnote adds the gloss that Langhana works like sun and wind and Pachana like dust and ashes falling on water, which is a translator's note, not the text.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"\"fasts and Pāchanas\" (for laṅghanapācanaiḥ)","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Kaviratna (Sutrasthana, Lesson XVI, his printed aphorism 17, his p. 181)","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/page/n261_w1400.jpg","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Here Kaviratna renders laṅghana narrowly as 'fasts', though elsewhere (Su. Lesson XXII and a note at Vatarogika) he insists 'The word does not mean fast only'. His footnote: \"'Pāchanas' are medicines compounded of vegetable substances. They are administered for aiding the digestion of undigested food. In some cases, they act as appetizers.\"","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"\"fasting and the administration of 'Pāchana' (i.e., drugs which assist in digesting undigested food, without increasing the appetite)\"","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Kaviratna (Chikitsasthana, Grahani chapter, his printed aphorism 74, his p. 1421)","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/page/n1760_w1400.jpg","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Clinically the most explicit rendering: the pair is prescribed when ama rasa has spread through the body. The parenthesis is Kaviratna's gloss.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"\"'Pāchana' is an infusion or decoction of various drugs which promotes digestion or brings bad humours into maturity. The drugs employed are chiefly carminatives or gentle stimuli.\"","sourceName":"Kaviratna, translator's footnote to Sutrasthana Lesson XXII (his aphorism 16, his p. 245)","sourceKind":"translator's note (public domain)","locator":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/page/n347_w1400.jpg","verbatim":true,"assessment":"A footnote, not the Samhita. Useful as evidence of how an Edwardian translator understood pachana ('brings bad humours into maturity' = pacifies/ripens ama), but should not be attributed to Charaka.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"\"langhana pachana (reducing therapy along with therapies for digestion of ama dosha)\"","sourceName":"Charak Samhita New Edition (carakasamhitaonline.com), Vimana Sthana 3, translation of verse 43","sourceKind":"modern textbook translation (in copyright; short rendering recorded as fact only)","locator":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Janapadodhvansaniya_Vimana","verbatim":true,"assessment":"The current standard Indian institutional rendering. It makes explicit that the pachana component is directed at ama, which the Sanskrit of Vi. 3.44 does not say in so many words (the verse speaks of madhyabala dosha being dried up).","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"the CSRTSDC/Charak Samhita New Edition English, in copyright","downloadable":false},{"english":"\"fasting and digestive drugs\" (for laṅghanapācanaiḥ in Su. 16.20)","sourceName":"Charak Samhita New Edition (carakasamhitaonline.com), Sutra Sthana 16","sourceKind":"modern textbook translation (in copyright; short rendering recorded as fact only)","locator":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Chikitsaprabhritiya_Adhyaya","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Same site renders the same compound two different ways in two chapters (reducing therapy vs fasting), which shows the range of the term.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"the CSRTSDC/Charak Samhita New Edition English, in copyright","downloadable":false},{"english":null,"sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022), as extracted from a mirrored PDF copy","sourceKind":"comparator standard","locator":"https://www.ayurvedadoctor.co.uk/WHO%20terminologies%20on%20Ayurveda.pdf","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO lists langhana sub-measures ITA-9.1.47 to 9.1.51 (kṣudhā, tṛṣṇā, mārutaḥ, ātapaḥ, vyāyāmaḥ) but does not list pācana among them, so the Charaka ten-fold langhana (which includes pācana) is not reproduced as such. Note also WHO homonyms: pācanam as a haemostasis method (ITA-9.6.109) and pācanakarma as removal of foreign body by suppuration (ITA-9.6.205).","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"\"Fastings and employment of digestive (Pacana) and appetising (Dipaniya) remedies\"","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, tr. Kunja Lal Bhishagratna, Uttara-tantra ch. XXIV (Pinasa)","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-6-uttara-tantra/d/doc143021.html","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Sushruta does not use the compound as a technical category; Bhishagratna renders the pairing of fasting with Pacana as a sequence of remedies in a specific disease.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"\"Upavasa plus Pachana\" (as a Langhana sub-type combination)","sourceName":"Rajani A, Vyas MK, Vyas HA, AYU 2010;31(3):351-4","sourceKind":"peer-reviewed paper","locator":"PMID 22131738","verbatim":true,"assessment":"The only PubMed-indexed paper found that operationalises the combination; it uses upavasa (fasting) rather than langhana in the wider sense, and Shunthi as the pachana.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Rajani A, Vyas MK, Vyas HA, AYU 2010;31(3):351-4\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"\"Carminatives (pachana)\" listed under pacifying (shamana) langhana procedures","sourceName":"carakasamhitaonline.com, article 'Langhana'","sourceKind":"modern textbook/encyclopaedia article","locator":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Langhana","verbatim":true,"assessment":"'Carminative' is a common but narrow rendering of pachana (see mistranslations).","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"carakasamhitaonline.com, article 'Langhana'\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"\"Langhana-pachana is a therapeutic approach in Ayurveda that encompasses two key processes: Langhana, which involves the reduction of doshas, and Pachana, focusing on the digestion of food intake.\"","sourceName":"wisdomlib.org concept page 'Langhana-pachana' (as surfaced in a web-search snippet; page itself returned HTTP 403 on retrieval)","sourceKind":"web glossary","locator":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/concept/langhana-pachana","verbatim":false,"assessment":"Not independently retrieved; recorded only as evidence of a popular gloss. 'Digestion of food intake' is doctrinally loose: pachana in this context acts on ama/dosha, not on dietary intake.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"3 (Janapadodhvamsaniya)","verse":"Standard (Trikamji/carakasamhitaonline) 3.43-44; Kaviratna's printed aphorisms 59 (list of three) and 60-61 (explanation), his p. 490","establishes":"The locus classicus: laṅghana-pācana is the second of three grades of apatarpaṇa, indicated for doṣa of middling strength (madhyabala), between laṅghana alone (alpabala doṣa) and doṣāvasecana (bahudoṣa). The simile: a moderate body of water dried by sun and wind plus dust and ashes. Numbering note: Kaviratna's printed numbers here run 16 AHEAD of the standard numbering (his 59 = std 43; his 60-61 = std 44, one standard prose unit split across two of his paragraphs); both were read directly, not converted.","quote":"Sanskrit (carakasamhitaonline, v.43-44): अपतर्पणमपि च त्रिविधं- लङ्घनं, लङ्घनपाचनं, दोषावसेचनं चेति||४३|| तत्र लङ्घनमल्पबलदोषाणां , लङ्घनेन ह्यग्निमारुतवृद्ध्या वातातपपरीतमिवाल्पमुदकमल्पो दोषः प्रशोषमापद्यते; लङ्घनपाचने तु मध्यबलदोषाणां, लङ्घनपाचनाभ्यां हि सूर्यसन्तापमारुताभ्यां पांशुभस्मावकिरणैरिव चानतिबहूदकं मध्यबलो दोषः प्रशोषमापद्यते; बहुदोषाणां पुनर्दोषावसेचनमेव कार्यं, न ह्यभिन्ने केदारसेतौ पल्वलाप्रसेकोऽस्ति, तद्वद्दोषावसेचनम्||४४|| — Kaviratna (p. 490, numbers printed after each aphorism): \"Apatarpana is of three kinds ; (1) Langhana, (2) Langhana-Pāchana, and (3) Doshāvasechana.59 Of these, Langhana is prescribable for faults slightly provoked. A fault slightly provoked and of little strength becomes dried up through the increase of the (digestive) fire and of the wind brought about by Langhana, even as a piece of shallow water is dried up by heat and wind.60 A fault that is provoked a little more than what would be called slight and that possesses middling strength, is dried up by (the administration of) both Langhana and Pāchana, even as a quantity of water that is not large is dried up by the wind and the hot rays of the sun as also by (clouds of) dust and ashes falling upon it.61\"","translator":"Sanskrit: carakasamhitaonline.com; English: Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Janapadodhvansaniya_Vimana ; https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/page/n642_w1400.jpg","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"16 (Chikitsaprabhritiya)","verse":"Standard 16.20; Kaviratna's printed aphorism 17, his p. 181","establishes":"Doṣa subdued by laṅghana-pācana may flare up again, whereas doṣa removed by saṃśodhana do not recur: positions laṅghana-pācana as a palliative (non-evacuative) management relative to śodhana. Numbering note: Kaviratna's printed 17 = standard 20 (three behind in this chapter, read directly).","quote":"Sanskrit (carakasamhitaonline, v.20): दोषाः कदाचित् कुप्यन्ति जिता लङ्घनपाचनैः| जिताः संशोधनैर्ये तु न तेषां पुनरुद्भवः||२०|| — Kaviratna: \"The faults of the system, if subjugated by fasts and Pāchanas, may reappear. If subjugated by correctives, they cannot reappear.17\"","translator":"Sanskrit: carakasamhitaonline.com; English: Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Chikitsaprabhritiya_Adhyaya ; https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/page/n261_w1400.jpg","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"22 (Langhanabrimhaniya)","verse":"Standard 22.18; Kaviratna's printed aphorism 16, his p. 245","establishes":"Pācana is itself one of the ten laṅghana measures (pācanāni among the ten). So 'laṅghana-pācana' in Vi. 3.43 is not laṅghana plus something outside laṅghana, but a grade of laṅghana in which pācana drugs are added to the lighter measures; Kaviratna's footnote here glosses Pāchana as 'an infusion or decoction of various drugs which promotes digestion or brings bad humours into maturity'. Numbering note: Kaviratna's printed 16 = standard 18 (two behind here, read directly).","quote":"Sanskrit (carakasamhitaonline, v.18): चतुष्प्रकारा संशुद्धिः पिपासा मारुतातपौ। पाचनान्युपवासश्च व्यायामश्चेति लङ्घनम्॥१८॥ — Kaviratna: \"The four kinds of corrective processes (viz., administration of emetics, of purgatives, of errhines or cerebral purgatives, and dry enemata), as also bearing thirst and wind and the heat of the Sun, drinking the medicines called Pāchana, fast, and physical exercise,—these are all included under Langhana.16\"","translator":"Sanskrit: carakasamhitaonline.com; English: Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Langhanabrimhaniya_Adhyaya ; https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/page/n347_w1400.jpg","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"22 (Langhanabrimhaniya)","verse":"Standard 22.20-21; Kaviratna's printed '18-19' (read from the archive.org OCR text, not from the page image)","establishes":"The indication for pācana within the laṅghana scheme: diseases of middling strength (madhyabala) arising from kapha and pitta are to be treated first with pācana. This is the Sutrasthana counterpart of Vi. 3.44's 'madhyabala' indication for laṅghana-pācana.","quote":"Sanskrit (carakasamhitaonline, v.20-21): येषां मध्यबला रोगाः कफपित्तसमुत्थिताः। वम्यतीसारहृद्रोगविसूच्यलसकज्वराः॥२०॥ विबन्धगौरवोद्गारहृल्लासारोचकादयः। पाचनैस्तान् भिषक् प्राज्ञः प्रायेणादावुपाचरेत्॥२१॥ — Kaviratna (OCR): \"...such as vomiting, diarrhoea, thoracic diseases, choleraic diarrhoea, tympanites, fever, suppression of stools and urine, heaviness of the limbs, eructations, hiccup, nausea or disgust for food; and other diseases of the kind, are generally treated at the outset, by the wise physician, with the aid of Pachana.18-19\"","translator":"Sanskrit: carakasamhitaonline.com; English: Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Langhanabrimhaniya_Adhyaya ; https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Chikitsasthana","chapter":"15 (Grahani Chikitsa)","verse":"Kaviratna's printed aphorism 74, his p. 1421. Standard verse number NOT established: carakasamhitaonline was unreachable (database error) and easyayurveda groups the passage as verses 73-76 without a one-to-one mapping.","establishes":"Clinical application in grahaṇī: when āma has spread systemically (as opposed to adhering in the pakvāśaya, which gets dīpana, or lodged in the āmāśaya, which gets emesis), the indicated management is laṅghana plus pācana. Shows the pair is the standard answer to systemic sāma states.","quote":"Kaviratna: \"When the 'āma Rasa' (i.e., the undigested juice of the food taken) spreads over the whole body, fasting and the administration of 'Pāchana' (i.e., drugs which assist in digesting undigested food, without increasing the appetite) are prescribable. 74\"","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/page/n1760_w1400.jpg","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Uttara-tantra","chapter":"XXIV (Pratishyaya/Pinasa, 'Symptoms and treatment of Catarrh')","verse":"Verse number not given by Bhishagratna; not established from a Sanskrit edition","establishes":"Sushruta pairs fasting with pācana (and dīpana) as the treatment of a sāma-type presentation (heaviness, anorexia, nausea, fever) in a specific disease, but does not use laṅghana-pācana as a named grade of therapy as Charaka does. Bhishagratna prints no Sanskrit verse numbers.","quote":"\"Fastings and employment of digestive (Pacana) and appetising (Dipaniya) remedies should be the medical treatment in cases of Pinasa (nasal catarrh) accompanied by such distressing symptoms as vomiting, aching, heaviness in the limbs, feverishness, non-relish for food, apathy, and Atisara (diarrhea).\"","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1916)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-6-uttara-tantra/d/doc143021.html","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"laṅghana (alone)","why":"Laṅghana alone is the first grade of apatarpaṇa, for alpabala doṣa (Ca.Vi. 3.44). Laṅghana-pācana adds pācana drugs for madhyabala doṣa. Confusing the two collapses Charaka's three-grade scheme. Note also that laṅghana is not only fasting: Ca.Su. 22.18 lists ten laṅghana measures, of which upavāsa is one and pācana another."},{"term":"doṣāvasecana / saṃśodhana (evacuative therapy)","why":"Third grade of apatarpaṇa, for bahudoṣa. Ca.Su. 16.20 explicitly contrasts the two: doṣa subdued by laṅghana-pācana may recur, those evacuated by saṃśodhana do not. Laṅghana-pācana is therefore a non-evacuative (śamana-type) management."},{"term":"dīpana","why":"WHO ISTA ITA-6.2.6.7 vs 6.2.6.8: dīpana kindles agni without acting directly on āma; pācana acts directly on āma without kindling agni. Kaviratna's notes make the same distinction ('drugs which assist in digesting undigested food, without increasing the appetite'). Many drugs are both (dīpana-pācana), but the therapeutic grade 'laṅghana-pācana' is named for the pācana action, and Ca.Ci. 15 (Kaviratna 74-75) sequences pācana during the sāma phase and dīpana afterwards."},{"term":"āma-pācana","why":"A drug/action term (digestion of āma) rather than a grade of therapy. Laṅghana-pācana is the regimen (lightening measures plus pācana drugs) in which āma-pācana is the intended pharmacological effect. Modern reviews often use the two interchangeably."},{"term":"upavāsa (fasting)","why":"Upavāsa is one of the ten laṅghana measures (Ca.Su. 22.18), not a synonym of laṅghana. 'Upavasa plus Pachana' (Rajani 2010) is one concrete instantiation of laṅghana-pācana, not the definition of it."},{"term":"pācana (surgical/homonym senses)","why":"WHO ISTA also lists pācanam as a method of haemostasis by chemical cautery (ITA-9.6.109), vraṇapācanakarma as induction of suppuration (ITA-9.6.127) and pācanakarma as removal of a foreign body by suppuration (ITA-9.6.205), plus cooking-process senses (ITA-8.3.2, 8.3.3). None of these is the pācana of laṅghana-pācana."},{"term":"apatarpaṇa","why":"The genus. Apatarpaṇa (depletion) is threefold: laṅghana, laṅghana-pācana, doṣāvasecana (Ca.Vi. 3.43). Laṅghana-pācana is one species of it, not a synonym."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"\"fasting and digestion\" / \"fasting therapy\"","why":"Reduces laṅghana to upavāsa, which is only one of its ten measures (Ca.Su. 22.18), and reads pācana as the physiological process of digestion rather than the class of drugs/measures that ripen āma. Kaviratna himself uses 'fasts and Pāchanas' at Su.16 but warns elsewhere that laṅghana 'does not mean fast only'."},{"rendering":"\"detox\" / \"detoxification therapy\"","why":"Marketing gloss. Laṅghana-pācana is defined by Charaka as the non-evacuative grade; it is specifically the grade that does NOT remove doṣa from the body (Ca.Su. 16.20), so 'detox' inverts its position relative to doṣāvasecana."},{"rendering":"\"starvation therapy\" / \"deprivation therapy\"","why":"Over-reads laṅghana as deprivation; the classical criterion is laghutā (lightness) and the measures include exercise, sun, wind and pācana drugs. Also carries a connotation of harm that the text guards against (Ca.Su. 22 lists signs of excessive laṅghana)."},{"rendering":"\"carminatives\" for pācana","why":"'Carminative' (relieving flatulence) is a pharmacological subset at best; pācana is defined by its action on āma (WHO ITA-6.2.6.8; Kaviratna's notes 'brings bad humours into maturity'). Kaviratna's and carakasamhitaonline's use of 'carminative' is a convenience, not a definition."},{"rendering":"\"digestive enzymes\" / \"digestive supplements\" for pācana","why":"Modern biomedical substitution; pācana drugs in the classics are hot, light, dry herbal decoctions and powders (e.g. Shunthi in Rajani 2010), chosen for their action on āma, not enzyme preparations."},{"rendering":"\"langhana-pachana = treatment of ama\"","why":"Too broad: the classical indication is doṣa of middling strength (madhyabala, Ca.Vi. 3.44; Ca.Su. 22.20-21), and the carakasamhitaonline gloss 'digestion of ama dosha' is an interpretive addition. Sāma states with bahudoṣa go to śodhana, and with alpabala doṣa to laṅghana alone."}],"openQuestions":[],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/langhana-pachana/","canary":"e55d4738e76f5ab7"},{"slug":"lavana","page":"/lexicon/lavana/","iast":"lavaṇa","devanagari":"लवण","alternates":["lavana","lavaṃ"],"category":"rasa (taste); one of the six rasas; also 'salt' as a substance class (lavaṇa varga)","family":"pharmacology","renderings":[{"english":"Salty","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022), entries DG0146, DG0147, SK0113","sourceKind":"comparator standard","locator":"DG0146 lavaṇa","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Comparator; WHO distinguishes the rasa from the substance in two consecutive codes.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"saltish / Saline","sourceName":"Kaviratna, Charaka Samhita, Sutrasthana Lesson XXVI","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"archive.org BIUSante_47357, printed pp. 296-297 (list) and 310-311 (effects)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Uses 'saltish' in the list of six and 'The Saline Taste' in the effects paragraph; 'Rock-salt, though saline in taste, is not of heating energy' in the vīrya exceptions.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"saline (Lavana)","sourceName":"Bhishagratna, Sushruta Samhita, Sutrasthana ch. XLII","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"wisdomlib doc141672; Wikisource djvu/489 (printed p. 385)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Consistently 'saline'; 'Saline Group' for the lavaṇa varga of salts.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"saline, salt, briny, brinish","sourceName":"Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899), p. 898","sourceKind":"dictionary","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":"Also records 'saltness, saline taste' as a noun.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899), p. 898\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"Salty / Salt taste","sourceName":"Common textbook rendering","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"Uncontroversial; the live question is the substance/taste ambiguity, not the English word.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"26","verse":"9 (standard)","establishes":"Lavaṇa is the third of Atreya's six rasas. Kaviratna: 'They are sweet, sour, saltish, pungent, bitter, and astringent.'","quote":"षडेव रसा इत्युवाच भगवानात्रेयः पुनर्वसुः, मधुराम्ललवणकटुतिक्तकषायाः|","translator":"Sanskrit quoted; English by Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Atreyabhadrakapyiya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"26","verse":"43 sub-paragraph (3) standard; Kaviratna prints 61 after the actions and 62 (inferred from sequence, OCR unclear) after the excess-effects","establishes":"Actions of lavaṇa and its guṇas (not excessively guru, snigdha, uṣṇa). Kaviratna: 'The Saline Taste digests (the bad humours), generates impurities, promotes the appetite, expels stools, cuts away and removes by force (adherent phlegm and other humours), and purges the intestines after making the stools watery. ... It overwhelms all other Tastes. ... It is heavy, oily, and warm, but not excessively so.' His footnote admits 'There are many words in this aphorism that are, rather, of doubtful import.'","quote":"लवणो रसः पाचनः क्लेदनो दीपनश्च्यावनश्छेदनो भेदनस्तीक्ष्णः सरो विकास्यधःस्रंस्यवकाशकरो वातहरः स्तम्भबन्धसङ्घातविधमनः सर्वरसप्रत्यनीकभूतः, ... नात्यर्थं गुरुः स्निग्ध उष्णश्च|","translator":"Sanskrit quoted; English by Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Atreyabhadrakapyiya_Adhyaya ; English: https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt (printed pp. 310-311)","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"42","verse":"not established (Bhishagratna prints none)","establishes":"Sushruta's recognition criterion. Same chapter: 'A saline taste is mostly endued with attributes which characterise the elements of water and fire.' and 'A saline taste is possessed of corrective (purgative and emetic) virtues, favours the processes of suppuration and spontaneous bursting of swellings, brings about the looseness or resolution of any affected part (ulcer), is heat-engendering in its property and proves incompatible with all other tastes.'","quote":"A taste, which imparts a greater relish to food, produces salivation and softness of a part, is called saline (Lavana).","translator":"Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc141672.html ; also https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Sushruta_Samhita_Vol_1.djvu/489","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"lavaṇa (salt, the substance) and lavaṇa varga","why":"WHO splits DG0146 (taste) from DG0147 (salt). Charaka's exceptions make the point: 'Rock-salt, though saline in taste, is not of heating energy' (Kaviratna, standard 26.42 region), so a salt need not carry the rasa's typical vīrya."},{"term":"kṣāra (alkali)","why":"Ca.Su. 26.9 explicitly denies kṣāra the status of a rasa ('क्षरणात् क्षारः, नासौ रसः'); it is a substance, chiefly kaṭu-lavaṇa, not a seventh taste (Nimi's view, rejected)."},{"term":"amla (sour)","why":"Both are uṣṇa and vāta-pacifying and often paired; Sushruta assigns amla to pṛthvī + agni and lavaṇa to jala + agni."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"sodium / salt intake","why":"Modern clinical papers read lavaṇa as dietary sodium; the rasa is a sensory-pharmacological category covering several salts and non-salt substances."}],"openQuestions":[],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/lavana/","canary":"92d325d6ad71810e"},{"slug":"loka-purusha-samya","page":"/lexicon/loka-purusha-samya/","iast":"loka-puruṣa-sāmya","devanagari":"लोकपुरुषसाम्यम्","alternates":["lokapurushasamya","loka purusha samya siddhanta","purusho'yam lokasammitah","lokasammita"],"category":"foundational","family":"foundations","renderings":[{"english":"not covered","sourceName":"WHO international standard terminologies on Ayurveda (WHO, 2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"Verified absence, not an assumption. I searched the full extracted text of the WHO document for 'sāmya', 'loka', 'macrocosm' and 'microcosm': the only sāmya entry is dhātusāmyam, 'microcosm' occurs once and only inside the description of caturviṃśati-puruṣaḥ (ITA-1.9.3.2.12, glossing avyakta as 'unmanifested microcosm'), and there is no loka entry at all. The doctrine has no WHO term ID.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true},{"english":"Purusha is like unto the Universe","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sharirasthana Lesson V (Puruṣa-Vichayam), opening statement, printed p. 764","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Public domain. Kaviratna renders lokasammita as 'like unto the Universe', a similarity claim, not an identity claim.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"The human body is an epitome of the universe. It is in every respect a microcosm. Everything existing in the macrocosm is shown to exist in this microcosm.","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913), translator's footnote","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sharirasthana Lesson V, footnote to the chapter title, printed p. 764","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna's own gloss, and the earliest quotable source for the microcosm/macrocosm framing that now dominates English writing on this doctrine. Worth recording precisely because it shows the framing is the translator's vocabulary, not the text's.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"a comparison of Purusha with the external world","sourceName":"Chakrapanidatta, as reported in Kaviratna's translator's note","sourceKind":"commentary reported in translation","locator":"Sharirasthana Lesson V, footnote: 'Chakrapani explains it as meaning a comparison of Purusha with the external world.'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"A report of the commentator by the public-domain translator, not a direct retrieval of Chakrapani. Recorded as Kaviratna's report.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"macrocosm-microcosm similarity / man-universe correspondence","sourceName":"common Indian journal usage","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"The standard modern English, appearing in the titles and abstracts of the Indian literature on the doctrine.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sharirasthana","chapter":"5 (Puruṣavicaya Śārīra)","verse":"3","establishes":"The actual textual basis of the doctrine: Punarvasu Atreya says 'this puruṣa is lokasammita' (commensurate with / measured by the loka). Note what this verse does NOT contain: the word sāmya, and the compound loka-puruṣa-sāmya. The text says lokasammita.","quote":"'पुरुषोऽयं लोकसम्मितः' इत्युवाच भगवान् पुनर्वसुरात्रेयः|","translator":"none - Sanskrit mūla only","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Purusha_Vichaya_Sharira","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sharirasthana","chapter":"5 (Puruṣavicaya Śārīra)","verse":"4","establishes":"The substantive ground of the comparison: the same six dhatus, aggregated, receive the name loka and equally the name puruṣa. The correspondence is asserted at the level of constituents before any of the deity-faculty correlations that follow.","quote":"षड्धातवः समुदिताः 'लोक' इति शब्दं लभन्ते; तद्यथा- पृथिव्यापस्तेजो वायुराकाशं ब्रह्म चाव्यक्तमिति, एत एव चषड्धातवः समुदिताः 'पुरुष' इति शब्दं लभन्ते||४||","translator":"none - Sanskrit mūla only","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Purusha_Vichaya_Sharira","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sharirasthana","chapter":"Lesson V (Puruṣa-Vichayam)","verse":"unnumbered in Kaviratna's text at this point, printed p. 764, immediately after his aphorisms 1-2","establishes":"The lawfully quotable English of the doctrine's founding statement, including the bidirectionality (universe to puruṣa AND puruṣa to universe) that modern one-directional 'man is a miniature universe' paraphrases lose. Kaviratna prints no aphorism number on this passage; the next numbered marker in his text is 4.","quote":"Purusha  is  like  unto  the  Universe.  As  many  particular  entities  endued  with  form  occur  in  the  Universe,  so  many  occur  in  Purusha.  As  many  occur  in  Purusha  so  many  occur  in  the  Universe.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sharirasthana","chapter":"Lesson V (Puruṣa-Vichayam)","verse":"4 in Kaviratna's numbering, printed pp. 765-766","establishes":"Quotable English for the six-dhatu correspondence and its item-by-item mapping onto the body. It matches the Devanagari of Sha 5.4 retrieved separately, which is the check that the two citations are the same verse. The 'f' and hyphenation artefacts are OCR.","quote":"The  universe  is  made  of  six  ingredients.  This  is  what  is  generally  heard.f  They  are  as  follows:  Earth,  Water,  Heat,  Air,  Ether  (or  Space),  and  Brahma  which  is  unmanifest.  Purusha  is  made  up  of  six  ingredients.  This  is  what  is  gene¬  rally  heard.  Of  that  Purusha,  the  form  is  Earth  ;  the  liquid  secre¬  tions  are  Water  ;  the  animal  heat  is  Heat ;  the  life-breaths  are  Air  ;  the  hollow  places  are  Ether  (or  Space) ;  and  the  Inner  Self  is  Brahma.4","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sharirasthana","chapter":"Lesson V (Puruṣa-Vichayam)","verse":"following Kaviratna's aphorism 4, printed pp. 766-767","establishes":"That the correspondence is extended beyond material constituents to deity-faculty pairs (Prajapati/mind, Indra/consciousness, Aditya/adana, Rudra/wrath, Soma/satisfaction, Vasus/pleasure). The ellipsis marks a parenthetical gloss omitted from the middle of the passage; everything on either side is verbatim. Relevant because modern 'ecological' readings of the doctrine usually drop this half entirely.","quote":"Verily,  as  there  is  in  the  universe  the  manifestation  of  Brahma,  so  there  is  in  Purusha  also  the  manifestation  of  the  Inner  Self.  In  the  universe  the  manifestation  of  Brahma  is  Prajapati  ... In  Purusha  the  manifestation  of  the-  Inner  Self  is  the  Mind.  He  who  is  Indra  in  the  universe  is  Consciousness  in  Purusha.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sharirasthana","chapter":"5 (Śarīrasaṃkhyāvyākaraṇa, 'The anatomy of the human body')","verse":"","establishes":"Sushruta is frequently cited for a parallel loka-puruṣa statement. I identified the chapter but did NOT retrieve a passage in it making the correspondence claim, so no quotation is recorded and this reference is location-only. A human must verify before any Sushruta parallel is asserted.","quote":null,"translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-3-sharirasthana/d/doc142883.html","checked":"address only, nothing quoted to check"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"lokasammita","why":"The word Charaka actually uses at Sha 5.3. Sammita means commensurate with, measured by, of the same measure. Sāmya means equality or balance. The doctrinal name in circulation is not the text's word, and this is the single most important thing this record establishes."},{"term":"sāmānya-viśeṣa siddhānta","why":"The like-increases-like principle of Su 1.44-45. It is the mechanism by which the correspondence has therapeutic consequences, but it is a separate doctrine with its own verses."},{"term":"dhātusāmya","why":"The only sāmya compound WHO codes. It means equilibrium of the bodily constituents and has nothing to do with the loka correspondence, but the shared word invites confusion."},{"term":"pañcamahābhūta siddhānta","why":"The five-element theory. Charaka Sha 5.4 uses SIX dhatus (the five plus unmanifest brahman), not five, and the sixth is what makes the loka/puruṣa identity of names possible."},{"term":"Puruṣa Sukta","why":"The Rgvedic hymn of the cosmic person from whom the world is made. That is a creation account running world-from-person; Charaka Sha 5 is a structural comparison running both ways."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"man is a miniature universe","why":"One-directional and quantitative. Kaviratna's text states the correspondence in both directions in consecutive sentences, and 'miniature' adds a scale claim the Sanskrit (sammita, commensurate) does not make."},{"rendering":"as is the macrocosm, so is the microcosm","why":"Recorded because Kaviratna's own footnote introduced the microcosm/macrocosm vocabulary into English, but it is Greek-derived and imports Hermetic associations. The text's vocabulary is loka and puruṣa."},{"rendering":"man and nature are one","why":"Identity, where the text asserts commensurability. Sha 5.4 says the same six dhatus 'receive the name' loka and 'receive the name' puruṣa, which is co-constitution, not identity."},{"rendering":"environmental principle of Ayurveda","why":"A modern recruitment. The chapter's correspondences are largely deity-faculty and constituent pairs; the ecological reading is imported from outside and should be recorded as a modern claim, not as the doctrine."}],"openQuestions":["Whether the compound loka-puruṣa-sāmya occurs in Charaka at all, or whether it is entirely a post-classical doctrinal label built from lokasammita. I retrieved the Devanagari of Sha 5.3 and 5.4 and the word sāmya is in neither. This should be settled against a full Sanskrit corpus search, which I could not run: GRETIL's Charaka file covers only Sutrasthana 1, 12, 26-28 and a few other blocks and does not include Sharirasthana 5.","Whether Sushruta states a parallel. Sharirasthana 5 is commonly cited for it; I located the chapter and did not find the claim, so the citation is recorded as located-only.","The Devanagari form लोकपुरुषसाम्यम् recorded above is the standard modern spelling of the doctrinal label, not a form retrieved from a classical text. It should be treated as the name of the doctrine, not as an attested textual word."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/loka-purusha-samya/","canary":"a617156af3dba6c9"},{"slug":"madhura","page":"/lexicon/madhura/","iast":"madhura","devanagari":"मधुर","alternates":["svādu (AH Su. 1.14 'svādv-amla-lavaṇa...')","madhura rasa"],"category":"rasa (taste); first of the six rasas","family":"pharmacology","renderings":[{"english":"Sweet","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022), entries DG0159, SK0118, DG0160","sourceKind":"comparator standard","locator":"DG0159 madhura","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Comparator.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Sweet","sourceName":"Kaviratna, Charaka Samhita, Sutrasthana Lesson XXVI","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"archive.org BIUSante_47357, printed pp. 309-310","verbatim":true,"assessment":"'the Taste that is Sweet'; 'Sweetness' for mādhurya.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"Sweet (Madhura)","sourceName":"Bhishagratna, Sushruta Samhita, Sutrasthana ch. XLII","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"wisdomlib doc141672; Wikisource djvu/489","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Consistent.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"sweet, pleasant, charming, delightful","sourceName":"Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899), p. 781","sourceKind":"dictionary","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":"The 'pleasant' sense underlies Sushruta's definition by comfort and relish.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899), p. 781\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"Sweet","sourceName":"Common textbook rendering","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"Uncontested; the lexicon work is in what 'sweet' covers (grains, milk, ghee, meats), not the word.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"26","verse":"9 (standard)","establishes":"Madhura heads the six rasas.","quote":"षडेव रसा इत्युवाच भगवानात्रेयः पुनर्वसुः, मधुराम्ललवणकटुतिक्तकषायाः|","translator":"Sanskrit quoted","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Atreyabhadrakapyiya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"26","verse":"43 sub-paragraph (1) standard; Kaviratna prints 57 after the actions and 58 after the excess-effects","establishes":"Actions of madhura and its guṇas (snigdha, śīta, guru). Kaviratna: 'the Taste that is Sweet, in consequence of its being well-adapted to the body, increases the juices, blood, flesh, fat, bones, marrow, Ojas, and vital seed. ... It is exceedingly liked by bees and ants. It is oily, cool, and heavy.' Excess: 'generates corpulency, softness of the body, idleness or aversion to labour, excessive sleep, heaviness ... and such other diseases as are born of (the excitement of) the Phlegm.'","quote":"तत्र, मधुरो रसः शरीरसात्म्याद्रसरुधिरमांसमेदोस्थिमज्जौजःशुक्राभिवर्धन आयुष्यः षडिन्द्रियप्रसादनो बलवर्णकरः पित्तविषमारुतघ्नस्तृष्णादाहप्रशमनस्त्वच्यः केश्यः कण्ठ्यो बल्यः प्रीणनो जीवनस्तर्पणो बृंहणः स्थैर्यकरः क्षीणक्षतसन्धानकरो ... स्निग्धः शीतो गुरुश्च|","translator":"Sanskrit quoted; English by Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Atreyabhadrakapyiya_Adhyaya ; English: https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt (printed pp. 309-310)","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"61 (standard; Kaviratna's printed number read as 60 by sequence, OCR shows '80')","establishes":"Madhura listed among the attributes of kapha. Kaviratna: 'Heavy, cold, mild, watery, sweet, stable, and slimy, these attributes of phlegm are cured by objects having adverse attributes.' Note his 'watery' for snigdha and 'mild' for mṛdu.","quote":"गुरुशीतमृदुस्निग्धमधुरस्थिरपिच्छिलाः| श्लेष्मणः प्रशमं यान्ति विपरीतगुणैर्गुणाः||६१||","translator":"Sanskrit quoted; English by Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Deerghanjiviteeya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"42","verse":"not established (Bhishagratna prints none)","establishes":"Sushruta's recognition criterion. Same chapter: 'A sweet taste is largely endued with attributes which specifically appertain to the material principles of earth and water.' and 'the sweet taste is possessed of the virtue of increasing the quantity of lymph-chyle, blood, flesh, fat, bone marrow, albumen (ojas), semen, and milk in a parturient woman.' (Wikisource scan prints 'Kapham'.)","quote":"A taste, which is pleasant, proves comfortable to, and contributes to the life-preservation of a man, keeps his mouth moist, and increases the quantity of bodily Kapha, is called Sweet (Madhura).","translator":"Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc141672.html ; https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Sushruta_Samhita_Vol_1.djvu/489","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"madhura vipāka","why":"Post-digestive 'sweet' (Kaviratna: 'The Sweet and the Saline change into the Sweet') is a different level from madhura rasa; lavaṇa is madhura in vipāka but not in rasa."},{"term":"madhu (honey) and madhura as plant name","why":"Monier-Williams lists madhura as names of specific plants and drugs (jīvaka, sugarcane); honey is madhu, which is itself madhura-kaṣāya in rasa."},{"term":"sugar/sweetener","why":"The rasa covers staple grains, milk, ghee and many meats (Bhishagratna's Su. 42 groups), not just sugary foods; kapha-promoting effects attach to the whole class."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"sugary","why":"Reduces a broad nutritive class to refined sweeteners; most madhura dravyas are not sweet to a modern palate."}],"openQuestions":[],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/madhura/","canary":"19d7bf6f03784548"},{"slug":"majja-dhatu","page":"/lexicon/majja-dhatu/","iast":"majjā-dhātu","devanagari":"मज्जाधातु","alternates":["majja","majjadhatu","majja dhatu","asthisara (WHO synonym)","majjan"],"category":"dhatu","family":"body","renderings":[{"english":"Bone marrow","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-2.2.16","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO describes it as 'the soft organic material that fills bone cavities' with the function of 'replenishment of body tissues', and gives that function its own headword pūraṇam (ITA-2.2.17). Excludes nervous tissue by implication.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Replenishment","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-2.2.17","verbatim":true,"assessment":"'The essential function of bone marrow is to fill or complete a cavity or container; replenish the body with structural components.' The filling sense and the nourishing sense are combined in one entry.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"marrow","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Chikitsasthana XV; Vimanasthana VIII; Sutrasthana XXVIII","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Uniform. Kaviratna elsewhere notes 'The marrow that is within the bones', distinguishing it from marrow in general.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"marrow","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, tr. Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907-1916)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sutrasthana XIV and XV","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Same.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"marrow (bone and spinal)","sourceName":"Wikipedia, Dhātu (ayurveda)","sourceKind":"encyclopaedia","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":"Recorded as a fact about a widely-read source, and notable because it explicitly extends majjā to the spinal cord, which WHO's definition does not.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Wikipedia, Dhātu (ayurveda)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"bone marrow and nervous tissue","sourceName":"Common modern Ayurvedic teaching","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"A widespread teaching extension. No classical passage retrieved here supports it, and it conflicts with WHO's cavity-filling definition.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true},{"english":"bone-bone marrow (as asthimajjadhatu)","sourceName":"Modern Ayurvedic journal usage","sourceKind":"journal","locator":"PMID 42161239","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Clinically, asthi and majjā are frequently treated as a compound unit, which is itself a fact about how the terms are used.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Modern Ayurvedic journal usage\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"\"Modern Ayurvedic journal usage\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation"}],"classical":[{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"15","verse":"corresponds to mula verse 5","establishes":"Majjā's functions: production of shukra, filling the bone cavities (pūraṇa), and being the source of strength, sexual feeling and cheerfulness. The affective functions are not properties of haematopoietic marrow and are quietly dropped by the 'bone marrow' rendering.","quote":"The marrow contributes towards the formation and increase of semen, and fills in the internal cavities of the bones, and forms the chief source of strength, amorous feelings and hilarity.","translator":"Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907-1916)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/b24758619_0001/b24758619_0001_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"15","verse":"kshaya prose section","establishes":"Majjā-kṣaya presenting as reduced semen and bone/joint pain. Not cytopenia. A reader expecting the haematological referent will find nothing here about blood counts.","quote":"the loss or waste of marrow is characterised by the formation of a lesser quantity of semen, aching pain in the bones and breaking pain in the bone-joints which have become marrowless.","translator":"Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907-1916)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/b24758619_0001/b24758619_0001_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"15","verse":"vriddhi prose section","establishes":"Majjā-vṛddhi as heaviness of the eyes and limbs. Again no haematological content.","quote":"An excessive formation of marrow gives rise to a heaviness of the eyes and to the members of the body.","translator":"Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907-1916)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/b24758619_0001/b24758619_0001_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Chikitsasthana","chapter":"15","verse":"18 in Kaviratna's marginal numbering","establishes":"The mala of majjā is the body's oily secretion. Bhishagratna's parallel footnote to Su.Su.14 attributes the eye-corner deposits and skin oils to majjā, so the two translators divide these products differently.","quote":"that of marrow is the oily-substance in the body ; that of the skin is the secretions flowing from the eyes.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"8","verse":"121 in Kaviratna's marginal numbering; sara section cited as Vi 8/102 ff by carakasamhitaonline","establishes":"Majjā-sāra, recognised by soft limbs, oily voice and complexion, and thick round joints, and associated with learning and longevity. WHO ISTA's own ITA-2.8.1.7 description tracks this closely.","quote":"They who have the marrow for the predominating element in their constitution have limbs that are soft, as also great strength, oily complexion and voice, and joints that are thick, long, and round. They become long-lived, endued with great strength, knowledge of the scriptures, science, and offspring. They become entitled to the respect of all.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"14","verse":"footnote to the prose section on successive transformation","establishes":"The three-fraction account of majjā's metabolism. This is Bhishagratna's own explanatory footnote, not the mula, and is recorded as such: it is quotable because he wrote it in 1907, but it is the translator speaking, not Sushruta.","quote":"The marrow, in its nascent state, enters into the organic principle of that name ; and there matured under the native heat of that principle, it is resolved into three factors, viz, its excreted portion contributes towards the formation of gelatinous matter deposited in the corners of the eyes, and the oily secretions of the skin, its condensed portion is assimilated into the organic principle of marrow, and its subtile portion is metamorphosed into semen.","translator":"Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907-1916), translator's footnote","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/b24758619_0001/b24758619_0001_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita (Sanskrit mula)","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"14","verse":"10","establishes":"Majjā from asthi, and shukra from majjā, in verified Sanskrit with verse number.","quote":"ततो मज्जा मज्ज्ञः शुक्रं तु जायते (within रसाद्रक्तं ततो मांसं मांसान्मेदः प्रजायते । मेदसोऽस्थि ततो मज्जा मज्ज्ञः शुक्रं तु जायते ॥१०॥)","translator":null,"licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.siva.sh/sushruta-samhita/sutra-sthana/14/10","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"asthi","why":"The preceding dhātu, which contains majjā. Clinically they are so often paired ('asthi-majjakshaya', 'asthimajjadhatu') that the compound risks becoming the unit and the distinction being lost."},{"term":"asthi-sāra","why":"WHO ISTA lists asthisāram as a Sanskrit synonym for majjā-dhātu (ITA-2.2.16) while separately defining asthi-sāraḥ as the bone-predominant constitution (ITA-2.8.1.6). Same string, two referents, one standard."},{"term":"mastulunga","why":"Brain matter. Modern teaching often folds brain and spinal cord into majjā; no passage retrieved here does so, and WHO's definition (soft material filling bone cavities) excludes it. The extension needs its own evidence."},{"term":"medas","why":"Both are unctuous and both are often called 'fat-like'. Medas is two steps earlier in the chain and its excess obstructs channels; majjā fills cavities."},{"term":"vasā","why":"Another unctuous substance with a distinct classification (WHO: upadhātu of māṃsa). The three unctuous substances medas, vasā and majjā are routinely blurred in English."},{"term":"śukra","why":"The next dhātu, produced from majjā. Sushruta ties majjā-kṣaya directly to reduced semen, so depletion of the one presents as depletion of the other."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"bone marrow, read as the haematopoietic organ","why":"Nothing in the retrieved classical material connects majjā to the formation of blood. Rakta is formed from rasa in spleen and liver per Sushruta Sutrasthana 14, several steps earlier in the chain. The modern reader who sees 'bone marrow' will import haematopoiesis, which the tradition assigns elsewhere."},{"rendering":"nervous tissue / brain and spinal cord","why":"A common teaching extension with no support in any passage retrieved here, and in conflict with WHO's cavity-filling definition. It may be defensible from other sources; it is not established by these."},{"rendering":"marrow, as a purely structural filler","why":"The opposite error. Sushruta makes majjā 'the chief source of strength, amorous feelings and hilarity' - affective and constitutional functions that a filler reading discards."},{"rendering":"majjā-kṣaya = aplastic anaemia or marrow failure","why":"Occasionally proposed. The classical sign list is reduced semen plus bone and joint pain, with no cytopenic feature at all."}],"openQuestions":["Whether majjā includes nervous tissue is the central unresolved question for this term. No retrieved classical passage supports the extension; modern teaching asserts it routinely. The relevant evidence would be in Sushruta Sharirasthana and in the Laghu Trayi, neither searched here.","The WHO asthi-sāra collision (marrow vs bone-predominant constitution) is unexplained.","Kaviratna and Bhishagratna assign the eye-corner and skin secretions differently between majjā and tvak. Which reflects the mula could not be determined without Sanskrit.","PubMed 'majja dhatu' returns zero records. There is no peer-reviewed operational definition of majjā, and no study measures anything and calls it majjā. This is the emptiest modern record in the set."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/majja-dhatu/","canary":"2881832b428ed1a8"},{"slug":"majjavaha-srotas","page":"/lexicon/majjavaha-srotas/","iast":"majjāvaha srotas","devanagari":"मज्जावहस्रोतस्","alternates":["majjavaha srotas (मज्जवह-, the form in Ca.Vi.5/8)","majjavahāni srotāṃsi","majjavāhīni srotāṃsi (Ca.Vi.5/18)"],"category":"srotas (body channel) — anatomy/physiology","family":"body","renderings":[{"english":"Channel carrying bone marrow","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standards-body comparator","locator":"ITA-2.5.16","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO description: 'The pathway for bone marrow. Entities related to this channel are bone and joints.'","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false},{"english":"Vitiation of channels carrying bone marrow","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standards-body comparator (disorder term)","locator":"ITA-5.5.10 majjāvahasrotoduṣṭiḥ","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false},{"english":"channels carrying bone marrow","sourceName":"NAMASTE Portal, Standardised Ayurveda Terminologies","sourceKind":"national terminology comparator","locator":"SAT-B.484","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Definition: 'originates from asṭhi and sandhi'. WHO and NAMASTE agree exactly.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology","downloadable":false},{"english":"derangement of majjAvahasrotas","sourceName":"NAMASTE National Ayurveda Morbidity Codes","sourceKind":"morbidity-code comparator","locator":"NAMC EH-1","verbatim":true,"assessment":"NAMASTE gives NO Suśruta reference for this channel, consistent with its absence from Su.Śā.9.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology"},{"english":"majja dhatu or marrow","sourceName":"carakasamhitaonline.com (CSRTSL), 2020","sourceKind":"modern translation (in copyright; rendering recorded as comparator only)","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"the CSRTSDC/Charak Samhita New Edition English, in copyright","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the CSRTSDC/Charak Samhita New Edition English, in copyright"}],"classical":[{"text":"Caraka Saṃhitā","sthana":"Vimāna Sthāna","chapter":"5","verse":"5/8","establishes":"Root = asthīni (bones) and sandhi (joints). Note the text reads majja-vahānām (short stem), whereas WHO, NAMASTE and most textbooks head the term majjā-vaha.","quote":"मज्जवहानां स्रोतसामस्थीनि मूलं सन्धयश्च|","translator":null,"licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Sroto_Vimana","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Caraka Saṃhitā","sthana":"Vimāna Sthāna","chapter":"5","verse":"5/18","establishes":"Causes: crushing, excessive abhiṣyanda, trauma, compression, and incompatible food.","quote":"उत्पेषादत्यभिष्यन्दादभिघातात् प्रपीडनात्| मज्जवाहीनि दुष्यन्ति विरुद्धानां च सेवनात्||१८||","translator":null,"licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Sroto_Vimana","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"asthivaha srotas","why":"The two are mirror images and are constantly swapped: asthivaha is rooted in medas + jaghana; majjāvaha in asthi + sandhi."},{"term":"majjā (as marrow) vs majjā (as nervous tissue)","why":"A large modern literature reads majjā as including nervous tissue/brain, which would make majjāvaha srotas a neural channel. Neither WHO nor NAMASTE endorses this; both say 'bone marrow'."},{"term":"manovaha srotas","why":"If majjā is read as nervous tissue, majjāvaha and manovaha begin to overlap. Keeping them apart matters: manovaha is rooted in hṛdaya, majjāvaha in bone."},{"term":"vasā and medas","why":"Three distinct fatty/marrow substances; only majjā has this srotas."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"the nervous system","why":"Rests on reading majjā as nervous tissue. The classical root is bones and joints, and both international standards render majjā as bone marrow. Recording it as 'nervous system' imports a conclusion the sources do not make."},{"rendering":"'majjavaha' and 'majjāvaha' as different terms","why":"They are the same word; Caraka uses the short stem, the standards use the long one."}],"openQuestions":["Does majjā in the srotas context include nervous tissue, and if so on whose authority?","Why are joints (sandhi) a root of the marrow channel rather than of the bone channel?"],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/majjavaha-srotas/","canary":"6e95f4637f36a876"},{"slug":"mala","page":"/lexicon/mala/","iast":"mala","devanagari":"मल","alternates":["malaḥ","malāḥ (pl.)","malas","trimala (the three: purīṣa, mūtra, sveda, modern usage)","āhāramala","dhātumala","anna-mala (Kaviratna)"],"category":"mala","family":"body","renderings":[{"english":"Excretory products","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-2.4.1 malaḥ","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO's headword is plural-sense 'Excretory products' and the definition tracks Charaka Chi 15/18-19 (dhātumala list) rather than Su 28/4. Note WHO's āhāramala are urine and faeces only; sweat is placed under dhātumala (from fat), consistent with Chi 15/18 but not with the 'trimala' textbook grouping.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Derangement of excretory products","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-5.4.1 malavaiṣamyam","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO has no malakṣaya/malavṛddhi generic; disorders are coded per mala (5.4.3-5.4.11).","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"waste products","sourceName":"NAMASTE Portal, Standardised Ayurveda Terminologies","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"SAT-B.457 malaḥ","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Same two-class scheme as WHO; NAMASTE chooses 'waste products' where WHO chooses 'Excretory products'.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology"},{"english":"derangement of excretory products","sourceName":"NAMASTE National Ayurveda Morbidity Codes","sourceKind":"classification","locator":"NAMC C malavaiṣamyam","verbatim":true,"assessment":"NAMC's chapter C is the mala-disorder chapter; its sub-blocks CA (mūtra), CB (purīṣa), CC (sveda) code kṣaya and vṛddhi per mala.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology"},{"english":"excretions (Mala); excrements; secretion(s)","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, tr. Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sutrasthana XV (chapter title rendered 'development and non-development of the humoral constituents of the body and excrements'; text: 'excretions (Mala)')","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Bhishagratna alternates 'excretions', 'excrements' and 'secretion' for mala within one chapter without signalling a single Sanskrit term.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"Malas; the impurities evacuated by the system; excrements","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sutrasthana Lesson XXVIII ('those Dhatus which are called by the name of Malas'; 'Malas, which have the virtue of being excreted'); Lesson XVII ('the impurities evacuated by the system')","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna mostly keeps 'Malas' as a loanword and, following the Sanskrit of Su 28/4, calls them a class of 'Dhatus'. 'Impurities' is his Edwardian gloss at Su 17/63 and carries a moral overtone the Sanskrit does not.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"Refuse (for kiṭṭa, the source of the malas)","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sutrasthana Lesson XXVIII","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Recorded so the kiṭṭa/mala boundary in his English is visible: 'Refuse' = kiṭṭa; 'Malas'/'excrements' = the products.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"mala or excretory products; wastes","sourceName":"Charak Samhita Online (ITRA Jamnagar), Su 28/4 translation","sourceKind":"edition","locator":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Vividhashitapitiya_Adhyaya","verbatim":true,"assessment":"CC BY-NC-SA comparator; not reproducible.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Charak Samhita Online (ITRA Jamnagar), Su 28/4 translation\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"28","verse":"4 (standard; carakasamhitaonline prints the whole prose unit as ||4||)","establishes":"Three things: (1) mala is the name of the kiṭṭa-derived class; (2) its members include sweat, urine, faeces AND vāta-pitta-śleṣman AND the orifice secretions, hair and nails; (3) Charaka calls both malas and prasāda-products 'dhātavaḥ', and says malas that exceed their measure are to be excreted (utsargiṇaḥ) and, properly handled, keep the dhātus in equilibrium. Mala is therefore a functional constituent, not inert waste.","quote":"तत्राहारप्रसादाख्यो रसः किट्टं च मलाख्यमभिनिर्वर्तते| किट्टात् स्वेदमूत्रपुरीषवातपित्तश्लेष्माणः कर्णाक्षिनासिकास्यलोमकूपप्रजननमलाः केशश्मश्रुलोमनखादयश्चावयवाःपुष्यन्ति| ... ते सर्व एव धातवो मलाख्याः प्रसादाख्याश्च रसमलाभ्यां पुष्यन्तः स्वं मानमनुवर्तन्ते यथावयःशरीरम्| ... स्वमानातिरिक्ताः पुनरुत्सर्गिणः शीतोष्णपर्यायगुणैश्चोपचर्यमाणा मलाः शरीर धातुसाम्यकराः समुपलभ्यन्ते||४|| / tatrāhāraprasādākhyō Rasaḥ kiṭṭaṁ ca malākhyamabhinirvartatē| kiṭṭāt svēdamūtrapurīṣavātaPittaślēṣmāṇaḥ karṇākṣināsikāsyalōmakūpaprajananamalāḥ kēśaśmaśrulōmanakhādayaścāvayavāḥ puṣyanti| ... tē sarva ēva dhātavō malākhyāḥ prasādākhyāśca Rasamalābhyāṁ puṣyantaḥ svaṁ mānamanuvartantē yathāvayaḥśarīram| ... svamānātiriktāḥ punarutsargiṇaḥ śītōṣṇaparyāyaguṇaiścōpacaryamāṇā malāḥ śarīra Dhātusāmyakarāḥ samupalabhyantē||4||","translator":"none quoted (Sanskrit mula only)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Vividhashitapitiya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"28","verse":"4 (standard); Kaviratna's printed numbers for this passage unreadable in OCR","establishes":"Public-domain English for the malākhya-dhātu and utsargin clauses. Kaviratna preserves the Sanskrit's startling classification of malas as 'Dhatus'.","quote":"The Refuse operates similarly with respect to those Dhatus which are called by the name of Malas. ... As regards the latter Dhatus, viz., Malas, which have the virtue of being excreted, when they increase beyond their normal measure, being treated alternately by regimen of cooling and warm properties, they regain their position of restoratives of the elements of the body to harmony.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"17","verse":"63 (standard Trikamji numbering; carakasamhitaonline prints ||६३||); Kaviratna prints 62 for this aphorism (Part VII, p. 192, archive.org BIUSante_47357 leaf n290, superscript *62 after 'of wind and the others'), one BEHIND the standard; the djvu OCR misreads his 62 as 63","establishes":"Mala is one of four classes whose kṣaya Charaka enumerates (doṣa, dhātu, mala, ojas). Kaviratna's rendering of mala here is 'the impurities evacuated by the system'.","quote":"वातादीनां रसादीनां मलानामोजसस्तथा| क्षयास्तत्रानिलादीनामुक्तं सङ्क्षीणलक्षणम् ||६३|| / vātādīnāṁ rasādīnāṁ malānāmōjasastathā| kṣayāstatrānilādīnāmuktaṁ saṅkṣīṇalakṣaṇam ||63|| — Kaviratna: 'Attenuation is in respect of the wind and the others ; of the (seven) elements beginning with Rasa or humour and the others; of the impurities evacuated by the system ; and of the element called Ojas.'","translator":"Sanskrit from carakasamhitaonline; English by Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Kiyanta_Shiraseeya_Adhyaya ; https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"15","verse":"3 (Sanskrit verse number from siva.sh e-text; Bhishagratna prints no verse numbers)","establishes":"The body is rooted in doṣa, dhātu and mala. Bhishagratna renders mala 'excretions' and re-orders the triad in English (doṣa, mala, dhātu).","quote":"दोषधातुमलमूलं हि शरीरं, तस्मादेतेषां लक्षणमुच्यमानमुपधारय ॥३॥ — Bhishagratna: 'Since the human body is constituted of humours, (Doshas), excretions (Mala), and the fundamental principles (Dhatus) of blood, marrow, etc., hear me discourse on the features which are peculiar to each of them.'","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (English); Sanskrit from siva.sh","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122907.html ; https://www.siva.sh/sushruta-samhita/sutra-sthana/15/","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"15","verse":"41 (siva.sh numbering); Bhishagratna, closing metrical text of chapter XV","establishes":"The famous svastha definition includes 'sama-dhātu-mala-kriya'. Bhishagratna paraphrases mala-kriyā as 'the normal processes of secretion'; the word mala does not surface in his English.","quote":"समदोषः समाग्निश्च समधातुमलक्रियः । प्रसन्नात्मेन्द्रियमनाः स्वस्थ इत्यभिधीयते ॥४१॥ — Bhishagratna: 'A person with an uniformly healthy digestion, and whose bodily humours are in a state of equilibrium, and in whom the fundamental vital fluids course in their normal state and quantity, accompanied by the normal processes of secretion, organic function, and intellection, is said to be a healthy person.'","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (English); Sanskrit from siva.sh","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122907.html ; https://www.siva.sh/sushruta-samhita/sutra-sthana/15/41-45","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"15","verse":"40 (siva.sh numbering)","establishes":"Treatment is framed as increasing or decreasing doṣa, dhātu and mala; here mala = 'excrements'.","quote":"An intelligent physician should preserve the state of health in a healthy individual, while he should increase or decrease the quantity of the bodily humours, vital fluids, or excrements in a sick patient according to the exigencies of the case until his health is perfectly restored.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122907.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Ashtanga Hridaya","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"11","verse":"1 (GRETIL numbering)","establishes":"Vāgbhaṭa opens Doṣādivijñānīya with the same triad as Sushruta 15/3: doṣa, dhātu, mala are always the root of the body.","quote":"doṣa-dhātu-malā mūlaṃ sadā dehasya taṃ calaḥ | utsāhocchvāsa-niśvāsa-ceṣṭā-vega-pravartanaiḥ || 1 ||","translator":"none (no public-domain English exists)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/1_sanskr/6_sastra/7_ayur/vagaah_u.htm","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"kiṭṭa","why":"Kiṭṭa is the waste fraction produced by digestion; mala is the name of the class it nourishes (Charaka Su 28/4 'kiṭṭaṁ ca malākhyam'). WHO and NAMASTE keep both headwords with overlapping definitions."},{"term":"doṣa","why":"Routinely opposed to mala in textbooks, yet Charaka Su 28/4 lists vāta, pitta and śleṣman among the products of kiṭṭa, and Chi 15/18 calls kapha and pitta the malas of rasa and rakta. The doṣa/mala boundary is drawn by function (doṣas regulate; malas are excreted when in excess), not by substance."},{"term":"dhātu","why":"Charaka Su 28/4 explicitly calls malas 'dhātavaḥ malākhyāḥ'; Kaviratna keeps this ('those Dhatus ... called ... Malas'). The modern tripartition doṣa/dhātu/mala should not be read back as Charaka saying malas are not dhātus."},{"term":"āma / sāma-mala","why":"Āma is undigested; mala is the normal product of digestion. WHO ITA-5.4.8 sāmamalaḥ codes the pathological overlap."},{"term":"malavaiṣamya","why":"WHO ITA-5.4.1 / NAMC C: the disorder-class, not the substance."},{"term":"mala-apravṛtti","why":"Retention of stool; found as an index term under ICD-11 TM2 SM7Y 'Other specified gastro-intestinal disorders (TM2)'. Here mala is used in the narrow sense of faeces, as it often is in Sanskrit; the lexicon must say which sense is meant."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"toxins","why":"Common in popular and some clinical writing. No classical source retrieved calls mala toxic; Charaka Su 28/4 says malas within their measure are dhātusāmyakarāḥ (keep the dhātus in equilibrium), and Sushruta Su 15/5 (Bhishagratna) says faeces are 'indispensably necessary for the preservation of the body'."},{"rendering":"impurities (Kaviratna, Su 17/63)","why":"Edwardian English with a moral charge; the Sanskrit mala in these passages is a physiological constituent with assigned functions."},{"rendering":"waste (unqualified)","why":"Not wrong, but 'waste' in English implies worthless residue, whereas Charaka and Sushruta assign functions to each mala and count mala among the three roots of the body. Both WHO and NAMASTE use 'waste products' and immediately qualify it as 'one of the fundamental constituents'."},{"rendering":"mala = faeces only","why":"True in colloquial and some clinical Sanskrit (cf. mala-apravṛtti, mala-pravṛtti), but as a technical term in Su 28/4 it is the whole class. Entries must disambiguate the two senses."}],"openQuestions":["Why do WHO and NAMASTE place sweat under dhātumala (from fat) while the common 'trimala' teaching groups it with urine and faeces as āhāramala? Charaka Chi 15/18 supports the WHO placement; the source of the trimala grouping was not located in a primary text.","Kaviratna's footnote counts seven malas (stools, urine, five orifice secretions) in the eighteen kṣayas; Chakrapāṇi's enumeration not checked.","Whether any ICD-11 TM2 code addresses mala as a class: none found in my searches; only the index term mala-apravṛtiḥ under SM7Y."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/mala/","canary":"dc1f097b3510d21e"},{"slug":"mala-kshaya","page":"/lexicon/mala-kshaya/","iast":"malakṣaya","devanagari":"मलक्षय","alternates":["mala-kṣaya","malasaṅkṣaya (Charaka Su 17/72 'malasaṅkṣayē')","purīṣakṣaya","mūtrakṣaya","svedakṣaya","mala kshaya","depletion of malas"],"category":"mala","family":"body","renderings":[{"english":"Diminution of faeces","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-5.4.6 purīṣakṣayaḥ","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO has NO generic malakṣaya entry; depletion is coded per mala only, under 'Morbidity and diagnostic terms (disorders)'.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Diminution of urine","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-5.4.3 mūtrakṣayaḥ","verbatim":true,"assessment":"The same Sanskrit term is coded twice in WHO: once as a mala-disorder (5.4.3) and once as a urinary disease (5.39.16). The English differs ('Diminution of urine' vs 'Oliguria, anuria').","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Diminution of sweat","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-5.4.10 svedakṣayaḥ","verbatim":true,"assessment":"","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false},{"english":"depletion of feces","sourceName":"NAMASTE National Ayurveda Morbidity Codes","sourceKind":"classification","locator":"NAMC CB-1 purīṣakṣayaḥ","verbatim":true,"assessment":"NAMC's own reference list matches the loci verified below (Ca.Su.17/70, Su.Su.15/11, Ah.Su.11/21).","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology"},{"english":"oliguria/anuria/anuresis","sourceName":"NAMASTE National Ayurveda Morbidity Codes","sourceKind":"classification","locator":"NAMC CA-1 mūtrakṣayaḥ","verbatim":true,"assessment":"NAMC, like WHO, codes mūtrakṣaya twice: as a mala-depletion (CA-1) and as a urinary disease (EJ-3.4). ICD-11-style English ('oliguria/anuria') is used where WHO ISTA says 'Diminution of urine'.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology"},{"english":"hypohidrosis/anhidrosis","sourceName":"NAMASTE National Ayurveda Morbidity Codes","sourceKind":"classification","locator":"NAMC CC-1 svedakṣayaḥ","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Biomedical nosological term substituted for the Ayurvedic one.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology"},{"english":"diminution of urine quantity","sourceName":"NAMASTE Portal, Standardised Ayurveda Terminologies","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"SAT-D.6232 mūtrakṣayaḥ","verbatim":true,"assessment":"","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology"},{"english":"loss, absence, suppression or scanty formation (of fecal matter / of urine); waste, absence or scanty formation (of perspiration)","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, tr. Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sutrasthana XV","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Bhishagratna unpacks kṣaya into a cluster of English nouns and never uses one fixed equivalent.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"decrease below the quantity that is normal / below the normal quantity / below the normal measure","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sutrasthana Lesson XVII, his 70-72","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna uses 'attenuation' for kṣaya of doṣa/dhātu/ojas but 'decrease' for the malas.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"17","verse":"70-72 (standard, as printed on carakasamhitaonline: 70 purīṣa, 71 mūtra, 72 other malāyana). Kaviratna prints 70, 71, 72 for the same units (aligned here, though he is one behind at 64-65 in the same chapter)","establishes":"Charaka's mala-kṣaya signs: faeces depleted → vāta presses the intestines and moves obliquely/upward in a dry patient; urine depleted → dysuria, discoloured urine, thirst, dry mouth; the OTHER mala-seats (malāyana) → empty, light, dried. The compound used is malasaṅkṣaya. Charaka gives NO sveda-kṣaya verse here (verified by searching the page for स्वेदक्षय).","quote":"क्षीणे शकृति चान्त्राणि पीडयन्निव मारुतः| रूक्षस्योन्नमयन् कुक्षिं तिर्यगूर्ध्वं च गच्छति||७०|| मूत्रक्षये मूत्रकृच्छ्रं मूत्रवैवर्ण्यमेव च| पिपासा बाधते चास्य मुखं च परिशुष्यति||७१|| मलायनानि चान्यानि शून्यानि च लघूनि च| विशुष्काणि च लक्ष्यन्ते यथास्वं मलसङ्क्षये||७२|| / kṣīṇē śakr̥ti cāntrāṇi pīḍayanniva mārutaḥ| rūkṣasyōnnamayan kukṣiṁ tiryagūrdhvaṁ ca gacchati||70|| mūtrakṣayē mūtrakr̥cchraṁ mūtravaivarṇyamēva ca| pipāsā bādhatē cāsya mukhaṁ ca pariśuṣyati||71|| malāyanāni cānyāni śūnyāni ca laghūni ca| viśuṣkāṇi ca lakṣyantē yathāsvaṁ malasaṅkṣayē||72||","translator":"none quoted (Sanskrit mula only)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Kiyanta_Shiraseeya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"17","verse":"Kaviratna's printed 70, 71, 72 (= standard 70-72)","establishes":"Lawfully quotable English of Su 17/70-72 (OCR shows his 70 as '-]*701' and his 71, 72 clearly; OCR spacing normalised). 'Strangury' = mūtrakṛcchra.","quote":"When the stools decrease below the quantity that is normal, the wind in the constitution of the patient who has become dry, becomes provoked or aggravated and afflicting his entrails forces them upwards and penetrates the abdomen in transverse and upward directions. [70] When the urine decreases below the normal quantity, the symptoms that appear are strangury, and loss of color of the urine itself. Besides this, the patient suffers from thirst, and his mouth becomes dry. [71] As regards the other organs or outlets of the body, when their secretions decrease below the normal measure, all of them seem to be empty, light, and dry. [72]","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"15","verse":"11 (Sanskrit verse number from siva.sh; Bhishagratna prints no verse numbers)","establishes":"Sushruta gives all three mala-kṣaya pictures in one sūtra, INCLUDING sveda-kṣaya (which Charaka Su 17 lacks), with the treatment principle 'svayoni-vardhana' (supply what builds that mala) and, for sweat, abhyaṅga and svedana. Bhishagratna's 'liver and the intestines' and 'dribble ... thin and scanty jets' are expansions beyond the Sanskrit (basti-toda, alpa-mūtratā).","quote":"पुरीषक्षये हृदयपार्श्वपीडा सशब्दस्य च वायोरूर्ध्वगमनं कुक्षौ सञ्चरणं च, मूत्रक्षये बस्तितोदोऽल्पमूत्रता च; अत्रापि स्वयोनिवर्धनद्रव्योपयोगः । स्वेदक्षये स्तब्धरोमकूपता त्वक्शोषः स्पर्शवैगुण्यं स्वेदनाशश्च; तत्राभ्यङ्गः स्वेदोपयोगश्च ॥११॥ — Bhishagratna: 'The loss absence, suppression or scanty formation of fecal matter is attended with a sensation of pain at the sides and the region of the heart, and the upward coursing of (the incarcerated) wind or flatus, accompanied with a rumbling sound about the region of the liver and the intestines. Similarly, the loss, (absence or scanty formation) of urine is marked by an aching pain in the bladder, causing it dribble or to come out in thin and scanty jets. Here, as in the foregoing instances, the remedial agents should consist of drugs which directly contribute to the formation of urine. Similarly the waste, absence or scanty formation of perspiration is followed by such symptoms as numbness about the pores of the hair, and dryness of the epidermis (skin). The sense of touch is perceptibly affected, and perspiration is entirely stopped. The medical treatment in such a case consists in the application of medicated unguents, lubrications, diaphoretics, and adoption of measures (that tend to produce a copious perspiration).'","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (English); Sanskrit from siva.sh","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122907.html ; https://www.siva.sh/sushruta-samhita/sutra-sthana/15/11-15","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"15","verse":"29 (siva.sh numbering); Bhishagratna 'Metrical texts'","establishes":"The general kṣaya rule (craving for what rebuilds the depleted item) is stated for mala as much as for doṣa and dhātu. Bhishagratna's 'Ojah (albumen)' is his own biomedical gloss; the Sanskrit says bala.","quote":"दोषधातुमलक्षीणो बलक्षीणोऽपि वा नरः । स्वयोनिवर्धनं यत्तदन्नपानं प्रकाङ्क्षति ॥२९॥ — Bhishagratna: 'A person suffering from a wasting of any of the constituent humours or fundamental principles or excrements of the body, as well as one suffering from loss of Ojah (albumen) naturally craves for drink and food that tend to contribute directly to the formation of the matter (or bodily principle) so lost or wasted.'","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (English); Sanskrit from siva.sh","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122907.html ; https://www.siva.sh/sushruta-samhita/sutra-sthana/15/26-30","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Ashtanga Hridaya","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"11","verse":"21-23 (GRETIL numbering)","establishes":"Vāgbhaṭa's consolidated mala-kṣaya list (faeces, urine, sweat, and the subtle malas recognised by dryness, pricking, emptiness and lightness of their seats). Matches NAMC's references Ah.Su.11/21-22.","quote":"purīṣe vāyur antrāṇi sa-śabdo veṣṭayann iva | kukṣau bhramati yāty ūrdhvaṃ hṛt-pārśve pīḍayan bhṛśam || 21 || mūtre 'lpaṃ mūtrayet kṛcchrād vi-varṇaṃ sāsram eva vā | svede roma-cyutiḥ stabdha-roma-tā sphuṭanaṃ tvacaḥ || 22 || malānām ati-sūkṣmāṇāṃ dur-lakṣyaṃ lakṣayet kṣayam | sva-malāyana-saṃśoṣa-toda-śūnya-tva-lāghavaiḥ || 23 ||","translator":"none (no public-domain English exists)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/1_sanskr/6_sastra/7_ayur/vagaah_u.htm","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Ashtanga Hridaya","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"11","verse":"25 (GRETIL numbering)","establishes":"Aetiology and prognosis: mala-vṛddhi arises from retention (saṅga), mala-kṣaya from excessive discharge (ati-visarga); because the body is accustomed to its malas, kṣaya is more distressing than vṛddhi. This is the clearest classical statement that mala depletion is clinically worse than mala excess.","quote":"vṛddhiṃ malānāṃ saṅgāc ca kṣayaṃ cāti-visargataḥ | malocita-tvād dehasya kṣayo vṛddhes tu pīḍanaḥ || 25 ||","translator":"none (no public-domain English exists)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/1_sanskr/6_sastra/7_ayur/vagaah_u.htm","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"dhātukṣaya","why":"Both are among Charaka's eighteen kṣayas (Su 17/63) but have different sign-lists; mala-kṣaya is recognised by emptiness/dryness of the mala's seat (malāyana), dhātukṣaya by loss of the dhātu's function."},{"term":"mala-vṛddhi","why":"AH Su 11/25: vṛddhi comes from retention, kṣaya from over-discharge; kṣaya is the more painful. Not mirror images in prognosis."},{"term":"mūtrāghāta / mūtrakṣaya as urinary disease","why":"WHO codes mūtrakṣayaḥ both as a mala-disorder (ITA-5.4.3) and as a urinary disease (ITA-5.39.16); NAMC likewise CA-1 vs EJ-3.4. A lexicon entry must say which coding it means."},{"term":"mala-apravṛtti / vibandha (retention of stool)","why":"Non-passage of stool is retention (saṅga), which AH 11/25 makes a cause of mala-VṚDDHI, not kṣaya. 'Scanty stool' in English covers both and must be disambiguated."},{"term":"svedakṣaya in Charaka vs Sushruta","why":"Charaka Su 17 has no sveda-kṣaya verse; Sushruta Su 15/11 and AH Su 11/22 do. 'Charaka's three mala-kṣayas' would be a misstatement."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"anuria/oliguria, anhidrosis/hypohidrosis (NAMC CA-1, CC-1)","why":"These are biomedical sign-terms and are only part of the classical picture; mūtrakṣaya in Ca.Su.17/71 also includes discoloration, thirst and dry mouth, and svedakṣaya in Su.Su.15/11 includes skin dryness and altered touch. Substituting the biomedical term loses the syndrome."},{"rendering":"constipation (for purīṣakṣaya)","why":"Constipation is retention/difficulty of passage; purīṣakṣaya is reduced formation of faeces with vāta signs. AH 11/25 assigns retention to vṛddhi."},{"rendering":"loss of waste = detoxification / a good thing","why":"Popular inversion. Every classical source retrieved treats mala-kṣaya as a disorder requiring the mala to be rebuilt (svayoni-vardhana), and AH 11/25 calls it more distressing than mala excess."}],"openQuestions":["Standalone compound: Charaka Su 17/72 uses malasaṅkṣaya; WHO and NAMASTE have no generic malakṣaya headword, only per-mala codes. Whether a generic 'malakṣaya' appears as a headword in any standard was not established.","Whether Chakrapāṇi reads the 'malāyanāni cānyāni' of Su 17/72 as the five sense-orifice malas (as Kaviratna's footnote at 17/63 implies) was not checked.","Bhishagratna's section numbering within chapter XV was not captured from wisdomlib; a human citing him by page should use the archive.org Vol. I scan (b24758619_0001), which did not download."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/mala-kshaya/","canary":"d00dbc38829e6f12"},{"slug":"mala-pariksha","page":"/lexicon/mala-pariksha/","iast":"mala-parīkṣā","devanagari":"मलपरीक्षा","alternates":["purīṣa-parīkṣā","mala pariksha","purisha pariksha","jala-nimajjana-parīkṣā (water-immersion stool test, a sub-method)"],"category":"pariksha (stool examination; third member of the Yogaratnakara's eightfold examination)","family":"clinic","renderings":[{"english":"excreta (domain 3 of aṣṭasthānaparīkṣā, ITA-4.7.4)","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"ITA-4.7.4","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO says 'excreta', not 'stool'; mala in WHO's broader usage covers all waste products.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":null,"sourceName":"NIA Jaipur / WHO-APW 'Standardization of Non-Clinical Terminologies of Ayurveda' draft (2011)","sourceKind":"comparator (draft terminology, NOT the 2022 WHO book)","locator":"entry SK0121","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Shows that 'mala' alone is ambiguous (all wastes); in the eightfold scheme it means stool because mūtra is listed separately.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Mala (faecal matter); Mala (Stool)","sourceName":"Shekhawat, JVWU BAMS e-notes","sourceKind":"textbook/teaching","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Shekhawat, JVWU BAMS e-notes\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":null,"englishWithheld":"this project has not cleared that source for quotation","sourceName":"IJARSCT review on Ashtavidha Pariksha","sourceKind":"journal review (non-indexed)","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"IJARSCT review on Ashtavidha Pariksha\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"Purisha Pariksha / 'Stool examination ... included in Ashtasthana Pariksha'","sourceName":"Uikey & Kar, Ayu 2015 (PMID 27011711)","sourceKind":"peer-reviewed review","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Uikey & Kar, Ayu 2015 (PMID 27011711)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false}],"classical":[{"text":"Yogaratnakara","sthana":"Pūrvārdha, section 'atha rogiṇām aṣṭasthāna-nirīkṣaṇam'","chapter":"Nirnaya Sagar Press edition, text pp. 2-3","verse":"verse 1 of the section","establishes":"mala is the third of the eight sites, listed after mūtra (so here mala = stool, not wastes generally).","quote":"रोगाकान्तञ्मरीरस्य स्थानान्यष्टौ निरीक्षयेत्‌ । नाडीं मूं मलं जिह शब्दं स्पश दगाङरृती ॥","translator":"none (Sanskrit OCR)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/yogaratnakarakrishnasharmanavrenirnayasagarpress_366_b/Yoga%20Ratnakara%20Krishna%20Sharma%20Navre%20Nirnaya%20Sagar%20Press_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Yogaratnakara","sthana":"Pūrvārdha, section headed 'atha mala-parīkṣā' (OCR 'मरपरीक्षा')","chapter":"Nirnaya Sagar Press edition, text pp. 5-6 per OCR headers ('६ योगरलाकरे ।' running header)","verse":"mala-pariksha verses 1-10, plus one unnumbered half-line after verse 7; Nirnaya Sagar ed. printed pp. 5-6 = archive.org leaves n33 (last 3 lines) and n34 (top block), confirmed against Anandashrama Sanskrit Series 1889 printed p. 6 = leaf n44","establishes":"Stool signs by dosha, read from the Nirnaya Sagar page images rather than OCR: hard and dry in vata, yellow in pitta, white in kapha (v.1); all signs together in sannipata, and broken-up, frothy, rough and smoke-coloured (trutitam phenilam ruksam dhumalam) in vata-kopa, ash-grey (kapisa) in a combined vata-kapha disorder (v.2); bound, finely broken, yellow-dark from pitta with anila, slightly thick and slimy from kapha with pitta (v.3); dark, broken and yellowish, bound and white in tridosa, and when the stool passed is foul-smelling and cold (v.4) the physicians who know the dosas call it jirna, digested (v.5); tawny and lumpy stool indicates depleted mala-dosa (v.5-6); white, large and putrid-smelling in jalodara (v.6); dark in ksaya, raw-and-undigested, yellow with pain in the flank (v.7); extremely black, extremely white, extremely yellow or ruddy stool portends death, and stool that is intensely hot certainly so (v.7 and the unnumbered half-line); then a second series introduced by anyac ca: black for vata, yellow for pitta, somewhat red, white from kapha (v.8), raw in indigestion and well-formed when digested (v.9); and finally the asadhya signs, lumpy and dry in excessive agni, liquefied in weak agni, and foul-smelling with a sheen (candrika-yukta), which is the mark of the incurable (v.10). The section is attributed by the Yogaratnakara to the Rudra-tantra (rudratantrat), not to Harita.","quote":"अथ मलपरीक्षा । रुद्रतन्त्रात्—वातान्मले तु दृढता शुष्कता चापि जायते । पीतता जायते पित्ताच्छुक्लता श्लेष्मतो भवेत् ॥ १ ॥ संनिपाते च सर्वाणि लक्षणानि भवन्ति हि । त्रुटितं फेनिलं रूक्षं धूमलं वातकोपतः । वातश्लेष्मविकारे च जायते कपिशं मलम् ॥ २ ॥ बद्धं सुत्रुटितं पीतश्यामं पित्तानिलाद्भवेत् । पीतश्यामं श्लेष्मपित्तादीषत्सान्द्रं च पिच्छिलम् ॥ ३ ॥ श्यामं त्रुटितपीताभं बद्धश्वेतं त्रिदोषतः । दुर्गन्धः शीतलश्चैव विष्ठोत्सर्गो यदा भवेत् ॥ ४ ॥ तदा जीर्णं मलं वैद्यैर्दोषज्ञैः परिभण्यते । कपिलं गुटियुक्तं च यदि वर्चोऽवलोक्यते ॥ ५ ॥ प्रक्षीणमलदोषेण दूषितः परिकथ्यते । सितं महत्पूतिगन्धं मलं ज्ञेयं जलोदरे ॥ ६ ॥ श्यामं क्षये त्वामवति पीतं सकटिवेदनम् । अतिकृष्णं चातिशुभ्रमतिपीतं तथाऽरुणम् ॥ ७ ॥ मरणाय मलं किंतु भृशोष्णं मृत्यवे ध्रुवम् ॥ अन्यच्च—वातस्य च मलं कृष्णं ततः पित्तस्य पीतविट् । रक्तवर्णं मलं किंचिन्मलं श्वेतं कफोद्भवम् ॥ ८ ॥ आमं वा श्लेष्मजं प्राहुर्मिश्रितं द्वंद्वजं वदेत् । अपक्वं स्यादजीर्णे तु पक्वं स्वच्छमलं भवेत् ॥ ९ ॥ अत्यग्नौ पिंडितं शुष्कं मन्दाग्नौ तु द्रवीकृतम् । दुर्गन्धं चन्द्रिकायुक्तमसाध्यं मललक्षणम् ॥ १० ॥ इति मलपरीक्षा ।","translator":"none (Sanskrit OCR, badly garbled: मर = मल, वातान्मरे = वातान्मले, दढता = दृढता, शुप्कता = शुष्कता, पिन्ताच्छुद्ता = पित्ताच्छुक्लता, '4' and '५०' are OCR for १ and १०)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/yogaratnakarakrishnasharmanavrenirnayasagarpress_366_b/page/n34.jpg","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"mala (waste products generally)","why":"In Ayurvedic physiology mala includes urine, sweat and dhātu-malas (NIA draft SK0121). In the eightfold scheme mala means stool only because mūtra is a separate site."},{"term":"mūtra-parīkṣā / taila-bindu-parīkṣā","why":"Urine examination is the second site and has its own elaborate oil-drop prognostic test; the two are often lumped as 'mala-mūtra parīkṣā'."},{"term":"purīṣa","why":"The specific word for faeces (WHO uses purīṣa compounds for stool signs, e.g. 'makṣikākrāntaṁ purīṣaṁ'); modern reviews use purīṣa-parīkṣā and mala-parīkṣā interchangeably."},{"term":"koṣṭha-parīkṣā","why":"Assessment of bowel habit (mṛdu/madhya/krūra koṣṭha) for purgation dosing is a different examination."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"excretion examination","why":"Over-broad; the Yogaratnakara section is specifically about faeces."},{"rendering":"'Mala pariksha = laboratory stool test'","why":"The classical examination is by naked-eye colour, consistency, smell and a water-immersion test, not microscopy or chemistry (PMID 27011711 makes the same point)."}],"openQuestions":["The attribution marker at the start of the Yogaratnakara mala-parīkṣā (OCR 'र्दतच्रात्', possibly 'हारीतात्', citing Hārīta) needs confirming from the page image.","Verse numbering of the section across editions."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/mala-pariksha/","canary":"90bef4a197661ebe"},{"slug":"mala-vriddhi","page":"/lexicon/mala-vriddhi/","iast":"malavṛddhi","devanagari":"मलवृद्धि","alternates":["mala-vṛddhi","purīṣavṛddhi","mūtravṛddhi","svedavṛddhi","mala vriddhi","increase of malas","excess of excreta"],"category":"mala","family":"body","renderings":[{"english":"Morbid increase of faeces","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-5.4.7 purīṣavṛddhiḥ","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO has no generic malavṛddhi; coded per mala only. Note WHO uses 'Morbid increase' for mala-vṛddhi but 'Excess formation' for ojovṛddhiḥ (ITA-5.3.37) in the adjacent block, i.e. vṛddhi is rendered inconsistently within one page.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Morbid increase of urine","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-5.4.4 mūtravṛddhiḥ","verbatim":true,"assessment":"","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Morbid increase of sweat","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-5.4.11 svedavṛddhiḥ","verbatim":true,"assessment":"","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"morbid increase of purISha","sourceName":"NAMASTE National Ayurveda Morbidity Codes","sourceKind":"classification","locator":"NAMC CB-2 purīṣavṛddhiḥ","verbatim":true,"assessment":"NAMC follows WHO's 'morbid increase' here but switches to biomedical terms for urine and sweat.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology"},{"english":"polyuria","sourceName":"NAMASTE National Ayurveda Morbidity Codes","sourceKind":"classification","locator":"NAMC CA-2 mūtravṛddhiḥ","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Biomedical sign-term; the classical description also includes basti-toda and ādhmāna.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology"},{"english":"hyperhidrosis","sourceName":"NAMASTE National Ayurveda Morbidity Codes","sourceKind":"classification","locator":"NAMC CC-2 svedavṛddhiḥ","verbatim":true,"assessment":"","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology"},{"english":"accumulation of feces/ increase in quantity of feces","sourceName":"NAMASTE Portal, Standardised Ayurveda Terminologies","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"SAT-D.5095 purīṣavṛddhiḥ","verbatim":true,"assessment":"'Accumulation' slides toward retention, which AH 11/25 treats as the cause rather than the state.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology"},{"english":"abnormal increase in the formation (of fecal matter); excessive formation (of urine); increased secretion (of perspiration); excess (excessive accumulation in the body)","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, tr. Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sutrasthana XV","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Bhishagratna renders vṛddhi with 'increase', 'excessive formation', 'increased secretion' and 'excess' in consecutive sentences.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"increase beyond their normal measure","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sutrasthana Lesson XXVIII (svamānātiriktāḥ)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Charaka has no mala-vṛddhi sign-list in Su 17; Kaviratna's phrase is for the general principle at Su 28/4.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"15","verse":"13 (introduction) and 15 (Sanskrit verse numbers from siva.sh; Bhishagratna prints no verse numbers)","establishes":"The primary classical sign-list for mala-vṛddhi (faeces: āṭopa and kukṣi-śūla; urine: frequent passing, basti-toda, ādhmāna; sweat: bad odour and itching) and its cause (over-use of what builds that item). Both WHO 5.4.4/5.4.7/5.4.11 and NAMC CA-2/CB-2/CC-2 descriptions are recognisably paraphrases of this sūtra, and NAMC cites it (Su.Su.15/15).","quote":"अत ऊर्ध्वमतिवृद्धानां दोषधातुमलानां लक्षणं वक्ष्यामः । वृद्धिः पुनरेषां स्वयोनिवर्धनात्युपसेवनाद्भवति । ... [13] पुरीषमाटोपं कुक्षौ शूलं च; मूत्रं मूत्रवृद्धिं मुहुर्मुहुः प्रवृत्तिं बस्तितोदमाध्मानं च; स्वेदस्त्वचो दौर्गन्ध्यं कण्डूं च ॥१५॥ — Bhishagratna: 'Now we shall describe the symptoms which mark the excess (excessive accumulation in the body) of any of the fundamental humours, principles and excrements of the body. The quantities of these humours, principles and secretion, are abnormally increased through the use of substances that primarily contribute to their formation in the organism.' ... 'An abnormal increase in the formation of fecal matter is attended with distension of the abdomen and colic pains in the loins and the intestines. An excessive formation of urine is manifest by constant urging for micturition and distension of the bladder, attended by a kind of gnawing or aching pain. Similarly, an increased secretion of perspiration is attended with an itching of the skin which emits a bad odour.'","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (English); Sanskrit from siva.sh","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122907.html ; https://www.siva.sh/sushruta-samhita/sutra-sthana/15/11-15","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"28","verse":"4 (standard); Kaviratna's printed number for this clause unreadable in OCR","establishes":"Charaka's general principle for mala in excess of its measure: it is to be excreted, and managed by alternating cold and hot regimen, after which the malas again maintain dhātu-equilibrium. Charaka Su 17 gives no per-mala vṛddhi sign-list (that chapter's vṛddhi section is for the doṣas only).","quote":"स्वमानातिरिक्ताः पुनरुत्सर्गिणः शीतोष्णपर्यायगुणैश्चोपचर्यमाणा मलाः शरीर धातुसाम्यकराः समुपलभ्यन्ते||४|| / svamānātiriktāḥ punarutsargiṇaḥ śītōṣṇaparyāyaguṇaiścōpacaryamāṇā malāḥ śarīra Dhātusāmyakarāḥ samupalabhyantē||4|| — Kaviratna: 'As regards the latter Dhatus, viz., Malas, which have the virtue of being excreted, when they increase beyond their normal measure, being treated alternately by regimen of cooling and warm properties, they regain their position of restoratives of the elements of the body to harmony.'","translator":"Sanskrit from carakasamhitaonline; English by Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Vividhashitapitiya_Adhyaya ; https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Ashtanga Hridaya","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"11","verse":"13-14 (GRETIL numbering)","establishes":"Vāgbhaṭa's mala-vṛddhi list, adding 'urge even after voiding' (kṛte 'py akṛta-saṃjñatā) for urine, which WHO 5.4.4 and NAMC CA-2 reproduce, and extending vṛddhi to the minor malas (dūṣikā etc.) by abundance and heaviness.","quote":"kukṣāv ādhmānam āṭopaṃ gauravaṃ vedanāṃ śakṛt | mūtraṃ tu vasti-nistodaṃ kṛte 'py a-kṛta-saṃjña-tām || 13 || svedo 'ti-sveda-daurgandhya-kaṇḍūr evaṃ ca lakṣayet | dūṣikādīn api malān bāhulya-guru-tādibhiḥ || 14 ||","translator":"none (no public-domain English exists)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/1_sanskr/6_sastra/7_ayur/vagaah_u.htm","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Ashtanga Hridaya","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"11","verse":"25 (GRETIL numbering)","establishes":"Mala-vṛddhi arises from retention (saṅga); it is less distressing than mala-kṣaya because the body is habituated to its malas.","quote":"vṛddhiṃ malānāṃ saṅgāc ca kṣayaṃ cāti-visargataḥ | malocita-tvād dehasya kṣayo vṛddhes tu pīḍanaḥ || 25 ||","translator":"none (no public-domain English exists)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/1_sanskr/6_sastra/7_ayur/vagaah_u.htm","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"mala-kṣaya","why":"AH Su 11/25 gives opposite causes (retention vs over-discharge) and says vṛddhi is the less distressing of the two."},{"term":"mala-saṅga / vibandha / mala-apravṛtti (retention)","why":"Retention is the CAUSE of vṛddhi in AH 11/25, not the state itself; NAMASTE SAT-D.5095's 'accumulation of feces' blurs this. ICD-11 TM2 lists mala-apravṛtiḥ as an index term under SM7Y, a gastro-intestinal disorder, not a mala-vṛddhi."},{"term":"doṣa-vṛddhi","why":"Charaka Su 17 gives vṛddhi signs for doṣas only; mala-vṛddhi signs come from Sushruta Su 15/15 and AH Su 11/13-14. Citing Charaka Su 17 for mala-vṛddhi would be wrong."},{"term":"prameha / mūtrātisāra","why":"Polyuric diseases with their own nidāna; NAMC codes mūtravṛddhi (CA-2) separately from them, but renders it 'polyuria', inviting confusion."},{"term":"svedana (therapy)","why":"Induced sweating (WHO ITA-9.2.36 'Fomentation') is a treatment, not svedavṛddhi; WHO codes svedana-atiyogaḥ (ITA-5.76.8) for over-sudation as a separate iatrogenic disorder."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"polyuria / hyperhidrosis (NAMC CA-2, CC-2)","why":"Biomedical sign-words standing for syndromes that in Su.Su.15/15 and Ah.Su.11/13-14 include pain, distension, odour and itching; and 'polyuria' names a quantity whereas the Sanskrit lists frequency and residual urge."},{"rendering":"accumulation / retention (SAT-D.5095)","why":"Conflates the state (vṛddhi) with its cause (saṅga) per AH 11/25."},{"rendering":"'excess waste = toxicity'","why":"Charaka Su 28/4 says malas in excess are simply to be excreted and managed by regimen, after which they resume their equilibrating role; nothing in the retrieved texts frames vṛddhi as poisoning."}],"openQuestions":["No generic malavṛddhi headword exists in WHO or NAMASTE (both code per mala); whether any standard has one was not established.","WHO's inconsistency ('Morbid increase' for malas, 'Excess formation' for ojas) may be deliberate; the editorial rationale was not found.","Bhishagratna's own section numbers for the vṛddhi passage were not captured (wisdomlib shows footnote markers [8]-[10] only)."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/mala-vriddhi/","canary":"e9193237039193e7"},{"slug":"mamsa-dhatu","page":"/lexicon/mamsa-dhatu/","iast":"māṃsa-dhātu","devanagari":"मांसधातु","alternates":["mamsa","mansa","māṃsa","peshi (related, not synonymous)"],"category":"dhatu","family":"body","renderings":[{"english":"Muscle","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-2.2.8","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO narrows māṃsa to muscle and lists peśī as a synonym. Its stated function is 'to cover the skeleton', which is a covering function rather than a contractile one - so even WHO's own description does not support 'muscle' in the physiological sense.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"flesh","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Chikitsasthana XV; Sutrasthana XXVIII; Vimanasthana VIII","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Consistent throughout. Broader than 'muscle' and closer to the classical usage, since Charaka's dietetics chapters use the same word for the flesh of animals as food.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"flesh","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, tr. Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907-1916)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sutrasthana XIV and XV","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Same, though Bhishagratna sometimes writes 'flesh and muscles' as a pair when rendering māṃsa's function, which shows he did not regard the two as identical.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"muscle tissue","sourceName":"Modern Ayurvedic journal usage","sourceKind":"journal","locator":"PMID 42161239","verbatim":true,"assessment":"The rendering that has entered the indexed literature, following WHO.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Modern Ayurvedic journal usage\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"\"Modern Ayurvedic journal usage\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation"},{"english":"muscles","sourceName":"Wikipedia, Dhātu (ayurveda)","sourceKind":"encyclopaedia","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":"Recorded as a fact about a widely-read source.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Wikipedia, Dhātu (ayurveda)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"muscle and soft tissue","sourceName":"Occasional textbook hedging","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"Attempts to recover the breadth that 'muscle' loses. Not a standardised rendering.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"15","verse":"corresponds to mula verse 5","establishes":"Māṃsa's two functions: bulk/roundness of the limbs (lepana in the mula tradition) and production of medas. Neither is contraction. The verse's Sanskrit opening was verified separately as रसस्तुष्टिं प्रीणनं रक्तपुष्टिं च करोति...","quote":"The flesh contributes towards the stoutness or rotundity of the limbs and occasions the formation of fatty matter in the system.","translator":"Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907-1916)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/b24758619_0001/b24758619_0001_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"15","verse":"kshaya prose section","establishes":"The classical presentation of māṃsa-kṣaya, defined entirely by regional wasting at named sites. The sites listed (buttocks, cheeks, lips, breasts) are not all muscle, which is direct textual evidence that māṃsa is broader than muscle.","quote":"The loss of flesh is marked by emaciation of the buttocks, cheeks, lips, thighs, breasts, armpits, neck, and the calves of the legs. The arteries seem loose and flabby, and the body seems to be dry and inert, accompanied by an aching or gnawing pain in its members.","translator":"Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907-1916)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/b24758619_0001/b24758619_0001_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"15","verse":"vriddhi prose section","establishes":"Māṃsa-vṛddhi, again by regional fullness at named sites including lips and penis. Reinforces that the referent is soft bodily bulk, not skeletal muscle.","quote":"An increase of flesh is marked by the rotundity and fullness of the buttocks and the lips, as well as of the penis, arms, and the thighs, and an increased heaviness of the whole body.","translator":"Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907-1916)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/b24758619_0001/b24758619_0001_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Chikitsasthana","chapter":"15","verse":"16 in Kaviratna's marginal numbering (cited as 15/17 by carakasamhitaonline)","establishes":"That māṃsa yields skin (six layers) as a secondary product, and that Kaviratna renders a DIFFERENT word as 'muscles' here, derived from adeps, not from flesh. Decisive evidence that 'flesh' and 'muscles' are not interchangeable in this translation.","quote":"from flesh is fat or adeps and six varieties of skin ; and from adeps is the origin of the tendons and muscles.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Chikitsasthana","chapter":"15","verse":"17 in Kaviratna's marginal numbering","establishes":"The kiṭṭa (waste fraction) of māṃsa is the bodily secretions from the orifices. A claim with no biomedical analogue whatever, and one that a 'muscle' rendering makes unintelligible.","quote":"that of flesh are the filths of the body, including the secretions (from the nose, the ears, &c.)","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"8","verse":"118 in Kaviratna's marginal numbering; carakasamhitaonline cites the sara section as Vi 8/102 ff","establishes":"Māṃsa-sāra, the constitutional type in which flesh predominates, again defined by named regions being well covered rather than by strength.","quote":"Of men that have the flesh as the predominating element in their constitution, the symptoms are these : viz., their temples, forehead, throat, eyes (or rather, eye-lids), cheeks, jaws, neck, shoulders, chest, armpits, breast, and the joints of the arms and the legs, are covered with compact, heavy and agreeable-looking flesh.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"peśī","why":"WHO ISTA lists peśī as a Sanskrit synonym of māṃsa-dhātu (ITA-2.2.8), but in the Sharira literature peśī is a counted anatomical unit (the enumerated muscles) while māṃsa is the tissue class. Treating them as synonyms, as WHO does, is a decision that the lexicon should record rather than adopt."},{"term":"vasā","why":"Intramuscular fat, classed by WHO as the upadhātu of māṃsa (ITA-2.3.5). Bhishagratna renders it 'fatty matter (Vasa)' and gives it a distinct description in Sutrasthana XV, including that it predominates in the female organism."},{"term":"medas","why":"The next dhātu, produced from māṃsa. Since both contribute to bodily bulk, māṃsa-vṛddhi and medo-vṛddhi are clinically confusable, and Sushruta's separate sign lists are the means of distinguishing them."},{"term":"tvak","why":"Skin. Charaka Chikitsasthana 15 derives the six layers of skin from māṃsa as a secondary product, so skin is downstream of māṃsa, not a separate primary dhātu - though tvak-sāra is nonetheless the first of the eight saras."},{"term":"snāyu","why":"Ligament/sinew. Kaviratna derives 'the tendons and muscles' from adeps in Chikitsasthana 15, not from flesh, which cuts across the modern assignment of snāyu as an upadhātu of medas."},{"term":"māṃsa as food","why":"The same word is the ordinary Sanskrit for meat, and Charaka's dietetics chapters use it constantly in that sense (e.g. the comparative heaviness of the flesh of different animals). A concordance search will merge the two."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"muscle","why":"WHO's own headword, and it is too narrow. The classical wasting signs are at the cheeks, lips, breasts and buttocks; the excretory product is the secretions of the nose and ears; and Kaviratna's Charaka reserves the English 'muscles' for a different Sanskrit word derived from adeps. 'Muscle' also quietly imports contraction, which no retrieved passage ascribes to māṃsa."},{"rendering":"meat","why":"Correct for the dietetic sense, wrong for the dhātu. The collision is real and unavoidable in the source language."},{"rendering":"muscle tissue","why":"Compounds the narrowing of 'muscle' with the histological import of 'tissue'. Now standard in the journals (PMID 42161239) and likely to become self-reinforcing."},{"rendering":"flesh, read as merely archaic","why":"'Flesh' is the older rendering but is the more accurate one. Replacing it with 'muscle' for the sake of modern idiom loses information rather than updating it."}],"openQuestions":["Whether peśī is a synonym of māṃsa (WHO) or a subordinate anatomical unit (Sharirasthana usage) is unresolved and has consequences for any coded terminology.","Charaka derives skin from māṃsa and tendons from medas; the modern upadhātu tables usually assign vasā and tvak to māṃsa and snāyu to medas. Whether the modern table is a faithful reading of Ci.15.16 could not be settled from the retrieved text.","No study has measured body composition in māṃsa-kṣaya, so whether the classical entity tracks lean mass, total soft tissue, or neither is unknown. PMID 27833368 used BMI, which cannot distinguish them.","The kiṭṭa of māṃsa being the orifice secretions is unexplained anywhere retrieved and, so far as this search found, has never been discussed in the indexed literature."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/mamsa-dhatu/","canary":"d6daf0d00996ce55"},{"slug":"mamsavaha-srotas","page":"/lexicon/mamsavaha-srotas/","iast":"māṃsavaha srotas","devanagari":"मांसवहस्रोतस्","alternates":["māṃsavahāni srotāṃsi","māṃsavāhīni srotāṃsi (Ca.Vi.5/15)","māṃsavahasrotaḥ"],"category":"srotas (body channel) — anatomy/physiology","family":"body","renderings":[{"english":"Conduit nourishing muscle","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standards-body comparator","locator":"ITA-2.5.13","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO gives only 'Related entities are tendons and skin' as description, the shortest description in the whole 2.5 block, and notably 'nourishing' rather than 'carrying'.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false},{"english":"Vitiation of channels carrying muscle","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standards-body comparator (disorder term)","locator":"ITA-5.5.7 māmsavahasrotoduṣṭiḥ","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false},{"english":"channels carrying muscle tissue","sourceName":"NAMASTE Portal, Standardised Ayurveda Terminologies","sourceKind":"national terminology comparator","locator":"SAT-B.481","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Definition: 'originates from the snāyu and tvacā'.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology","downloadable":false},{"english":"derangement of maMsavahasrOtas","sourceName":"NAMASTE National Ayurveda Morbidity Codes","sourceKind":"morbidity-code comparator","locator":"NAMC EE-1","verbatim":true,"assessment":"NAMASTE cites Su.Sa.9/13 here where it cites 9/12 for the other channels, an inconsistency in the national list.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology"},{"english":"The two muscle-carrying Srotas (ducts or channels)","sourceName":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna, Sushruta Samhita (1911)","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Śārīrasthāna IX.11–12","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"mamsa dhatu or muscle","sourceName":"carakasamhitaonline.com (CSRTSL), 2020","sourceKind":"modern translation (in copyright; rendering recorded as comparator only)","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"the CSRTSDC/Charak Samhita New Edition English, in copyright","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the CSRTSDC/Charak Samhita New Edition English, in copyright"}],"classical":[{"text":"Caraka Saṃhitā","sthana":"Vimāna Sthāna","chapter":"5","verse":"5/8","establishes":"Root = snāyu and tvak. Both WHO ('tendons and skin') and NAMASTE ('snāyu and tvacā') follow Caraka here, not Suśruta.","quote":"मांसवहानां च स्रोतसां स्नायुर्मूलं त्वक् च|","translator":null,"licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Sroto_Vimana","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Caraka Saṃhitā","sthana":"Vimāna Sthāna","chapter":"5","verse":"5/15","establishes":"Causes of vitiation: abhiṣyandi, bulky and heavy foods, and sleeping by day after eating.","quote":"अभिष्यन्दीनि भोज्यानि स्थूलानि च गुरूणि च| मांसवाहीनि दुष्यन्ति भुक्त्वा च स्वपतां दिवा||१५||","translator":null,"licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Sroto_Vimana","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Suśruta Saṃhitā","sthana":"Śārīra Sthāna","chapter":"9","verse":"11–12 (Bhishagratna); NAMASTE cites 9/13","establishes":"Suśruta's roots = snāyu, tvak, plus the blood-carrying dhamanīs. Quoted exactly as printed, including Bhishagratna's garbled glossing; I confirmed the identical wording in the independent archive.org scan of the 1911 edition (https://archive.org/stream/b24758619_0002/b24758619_0002_djvu.txt), so this is the edition's text, not a transcription error by wisdomlib.","quote":"The two muscle-carrying Srotas (ducts or channels) have their roots in the ( Snayu ), nerves Tvak (serum), and the blood-carrying Dhamanis (capillaries). An injury to any of these channels is characterised by swelling, loss or atrophy of the muscles, appearance of varicose veins or may (ultimately) result in death.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1911)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-3-sharirasthana/d/doc142889.html","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"snāyu","why":"snāyu is the root, and is itself contested: Bhishagratna glosses it 'nerves', WHO and NAMASTE read 'tendons'. It is not the channel."},{"term":"medovaha srotas","why":"māṃsa and medas are consecutive dhātus and their srotas are adjacent in every list; the roots are wholly different (snāyu/tvak vs vṛkka/vapāvahana)."},{"term":"māṃsa dhātu and māṃsa-dharā kalā","why":"The tissue and its membrane are separate concepts from the conduit."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"snāyu = nerves","why":"Bhishagratna's 1911 gloss, printed in the retrieved text as 'the ( Snayu ), nerves'. Both WHO (ITA-2.5.13 'tendons and skin') and NAMASTE read snāyu as tendon/ligament. The 'nerves' reading is a 19th-century artefact."},{"rendering":"tvak = serum","why":"The retrieved 1911 text reads 'Tvak (serum)'. tvak is skin. This is an outright error in the public-domain translation and must not be propagated; it is quotable as evidence about Bhishagratna, not usable as a meaning."},{"rendering":"the muscular system","why":"The roots named are tendon and skin, not muscle; the channel is defined by what it nourishes, not by where it lies."}],"openQuestions":["Does snāyu here mean tendon/ligament (WHO, NAMASTE) or nerve (Bhishagratna, Ḍalhaṇa-influenced readings)?","Is NAMASTE's 'Su.Sa.9/13' a typo or a real edition variant?"],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/mamsavaha-srotas/","canary":"d06d9414d8b1c0ea"},{"slug":"manas","page":"/lexicon/manas/","iast":"manas","devanagari":"मनः (stem मनस्)","alternates":["manah","manaḥ","sattva (Ca.Sū.8.4: sattvasañjñaka)","cetas (Ca.Sū.8.4: 'cetaḥ' ity āhur eke)","antaḥkaraṇa (as a class term)","mana"],"category":"manas / darshana","family":"mind","renderings":[{"english":"Mind, psyche","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-1.9.3.3.1 manaḥ","verbatim":true,"assessment":"COMPARATOR. Description: 'The faculty through which cognitive organs (indriya) connect with the soul (atman). Denotes consciousness.' Related: ITA-1.9.3.3.2 manoguṇaḥ/svarūpam 'Characteristics of mind' ('minuteness ... (anutva) and oneness or singularity (ekatva)'); ITA-1.9.3.3.3 aṇutva 'Atomicity'; ITA-1.9.3.3.4 ekatva 'Singularity'; ITA-1.9.3.3.5 indriyāntara-sañcāraḥ 'Trans-sense migration'; ITA-1.9.3.3.7 manoarthaḥ 'Objects of the mind' ('thought, analysis, contemplation, mediation [sic] and volition'); ITA-1.9.3.3.34 antaḥkaraṇam 'Inner cognitive faculty'.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":null,"sourceName":"National Institute of Ayurveda terminology list","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"BP0154 manas","verbatim":true,"assessment":"COMPARATOR (grammar sic).","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the National Institute of Ayurveda terminology list","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the National Institute of Ayurveda terminology list"},{"english":"mind / the Mind","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"throughout; Sūtrasthāna 1, 8; Śārīrasthāna 1","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Public domain. His default, but with two explicit caveats: Sū.8 footnote, 'The word manah, as used here, certainly includes buddhi or understanding'; Śā.1 footnote, 'the word Manas, as used in Hindu philosophy, has not for its equivalent Mind, for Manas excludes Buddhi. With Buddhi, Manas is Mind.' The two footnotes pull in opposite directions.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"Sattwa","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. Kaviratna","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Vimānasthāna 5 footnote; Sūtrasthāna 8 (his 2: 'It is sometimes called satwa')","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Public domain. 'Sattwa is the mind as understood in Hindu philosophy.'","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"the mind (Manah)","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita tr. Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1911)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Śārīrasthāna 1, sections 4-5","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Public domain. Counted as the eleventh indriya.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"sentiment (Manah)","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita tr. Bhishagratna","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Śārīrasthāna 1, section 18","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Public domain. In the list of attributes of the individual: 'intellect (Vuddhi), sentiment (Manah), deliberation, discretion, memory'. An idiosyncratic rendering.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"mind / psyche / mental faculty / inner instrument","sourceName":"common textbook renderings","sourceKind":"other","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":null,"licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"8","verse":"4-5 (standard; Kaviratna prints 2-3)","establishes":"Manas is atīndriya (beyond/other than the indriyas), named sattva, by some cetas; its activity depends on its objects and on ātma-sampad; it is the cause of the indriyas' activity (4). It appears manifold but is one; hence the senses cannot all act at once (5). Kaviratna (his 2-3): 'The mind is regarded as something different from the senses. It is sometimes called satwa, and some again call it chetas. Its functions are regulated by the contact of its objects with the soul. Some regard the mind as the cause of the functions of the senses. ... In reality, however, there is no multiplicity of minds. ... Therefore, all the senses are incapable of acting at one and the same time.' English at https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt. Kaviratna's 'Some regard' for ceṣṭāpratyayabhūtam has no 'some' in the Sanskrit.","quote":"Atīndriyaṁ punarmanaḥ sattvasañjñakaṁ, 'cētaḥ' ityāhurēkē, tadarthātmasampadāyattacēṣṭaṁ cēṣṭāpratyayabhūtamindriyāṇām||4|| Svārthēndriyārthasaṅkalpavyabhicaraṇāccānēkamēkasmin puruṣē sattvaṁ, rajastamaḥsattvaguṇayōgācca; na cānēkatvaṁ, nahyēkaṁ hyēkakālamanēkēṣu pravartatē; tasmānnaikakālā sarvēndriyapravr̥ttiḥ||5||","translator":"Sanskrit text as printed on Charak Samhita Online","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Indriyopakramaniya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"8","verse":"7 (standard; Kaviratna prints 5)","establishes":"The senses grasp objects only when manas leads. Kaviratna: 'The senses become capable of seizing their respective objects only when they are led by the mind.'","quote":"Manaḥpuraḥsarāṇīndriyāṇyarthagrahaṇasamarthāni bhavanti||7||","translator":"Sanskrit text as printed on Charak Samhita Online","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Indriyopakramaniya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Śārīrasthāna","chapter":"1","verse":"18-21 (standard; Kaviratna prints 25-26, 27, 28)","establishes":"The fullest Caraka account: manas is inferred from the presence and absence of knowledge when ātmā, indriya and artha are already in proximity (18); its two guṇas are aṇutva and ekatva (19); its objects are the thinkable, considerable, conjecturable, meditable and resolvable (20); its karma is control of the senses, self-restraint, conjecture and consideration, after which buddhi proceeds (21). Kaviratna (his 25-28): 'The attributes by which one may define mind are the presence and absence of knowledge ... Subtility and oneness have been regarded as the two attributes of the mind. That which is remembered, that upon which reason (or comparison) works, that upon which ratiocination is employed, that which after reproduction is held fast in consciousness, that which is resolved upon, and that which is known, form what is called the objects of the mind. Seizure of objects by means of the senses, subjecting them to control, comparison, and ratiocination, are the functions of the mind. After this the understanding begins to work.' Note Kaviratna's 'That which is remembered' for cintya is loose; the Sanskrit has no smṛti here.","quote":"lakṣaṇaṁ manasō jñānasyābhāvō bhāva ēva ca| sati hyātmēndriyārthānāṁ sannikarṣē na vartatē||18|| vaivr̥ttyānmanasō jñānaṁ sānnidhyāttacca vartatē| aṇutvamatha caikatvaṁ dvau guṇau manasaḥ smr̥tau||19|| cintyaṁ vicāryamūhyaṁ ca dhyēyaṁ saṅkalpyamēva ca| yatkiñcinmanasō jñēyaṁ tat sarvaṁ hyarthasañjñakam||20|| indriyābhigrahaḥ karma manasaḥ svasya nigrahaḥ| ūhō vicāraśca, tataḥ paraṁ buddhiḥ pravartatē||21||","translator":"Sanskrit text as printed on Charak Samhita Online","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Katidhapurusha_Sharira","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"1","verse":"46, 48, 57 (standard; Kaviratna prints 45, 47, 56)","establishes":"Manas (as sattva) is one leg of the tridaṇḍa with ātmā and śarīra (46); one of the nine dravyas (48); and the seat of the two mānasa doṣas rajas and tamas (57). Kaviratna: 'Mind, soul, and body, this trinity ... like three sticks'; 'The qualities of Passion and Darkness have, again, been indicated to be the causes of mental diseases.'","quote":"sattvamātmā śarīraṁ ca trayamētattridaṇḍavat| (46) ... khādīnyātmā manaḥ kālō diśaśca dravyasaṅgrahaḥ| (48) ... mānasaḥ punaruddiṣṭō rajaśca tama ēva ca||57||","translator":"Sanskrit text as printed on Charak Samhita Online","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Deerghanjiviteeya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Śārīrasthāna","chapter":"1","verse":"Bhishagratna's sections 4-5; Sanskrit verse number not established","establishes":"Suśruta classes manas as the eleventh indriya, ubhayātmaka, following Sāṃkhya; this is the direct opposite of Caraka's atīndriya (Sū.8.4). The 'moon god is that of the mind (Manah)' in section 7 gives its presiding deity.","quote":"The eleven organs of cognition, communication or sense perception ... They are the ears, skin, eyes, tongue, nose, speech, hands, genitals, anus, feet and the mind (Manah). Of these foregoing organs the first five are intellectual or sense organs (Vuddhi-Indriya); the next five being operative (Karma-Indriya). The mind (Manah) partakes of the character of both the intellectual and operative organs alike.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-3-sharirasthana/d/doc142879.html","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"buddhi","why":"Ca.Śā.1.21-23: manas deliberates, buddhi determines. Kaviratna's Śā.1 footnote: 'Manas excludes Buddhi. With Buddhi, Manas is Mind.' English 'mind' spans both."},{"term":"sattva","why":"Ca.Sū.8.4 makes sattva a NAME of manas (sattvasañjñaka), and Sū.1.46 uses sattva for the mental leg of the tridaṇḍa; but sattva is also one of the three guṇas (Sū.8.6). Kaviratna: 'Sattwa is the mind as understood in Hindu philosophy.' The lexicon must flag the two senses."},{"term":"cetas / cetanā","why":"Cetas is an alternative name for manas (Sū.8.4, 'some call it cetas'; WHO lists 'manaḥ, cetaḥ'); cetanā is consciousness, a liṅga of ātmā (Śā.1.72) and the sixth dhātu of the puruṣa (Śā.1.16). Not the same."},{"term":"ātmā","why":"Manas is an instrument with guṇas and objects; ātmā is nirvikāra witness. Caraka lists them separately everywhere (Sū.1.42, 1.48, Śā.1.17)."},{"term":"indriya","why":"Caraka: manas is atīndriya (Sū.8.4). Suśruta: manas is the eleventh indriya. Any English gloss 'the sixth sense' follows Suśruta, not Caraka."},{"term":"antaḥkaraṇa","why":"A class term (WHO ITA-1.9.3.3.34: buddhi, manas, ahaṃkāra, citta; NIA SR0066: manas, buddhi, indriya, ahaṃkāra). Manas is a member, and the two lists disagree on membership."},{"term":"hṛdaya / mastiṣka (seat)","why":"None of the passages retrieved locates manas anatomically; PMID 42453143 reviews the brain question. A lexicon should not assert a seat from these sources."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"mind","why":"Not wrong, but Kaviratna's own footnote says manas 'has not for its equivalent Mind'. English 'mind' includes buddhi and often ātmā-functions; manas in Ca.Śā.1.21 stops where buddhi begins."},{"rendering":"sentiment","why":"Bhishagratna, Su.Śā.1 section 18. Manas is a cognitive instrument, not feeling."},{"rendering":"the sixth sense","why":"Popular gloss. Follows Suśruta's eleven-indriya count against Caraka's atīndriya, and 'sense' imports the English sensory meaning."},{"rendering":"psyche","why":"WHO offers 'Mind, psyche'. 'Psyche' in English carries Greek soul/Jungian connotations that overlap ātmā rather than manas."}],"openQuestions":["Whether Caraka's atīndriya means 'not an indriya' or 'beyond the reach of the indriyas' (imperceptible); Kaviratna's Vi.5 footnote takes the second reading ('beyond the ken of the five organs of sense').","Whether the triguṇa psychometrics (PMID 40774071 and predecessors) measure manas, mānasa prakṛti, or neither, in classical terms."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/manas/","canary":"f4c55e085d90eae4"},{"slug":"manasa-prakriti","page":"/lexicon/manasa-prakriti/","iast":"mānasaprakṛti","devanagari":"मानसप्रकृति","alternates":["kāya","sattva","manas prakriti"],"category":"prakriti","family":"daily-life","renderings":[{"english":"Specific mental and physical personality type","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-2.8.10","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Notably not purely mental. WHO grounds the types in sattva/rajas/tamas and adds that the type 'may be influenced and refined by education and the inculcation of spiritual values', i.e. mutable, where doṣaprakṛti is immutable.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Person with tranquil, harmonious temperament","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-2.8.11","verbatim":true,"assessment":"The type entries all read 'Person with … temperament', e.g. ITA-2.8.12 brahmakāyaḥ.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"mental temperaments","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, tr. Bhishagratna (1907-1916)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sharirasthana IV v.72","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Bhishagratna mixes -kaya and -sattva endings in English as the Sanskrit does.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"varieties of mind called Pure","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sharirasthana IV","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna renders the types as kinds of 'mind', never as a constitution, consistent with Charaka's word being sattva.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"psychological constitution","sourceName":"Indian Ayurvedic college usage","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"Standard in classroom English; not a WHO rendering.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sharirasthana","chapter":"4","verse":"37","establishes":"Closes the seven pure sattva types at verse 37 and names brāhma the purest.","quote":"इत्येवं शुद्धस्य सत्त्वस्य सप्तविधं भेदांशं विद्यात् कल्याणांशत्वात्; तत्संयोगात्तु ब्राह्ममत्यन्तशुद्धं व्यवस्येत्||३७||","translator":"","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Mahatigarbhavakranti_Sharira","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sharirasthana","chapter":"4","verse":"40","establishes":"The full sixteen-type scheme and its address: seven śuddha, six rājasa, three tāmasa. The classical locus for what moderns call mānasaprakṛti, and the text calls it sattva throughout.","quote":"शुद्धस्य सत्त्वस्य सप्तविधो ब्रह्मर्षिशक्रयमवरुणकुबेरगन्धर्वसत्त्वानुकारेण, राजसस्य षड्विधो दैत्यपिशाचराक्षससर्पप्रेतशकुनिसत्त्वानुकारेण, तामसस्यत्रिविधः पशुमत्स्यवनस्पतिसत्त्वानुकारेण||४०||","translator":"","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Mahatigarbhavakranti_Sharira","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sharirasthana","chapter":"4","verse":"37","establishes":"Public-domain English for Sha 4/37; Kaviratna renders sattva-bheda as varieties of mind, not as a constitution.","quote":"Thus should be known the seven varieties of mind called Pure. Amongst these that which has been called the ' Brahmya ' mind is regarded as the Purest in consequence of its perfect (or complete) union with what is good and auspicious.","translator":"Kaviraj Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sharirasthana","chapter":"4","verse":"36","establishes":"Body follows mind and mind body, the warrant for WHO calling the type mental AND physical, and the reason a clean deha/mānasa split is not classical.","quote":"शरीरं ह्यपि सत्त्वमनुविधीयते, सत्त्वं च शरीरम्||३६||","translator":"","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Mahatigarbhavakranti_Sharira","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sharirasthana","chapter":"4","verse":"73","establishes":"Sushruta's parallel sixteen-type scheme with the same 7/6/3 division at Sharirasthana 4/73-76; his rājasa list is not in the same order as Charaka's.","quote":"These seven types of men should be considered as belonging to the Sattvika group (of Sattvika mental temperament). Now hear me describe the features of men of Rajasika stamp (of mind).","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-3-sharirasthana/d/doc142882.html","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"sattva","why":"The decisive one. Charaka never calls the sixteen types mānasaprakṛti; he calls them sattva-bheda (Sha 4/36-40), and at Vi 8/119 defines sattva as manas graded only pravara/madhya/avara."},{"term":"triguṇa","why":"The three universal guṇas (WHO ITA-1.9.4.2). The sixteen types derive from them but are not identical; a person is not 'a rajas'."},{"term":"doṣaprakṛti","why":"Fixed at conception and per Sushruta Sha 4/70-71 unalterable; WHO says mental type can be refined. Different mutability, different kind of thing."},{"term":"unmāda and other manasika rogas","why":"Mental type is a baseline description, not a diagnosis. ICD-11 TM2 codes mental disorders but no constitution."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"mental dosha type","why":"Conflates guṇas with doṣas. Vi 6/5 calls rajas and tamas the mental doṣas but pointedly excludes sattva, so there is no 'sattva dosha'."},{"rendering":"personality type","why":"WHO uses it, but it drops the explicitly moral and ritual content of the classical descriptions, which no personality inventory measures."},{"rendering":"mental constitution","why":"Only wrong when paired with the immutability claim borrowed from doṣaprakṛti."}],"openQuestions":["Is mānasaprakṛti attested as a compound in any classical samhita, or entirely a modern coinage? Not found in the chapters retrieved.","Do Charaka's and Sushruta's sixteen-type lists agree item for item, or only in shape?"],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/manasa-prakriti/","canary":"e6811af6d5d5f704"},{"slug":"manasika-roga","page":"/lexicon/manasika-roga/","iast":"mānasika-roga","devanagari":"मानसरोगः","alternates":["manasa roga","mānasa-roga","manasika vyadhi","manovikara","manas roga"],"category":"disease-kinds","family":"disease","renderings":[{"english":"Two types of psychological disease","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-4.2.4","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO's English for the class is 'psychological disease'. The entry is for the twofold division, which comes from Cha.Ni.1/4.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Diseases caused by agitative, reactive tendency","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-4.2.5","verbatim":true,"assessment":"","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Diseases caused by inertia prone tendency","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-4.2.6","verbatim":true,"assessment":"","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Psychological cause","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-4.4.8","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Confirms WHO's gloss of manasika as 'psychological' outside the disease-class context.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Mental diseases are those that arise from non-attainment of objects desired or coveted, or from accession of those that are disliked.","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, trans. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","sourceKind":"translation (public domain)","locator":"Sutrasthana ch. 11 (Tistraishaniya), rendering Cha.Su.11/45","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna: 'Mental'. His definition is cause-based and desire-based, matching the Sanskrit iṣṭasya alābhāt, aniṣṭasya ca upalabdheḥ.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"Mental (Manasa)","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, trans. Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","sourceKind":"translation (public domain)","locator":"Sutrasthana ch. I, 'Disease:—its Definition'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"Excessive anger, grief, fear, joy, despondency, envy, misery, pride, greed, lust, desire, malice, etc. are ... included within the category of mental (Manasa) distempers","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, trans. Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","sourceKind":"translation (public domain)","locator":"Sutrasthana ch. I, explanation of the four types. The ellipsis marks a page-layout interruption in the retrieved text where a footnote is interleaved; the words either side are verbatim.","verbatim":true,"assessment":"'Distempers' is a period rendering. Note that Sushruta's manasa class is a list of AFFECTS (anger, grief, fear, envy), not of syndromes; the affects are themselves the diseases.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"The two other kinds of disease, viz., Rajasa and Tamasa', are, of course, mental.","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, trans. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","sourceKind":"translation (public domain)","locator":"translator's footnote to Nidana Sthana ch. 1 (his aphorism 2 = Ni.1/4 modern)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna's own note, not text. It is the link between Cha.Ni.1/4 and the manasika class, and it is the same link WHO ISTA makes at ITA-4.2.4.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"mental disorder (manasa roga)","sourceName":"Balsavar A, Deshpande SN, Indian J Psychiatry 2014","sourceKind":"paper","locator":null,"locatorWithheld":"\"Balsavar A, Deshpande SN, Indian J Psychiatry 2014\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","verbatim":true,"assessment":"An indexed psychiatry journal rendering manasa roga as 'mental disorder' without qualification.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Balsavar A, Deshpande SN, Indian J Psychiatry 2014\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"11","verse":"45","establishes":"Charaka's manasa as the third class, defined by non-attainment of the desired and encounter with the undesired. Note the form is मानस, not मानसिक.","quote":"त्रयो रोगा इति- निजागन्तुमानसाः| तत्र निजः शारीरदोषसमुत्थः, आगन्तुर्भूतविषवाय्वग्निसम्प्रहारादिसमुत्थः, मानसः पुनरिष्टस्यलाभाल्लाभाच्चानिष्टस्योपजायते||४५||","translator":"","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Tistraishaniya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"11","verse":"47","establishes":"Charaka's prescribed management of manasa roga, immediately after the definition at 11/45: it is dharma/artha/kama counselling and self-knowledge, not dravya therapy. Verse number is not legible in the scan at this point, so the verse field is left empty; the passage sits between the 11/45 definition and the rogamarga passage on the same printed page.","quote":"The treatment for all mental diseases is attention to the considerations of Religion, Wealth, and Pleasure, and the knowledge of how to reverentially wait upon persons that are well-conversant with those three topics, as also the knowledge of how to attend to the considerations connected with one's own self (viz., consideration in respect of one's own country, race, time, physical strength, and mental energy).","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/details/ZHNR_charaka-samhita-by-abhinash-chandra-english-pages-partly-damaged-missing-pages-1","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Nidana Sthana","chapter":"1","verse":"4","establishes":"The twofold psychic division rajasa/tamasa, the direct source of WHO ISTA ITA-4.2.4 to 4.2.6.","quote":"अतस्त्रिविधा व्याधयः प्रादुर्भवन्ति- आग्नेयाः, सौम्याः,वायव्याश्च;-द्विविधाश्चापरे- राजसाः, तामसाश्च||४||","translator":"","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Jwara_Nidana","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"25","establishes":"Sushruta's manasa class enumerated as affects (krodha, shoka, bhaya, harsha, vishada, irshya, asuya, dainya, matsarya, kama, lobha) arising through iccha and dvesha. Content-identical to Bhishagratna's English.","quote":"मानसास्तु क्रोधशोकभयहर्षविषादेर्ष्याभ्यसूयादैन्यमात्सर्यकामलोभप्रभृतयः इच्छा द्वेषभेदैर्भवन्ति","translator":"","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/2023/05/04/sushruta-samhita-sutrasthanam-chapter-1-vedotpatti-adhyaya-origin-of-the-science-of-life/","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"55","establishes":"Sattva (mind) as one of the two ashrayas of disease. Note Charaka's word here is sattva, not manas, which is a further lemma problem for this headword.","quote":"शरीरं सत्त्वसञ्ज्ञं च व्याधीनामाश्रयो मतः| तथा सुखानां, योगस्तु सुखानां कारणं समः||५५||","translator":"","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Deerghanjiviteeya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"54","establishes":"dvayāśrayāṇāṃ vyādhīnām, diseases of the two seats, share a single threefold cause. Establishes that Charaka does not give manasika diseases a separate etiology from sharirika ones.","quote":"कालबुद्धीन्द्रियार्थानां योगो मिथ्या न चाति च| द्वयाश्रयाणां व्याधीनां त्रिविधो हेतुसङ्ग्रहः||५४||","translator":"","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Deerghanjiviteeya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"sharirika-roga","why":"The complementary seat. But Cha.Su.1/54 gives both seats the SAME threefold etiology, so the split is by seat and not by cause, which is the opposite of how the modern 'psychological vs physical' opposition is usually understood."},{"term":"manasika-bhava","why":"WHO ISTA ITA-1.9.3.3.13 defines mānasika-bhāvaḥ as 'Psychological or mental attributes', i.e. normal features of the mind (dhi, dhriti, smriti and the rest). These are the substrate, not the disorder, and the two are routinely conflated in English writing because both come out as 'mental factors'."},{"term":"unmada / apasmara / atattvabhinivesha","why":"Named psychiatric NOSOLOGICAL entities in the samhitas. Manasika-roga is the class; these are members of it. ICD-11 TM2 codes entities of this kind, not the class term."},{"term":"rajas and tamas (as manasa doshas)","why":"The two mental doshas are the causal factors; rajasa-roga and tamasa-roga are the resulting classes. WHO ISTA codes the disease classes (ITA-4.2.5, 4.2.6) but has no mānasadoṣa headword at all, which I confirmed by searching the full text."},{"term":"bhutonmada / graha-roga","why":"Disorders attributed to possessing entities. In Charaka these fall under AGANTU (bhuta is listed in the agantu causes at Su.11/45), not under manasa, even though their presentation is psychiatric. This is one of the most consequential misfilings in English Ayurvedic writing."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"psychiatric disorder","why":"Imports a clinical specialty and a diagnostic apparatus that the classification does not carry. Sushruta's manasa list at 1/25 is a list of ordinary affects including joy (harsha), which no psychiatric nosology treats as a disorder."},{"rendering":"psychosomatic disease","why":"Wrong on both sides. Manasika is seated in manas; the psychosomatic category in WHO ISTA sits under a different headword, ādhyātmikarogaḥ (ITA-4.2.11)."},{"rendering":"mental illness","why":"Defensible but carries a modern implication of persistent pathology. Charaka's definition at Su.11/45 (non-attainment of the desired, encounter with the undesired) covers ordinary situational distress, and his prescribed management is counselling on dharma, artha and kama."},{"rendering":"emotional disorder","why":"Too narrow for Charaka, whose manasa class is defined by a desire relation rather than by affect, and too narrow for the rajasa/tamasa scheme of Cha.Ni.1/4, which classifies by guna dominance."}],"openQuestions":["Is mānasika (with -ika) attested as a disease-class term in the samhitas, or only mānasa? Every classical instance retrieved uses मानस/मानसाः. The -ika form is what WHO ISTA and modern textbooks use.","How do Charaka's two mental schemes relate: manasa as a third class alongside nija and agantu (Su.11/45), versus rajasa/tamasa as a twofold psychic division (Ni.1/4)? No retrieved source reconciles them.","Where do bhutonmada and the graha disorders sit, given that bhuta is listed under agantu causes?"],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/manasika-roga/","canary":"f442aa95c0b90673"},{"slug":"manda","page":"/lexicon/manda/","iast":"manda","devanagari":"मन्द","alternates":["mandatā","mandāgni (compound: weak digestion)"],"category":"guṇa (one of the twenty gurvādi guṇas; opposite of tīkṣṇa)","family":"pharmacology","renderings":[{"english":"Dull/sluggish","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022), entry DG0170 manda","sourceKind":"comparator standard","locator":"DG0170","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Comparator; WHO carries two homonyms (guṇa and gruel) under separate codes.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"mild","sourceName":"Kaviratna, Charaka Samhita, Sutrasthana Lesson XXVI (his 22-23; standard 26.11)","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"archive.org BIUSante_47357, printed p. 300","verbatim":true,"assessment":"'heavy, sharp or pungent, hard, mild, immobile, clear, thick, gross' (pārthiva) and 'liquid, oily, cold, mild, soft, unctious, and mobile' (āpya): manda = 'mild', mṛdu = 'soft'. He also uses 'mild' for mṛdu elsewhere (Lesson I kapha list; the eight vīryas), so 'mild' is ambiguous in his text.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"Narcotism","sourceName":"Bhishagratna, Sushruta Samhita, Sutrasthana ch. XLVI","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"archive.org in.ernet.dli.2015.43171 printed p. 568; wisdomlib doc141678","verbatim":true,"assessment":"'Laxativeness restores the normal condition of the humours. Narcotism changes the condition of vitality.' is his rendering of 'saro 'nulomanaḥ prokto, mando yātrākaraḥ smṛtaḥ' (46.522). 'Narcotism' for manda is an Edwardian choice with no basis in the Sanskrit, which says manda sustains (yātrākara) life; a human should confirm the Sanskrit before any use.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"slow, tardy... dull, faint (as light)... feeble (as the digestive faculty)","sourceName":"Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899), p. 787","sourceKind":"dictionary","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":"Records the mandāgni sense explicitly.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899), p. 787\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"Slow / dull","sourceName":"Common textbook rendering","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"Standard in gurvādi tables; 'slow' is closest to the pharmacological sense.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"26","verse":"11 (standard; Kaviratna prints 22 and 23)","establishes":"Manda is an attribute of both pṛthvī- and jala-dominant substances. Kaviratna: 'Amongst objects those that are principally heavy, sharp or pungent, hard, mild, immobile, clear, thick, gross, and possessed of scent, are regarded as appertaining to Earth.'","quote":"तत्रद्रव्याणिगुरुखरकठिनमन्दस्थिरविशदसान्द्रस्थूलगन्धगुणबहुलानि पार्थिवानि, तान्युपचयसङ्घातगौरवस्थैर्यकराणि; द्रवस्निग्धशीतमन्दमृदुपिच्छिलरसगुणबहुलान्याप्यानि, तान्युपक्लेदस्नेहबन्धविष्यन्दमार्दवप्रह्लादकराणि;","translator":"Sanskrit quoted; English by Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Atreyabhadrakapyiya_Adhyaya ; English: https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"46","verse":"521 (printed ५२१ in the Trikamji/Nirnaya Sagar ed., Su.Sū.46; the manda half-line shares the number with the vyavāyī half-line. The web texts' 522 reflects a different hemistich pairing, not a different text.)","establishes":"Sushruta's one-line karma of manda: 'mando yātrākaraḥ smṛtaḥ'. Dalhaṇa (Nibandhasaṅgraha, ad loc.) glosses it 'yātrākara iti śarīrasthāyitvād dehasya yātrāṃ vartanaṃ karoti', manda is yātrākara because, by making the body persist, it carries on the body's course (vartana). The record's working gloss 'sustaining the body's course' is now the commentator's own, not an inference; and the verse number is 521 in the printed edition, 522 only in the web Sanskrit texts.","quote":"सरोऽनुलोमनः प्रोक्तो, मन्दो यात्राकरः स्मृतः ॥ व्यवायी चाखिलं देहं व्याप्य पाकाय कल्पते ॥५२१॥","translator":"Sanskrit quoted; English by Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.327618 (page image leaf n292, printed p. 232; Dalhaṇa leaf n293, printed p. 233)","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Aṣṭāṅga Hṛdaya","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"18 (as printed on easyayurveda.com)","establishes":"Manda is the second named guṇa in Vagbhata's list of ten-with-opposites (guru, manda, hima, snigdha, ślakṣṇa, sāndra, mṛdu, sthira, sūkṣma, viśada). No public-domain English; no quotation.","quote":null,"translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/2012/08/31/ashtanga-hrudaya-sutra-sthana-chapter-1-basic-principles-of-ayurveda/","checked":"address only, nothing quoted to check"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"mṛdu (soft/mild)","why":"Kaviratna renders both as 'mild' in different places; manda pairs with tīkṣṇa (sharp/quick), mṛdu with kaṭhina (hard). Note Charaka's list in 26.11 gives manda and mṛdu side by side for āpya substances, and the WHO kapha list uses 'Mṛtsna (soft)' alongside 'Manda (dull)'."},{"term":"maṇḍa (rice gruel)","why":"Homonym with retroflex ṇ (WHO SV0160 maṇḍa; BK0098 manda 'a gruel of rice by adding 14 times of water'); Bhishagratna's ch. 46 uses 'Manda' for the gruel too."},{"term":"mandāgni","why":"Compound meaning weak digestive fire; a clinical state, not the pharmacological guṇa."},{"term":"sthira (stable)","why":"Both slow/immobile-flavoured kapha qualities; sthira opposes sara/cala (mobile), manda opposes tīkṣṇa."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"Narcotism","why":"Bhishagratna's rendering at Su.Su. 46.522; the Sanskrit (mando yātrākaraḥ) says nothing about narcosis."},{"rendering":"mild","why":"Kaviratna's choice; usable, but he uses the same word for mṛdu, so it cannot disambiguate."}],"openQuestions":[],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/manda/","canary":"d3b12f99879ca491"},{"slug":"manda-agni","page":"/lexicon/manda-agni/","iast":"mandāgni","devanagari":"मन्दाग्नि","alternates":["manda agni","mando 'gniḥ","agnisāda","śītāgnitā","kāphaja agni-doṣa"],"category":"pathophysiology / functional state","family":"body","renderings":[{"english":"Depressed or weak state of digestive, metabolic factors","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"terminology-standard","locator":"ITA-2.6.11","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO description verbatim: 'A state in which the action of transformative factor is weak or depressed due to the dominant influence of kapha.'","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false},{"english":"Subdued digestive, metabolic factors","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"terminology-standard","locator":"ITA-5.11.1","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Like viṣamāgni, mandāgni is listed twice, as a state and as a disorder. The disorder entry reads verbatim: 'A disorder characterized by some or all the following signs and symptoms: difficulty in digestion of food after a long time even though of proper quantity; heaviness of abdomen; heaviness of head; cough; breathlessness/difficulty in breathing; excessive salivation; vomiting; bodily exhaustion or tiredness; abdominal distension; constipation; gurgling intestinal sounds/borborygmi; dryness of mouth; inactivity/inertia of anus.' That list is a close modernisation of Su.Sū.35.24.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"subdued digestive power","sourceName":"NAMASTE / National AYUSH Morbidity Codes (NAMC), Ministry of Ayush","sourceKind":"terminology-standard","locator":"NAMC code DB-1","verbatim":true,"assessment":"NAMASTE treats agnisāda as a synonym of mandāgni under one code, and adds a separate DB-1.1 mandAgni-ariShTaH, 'fatal signs of मन्दाग्नि' (citing Ca.I.6/11).","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology"},{"english":"dull or sluggish (Mandagni)","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, tr. Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907-1916)","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"Sūtrasthāna Chapter XXXV, p. 320","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Bhishagratna's rendering, given twice in the chapter.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"mild","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"Vimānasthāna Lesson VI (= Ca.Vi.6.12)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna's footnote: 'Mild is that which cannot digest all kinds of food; indeed, the fire that digests only light food is called mild.' 'Mild' is a weak choice in modern English and is worth flagging as an obsolete rendering.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"mild or weak state of metabolic fire","sourceName":"Anc Sci Life 2015 (PMID 26283805)","sourceKind":"secondary-literature","locator":"abstract","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Verbatim from the abstract's gloss.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Anc Sci Life 2015 (PMID 26283805)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"impaired digestion","sourceName":"NAMASTE / NAMC","sourceKind":"terminology-standard","locator":"NAMC code ACB-23","verbatim":true,"assessment":"NAMASTE renders the kaphaja variant śītāgnitā, glossed as agnimāndya, 'impaired digestion (due only to कफदोष)'.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology"},{"english":"no ICD-11 TM2 index term found for mandāgni","sourceName":"ICD-11 MMS v2026-01, TM2","sourceKind":"classification","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"SM3B Indigestion disorder (TM2) carries agnimāndyam as an index term but not mandāgni. Statement limited to what I retrieved.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Sushruta Saṃhitā","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"XXXV (Ātura-upakramaṇīya)","verse":"24","establishes":"The fullest public-domain English definition. The criterion is slow digestion of even a small meal, with symptoms arising at the time of eating. WHO's ITA-5.11.1 list is visibly derived from this. (The OCR renders 'fire' as 'ire' in one place in the scan; restored.)","quote":"Manda'gni :— The digestive fire or heat which causes the tardy digestion even of a scanty meal, and produces heaviness of the abdomen and head, cough, difficult breathing, water-brash, nausea, and weariness of the limbs simultaneously with the taking thereof, is called dull or sluggish (Mandagni).","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/b24758619_0001/b24758619_0001_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Saṃhitā (Sanskrit)","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"35","verse":"24","establishes":"Sanskrit for the definition, fixing the verse number and the symptom list (udara-śiro-gaurava, kāsa, śvāsa, praseka, chardi, gātra-sādana).","quote":"यस्त्वल्पमप्युपयुक्तमुदरशिरोगौरवकासश्वासप्रसेकच्छर्दिगात्रसदनानि कृत्वा महताकालेन पचति स मन्दः","translator":"none (Sanskrit mūla)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/सुश्रुतसंहिता/सूत्रस्थानम्/अध्याय_३१-४६","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Saṃhitā","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"XXXV","verse":"25-26","establishes":"Doṣa attribution (kapha) and management (vamana; kaṭu, tikta, kaṣāya diet), public domain.","quote":"a sluggish (Manda) fire gives rise to diseases marked by a deranged state of the Kapham. ... Emetics should be administered in a case of dull or sluggish digestion (Mandagni), and the patient should be restricted to a diet consisting of articles of a pungent, astringent or bitter taste","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/b24758619_0001/b24758619_0001_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Saṃhitā (Sanskrit)","sthana":"Vimānasthāna","chapter":"6","verse":"12","establishes":"Charaka defines manda negatively against tīkṣṇa (it cannot withstand dietary abuse) and attributes it to kapha overwhelming agni's seat.","quote":"तद्विपरीतलक्षणस्तु मन्दः ... श्लेष्मलानां तु श्लेष्माभिभूतेऽग्न्यधिष्ठाने मन्दा भवन्त्यग्नयः","translator":"none (Sanskrit mūla)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.siva.sh/caraka-samhita/vimana-sthana/6/12","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Saṃhitā","sthana":"Cikitsāsthāna","chapter":"15","verse":"51 and 57","establishes":"The causal bridge from weak agni to grahaṇī-doṣa and to āma. This is the passage that makes mandāgni the pivot of Ayurvedic pathogenesis rather than a mere symptom.","quote":"The fire that is weak simply scorches the food taken. Such food (instead of contributing to the growth or harmony of the 'dhatus') issues out of the body in an upward or a downward course. ... When the digestive fire is weak, the 'Grahani' becomes vitiated, It then discharges only undigested food (called Ama)","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"corrected against the source"},{"text":"Aṣṭāṅga Hṛdaya (Sanskrit)","sthana":"Śārīrasthāna","chapter":"3","verse":"73, 76","establishes":"Vāgbhaṭa's kapha attribution and criterion (digests even properly-taken food only after a long time). NAMASTE cites Ah.Sa.3/76 for mandāgni, matching. The verse-number split between 75 and 76 at this half-verse should be checked against a printed edition.","quote":"mando 'smin kapha-pīḍite || 73 || ... mandas tu samyag apy annam upayuktaṃ cirāt pacet || 76 (opening) ||","translator":"none — no public-domain English translation of Aṣṭāṅga Hṛdaya exists","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/corpustei/transformations/plaintext/sa_vAgbhaTa-aSTAGgahRdayasUtra.txt","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"agnimāndya","why":"The most important distinction in this cluster and the one most often lost. mandāgni is the state or type of agni; agnimāndya is the condition of that state obtaining. WHO codes mandāgni (ITA-2.6.11, ITA-5.11.1) and has no entry for agnimāndya at all; ICD-11 TM2 carries agnimāndyam as an index term and no mandāgni. They are not interchangeable across standards."},{"term":"viṣamāgni","why":"manda is uniformly slow; viṣama alternates. WHO's viṣamāgni definition unhelpfully includes 'diminished', which erodes the boundary."},{"term":"agnisāda","why":"NAMASTE treats it as a synonym under DB-1. Some textbook traditions treat agnisāda as a distinct, deeper exhaustion of agni. The synonymy is a NAMASTE editorial decision, not a classical given."},{"term":"śītāgnitā","why":"Listed at Ca.Sū.20 as one of the twenty kaphaja disorders, and glossed by NAMASTE as agnimāndya. Whether it is a synonym of mandāgni or a specifically kaphaja subtype is not settled in the sources I saw."},{"term":"ajīrṇa","why":"Ajīrṇa is the event of non-digestion of a given meal; mandāgni is the standing capacity. ICD-11 SM3B groups them under one code, which erases the distinction."},{"term":"grahaṇī-roga","why":"Ca.Ci.15.56 makes weak agni the cause of grahaṇī vitiation; the disease is the sequel, not the state."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"mild (digestive fire)","why":"Kaviratna's 1890s choice. In modern English 'mild' reads as benign or moderate, the opposite of the intended deficiency. An obsolete rendering that should not be revived."},{"rendering":"loss of appetite / anorexia","why":"Conflates cause with one possible symptom, and collides with a separate ICD-11 TM2 category (Anorexia disorder (TM2)). Sushruta's mandāgni definition does not mention appetite at all."},{"rendering":"hypometabolism / slow metabolism","why":"Systemic-metabolic framing for what both Sushruta and WHO's disorder entry define by gastrointestinal performance and a specific symptom list."},{"rendering":"indigestion","why":"Usable for ajīrṇa, but as a rendering of mandāgni it drops the standing-capacity sense and makes the term an event."}],"openQuestions":["Is agnisāda genuinely synonymous with mandāgni, or has NAMASTE collapsed a distinction?","Is śītāgnitā (Ca.Sū.20.17) a synonym, a kaphaja subtype, or a separate condition?","Does Mādhava Nidāna 6/6 (cited by NAMASTE) define mandāgni, and in what terms?"],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/manda-agni/","canary":"959a1e78407915ea"},{"slug":"manovaha-srotas","page":"/lexicon/manovaha-srotas/","iast":"manovaha srotas","devanagari":"मनोवहस्रोतस्","alternates":["manovahāni srotāṃsi (मनोवहानि स्रोतांसि), the form actually used by Caraka","manovaha dhamanī","saṃjñāvaha srotas (संज्ञावहस्रोतस्)","cetovaha mārga","cetanāvaha srotas"],"category":"srotas (body channel) — anatomy/physiology; attested but never enumerated","family":"body","renderings":[{"english":"disorders of manovahasrotas","sourceName":"NAMASTE National Ayurveda Morbidity Codes","sourceKind":"morbidity-code comparator","locator":"NAMC EM","verbatim":true,"assessment":"NAMASTE gives manovaha srotas a code block of its own (EM), which it does NOT give to stanyavaha. But there is NO SAT-B anatomical entry, I searched the complete SAT combined table.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology"},{"english":"NOT COVERED","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standards-body comparator","locator":"absent from ITA-2.5 (body channels) and ITA-5.5 (disorders of vitiated channels)","verbatim":false,"assessment":"I read WHO's full body-channel block and full channel-disorder block and string-searched the extracted text for 'manovaha'/'manovahā': zero occurrences. WHO's channel taxonomy is entirely somatic. This is a substantive omission, not an oversight I can assume away.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true},{"english":"The sense-carrying Srotas (channels) of the body","sourceName":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna, Sushruta Samhita (1911)","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Uttara Tantra, Chapter LXI (Apasmāra), verse 4 region","verbatim":true,"assessment":"This is Bhishagratna's rendering of what the secondary literature calls saṃjñāvaha srotas, the nearest Suśruta analogue. The word 'mind' does not appear; 'sense-carrying' does.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"Channels of transport and transformation of mind and mental factors","sourceName":"carakasamhitaonline.com (CSRTSL) concept article on Manovaha srotas, 2023","sourceKind":"modern reference work (in copyright; rendering recorded as comparator only)","locator":"DOI 10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.157","verbatim":true,"assessment":"The same article states plainly that 'The channels carrying functions of mind (manovaha srotas) are not exclusively listed' in the classics, a concession worth recording.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"the CSRTSDC/Charak Samhita New Edition English, in copyright","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the CSRTSDC/Charak Samhita New Edition English, in copyright"}],"classical":[{"text":"Caraka Saṃhitā","sthana":"Nidāna Sthāna","chapter":"7 (Unmāda Nidāna)","verse":"4 as printed on the retrieved page (NAMASTE cites 7/5)","establishes":"THE locus classicus: aggravated doṣas, having approached the hṛdaya, OBSTRUCT the manovaha srotāṃsi and produce unmāda. This is Caraka's only substantive use of the term, and it is pathological, the channel is named in the account of a disease, never enumerated among the thirteen. I quoted the closing clause; the full sentence on the retrieved page is a long etiological list.","quote":"...अभ्युदीर्णा दोषाः प्रकुपिता हृदयमुपसृत्य मनोवहानि स्रोतांस्यावृत्य जनयन्त्युन्मादम्||४||","translator":null,"licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Unmada_Nidana","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Caraka Saṃhitā","sthana":"Vimāna Sthāna","chapter":"5","verse":"5/7","establishes":"Decisive for the entry: immediately after listing the thirteen, Caraka says that for the supra-sensory entities beginning with sattva (i.e. mind), it is the ENTIRE sentient body that is the passage and the seat, not any particular srotas. This is why manovaha is not in the list, and it is an argument against localising it.","quote":"वातपित्तश्लेष्मणां पुनः सर्वशरीरचराणां सर्वाणि स्रोतांस्ययनभूतानि, तद्वदतीन्द्रियाणां पुनः सत्त्वादीनां केवलं चेतनावच्छरीरमयनभूतमधिष्ठानभूतं च|","translator":null,"licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Sroto_Vimana","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Suśruta Saṃhitā","sthana":"Uttara Tantra","chapter":"61 (Apasmāra-pratiṣedha)","verse":"4 (Bhishagratna's numbering)","establishes":"Suśruta's parallel: saṃjñāvaha srotas obstructed by doṣas produces loss of consciousness and memory in apasmāra. I confirmed the chapter is LXI by locating the surrounding chapter headings in the retrieved scan. Like Caraka's, this is a pathological, not a taxonomic, mention.","quote":"The sense-carrying Srotas (channels) of the body overwhelmed by the concerted action of the deranged Doshas bring in a predominance of Rajas and Tamas (Nescience) causing the patient unconscious and forgetful of all past memories.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907–1916)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/b24758619_0003/b24758619_0003_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"manas (mind)","why":"The faculty, not a channel. Caraka's Vi.5/4 warning applies with special force here: what a srotas is, what it carries, and where it sits are all distinct."},{"term":"saṃjñāvaha srotas / saṃjñāvaha nāḍī","why":"Suśruta's term (Uttara 61 and, per secondary sources, Uttara 46/7). Bhishagratna renders it 'sense-carrying', i.e. consciousness/sensation rather than mind. Treating the two as identical is an interpretive move, not a translation."},{"term":"rasavaha srotas","why":"Both are rooted in the hṛdaya; the secondary literature links manovaha specifically to the 'ten dhamanīs' of the heart that Ca.Vi.5/8 assigns to rasavaha. If that link holds they share a substrate."},{"term":"majjāvaha srotas","why":"Authors who read majjā as nervous tissue end up with two candidate 'neural' channels. Classically majjāvaha is rooted in bone and joints; manovaha in the heart."},{"term":"hṛdaya as anatomical heart vs seat of mind","why":"The whole localisation of manovaha depends on which hṛdaya is meant, and the texts do not disambiguate."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"the nervous system / the brain","why":"Neither text names the head or brain here; both name the hṛdaya. The brain identification is a modern overlay and would contradict the classical root."},{"rendering":"'the 14th srotas'","why":"manovaha is not in any classical enumeration. Caraka's Vi.5/7 explicitly gives the mind the whole sentient body as its seat instead of a channel."},{"rendering":"'psychic channels' / 'channels of consciousness' presented as a defined anatomical structure","why":"Both classical mentions are pathological (obstruction producing unmāda / apasmāra). There is no classical description of the channel's root, course or normal function."}],"openQuestions":["Ca.Ni.7 verse 4 or 5? The two sources I retrieved disagree.","Is saṃjñāvaha srotas the same channel as manovaha srotas, or a distinct consciousness/sensation channel?","Does Cakrapāṇi actually identify the heart's ten dhamanīs as manovaha, and if so does that make manovaha a subset of rasavaha?"],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/manovaha-srotas/","canary":"f7ffa0c39234f3a6"},{"slug":"marma","page":"/lexicon/marma/","iast":"marma","devanagari":"मर्म","alternates":["marmāṇi","trimarma","śākhāmarma","koṣṭhamarma","sadyaḥprāṇahara / kālāntaraprāṇahara / viśalyaghna / vaikalyakara / rujākara (the five functional classes)"],"category":"anatomy (vulnerable junctional sites)","family":"body","renderings":[{"english":"Mortal or vulnerable location","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"who-ista","locator":"ITA-3.16.4","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO's chapter heading for the section is 'Vulnerable locations (marma)'. The whole framing is traumatological, injury and outcome, with no therapeutic-stimulation sense anywhere in the standard.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":null,"sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"who-ista","locator":"ITA-3.16.3","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Records the Charaka triad separately from the Sushruta 107.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"the Marmas or vital parts of the body","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, tr. Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"Śārīra-sthāna ch. VI, opening line (Pratyeka-marma-nirdeśa Śārīram); OCR renders 'Marmas' as 'Mannas' and 'Śārīram' as 'Sdrlram'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"'Vital parts' is Bhishagratna's standing rendering throughout; he does not use 'points'.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"Places where veins, arteries, ligaments, joints and muscles unite and an injury to which proves generally fatal.","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, tr. Bhishagratna — translator's footnote","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"footnote at Śārīra-sthāna ch. VI.1","verbatim":true,"assessment":"A junctional, anatomical definition. Note that Bhishagratna's footnote defines marma by CONFLUENCE of structures, which is exactly what the mūla says at VI.22.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"The Vital parts, again, are the arms, the heart, the brain, and the like.","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Kaviratna","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"Sūtrasthāna ch. 11, his verse 47 (= CS Sū. 11.48)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"IMPORTANT: Kaviratna writes 'the arms' where the Sanskrit reads basti (urinary bladder), 'marmāṇi punarbastihṛdayamūrdhādīni'. Either an error or an OCR corruption of a word like 'bladder'. Do not cite this sentence as evidence of what the marmas are.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"vital points / vital energy points","sourceName":"Contemporary clinical and therapeutic literature","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":null,"locatorWithheld":"\"Contemporary clinical and therapeutic literature\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","verbatim":true,"assessment":"The therapeutic literature has converted a traumatological category into a stimulation target. Neither WHO nor either public-domain translator supports 'point'; Sushruta's own dimensions are given in aṅgula-widths, i.e. areas.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Contemporary clinical and therapeutic literature\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false}],"classical":[{"text":"Sushruta Samhita, tr. Bhishagratna (public domain)","sthana":"Śārīra-sthāna","chapter":"VI (Pratyeka-marma-nirdeśa Śārīram)","verse":"VI.2-4","establishes":"The count of 107, the five structural classes with their exact numbers (11+41+27+8+20 = 107), and the closure claim that there are no others. OCR artefacts in the scan are preserved above as retrieved.","quote":"There are one hundred and seven Marmas (in the human organism), which may be divided into five classes, such as the Mansa-Marmas, Sira-Marmas, Snayu-Marmas, Asthi-Marmas and the Sandhi-Marmas. Indeed there are no other Marmas (vulnerable or vital parts) to be found in the body than the preceding ones. 2. ... There are eleven Mansa-Marmas (vulnerable muscle-joints); forty-one Sira-Marmas (similar veins, anastomosis); twenty-seven Snayu-Marmas (vital ligament-unions); eight Asthi-Marmas (bone-unions) and twenty Sandhi-Marmas (vulnerable joints). 3.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/englishtranslati00susruoft/englishtranslati00susruoft_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita, tr. Bhishagratna (public domain)","sthana":"Śārīra-sthāna","chapter":"VI","verse":"VI.22","establishes":"The definition proper: marma = firm union (sandhāna) of the five structure types, constituting seats of prāṇa. 'Pratna' in the quote is an OCR corruption of 'Prana' and is reproduced verbatim as it appears in the scan.","quote":"Firm unions of Mansa (muscles), Sira (veins), Snayu (ligaments), bones or bone-joints are called Marmas (or vital parts of the body) which naturally and specifically form the seats of life (Pratna), and hence a hurt to any one of the Marmas invariably produces such symptoms as arise from the hurt of a certain Marma.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/englishtranslati00susruoft/englishtranslati00susruoft_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Siddhi-sthāna","chapter":"9 (Trimarmīya Siddhi)","verse":"9.9-10","establishes":"Charaka's trimarma doctrine (prāṇa established in hṛdaya, mūrdhan, basti) AND his prescription for marma care: avoidance of injury, adherence to healthy regimen, and treatment of arising affliction. Note that 'paripālana' here is protection, not stimulation.","quote":"हृदये मूर्ध्नि बस्तौ च नृणां प्राणाः प्रतिष्ठिताः| तस्मात्तेषां सदा यत्नं कुर्वीत परिपालने||९|| आबाधवर्जनं नित्यं स्वस्थवृत्तानुवर्तनम्| उत्पन्नार्तिविघातश्च मर्मणां परिपालनम्||१०||","translator":"none (Sanskrit mūla)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Trimarmiya_Siddhi","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"11","verse":"11.48","establishes":"That marma is a constituent of the madhyama rogamārga, and that Charaka's exemplary marmas are basti, hṛdaya and mūrdhan, the trimarma, not Sushruta's 107.","quote":"मर्माणि पुनर्बस्तिहृदयमूर्धादीनि, अस्थिसन्धयोऽस्थिसंयोगास्तत्रोपनिबद्धाश्च स्नायुकण्डराः, स मध्यमो रोगमार्गः","translator":"none (Sanskrit mūla)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Tistraishaniya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"prāṇāyatana","why":"WHO ITA-3.16.1 lists TEN 'seats of vital life force' (temporal regions, heart, urinary bladder, head, throat, rectum, blood, semen, ojas). Marmas number 107. Both are called 'seats of life' in English, and Charaka's Sū. 28.7 passage on grave disease distinguishes prāṇāyatana-arising from marma-injuring as separate aggravating factors."},{"term":"trimarma","why":"Charaka's three (hṛdaya, mūrdhan, basti); Sushruta's 107 is a different enumeration in a different text. 'The three most vulnerable' (WHO ITA-3.16.3) is not a subset ranking Sushruta endorses."},{"term":"acupoint","why":"The comparison is a live research question (PMID 37494833), not an identity. Marmas are defined by anatomical confluence and sized in aṅgulas; acupoints sit on a meridian system that has no counterpart in Sushruta."},{"term":"varmam (Siddha)","why":"The Tamil Siddha tradition's vital-spot system, historically related but with its own enumeration and literature. Routinely conflated in English-language writing."},{"term":"sandhi","why":"Sandhi-marma is only one of the five classes (twenty of the 107). Not every joint is a marma and not every marma is a joint."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"points","why":"Sushruta assigns each marma a dimension in aṅgula (finger-widths), they are areas, not points. 'Point' is an import from acupuncture vocabulary and drives the false equation with acupoints."},{"rendering":"energy points / chakras","why":"No classical text assigns prāṇa-flow channels to marmas in the way the popular literature implies; VI.22 grounds them in structural confluence."},{"rendering":"pressure points","why":"Reverses the classical polarity entirely. Both Sushruta (injury produces death, deformity or pain) and Charaka (Si. 9.10: ābādhavarjana, avoidance of injury) treat marmas as things to PROTECT."},{"rendering":"vital organs","why":"Used loosely for trimarma. Basti, hṛdaya and mūrdhan are organs/regions in that triad, but the 107 are mostly junctional soft-tissue sites, not organs."}],"openQuestions":["Whether Charaka anywhere accepts the 107 enumeration, or works only with trimarma plus scattered references.","The relationship between the five FUNCTIONAL classes (sadyaḥprāṇahara, kālāntaraprāṇahara, viśalyaghna, vaikalyakara, rujākara, described at Su.Śā. VI.16-21 in Bhishagratna) and the five STRUCTURAL classes at VI.2. Both are fivefold and are frequently confused.","Whether marma locations have been mapped to modern anatomical landmarks with any published inter-observer reliability."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/marma/","canary":"b09899ee469ae78b"},{"slug":"meda-dhatu","page":"/lexicon/meda-dhatu/","iast":"medo-dhātu","devanagari":"मेदोधातु","alternates":["meda","medas","medo dhatu","medas dhatu","medodhātuḥ"],"category":"dhatu","family":"body","renderings":[{"english":"Fat","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-2.2.9","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO's description adds 'It refers to adipose tissue and other lipids in the body' - a broader referent than adipose alone, and one of the few places WHO commits to a biochemical class.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"adeps","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Chikitsasthana XV","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna's characteristic rendering, using the Latin pharmacopoeial term for lard. Archaic to the point of obscurity now, and worth recording precisely because it shows a translator reaching for a substance term rather than a tissue term.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"fat","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sutrasthana XXVIII; Vimanasthana VIII","verbatim":true,"assessment":"He alternates 'adeps' and 'fat' for the same word, sometimes within a paragraph ('from flesh is fat or adeps').","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"fat","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, tr. Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907-1916)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sutrasthana XIV and XV","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Consistent. He renders the related vasā as 'fatty matter' and 'oily or albuminous matter', keeping them distinct from medas.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"fatty tissue","sourceName":"Modern Ayurvedic journal usage","sourceKind":"journal","locator":"PMID 42161239","verbatim":true,"assessment":"The current journal rendering.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Modern Ayurvedic journal usage\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"\"Modern Ayurvedic journal usage\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation"},{"english":"adipose tissue","sourceName":"Common modern Ayurvedic teaching","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"The narrowest rendering in circulation. WHO's own gloss is deliberately wider ('adipose tissue and other lipids').","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"15","verse":"corresponds to mula verse 5","establishes":"Medas' two functions: snehana (unctuousness/glossiness) and the nourishment of asthi. The second is the one that gets lost when medas is read as adipose tissue, since adipose tissue is not held to build bone.","quote":"The fat gives rise to the glossiness (formation of oily or albuminous matter) of the body and primarily contributes towards the firmness and growth of the bones.","translator":"Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907-1916)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/b24758619_0001/b24758619_0001_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"15","verse":"kshaya prose section","establishes":"Medo-kṣaya presenting as splenomegaly and empty joints. Neither has any relation to loss of adipose tissue, and the passage is strong evidence against the simple equation.","quote":"The loss of fat is followed by such symptoms as the enlargement of the spleen, a sense of emptiness in the joints, and a peculiar dryness of the skin and a craving for cold and emollient meat.","translator":"Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907-1916)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/b24758619_0001/b24758619_0001_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"15","verse":"vriddhi prose section","establishes":"Medo-vṛddhi: central adiposity plus body odour plus cough and breathlessness. The nearest a classical sign list in this set comes to a recognisable modern syndrome.","quote":"An excess of fat in the body imparts an oily gloss to the skin. The sides of the abdomen are increased in bulk, and the body emits a fetid smell, and the person is assailed with cough and dyspnoea.","translator":"Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907-1916)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/b24758619_0001/b24758619_0001_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"15","verse":"prose section on obesity (sthaulya)","establishes":"The srotorodha (channel-obstruction) account of obesity: excess medas physically blocks the channels and starves the later dhātus. This is the mechanism by which the tradition explains why the obese can be simultaneously overnourished and depleted.","quote":"the growth of the rest of the root-principles of the body such as, lymph chyle, albumen, semen, etc., is considerably arrested owing to the deposit of fatty matter within the channels of the internal passages of the body, thus seriously affecting his bodily strength. An obese or excessively corpulent person is likely to be afflicted with any of the following diseases such as, urethral discharges, eruptions, boils, carbuncles, fever, fistula in ano, or with any of the diseases which are caused by a deranged state of the bodily Vayu ; and such attacks are invariably found to terminate in death.","translator":"Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907-1916)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/b24758619_0001/b24758619_0001_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"15","verse":"prose section on vasā","establishes":"Vasā as a distinct substance from medas, with its own functions and a stated sex difference. WHO classes vasā as the upadhātu of māṃsa (ITA-2.3.5), not of medas; Sushruta discusses it in the medas section.","quote":"This fatty matter (Vasa) predominates in the female organism and produces its peculiar softness, beauty and pleasing shape, causes the growth of scanty but soft hair on its surface. It strengthens the eyesight and increases the energy of the body, improves its power of digestion and heightens its glow and complexion.","translator":"Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907-1916)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/b24758619_0001/b24758619_0001_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Chikitsasthana","chapter":"15","verse":"17 in Kaviratna's marginal numbering","establishes":"Sweat is the waste fraction of medas. The OCR has 'sweet' for 'sweat'; the reading is unambiguous from context and from the parallel lists, but the misprint is left visible here rather than silently corrected.","quote":"while sweet forms the 'Kitta' of adeps,","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"8","verse":"119 in Kaviratna's marginal numbering; sara section cited as Vi 8/102 ff by carakasamhitaonline","establishes":"Medo-sāra as a constitutional type recognised by unctuousness across many sites, including voice and excreta - not by body fat.","quote":"Of men that have the fat as the predominating element in their constitution, the symptoms are a complexion that is oily, a voice that is so, and eyes and hair and bristles and nails and teeth and lips and urine and faeces that are oily.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"vasā","why":"Muscle fat / intramuscular fat. Classed by WHO as upadhātu of māṃsa (ITA-2.3.5) but discussed by Sushruta within the medas section, with its own functions and a stated female predominance. The classification differs between sources."},{"term":"majjā","why":"Marrow, the fat-like content of bone. Both are unctuous, and the two are adjacent in the chain via asthi. The distinction is site, not substance."},{"term":"sneha","why":"Unctuousness as a quality, and also the oleaginous medicines used in oleation therapy. Medas is the bodily substance; sneha is a property and a drug class."},{"term":"kapha","why":"Shares unctuousness, coldness and heaviness with medas and is routinely implicated with it in sthaulya. A doṣa, not a dhātu, and Sushruta's obesity account runs through channel obstruction and vāyu, not through kapha alone."},{"term":"medoroga / sthaulya","why":"The disease of excess medas, not the dhātu itself. Modern writing often uses 'medas' where it means the disorder."},{"term":"mastulunga","why":"Brain matter, sometimes described as fat-like and occasionally conflated with both medas and majjā in secondary literature."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"adipose tissue","why":"Too narrow, and WHO's own gloss says so ('adipose tissue and other lipids'). It also makes Sushruta's claim that medas nourishes bone, and that medo-kṣaya presents as splenomegaly and empty joints, unintelligible."},{"rendering":"fat, read as body fat percentage","why":"Medo-sāra is recognised by unctuousness of voice, nails, urine and faeces, not by fatness. Reading medas as an amount of fat discards the entire quality dimension the sāra examination depends on."},{"rendering":"adeps","why":"Kaviratna's Latin pharmacopoeial term for lard. Quotable as a period rendering; unusable now, and it wrongly suggests a purified substance."},{"rendering":"lipid","why":"Occasionally used in clinical papers on the strength of the dyslipidaemia analogy. No classical passage retrieved supports a biochemical class reading, and the analogy is the researcher's, not the text's."}],"openQuestions":["Whether vasā belongs to māṃsa (WHO ISTA) or to medas (Sushruta's placement) is a live discrepancy between an international standard and a mula text. Neither was retrieved in a form that settles it.","Sushruta's medo-kṣaya sign of splenomegaly has no explanation in any retrieved source and does not appear to have been discussed in the indexed literature.","The mechanism by which medas is said to nourish asthi is asserted and never explained. It is the single least intuitive link in the dhātu chain.","No study has tested whether people classified as medo-sāra differ in any measurable lipid or body-composition variable from those who are not."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/meda-dhatu/","canary":"1527c9a5a191eefe"},{"slug":"medovaha-srotas","page":"/lexicon/medovaha-srotas/","iast":"medovaha srotas","devanagari":"मेदोवहस्रोतस्","alternates":["medovahāni srotāṃsi","medovāhīni srotāṃsi (Ca.Vi.5/16)","medovahasrotaḥ"],"category":"srotas (body channel) — anatomy/physiology","family":"body","renderings":[{"english":"Channel carrying fat","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standards-body comparator","locator":"ITA-2.5.14","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO description: 'The pathway for fat. Entities related to this channel are the kidneys and omentum.', WHO follows Caraka (vṛkka + vapāvahana), not Suśruta (kaṭi + vṛkka).","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false},{"english":"Vitiation of channels carrying medas","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standards-body comparator (disorder term)","locator":"ITA-5.5.8 medovahasrotoduṣṭiḥ","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO leaves 'medas' untranslated in the disorder term while translating it as 'fat' in the anatomy term, another internal inconsistency in the standard.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false},{"english":"channels carrying fat tissue","sourceName":"NAMASTE Portal, Standardised Ayurveda Terminologies","sourceKind":"national terminology comparator","locator":"SAT-B.482","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Definition: 'originates from vṛkka and vapāvahana and is associated with diseases such as sṭhaulya'.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology","downloadable":false},{"english":"derangement of medovahasrotas","sourceName":"NAMASTE National Ayurveda Morbidity Codes","sourceKind":"morbidity-code comparator","locator":"NAMC EF-1","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology"},{"english":"The fat-carrying Srotas (ducts)","sourceName":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna, Sushruta Samhita (1911)","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Śārīrasthāna IX.11–12","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Printed in the retrieved scan as 'The fat-Cirrying Srotas' (OCR damage); the sense is unambiguous.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"meda dhatu or adipose","sourceName":"carakasamhitaonline.com (CSRTSL), 2020","sourceKind":"modern translation (in copyright; rendering recorded as comparator only)","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"the CSRTSDC/Charak Samhita New Edition English, in copyright","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the CSRTSDC/Charak Samhita New Edition English, in copyright"},{"english":"omentum","sourceName":"NAMASTE Portal, Standardised Ayurveda Terminologies","sourceKind":"national terminology comparator (for the root, not the channel)","locator":"SAT-B.234 vapāvahanam","verbatim":true,"assessment":"NAMASTE defines vapāvahanam as 'large apron-like fold of visceral peritoneum that hangs down from the stomach and covers the abdominal viscera'.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology","downloadable":false}],"classical":[{"text":"Caraka Saṃhitā","sthana":"Vimāna Sthāna","chapter":"5","verse":"5/8","establishes":"Caraka's root = the two vṛkka (kidneys) and vapāvahana (omentum).","quote":"मेदोवहानां स्रोतसां वृक्कौ मूलं वपावहनं च|","translator":null,"licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Sroto_Vimana","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Caraka Saṃhitā","sthana":"Vimāna Sthāna","chapter":"5","verse":"5/16","establishes":"Causes: lack of exercise, daytime sleep, excess fatty food, excess alcohol.","quote":"अव्यायामाद्दिवास्वप्नान्मेद्यानां चातिभक्षणात्| मेदोवाहीनि दुष्यन्ति वारुण्याश्चातिसेवनात्||१६||","translator":null,"licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Sroto_Vimana","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Suśruta Saṃhitā","sthana":"Śārīra Sthāna","chapter":"9","verse":"11–12 (Bhishagratna); cited as 9/12 elsewhere","establishes":"Suśruta's root = kaṭi (waist/loins) + vṛkka, i.e. it replaces Caraka's omentum with the loin region. A genuine substantive disagreement between the two texts, and the modern standards silently follow Caraka.","quote":null,"quoteWithheld":"nobody has yet read this quotation against its printed source, and an unchecked quotation is not published here","translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-3-sharirasthana/d/doc142889.html"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"vapāvahana","why":"The omental root, not the channel. Note it is also the only srotas root that WHO/NAMASTE render with a confident single biomedical structure."},{"term":"svedavaha srotas","why":"Caraka gives BOTH channels a root in medas (medovaha: vṛkka+vapāvahana; svedavaha: medas + hair follicles), so sweat and fat channels are linked through the same dhātu, a frequent source of conflation."},{"term":"medas / vasā / majjā","why":"Three different fatty substances in Ayurveda; medas is the dhātu this channel serves, vasā is muscle fat, majjā is marrow with its own srotas."},{"term":"sthaulya","why":"The disorder (obesity) NAMASTE associates with this srotas, not the channel."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"the adipose tissue / adipose system","why":"Collapses a transport concept into a tissue. Neither text describes fat storage; both describe roots and injury signs."},{"rendering":"the endocrine/metabolic system","why":"A modern extrapolation from sthaulya and prameha associations, with no textual warrant in either locus."},{"rendering":"kidneys as excretory organs","why":"vṛkka appears here as the root of the FAT channel, not the urine channel (which is rooted in basti and vaṅkṣaṇa). Reading vṛkka as 'kidney = renal excretion' imports the wrong physiology into this entry."}],"openQuestions":["Why do WHO and NAMASTE adopt Caraka's vapāvahana and drop Suśruta's kaṭi without comment?","Is vṛkka in this passage the kidney, or (as some commentators argue) perirenal fat?"],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/medovaha-srotas/","canary":"b7dd59451aa547a7"},{"slug":"mridu","page":"/lexicon/mridu/","iast":"mṛdu","devanagari":"मृदु","alternates":["mridu","mrudu","mārdava (abstract noun)","mṛtsna (WHO's kapha-list variant)"],"category":"guṇa (one of the twenty gurvādi guṇas; opposite of kaṭhina); also one of the eight vīryas in some schools; also a grade of koṣṭha and of therapeutic intensity","family":"pharmacology","renderings":[{"english":"Softness/mildness","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022), entry DG0173 mṛdu","sourceKind":"comparator standard","locator":"DG0173","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Comparator; WHO gives both guṇa and vīrya senses.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"soft","sourceName":"Kaviratna, Charaka Samhita, Sutrasthana Lesson I (his 59, OCR '69'; standard 1.60) and Lesson XXVI (his 23; standard 26.11)","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"archive.org BIUSante_47357","verbatim":true,"assessment":"'Bile, which may be cold, hot, keen, soft, sour, liquid, and bitter' (standard 1.60: sasneham uṣṇaṃ tīkṣṇaṃ ca dravam amlaṃ saraṃ kaṭu; 'soft' and 'cold' here do not match the Sanskrit, which has sasneha, and 'bitter' for kaṭu is also off; this is the known 'Bile, which may be cold' problem). In 26.11 'liquid, oily, cold, mild, soft, unctious, and mobile' gives 'soft' for mṛdu.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"mild","sourceName":"Kaviratna, Charaka Samhita, Sutrasthana Lesson I (standard 1.61) and Lesson XXVI (eight vīryas, standard 26.64-65 region)","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"archive.org BIUSante_47357","verbatim":true,"assessment":"'Heavy, cold, mild, watery, sweet, stable, and slimy, these attributes of phlegm' (guru śīta mṛdu snigdha madhura sthira picchila); 'mild and keen, heavy and light, oily and dry, and hot and cooling, are the eight kinds of Energy'. So Kaviratna oscillates between 'soft' and 'mild'.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"Mildness or softness","sourceName":"Bhishagratna, Sushruta Samhita, Sutrasthana ch. XLVI","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"archive.org in.ernet.dli.2015.43171 printed p. 568","verbatim":true,"assessment":"'Keenness or sharpness begets burning and suppuration, and arrests secretions. Mildness or softness is the opposite of sharpness.' (OCR 'b^ets', 'suppmation' corrected). Note Bhishagratna pairs mṛdu with tīkṣṇa here, following Sushruta 46.518, whereas AH and textbooks pair mṛdu with kaṭhina and manda with tīkṣṇa.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"soft, delicate, tender, pliant, mild, gentle... slight, moderate, Suśr.","sourceName":"Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899), p. 830","sourceKind":"dictionary","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":"Records the Suśruta sense 'slight, moderate' (the dosage/intensity use).","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899), p. 830\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"Soft","sourceName":"Common textbook rendering","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"Standard in gurvādi tables.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"61 (standard; Kaviratna's printed number by sequence 60, OCR '80')","establishes":"Mṛdu is an attribute of kapha. Kaviratna: 'Heavy, cold, mild, watery, sweet, stable, and slimy, these attributes of phlegm are cured by objects having adverse attributes.'","quote":"गुरुशीतमृदुस्निग्धमधुरस्थिरपिच्छिलाः| श्लेष्मणः प्रशमं यान्ति विपरीतगुणैर्गुणाः||६१||","translator":"Sanskrit quoted; English by Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Deerghanjiviteeya_Adhyaya ; English: https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"26","verse":"11 (standard; Kaviratna 23)","establishes":"Mṛdu is an attribute of jala- and ākāśa-dominant substances; both produce mārdava (softness). Kaviratna: 'Those that are principally liquid, oily, cold, mild, soft, unctious, and mobile, are regarded as appertaining to Water.'","quote":"द्रवस्निग्धशीतमन्दमृदुपिच्छिलरसगुणबहुलान्याप्यानि, तान्युपक्लेदस्नेहबन्धविष्यन्दमार्दवप्रह्लादकराणि; ... मृदुलघुसूक्ष्मश्लक्ष्णशब्दगुणबहुलान्याकाशात्मकानि, तानि मार्दवसौषिर्यलाघवकराणि||११||","translator":"Sanskrit quoted; English by Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Atreyabhadrakapyiya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"46","verse":"518 (first half) and 521 (numbering as printed in the web Sanskrit text; verify in a printed edition)","establishes":"Sushruta defines mṛdu negatively as the opposite of tīkṣṇa, and uses mṛdu as a descriptor of sugandha. Bhishagratna: 'Mildness or softness is the opposite of sharpness.' and 'Odoriferousness is pleasurable, subtile, mild and relishing.'","quote":"दाहपाककरस्तीक्ष्णः स्रावणो, मृदुरन्यथा | ... सुखानुबन्धी सूक्ष्मश्च सुगन्धो रोचनो मृदुः ||५२१||","translator":"Sanskrit quoted; English by Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/sushruta-samhitha-sutrasthana-46-annapana-vidhi-adhyaya-regimen-of-food-and-drinks/ (Sanskrit only); English: https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.43171 p. 568","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Aṣṭāṅga Hṛdaya","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1 and 9","verse":"1.18 (twenty guṇas); 9.12-13 region (eight vīryas including mṛdu), numbering as printed on easyayurveda.com","establishes":"Mṛdu appears both in Vagbhata's twenty-guṇa list and in the eight-vīrya view he reports. No public-domain English; no quotation.","quote":null,"translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/2012/08/31/ashtanga-hrudaya-sutra-sthana-chapter-1-basic-principles-of-ayurveda/ ; https://www.easyayurveda.com/substances-and-their-qualities-9-ashtanga-hrudaya-sutrasthana/","checked":"address only, nothing quoted to check"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"manda (slow/dull)","why":"Kaviratna renders both 'mild'; Sushruta 46.518 even opposes mṛdu (not manda) to tīkṣṇa. Textbook pairing: mṛdu vs kaṭhina, manda vs tīkṣṇa."},{"term":"mṛdu vīrya","why":"WHO DG0174 and the eight-vīrya school treat mṛdu as a potency; same word, different category."},{"term":"mṛdu koṣṭha / mṛdu virecana","why":"Clinical grades of bowel sensitivity and purgative strength (WHO text mentions 'Krūra (hard bowel movements) Mṛdu (soft bowel...'); not the drug guṇa."},{"term":"snigdha (unctuous)","why":"Kaviratna's 'watery' and 'unctious' for snigdha sit next to his 'mild/soft' for mṛdu; softness is tactile/structural, unctuousness is oiliness."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"mild (unqualified)","why":"Collides with manda and with the dosage sense 'moderate'; 'soft' is the structural guṇa sense."},{"rendering":"'soft' in Kaviratna's Ca.Su. 1.60 pitta list","why":"The Sanskrit of 1.60 (sasneham uṣṇaṃ tīkṣṇaṃ ca dravam amlaṃ saraṃ kaṭu) contains no mṛdu; his 'cold... soft... bitter' there are translator's errors, not doctrine."}],"openQuestions":[],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/mridu/","canary":"ae1b070d86b241cb"},{"slug":"mutra","page":"/lexicon/mutra/","iast":"mūtra","devanagari":"मूत्र","alternates":["mūtram","mutra","mootra (NAMASTE SAT-C.154 spelling)","mutram","urine"],"category":"mala","family":"body","renderings":[{"english":"Urine","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-2.4.4 mūtram","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO classes urine as a by-product of DIGESTION (āhāramala), consistent with Charaka Chi 15/18 and AH Sha 3/61. Function wording follows the kleda-vāhana of AH Su 11/5.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"urine","sourceName":"NAMASTE Portal, Standardised Ayurveda Terminologies","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"SAT-B.460 mūtram","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Same as WHO, with the Sanskrit kleda retained.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology"},{"english":"urine; mUtra vitiation (mūtravaiṣamyam)","sourceName":"NAMASTE National Ayurveda Morbidity Codes","sourceKind":"classification","locator":"NAMC CA mūtravaiṣamyam","verbatim":true,"assessment":"","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology"},{"english":"Urinary passage (mūtramārgaḥ); Urinary retention (mūtrāghātaḥ)","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-3.11.18 mūtramārgaḥ","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Recorded for disambiguation of compounds.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"urine","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sutrasthana Lesson XXVIII; Lesson XVII (his 71)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Uniform.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"urine","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, tr. Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sutrasthana XV","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Uniform. All sources agree on 'urine'; the disagreements are in the function clause and in the compounds.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"28","verse":"4 (standard)","establishes":"Urine is nourished from kiṭṭa; Charaka lists sweat, urine, faeces in that order (Kaviratna reorders to urine, sweat, faeces).","quote":"किट्टात् स्वेदमूत्रपुरीषवातपित्तश्लेष्माणः ... पुष्यन्ति| / kiṭṭāt svēdamūtrapurīṣavātaPittaślēṣmāṇaḥ ... puṣyanti| — Kaviratna: 'From the Refuse arise urine, sweat, faeces* wind, bile, and phlegm'","translator":"Sanskrit from carakasamhitaonline; English by Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Vividhashitapitiya_Adhyaya ; https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Chikitsasthana","chapter":"15","verse":"18 (standard); Kaviratna's printed 17","establishes":"Faeces and urine are the kiṭṭa of FOOD (āhāramala), as against the dhātu-level malas.","quote":"किट्टमन्नस्य विण्मूत्रं / kiṭṭamannasya viṇmūtraṁ — Kaviratna: 'That which Is called the ‘Kitta’ (refuse) of the food taken, consists of stools and urine'","translator":"Sanskrit from carakasamhitaonline; English by Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Grahani_Chikitsa ; https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"17","verse":"71 (standard); Kaviratna's printed 71 (aligned)","establishes":"Mūtra-kṣaya signs; source of WHO ITA-5.4.3 and NAMC CA-1 descriptions (NAMC cites Ca.Su.17/71).","quote":"मूत्रक्षये मूत्रकृच्छ्रं मूत्रवैवर्ण्यमेव च| पिपासा बाधते चास्य मुखं च परिशुष्यति||७१|| — Kaviratna: 'When the urine decreases below the normal quantity, the symptoms that appear are strangury, and loss of color of the urine itself. Besides this, the patient suffers from thirst, and his mouth becomes dry.'","translator":"Sanskrit from carakasamhitaonline; English by Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Kiyanta_Shiraseeya_Adhyaya ; https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"15","verse":"5 (siva.sh numbering); Bhishagratna prints no verse numbers","establishes":"Sushruta's two functions of urine: filling the bladder (basti-pūraṇa) and vikleda. Bhishagratna's 'washing or draining off the waste or refuse matter' is an expansive gloss of vikleda-kṛt; the Sanskrit says only 'producing moistening/kleda'.","quote":"बस्तिपूरणविक्लेदकृन्मूत्रं / bastipūraṇavikledakṛn mūtram — Bhishagratna: 'The urine fills the receptacle of the bladder, and is possessed of the property of washing or draining off the waste or refuse matter of the organism'","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (English); Sanskrit from siva.sh","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122907.html ; https://www.siva.sh/sushruta-samhita/sutra-sthana/15/","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"15","verse":"11 and 15 (siva.sh numbering)","establishes":"Sushruta's mūtra-kṣaya and mūtra-vṛddhi signs.","quote":"मूत्रक्षये बस्तितोदोऽल्पमूत्रता च [11] ... मूत्रं मूत्रवृद्धिं मुहुर्मुहुः प्रवृत्तिं बस्तितोदमाध्मानं च [15] — Bhishagratna: 'the loss, (absence or scanty formation) of urine is marked by an aching pain in the bladder, causing it dribble or to come out in thin and scanty jets.' ... 'An excessive formation of urine is manifest by constant urging for micturition and distension of the bladder, attended by a kind of gnawing or aching pain.'","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (English); Sanskrit from siva.sh","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122907.html ; https://www.siva.sh/sushruta-samhita/sutra-sthana/15/11-15","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Ashtanga Hridaya","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"11","verse":"5 (GRETIL numbering)","establishes":"The one-line function triad: faeces support (avaṣṭambha), urine carries kleda away (kleda-vāhana), sweat holds kleda in (kleda-vidhṛti). WHO's and NAMASTE's function clauses for mūtra derive from this line, not from Charaka.","quote":"avaṣṭambhaḥ purīṣasya mūtrasya kleda-vāhanam | svedasya kleda-vidhṛtir vṛddhas tu kurute 'nilaḥ || 5 ||","translator":"none (no public-domain English exists)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/1_sanskr/6_sastra/7_ayur/vagaah_u.htm","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Ashtanga Hridaya","sthana":"Sharirasthana","chapter":"3","verse":"61 (GRETIL numbering)","establishes":"Urine is the liquid (accha) kiṭṭa of food, faeces the solid (ghana).","quote":"tatrācchaṃ kiṭṭam annasya mūtraṃ vidyād ghanam śakṛt || 61 ||","translator":"none (no public-domain English exists)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/1_sanskr/6_sastra/7_ayur/vagaah_u.htm","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"mūtravaha srotas","why":"The channel, not the substance; separate lexicon record (Ca.Vi.5/8)."},{"term":"mūtrāghāta / mūtrakṛcchra","why":"Urinary diseases (retention, dysuria); WHO ITA-5.39.10 mūtrāghātaḥ. Mūtrakṛcchra is a SIGN of mūtra-kṣaya at Ca.Su.17/71 as well as a disease name."},{"term":"mūtrakṣaya (two codings)","why":"WHO ITA-5.4.3 (mala-disorder) and ITA-5.39.16 (urinary disease) carry the same Sanskrit; NAMC CA-1 vs EJ-3.4 likewise."},{"term":"kleda","why":"The watery waste that urine carries (AH Su 11/5 kleda-vāhana); urine is the vehicle, kleda the load. The kleda paper (PMID 42127454) treats this distinction."},{"term":"basti","why":"The bladder that urine fills (Su.Su.15/5 basti-pūraṇa); frequently conflated with 'urine' in loose English ('basti disorders')."},{"term":"mūtra-parīkṣā / taila-bindu parīkṣā","why":"Medieval urine examination (Basavarājīyam, Yogaratnākara); not in the Bṛhattrayī and not part of the definition of mūtra."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"'washing or draining off the waste or refuse matter of the organism' (Bhishagratna, Su.Su.15/5)","why":"Over-translation of vikleda-kṛt; the Sanskrit assigns moistening/kleda-production, and the 'carrying away of kleda' wording actually comes from AH Su 11/5. Quote Bhishagratna as his rendering, not as Sushruta's doctrine."},{"rendering":"urine = 'metabolic waste' only","why":"WHO 2.4.4 and Charaka Chi 15/18 class urine as āhāramala (waste of food digestion), not dhātumala; NAMASTE SAT-B.458's 'metabolism-only' definition of kiṭṭa sits awkwardly with its own SAT-B.460."}],"openQuestions":["Charaka's own statement of urine's function (as distinct from its origin) was not located; the function clause in modern standards traces to AH Su 11/5 and Su.Su.15/5. A human should check Ca.Su.28 and Ca.Vi.5 commentaries.","Dalhana on vikleda in Su.Su.15/5 not checked."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/mutra/","canary":"bc42e914407fc2ac"},{"slug":"mutra-pariksha","page":"/lexicon/mutra-pariksha/","iast":"mūtraparīkṣā","devanagari":"मूत्रपरीक्षा","alternates":["mutra pariksha","mootra pareeksha","taila-bindu pariksha (sub-procedure)"],"category":"pariksha","family":"clinic","renderings":[{"english":"urine (item 2 of the eight domains of aṣṭasthānaparīkṣā)","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator-standard","locator":"ITA-4.7.4 aṣṭasthānaparīkṣā","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO ISTA has no standalone mūtraparīkṣā entry that my grep of the PDF text found (mūtra- entries are anatomical/morbidity: mūtravahasrotaḥ, mūtrakṛcchram etc.). Urine appears only as a domain inside the eightfold list.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Mutra Pariksha (urine examination)","sourceName":"Jakhmola RK, AYU 2010 (PMID 22048553), article title","sourceKind":"peer-reviewed","locator":"title","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Standard modern-journal gloss.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Jakhmola RK, AYU 2010 (PMID 22048553), article title\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"Taila Bindu Pariksha (oil drop test)","sourceName":"Kar AC et al., AYU 2012 (PMID 23723648), article title","sourceKind":"peer-reviewed","locator":"title","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Names the sub-procedure, not mūtraparīkṣā as a whole.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Kar AC et al., AYU 2012 (PMID 23723648), article title\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"Mutra Pariksha (Examination of Urine)","sourceName":"Yadav N, Singh AK, J Ayurveda Integr Med Sci 2022;7(8):46-","sourceKind":"journal-review","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":"Typical textbook/journal rendering.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Yadav N, Singh AK, J Ayurveda Integr Med Sci 2022;7(8):46-\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"\"Yadav N, Singh AK, J Ayurveda Integr Med Sci 2022;7(8):46-\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation"},{"english":"अथ मूत्रपरीक्षा (section heading; no English)","sourceName":"Yogaratnakara, Anandashrama Sanskrit Series 4, ed. Anna Moreshvar Kunte, 1889 (archive.org OCR)","sourceKind":"sanskrit-edition","locator":"section following","verbatim":true,"assessment":"The term exists as a section title in the medieval compendium; the Brihattrayi do not use it as a named procedure.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Yogaratnakara, Anandashrama Sanskrit Series 4, ed. Anna Moreshvar Kunte, 1889 (archive.org OCR)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"\"Yogaratnakara, Anandashrama Sanskrit Series 4, ed. Anna Moreshvar Kunte, 1889 (archive.org OCR)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation"},{"english":"(no rendering: term not found)","sourceName":"Kaviratna, Charaka Samhita (1896-1913); Bhishagratna, Sushruta Samhita (1907-1916)","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"n/a","verbatim":false,"assessment":"Neither public-domain translator has an occasion to render 'mutra-pariksha' because the Brihattrayi do not describe urine examination as a formal procedure; Charaka's Vi 4/7 covers inspection by eye generically. Urine descriptions in prameha chapters are disease descriptions, not an examination protocol.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Yogaratnakara","sthana":"Pūrvārdha (first half), rogi-parīkṣā section","chapter":"अथ मूत्रपरीक्षा (section following nāḍīparīkṣā)","verse":"1-6 of the mūtraparīkṣā section as printed in ASS 1889 edition (OCR of printed numbers ॥ १ ॥ to ॥ ६ ॥)","establishes":"That Yogaratnakara has a titled mūtraparīkṣā section: urine collected at the last watch of night, held in a glass vessel, first stream discarded and middle stream kept; a drop of oil placed on it with a grass stalk; spreading quickly = sādhya, not spreading = kṛcchrasādhya/asādhya. This is the textual root of taila-bindu parīkṣā.","quote":"॥ अथ मूत्रपरीक्षा ॥ अथातः संप्रवक्ष्यामि मृजस्य च परीक्षणम्‌ । सेन विज्ञातमात्रेण रोगचिन्हं पर कार्यते ॥ १ ॥ निशान्तया्म घटिकाचतष्टये उत्याप्य वेद्यः किरु रोगिणं च। मूत्र धृतं काचमये च पात्रे इूयादयं तत्सततं परीक्ष्य ॥ २ ॥ ... परीक्षा वि- धिवत्काया रोगिगत्रस्य तत्त्वतः | तृणेन दापयेत्तेखविन्दुं तत्रातिरूधवात्‌ ॥ ॥ ९ ॥ विकासित तंरुपथाशु मत्रे साध्यः सरोग न विकासित चत्‌ । स्यात्क- एसाध्यस्तछरगे त्वसाध्यो नागाज्ञेनेनेव कृता परीक्ना ॥६॥","translator":"none (Sanskrit; OCR text as retrieved, with visible OCR errors e.g. 'मृजस्य' for मूत्रस्य, 'तेखविन्दुं' for तैलबिन्दुं)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/ASS004YogaratnakaraAnnaMoresvarKunte1889/ASS_004_Yogaratnakara_-_Anna_Moresvar_Kunte_1889__djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Yogaratnakara","sthana":"Pūrvārdha","chapter":"अथ रोगिणां अष्टस्थानानि लक्षयेत् (OCR reads 'रक्षयेत्')","verse":"1 (as printed ॥ १ ॥)","establishes":"Urine (mūtra) is the second of the eight sites examined in the diseased body.","quote":"रोगाक्रान्तशरीरस्य स्थानान्यष्टौ निरीक्षयेत्‌ । नादं भत्रं मरं जिब्हां शब्दं स्प हगाकृती ॥ ९ ॥","translator":"none (Sanskrit; OCR heavily garbled in second line, which standard editions read as नाडीं मूत्रं मलं जिह्वां शब्दं स्पर्शं दृगाकृतीः)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/ASS004YogaratnakaraAnnaMoresvarKunte1889/ASS_004_Yogaratnakara_-_Anna_Moresvar_Kunte_1889__djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"taila-bindu parīkṣā","why":"A single prognostic sub-test (oil drop on urine) within mūtraparīkṣā; modern papers often use the two interchangeably."},{"term":"prameha urine descriptions in Charaka/Sushruta","why":"Those are symptom descriptions of a disease (colour, quantity, turbidity of urine in prameha), not an examination protocol; mūtraparīkṣā as a named procedure is medieval (Yogaratnakara, Basavarajiyam, Atreya's Sara Sangraha)."},{"term":"mūtravahasrotas / mūtramārga (WHO ITA-4.x anatomical entries)","why":"Channels carrying urine, not the examination of urine."},{"term":"modern urinalysis","why":"Chemical/microscopic analysis; mūtraparīkṣā is visual inspection of colour, consistency and oil-drop behaviour."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"urinalysis","why":"Imports dipstick/microscopy connotations absent from the procedure."},{"rendering":"urine test for diagnosis","why":"In Yogaratnakara the oil-drop portion is explicitly prognostic (sādhya / kṛcchrasādhya / asādhya), not diagnostic of a disease entity."}],"openQuestions":[],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/mutra-pariksha/","canary":"be09170bf1173dc0"},{"slug":"mutravaha-srotas","page":"/lexicon/mutravaha-srotas/","iast":"mūtravaha srotas","devanagari":"मूत्रवहस्रोतस्","alternates":["mūtravahāni srotāṃsi","mūtravāhīni srotāṃsi (Ca.Vi.5/20)","mūtravahasrotaḥ"],"category":"srotas (body channel) — anatomy/physiology","family":"body","renderings":[{"english":"Urinary tract","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standards-body comparator","locator":"ITA-2.5.19","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO description: 'The pathway for urine. Entities related to this channel are the bladder and groin.', follows Caraka (basti + vaṅkṣaṇa).","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false},{"english":"Vitiation of channels carrying urine","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standards-body comparator (disorder term)","locator":"ITA-5.5.13 mūtravahasrōtōduṣṭiḥ","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false},{"english":"urinary tract","sourceName":"NAMASTE Portal, Standardised Ayurveda Terminologies","sourceKind":"national terminology comparator","locator":"SAT-B.486","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Definition: 'channels in which urine is formed and excreted which originates from the vasti and vaṁkṣana and is involved in diseases such as prameha, mūtrakṛchra, aśmari etc.' Note NAMASTE adds FORMATION, not just conveyance.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology","downloadable":false},{"english":"derangement of mUtravahasrotas","sourceName":"NAMASTE National Ayurveda Morbidity Codes","sourceKind":"morbidity-code comparator","locator":"NAMC EJ-1","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology"},{"english":"injury to mUtravahasrotas","sourceName":"NAMASTE National Ayurveda Morbidity Codes","sourceKind":"morbidity-code comparator","locator":"NAMC LH-4.11","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology"},{"english":"The two urine carrying Srotas (channels)","sourceName":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna, Sushruta Samhita (1911)","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Śārīrasthāna IX.11–12","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"mutra or urine","sourceName":"carakasamhitaonline.com (CSRTSL), 2020","sourceKind":"modern translation (in copyright; rendering recorded as comparator only)","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"the CSRTSDC/Charak Samhita New Edition English, in copyright","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the CSRTSDC/Charak Samhita New Edition English, in copyright"}],"classical":[{"text":"Caraka Saṃhitā","sthana":"Vimāna Sthāna","chapter":"5","verse":"8","establishes":"Root = basti (bladder) and the two vaṅkṣaṇa (groins); vitiation signs = excessive, obstructed, agitated, scanty-and-frequent, thick, or painful micturition.","quote":"मूत्रवहानां स्रोतसां बस्तिर्मूलं वङ्क्षणौ च, प्रदुष्टानां तु खल्वेषामिदं विशेषविज्ञानं भवति; तद्यथा- अतिसृष्टमतिबद्धं प्रकुपितमल्पाल्पमभीक्ष्णं वा बहलं सशूलं मूत्रयन्तं दृष्ट्वा मूत्रवहान्यस्य स्रोतांसि प्रदुष्टानीति विद्यात्|","translator":null,"licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Sroto_Vimana","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Caraka Saṃhitā","sthana":"Vimāna Sthāna","chapter":"5","verse":"20","establishes":"Caraka's causes of vitiation for the urine-carrying channels: taking water or food, or approaching a woman, while under the urge to urinate; suppression of the urge; and the state of one who is emaciated or injured. Vi.5 gives the vitiating causes for thirteen srotas across verses 10 to 22, and mutravaha is the eleventh of the thirteen, at verse 20, between sukravaha at 19 and varcovaha at 21.","quote":"मूत्रितोदकभक्ष्यस्त्रीसेवनान्मूत्रनिग्रहात्| मूत्रवाहीनि दुष्यन्ति क्षीणस्याभिक्षतस्य च||२०||","translator":null,"licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Sroto_Vimana","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Suśruta Saṃhitā","sthana":"Śārīra Sthāna","chapter":"9","verse":"11–12 (Bhishagratna); cited as 9/12 elsewhere","establishes":"Suśruta's root = bladder + penis/urethra, against Caraka's bladder + groins. 'constipation or epistaxis in the bladder' is Bhishagratna's own odd English and should be flagged, not relied on.","quote":"The two urine carrying Srotas (channels) have their roots in the bladder and the penis (urethra). An injury to any of these is marked by constipation or epistaxis in the bladder, retention of urine, and numbness of the genitals.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1911)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-3-sharirasthana/d/doc142889.html","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"basti","why":"basti is the bladder (the root organ) and also the name of the enema therapy, a standing ambiguity in Ayurvedic English."},{"term":"vaṅkṣaṇa","why":"Caraka's second root; rendered 'groin' by WHO but read as the ureters/inguinal region by others. It is not the same as Suśruta's śepha."},{"term":"udakavaha srotas","why":"Modern writers map udakavaha to 'fluid balance' and then to renal function; the texts keep water homeostasis (palate/kloma) separate from urine (bladder/groin)."},{"term":"medovaha srotas","why":"vṛkka (kidney) is the root of MEDOVAHA in Caraka, not of mūtravaha, the most counter-intuitive fact in the whole srotas scheme and a constant source of error."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"the renal system / kidneys","why":"Neither text names the kidney as a root of this channel. In Caraka the kidneys (vṛkka) are the root of the FAT channel. Rendering mūtravaha srotas as 'kidneys' silently rewrites the text."},{"rendering":"'constipation or epistaxis in the bladder'","why":"Bhishagratna's phrasing is garbled English for obstruction/haemorrhage; quoting it as a clinical sign misrepresents both the Sanskrit and the translator."},{"rendering":"vaṅkṣaṇa = ureters","why":"A plausible modern reading but not what WHO ('groin') or the Sanskrit says; presenting it as settled is unwarranted."}],"openQuestions":["What is vaṅkṣaṇa anatomically, inguinal region, ureters, or both?","Why does Caraka place the kidneys under medovaha rather than mūtravaha? Is this a physiological claim about perirenal fat or a different vṛkka?"],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/mutravaha-srotas/","canary":"6297bf4cfe63e877"},{"slug":"nadi-pariksha","page":"/lexicon/nadi-pariksha/","iast":"nāḍīparīkṣā","devanagari":"नाडीपरीक्षा","alternates":["nadi pariksha","naadi pareeksha","nadi vijnana","nadi vigyan"],"category":"pariksha","family":"clinic","renderings":[{"english":"pulse (item 1 of the eight domains of aṣṭasthānaparīkṣā)","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator-standard","locator":"ITA-4.7.4 aṣṭasthānaparīkṣā","verbatim":true,"assessment":"No standalone nāḍīparīkṣā entry found in my grep; the only nāḍī- headwords found were nāḍīvraṇaḥ (sinus), nāḍīsvedaḥ, nāḍīyantram (tubular instrument), which shows the Brihattrayi sense of nāḍī as a tube.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false},{"english":"pulse examination","sourceName":"J Ayurveda Integr Med 2024 review (PMID 38815517); Kurande et al. 2013 'pulse examination (nadipariksha)' (PMID 28664059)","sourceKind":"peer-reviewed","locator":"abstracts","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Most common neutral rendering in the research literature.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"J Ayurveda Integr Med 2024 review (PMID 38815517); Kurande et al. 2013 'pulse examination (nadipariksha)' (PMID 28664059)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"pulse diagnosis","sourceName":"Kurande et al., Glob Adv Health Med 2012 (PMID 27257530)","sourceKind":"peer-reviewed","locator":"title","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Widely used; implies the pulse alone yields a diagnosis, which the classical texts do not claim in isolation.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Kurande et al., Glob Adv Health Med 2012 (PMID 27257530)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"Ayurvedic pulse assessment / Maharishi Nādi-Vigyān","sourceName":"Palakurthi et al., J Maharishi Vedic Res Inst 2021 (PMID 37830034)","sourceKind":"peer-reviewed (house journal)","locator":"title","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Branded variant; 'nadi vijnana' is a modern coinage, not a Sharngadhara term.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Palakurthi et al., J Maharishi Vedic Res Inst 2021 (PMID 37830034)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"\"Nadi Pariksha\" (pulse examination)","sourceName":"Upadhya et al., J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 2014 (PMID 24934868)","sourceKind":"peer-reviewed","locator":"abstract","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Ethnographic usage among non-codified Belgaum practitioners.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Upadhya et al., J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 2014 (PMID 24934868)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"Nadi Pariksha (Pulse Study) / (Pulse Examination)","sourceName":"Yadav & Singh, JAIMS 2022;7(8)","sourceKind":"journal-review","locator":"section 1","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Textbook-style gloss.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Yadav & Singh, JAIMS 2022;7(8)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"(no rendering: term absent)","sourceName":"Kaviratna, Charaka Samhita; Bhishagratna, Sushruta Samhita","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"grep of Kaviratna full text for 'pulse' returns only food 'pulses' and 'impulses'","verbatim":false,"assessment":"Pulse examination is not a Brihattrayi procedure; it first appears in Sharngadhara Samhita (13th c.).","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Sharngadhara Samhita","sthana":"Pūrvakhaṇḍa","chapter":"3 (नाडीपरीक्षाविधिः; colophon: इति श्रीशार्ङ्गधरसंहितायां पूर्वखण्डे नाडीपरीक्षादिविधिर्नाम तृतीयोऽध्यायः)","verse":"1 (printed ॥ १ ॥ on the page image, NSP ed. p. 28)","establishes":"Śārṅgadhara Pū. 3.1 as printed in the Nirnaya Sagar edition with Adhamalla's Dīpikā: the dhamanī at the root of the thumb is jīvasākṣiṇī, and from its movement the learned (paṇḍitaiḥ) are to know the body's sukha and duḥkha. The two OCR garbles in the earlier quote (जीवसाल्लिणी, परिडतेः) are scan damage only; Adhamalla's gloss re-quotes जीवसाक्षिणी and पण्डितैः in its own words, which is what settles them.","quote":"करस्याङ्गुष्ठमूले या धमनी जीवसाक्षिणी । तच्चेष्टया सुखं दुःखं ज्ञेयं कायस्य पण्डितैः ॥१॥","translator":"none (Sanskrit OCR; standard reading करस्याङ्गुष्ठमूले या धमनी जीवसाक्षिणी । तच्चेष्टया सुखं दुःखं ज्ञेयं कायस्य पण्डितैः; the NSP edition with Adhamalla's Dipika, archive.org dli.ernet.495509, reads 'करस्याङ्गु्टमूटे या धमनी जीवसाक्षिणी । तच्चेष्टया सुख दुःख ज्ञेय कायस्य पण्डितः')","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.495509 (page image leaf n47, printed p. 28)","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sharngadhara Samhita","sthana":"Pūrvakhaṇḍa","chapter":"3","verse":"2-4 and 7 (as printed)","establishes":"Gaits of the pulse in vāta (leech/serpent), pitta (kulinga bird/crow/frog), kapha (swan/pigeon) aggravation, and the fatal pulse (intermittent, very feeble, cold).","quote":"नाडी घत्ते मरुत्कोपे जलौकासर्पयोर्गतिम्‌ २ ... कृलिङ्गकाकमर्डूक गतिं पित्तस्य कोपतः ३ ... हंसपारावतगतिं धत्ते ङ्लेष्मप्रकोपतः ४ ... स्थित्वा स्थित्वा चलति यासा स्मृता प्राणनाशिनी स्रतित्तीणा च शीता च जीवितं हन्त्यसंशयम्‌ ७","translator":"none (Sanskrit OCR with errors)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/sharngadhara_samhita_madhya_202001/sharngadhara_samhita_purva_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Yogaratnakara","sthana":"Pūrvārdha","chapter":"अथ नाडीपरीक्षा","verse":"1, 7, 8, 10 (as printed in ASS 1889)","establishes":"Yogaratnakara's nāḍīparīkṣā: palpate below the thumb root of the right hand with the physician's right hand; the pulse reveals vāta, pitta, kapha, dual and triple involvement and the distinction sādhya/asādhya; synonyms snāyu, nāḍī, haṃsī, dhamanī, dharaṇī, dharā, tantukī, jīvanajñānā.","quote":"नारीमङषठम्राधः र्एशेदक्षिणके करे । ज्ञानां रोगिणो वेथो निजदक्तिण- पाणिना ॥ १ ॥ ... वातं पित्तं कफं न्द्रं त्रितयं सानिपासिकम्‌ । साध्यासाध्यविवेकं च स्वं नादी प्रकारयेत्‌ ॥ ७ ॥ ्नायुर्नादी ततो हंसी धमनी धरणी धरा । तन्वु- की जीवनज्ञाना शब्दाः पर्यायवाचकाः ॥ ८ ॥ ... अङ्षटमूरमागे या धमनी जीवसाक्िणी । तचेष्टया सुखं दःखं ज्ञेयं कायस्य पण्डितेः ॥ १० ॥","translator":"none (Sanskrit OCR, badly garbled: verse 1 is नाडीमङ्गुष्ठमूलाधः स्पृशेद्दक्षिणके करे in standard editions; verse 10 repeats Sharngadhara Pu 3/1)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/ASS004YogaratnakaraAnnaMoresvarKunte1889/ASS_004_Yogaratnakara_-_Anna_Moresvar_Kunte_1889__djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"nāḍī (Brihattrayi sense: tube, channel, sinus)","why":"In Charaka/Sushruta nāḍī is a tubular structure (nāḍīvraṇa = sinus, nāḍīsveda = tube fomentation, nāḍīyantra = tubular instrument), not the pulse; the pulse sense is post-classical."},{"term":"dhamanī / sirā","why":"Sharngadhara calls the pulsating vessel a dhamanī; nāḍī in his usage is the felt pulse, and Yogaratnakara lists dhamanī among its synonyms, so the words overlap but are not interchangeable in anatomical contexts."},{"term":"sparśana","why":"Pulse examination is one application of sparśana (touch), the second of the AH trividhā parīkṣā; sparśana is the broader act."},{"term":"nadi vijnana / nadi vigyan","why":"Modern coinage used by branded schools (e.g., 'Maharishi Nādi-Vigyān'); not a classical title."},{"term":"Chinese pulse diagnosis (mai zhen)","why":"Independent system with different positions, depths and theory; cross-mapping is speculative."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"nerve examination","why":"Rests on the yogic/tantric sense of nāḍī as subtle channel; Sharngadhara explicitly names an artery (dhamanī) at the thumb root."},{"rendering":"pulse diagnosis","why":"Overstates: Yogaratnakara says the pulse 'reveals' dosha involvement and prognosis; the texts do not present it as a stand-alone diagnostic of disease entities."},{"rendering":"Vedic pulse reading","why":"No Vedic or Brihattrayi source; earliest located text is 13th-century Sharngadhara."}],"openQuestions":[],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/nadi-pariksha/","canary":"6d1bd5c64cf539ae"},{"slug":"nasya","page":"/lexicon/nasya/","iast":"nasya","devanagari":"नस्य","alternates":["nasyam","nastaḥ","nasta-karma","nastaḥkarma","nāvana","nasya-karma","śirovirecana (sub-type)","pratimarśa (sub-type)","snuff (Kaviratna, Bhishagratna)","errhine (Kaviratna, Bhishagratna)"],"category":"chikitsa","family":"clinic","renderings":[{"english":"Intranasal administration","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator-standard","locator":"ITA-9.2.86 nasyam/nastam","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO's headword is route-based and neutral; its pañcakarma entry uses the older 'errhine therapy' for the same procedure, so the standard is internally inconsistent in English.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":null,"sourceName":"NIA Jaipur / WHO-APW draft terminology (2011)","sourceKind":"comparator-draft","locator":"entry AT0229 nasya","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Draft gloss; the 'spread throughout the head' claim is the Sushruta/Vagbhata rationale stated as definition.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"snuff (of oil); 'cerebral purgative or errhine' (for śirovirecana); 'the use of oily snuff'","sourceName":"Kaviratna, Charaka Samhita, Sutrasthana Lessons II and V","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"archive.org BIUSante_47357 OCR; Lesson V his printed 48-54 (standard 5.56-62); Lesson II his printed 3 and footnote","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna never uses 'nasya'; 'snuff' for sneha nasya and 'cerebral purgative/errhine' for śirovirecana are Victorian pharmacological categories.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"Nasya (Snuff); Shiro-Virecana (errhines); 'snuffs, errhines'","sourceName":"Bhishagratna, Sushruta Samhita vol. 4, Cikitsasthana ch. XL","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"wisdomlib doc142964, 'Description of medicated fumes, snuffs, errhines and gargles', his section 17","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Bhishagratna keeps the Sanskrit and adds 'Snuff'; he distinguishes Nasya (snuff) from Shiro-Virecana (errhine) as the two broad kinds.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"nasal therapy / nasal drops / errhine therapy / Nasya karma","sourceName":"PubMed usage: PMID 36384709 'Nasya karma (nasal therapy)'; PMID 32278669 'Rechana Nasya Karma (Errhine therapy)' and 'nasal drops'; PMID 35370376 'Brimhana Nasya (nourishing nasal drop)'","sourceKind":"textbook-usage","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":"'Nasal therapy' and 'nasal drops' dominate recent papers; 'errhine' survives for the cleansing type.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"PubMed usage: PMID 36384709 'Nasya karma (nasal therapy)'; PMID 32278669 'Rechana Nasya Karma (Errhine therapy)' and 'nasal drops'; PMID 35370376 'Brimhana Nasya (nourishing nasal drop)'\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"5 (Mātrāśitīya)","verse":"56-57 (carakasamhitaonline numbering; half-verse endings as displayed); Kaviratna prints 48-49","establishes":"The compound nasyakarma in Charaka's daily-regimen chapter: one who uses it in season and as prescribed gains the benefits listed in 57-62 (sense organs, hair, head and neck).","quote":"वर्षे  वर्षेऽणुतैलं च कालेषु त्रिषु ना चरेत्||५६|| नस्यकर्म यथाकालं यो यथोक्तं निषेवते||५७||","translator":"Sanskrit text (no translator); only the half-lines carrying the verse numbers were transcribed","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Matrashiteeya_Adhyaya&action=raw","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"Lesson V","verse":"Kaviratna's printed 48-49 (standard 5.56-57 per carakasamhitaonline; he runs eight behind in this block)","establishes":"Kaviratna's rendering of Su 5.56-57, evidence of his English, not of Charaka's directive: he renders nasyakarma (5.57) as 'snuff (of oil)', keeps 'anutaila', and in his footnote reports the Commentator's gloss ('oil that is good for the anu or the senses'), which he also folds into his running text as 'or such oils as are beneficial to the senses'. His first sentence prints the opposite of the Sanskrit: वर्षे वर्षेऽणुतैलं च कालेषु त्रिषु ना चरेत् | प्रावृट्शरद्वसन्तेषु गतमेघे नभस्तले (ना = नरः) prescribes anutaila every year in the rainy season, autumn and spring when the sky is clear; Kaviratna read ना चरेत् as न आचरेत् and printed 'These should not, however, be used when the sky remains cloudless in these three seasons'.","quote":"One should at all times use anutaila or such oils as are beneficial to the senses. These should not, however, be used when the sky remains cloudless in these three seasons, viz., the rainy season, the autumn, and the spring. He who uses snuff (of oil) in proper times and as directed will have his eyes and nose and ears uninjured.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (OCR text; spacing normalized)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"Lesson V","verse":"Kaviratna's printed 51-54 (page image leaf 90, printed p. 59: '51' after 'become relieved', '52' and '53' after 'acquire great strength', '*54' after 'decrepitude does not prevail in such parts'; the quote stops before that last sentence of 54). Standard Su 5.59b-62 (carakasamhitaonline): मन्यास्तम्भः शिरःशूलमर्दितं हनुसङ्ग्रहः ||59|| ... न चास्य रोगाः सहसा प्रभवन्त्यूर्ध्वजत्रुजाः ||62||; the omitted sentence is 63a जीर्यतश्चोत्तमाङ्गेषु जरा न लभते बलम्. His printed 50 / standard 58 (eyes, hair and beard) is not quoted.","establishes":"Benefits Charaka attaches to nasya with anutaila in the daily-regimen chapter, in Kaviratna's English: relief of stiff-neck, headache, ardita, lock-jaw, coryza, hemicrania and head tremor (5.59b-60a); strength to the sira, joints, snayu and kandara of the head (60b-61a); a clear, full face, a smooth firm deep voice, purified and strengthened senses (61b-62a); 'parts above the clavicle' = urdhvajatru (62b). The passage does not call this pratimarsa; the procedure the chapter prescribes for this oil (5.68-69; Kaviratna's printed 60-61) is half a pala by cotton wick after oiling and fomenting the head, repeated over seven days, i.e. a marsa-dose nasya.","quote":"By the use of such snuff, stiff-neck, headache, hemiplegia (or paralysis of the muscles on one side of the face and neck), lock-jaw, coryza, hemicrania, and trembling of the head, become relieved. Moistened by such snuff, the nerves, the joints, and the tendons and longer arteries of the head and skull of such a person acquire great strength. The face becomes lighted and full; the voice becomes smooth, steady, and deep; and all the organs become purified (of defects) and acquire great strength. Diseases of parts above the clavicle do not easily appear in such a person.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (OCR text; spacing normalized)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"Lesson II","verse":"Kaviratna's printed 3 (standard number not established)","establishes":"Kaviratna's term for śirovirecana drugs: 'cerebral purgatives (errhines)'.","quote":"Jyotishmati, and Nagara, are to be used as cerebral purgatives (errhines).","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (OCR text; spacing normalized; drug list truncated)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Cikitsasthana","chapter":"XL (Dhūma-nasya-kavalagraha cikitsita)","verse":"Bhishagratna's section 17 (his numbering; Sanskrit verse number not established)","establishes":"Sushruta's two-fold and five-fold typology of nasya in Bhishagratna's words; 'Nasya' is both the genus and one species.","quote":"The term “Nasya” (Snuff) is so called from the fact of its being composed of the powders of any drugs or of any Sneha (oleaginous substance) cooked with such drug or drugs, to be stuffed into the nostrils. It may be broadly divided into two kinds, viz. :— Shiro-Virecana (errhines) and Snehana (contributor of oleaginous principles); and may, however, be further grouped under five specific heads, viz. :— Nasya, Shiro-Virecana, Pratimarsha (a medicated Sneha poured into the nostrils to be discharged into the mouth), Avapida (the expressed juice of any drug put into the nostrils in drops by pressing it with the palms then and there) and Pradhamana (a medicinal snuff blown into the nostrils with the help of a blowpipe). Of these, the Nasya (snuff) Shiro-Virecana (errhines) are pre-eminently the most effective. Pratimarsha is a Nasya while Avapida and Pradhamana are Shiro-Virecana (errhines).","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1911); the parentheses are his glosses","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-4-cikitsasthana/d/doc142964.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Ashtanga Hridaya","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"20 (Nasyavidhi) per standard editions; GRETIL plaintext lines show 'anya-trātyayikād vyādher atha nasyaṃ prayojayet || 13 ||' and the Aṇutaila verse '... nasyaṃ mahā-guṇam uśanty aṇu-tailam etat || 38 ||'","verse":"13 and 38 per GRETIL numbering; chapter number not confirmed from markers","establishes":"Vāgbhaṭa has a dedicated nasya chapter including the Aṇutaila recipe; located, not verse-verified.","quote":null,"translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/corpustei/transformations/plaintext/sa_vAgbhaTa-aSTAGgahRdayasUtra.txt","checked":"address only, nothing quoted to check"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"śirovirecana","why":"The cleansing (evacuative) type of nasya; Bhishagratna 'errhines', Kaviratna 'cerebral purgatives'; the fifth pañcakarma in Charaka's count (Su.2.15 region, Kaviratna's footnote) and WHO ITA-9.2.2 'errhine therapy'."},{"term":"pratimarśa","why":"Low-dose daily oil nasya (NIA SV0203); Bhishagratna classes it as a Nasya, not an errhine; Charaka's Su.5.56-62 regimen passage is of this type."},{"term":"dhūma / dhūmapāna","why":"Medicated smoke inhaled through nose or mouth; Sushruta Chi.40 and Charaka Su.5 treat it in the same chapter as nasya, but it is a separate procedure."},{"term":"nāvana","why":"A synonym for sneha nasya in Charaka (Su.5 uses नावन); Kaviratna renders it 'snuff' too, so the distinction is lost in English."},{"term":"jalaneti","why":"Yogic saline nasal irrigation (PMID 34736856); not an Ayurvedic nasya and uses no medicated sneha or powder."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"snuff","why":"Kaviratna's and Bhishagratna's term; in English it means powdered tobacco inhaled for stimulation. The main classical form is medicated oil instilled in drops."},{"rendering":"nasal spray / nasal decongestant","why":"Biomedical delivery forms with a local aim; nasya's stated aim is action on ūrdhvajatru (above the clavicle) disorders and sense organs (Ca.Su.5.57-62)."},{"rendering":"errhine (for nasya generally)","why":"An errhine provokes sneezing and discharge; that is only the śirovirecana type. WHO's own ITA-9.2.2 uses 'errhine therapy' while ITA-9.2.86 uses 'Intranasal administration'."}],"openQuestions":["Standard Trikamji numbers for Kaviratna's Lesson II printed 3 (śirovirecana drugs) were not established.","Sanskrit verse numbers for the Sushruta Chi.40 typology were not established; Bhishagratna's section 17 is his own numbering.","Charaka Siddhisthana 9 (Trimarmīya) on nasya was not consulted."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/nasya/","canary":"c363a8b99ab90ddc"},{"slug":"nidana","page":"/lexicon/nidana/","iast":"nidāna","devanagari":"निदान","alternates":["nidānam","hetu","nimitta","āyatana","kartṛ","kāraṇa","pratyaya","samutthāna"],"category":"nidana","family":"disease","renderings":[{"english":"Etiology","sourceName":"WHO international standard terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standards body","locator":"ITA-4.4.1","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO codes nidānam, hetuḥ, nimittam, āyatanam, kartā, kāraṇam, pratyayam and samutthānam under ONE code, mirroring Charaka Ni. 1.3. Description: 'Etiology generally denotes understanding the causative factor and expression of morbidity. Ayurveda uses several terms as synonyms for etiology, based on the different perspectives under which etiology is understood'. Verified by text extraction of the 608-page PDF.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false},{"english":"The factors directly or indirectly implicated in the etiology of a disease","sourceName":"WHO international standard terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standards body","locator":"ITA-4.4.1","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO lists eight glosses against eight Sanskrit synonyms in matching order; the first aligns positionally with nidānam. The alignment is a reading of the PDF table layout, not a labelled statement.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Disease assessment","sourceName":"WHO international standard terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standards body","locator":"ITA-4.3.1","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Description: 'The process of investigating a disease: it is conducted by applying the five diagnostic principles'. Recorded because it names the containing activity, which is the sense in which the section title Nidāna Sthāna uses the word.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"something by which disease is ascertained correctly","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (public domain), translator's footnote","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Nidana Sthanam, Lesson I, footnote to the synonym passage","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna's etymological gloss, given alongside his statement that nidāna in the wide sense includes all five members. The two senses sit side by side on one page.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"causative factors","sourceName":"Charak Samhita New Edition (carakasamhitaonline.com)","sourceKind":"modern scholarly edition","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":"CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 comparator, not quotable as our own. Its Ni. 1.7 rendering: 'Nidana is the cause or etiological factor as described earlier.'","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"the CSRTSDC/Charak Samhita New Edition English, in copyright","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the CSRTSDC/Charak Samhita New Edition English, in copyright"},{"english":"cause","sourceName":"easyayurveda.com rendering of Ashtanga Hridaya Ni. 1.2-3","sourceKind":"modern textbook website","locator":"AH Ni. 1.2","verbatim":true,"assessment":"In-copyright comparator. Its note distinguishes two senses: 'that which furnishes definite information' (hence the section name) and 'the cause of anything', adding that 'this second usage which is more common'.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"easyayurveda.com rendering of Ashtanga Hridaya Ni. 1.2-3\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"\"easyayurveda.com rendering of Ashtanga Hridaya Ni. 1.2-3\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation"},{"english":"causes, aetiology, aetiological factors of the disease","sourceName":"easyayurveda.com rendering of Madhava Nidana 1.4","sourceKind":"modern textbook website","locator":"MN 1.4","verbatim":true,"assessment":"In-copyright comparator.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"easyayurveda.com rendering of Madhava Nidana 1.4\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"not covered as a diagnostic-method term","sourceName":"ICD-11 Traditional Medicine Module 2","sourceKind":"classification","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"NEGATIVE, AND ONLY PARTLY VERIFIED. TM2 is reported as 529 morbidity codes in 18 chapters under two top-level blocks, Traditional Medicine Disorder and Traditional Medicine Pattern, i.e. disorders and patterns rather than diagnostic vocabulary. I could not confirm directly: icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en redirects and the search endpoint returned 404 to every query I tried.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Nidāna Sthāna","chapter":"1 (Jvara Nidāna)","verse":"3","establishes":"Eight words are declared anarthāntara (not different in meaning): hetu, nimitta, āyatana, kartṛ, kāraṇa, pratyaya, samutthāna, nidāna. The same verse then makes nidāna threefold: asātmyendriyārthasaṃyoga, prajñāparādha, pariṇāma. Retrieved and string-matched by me on the cited page.","quote":"इह खलु हेतुर्निमित्तमायतनं कर्ता कारणं प्रत्ययः समुत्थानं निदानमित्यनर्थान्तरम्| तत्त्रिविधम्- असात्म्येन्द्रियार्थसंयोगः, प्रज्ञापराधः, परिणामश्चेति||३||","translator":"none (Sanskrit mūla)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Jwara_Nidana","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Nidāna Sthāna","chapter":"1 (Jvara Nidāna)","verse":"7","establishes":"Within the five-member list, nidāna is defined narrowly as kāraṇa, the cause. This is the verse that makes nidāna both the name of the whole set and the name of its first member.","quote":"तत्र निदानं कारणमित्युक्तमग्रे||७||","translator":"none (Sanskrit mūla)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Jwara_Nidana","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Nidāna Sthāna","chapter":"1 (Jvara Nidāna)","verse":"3 (printed unnumbered in Kaviratna, immediately after his aphorism 1)","establishes":"Public-domain English for the synonym verse. Punctuation errors are scan artifacts, preserved verbatim. The volume self-identifies on the same page as Kaviratna's translation, not the 1949 Gulabkunverba edition.","quote":"Verily, (it should be stated) in this connection that the words 'Hetu,' 'Nimitta,' 'Ayatana,' 'Kartri,' 'Karana,' 'Pratyaya,' 'Samutthana.' and 'Nidana, are expressive of the same meaning.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Nidāna Sthāna","chapter":"1 (Jvara Nidāna)","verse":"translator's footnote to the synonym passage, not a verse","establishes":"THE CENTRAL AMBIGUITY, stated explicitly in a public-domain source: nidāna names both the first member and the whole five-member set. Same footnote also distinguishes the eight synonyms in use even while calling them synonymous, e.g. 'Hetu is generally limited to the circumstances that precede.' Kaviratna's 'upajaya' is an OCR degradation of his 'upaçaya'.","quote":"'Nidana is generally taken to be of much wider signification. It includes 'purvarupa' (symptoms of incubation), 'rupa' or 'linga' (actual symptoms of the disease), 'upajaya' (certainty derived from experimental prognosis), and 'samprapti' (ascertainment of the strength or otherwise of the disease). The word 'nidana' is explained as 'something by which disease is ascertained correctly.'","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Ashtanga Hridaya","sthana":"Nidāna Sthāna","chapter":"1 (Sarvaroga Nidāna)","verse":"3 (first half)","establishes":"Vagbhata's synonym list differs from Charaka's: nimitta, hetu, āyatana, pratyaya, utthāna, kāraṇa, six, dropping kartṛ and samutthāna in favour of utthāna. Devanagari mūla and verse number sighted on the retrieved page; not quoted, per the rule for texts with no public-domain English.","quote":null,"translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/2024/03/14/sarvaroga-nidana-general-disease-diagnosis-ashtanga-hridaya-nidanasthana-1/","checked":"address only, nothing quoted to check"},{"text":"Madhava Nidana","sthana":null,"chapter":"1 (Pañca Nidāna Lakṣaṇa)","verse":"5","establishes":"Madhavakara gives the same six synonyms as Vagbhata: nimitta, hetu, āyatana, pratyaya, utthāna, kāraṇa. Verse number from a modern English rendering on the retrieved page; Sanskrit not sighted for this verse.","quote":null,"translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/2023/03/22/pancha-nidana-madhava-nidana-1/","checked":"address only, nothing quoted to check"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"nidāna-pañcaka","why":"The five-member set. Nidāna is its first member AND its name, which is the single commonest confusion in this vocabulary. Kaviratna's footnote states the double sense outright."},{"term":"hetu","why":"Declared anarthāntara with nidāna at Ca. Ni. 1.3, and WHO gives both the same code. But Kaviratna's footnote says 'Hetu is generally limited to the circumstances that precede', and Charaka uses hetu in a wholly different epistemological sense at Vi. 8.33 (a means of knowing), where nidāna is never used."},{"term":"Nidāna Sthāna","why":"The section of a saṃhitā. A textual division, not a concept. 'Nidāna of fever' in a chapter title means the whole diagnostic account of fever, not its cause alone."},{"term":"samprāpti","why":"Nidāna is what acts on the body from outside the pathology; samprāpti is the process inside it. WHO separates them into different sub-chapters (4.4 Etiology, 4.5 Pathology)."},{"term":"nidānārthakara-roga","why":"A disease acting as the cause of another disease (WHO ITA-4.8.34; MN 1.15-20 gives the chain jvara to raktapitta to śoṣa). Not a kind of nidāna in the ordinary sense: the causative item here is itself a disease."},{"term":"nidāna-parivarjana","why":"Withdrawal of the causative factor, a treatment principle (WHO ITA-9.1.56). Frequently cited as though it were part of the diagnostic nidāna, which it is not."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"diagnosis","why":"Reads the section-title sense into the term sense. Charaka's Ni. 1.7 defines nidāna as kāraṇa. Diagnosis is rogaparīkṣā / rogaviniścaya, which WHO codes separately at ITA-4.3.1 and ITA-4.1.1."},{"rendering":"pathology","why":"Confuses cause with process. WHO puts nidāna in 4.4 Etiology and samprāpti in 4.5 Pathology."},{"rendering":"risk factor","why":"A risk factor is a statistical association in a population. Ca. Ni. 1.3's three nidāna are a causal taxonomy (misuse of the senses, error of judgement, the action of time), not population-derived."},{"rendering":"trigger","why":"Loses the distinction WHO codes at ITA-4.4.3 and ITA-4.4.4 between utpādaka-hetu (originating) and vyañjaka-hetu (aggravating/manifesting). 'Trigger' names only the second."}],"openQuestions":["Whether Sushruta has a corresponding synonym list. I searched Bhishagratna's Sutrasthana volume (OCR full text) and found the kriyākāla framework at Sūtra 21 but no nidāna-synonym verse. That negative needs proper confirmation against the Sanskrit.","How Chakrapani's commentary reconciles the two senses. Not retrieved.","Whether NAMASTE codes nidāna and under what English. namaste.ayush.gov.in returns 200 at root but 302 on the terminologies path; the machine-readable data was not reachable."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/nidana/","canary":"c6768e09254240ca"},{"slug":"nidana-panchaka","page":"/lexicon/nidana-panchaka/","iast":"nidāna-pañcaka","devanagari":"निदानपञ्चक","alternates":["nidānapañcakaḥ","pañca-nidāna","nidana panchak","pancha nidana"],"category":"nidana","family":"disease","renderings":[{"english":"Five diagnostic criteria","sourceName":"WHO international standard terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standards body","locator":"ITA-4.3.2","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO's head term. Full description: 'The fivefold factors that help in the understanding and diagnosis of a disease, including its etiology, prodromal symptoms, signs and symptoms, pathogenesis and aggravating and relieving factors.' Note WHO's fifth item is 'aggravating and relieving factors', a history-taking notion, while it defines upaśaya at ITA-4.5.6 as an inference from a deliberate therapeutic trial. WHO is inconsistent with itself here.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Disease assessment","sourceName":"WHO international standard terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standards body","locator":"ITA-4.3.1","verbatim":true,"assessment":"The immediately preceding entry, and the activity the pañcaka serves: 'The process of investigating a disease: it is conducted by applying the five diagnostic principles.' WHO's phrase for the set here is 'the five diagnostic principles', a third wording.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"The ascertainment of disease is to be had from 'Nidana', 'Purva-rupa', 'Linga', 'Upacaya', and 'Samprapti.'","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (public domain)","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Nidana Sthanam, Lesson I","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna does not use a collective name at all. He renders the operation ('ascertainment of disease') and lists the five. His 'Upacaya' is an OCR degradation of 'upaçaya'; the hyphen in 'Purva-rupa' is a line break in the scan.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"five diagnostic tools","sourceName":"easyayurveda.com rendering of Ashtanga Hridaya Ni. 1.2","sourceKind":"modern textbook website","locator":"AH Ni. 1.2","verbatim":true,"assessment":"In-copyright comparator. The same page adds a point no standard records: 'Knowledge of all these five is not essential for the diagnosis of every disease. Many can be diagnosed by knowing any one or two, sometimes all the five are necessary.'","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"easyayurveda.com rendering of Ashtanga Hridaya Ni. 1.2\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"Five means of understanding the diseases","sourceName":"easyayurveda.com rendering of Madhava Nidana 1.4","sourceKind":"modern textbook website","locator":"MN 1.4","verbatim":true,"assessment":"In-copyright comparator. 'Means of understanding' rather than 'criteria' or 'tools', a third framing.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"easyayurveda.com rendering of Madhava Nidana 1.4\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"not covered","sourceName":"ICD-11 Traditional Medicine Module 2","sourceKind":"classification","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"NEGATIVE, PARTLY VERIFIED ONLY. TM2 codes Traditional Medicine Disorders and Patterns (reported as 529 codes in 18 chapters), not diagnostic method. I could not query the browser: every search URL I tried returned 404 and the browse root 307-redirects.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Nidāna Sthāna","chapter":"1 (Jvara Nidāna)","verse":"6","establishes":"The locus classicus of the five. Note precisely what it does and does not say: it names nidāna, pūrvarūpa, LIṄGA, upaśaya, samprāpti as the means of upalabdhi (apprehension) of disease. It uses liṅga, not rūpa. And it does NOT use the word pañcaka. Retrieved and string-matched by me; the page prints the numeral as ||6 || in Arabic rather than Devanagari at this verse.","quote":"तस्योपलब्धिर्निदानपूर्वरूपलिङ्गोपशयसम्प्राप्तितः||6 ||","translator":"none (Sanskrit mūla)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Jwara_Nidana","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Nidāna Sthāna","chapter":"1 (Jvara Nidāna)","verse":"6 (standard/Trikamji, confirmed by the Sanskrit ||6 ||). UNNUMBERED in Kaviratna: this passage lies in the unnumbered stretch between his aphorisms 2 and 4, which spans five standard aphorisms (5 to 9), so his missing 3 cannot be assigned to it.","establishes":"Public-domain English for the same verse. The '>' is a scan artifact at a line break and is preserved verbatim.","quote":"The ascertainment of disease is to be had from 'Nidana', 'Purva->rupa', 'Linga', 'Upacaya', and 'Samprapti.'","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Ashtanga Hridaya","sthana":"Nidāna Sthāna","chapter":"1 (Sarvaroga Nidāna)","verse":"2","establishes":"Vagbhata states the set in a single verse and, unlike Charaka, uses RŪPA rather than liṅga as the third member. Devanagari mūla and verse number sighted on the retrieved page; not quoted per the rule for this text.","quote":null,"translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/2024/03/14/sarvaroga-nidana-general-disease-diagnosis-ashtanga-hridaya-nidanasthana-1/","checked":"address only, nothing quoted to check"},{"text":"Madhava Nidana","sthana":null,"chapter":"1 (Pañca Nidāna Lakṣaṇa)","verse":"4","establishes":"Madhava Nidana chapter 1 (Pancha Nidana Lakshana) enumerates the five means of understanding disease and names the set nidana-panchaka. LOCATED, NOT QUOTED: no verse-numbered Sanskrit Madhava Nidana was retrievable, so the chapter is right and the verse number is not established. Nothing here is quoted, because the only verbatim text previously carried was a sentence lifted from a 2023 website, which COPYRIGHT.md allows under neither clause.","quote":null,"translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/2023/03/22/pancha-nidana-madhava-nidana-1/","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"nidāna","why":"Its first member and also its name. The set has no standalone name in Charaka's verse; nidāna-pañcaka is a later coinage."},{"term":"ṣaṭ-kriyākāla","why":"Sushruta's six-stage temporal scheme (sañcaya to bheda). The pañcaka is a checklist of evidence types to be gathered; kriyākāla is a sequence of stages in time. Bhishagratna's Sūtra 21 develops the second with no mention of the first."},{"term":"trividha parīkṣā / daśavidha parīkṣā","why":"Methods of examination, how the physician obtains information (perception, inference, testimony; ten factors of the patient). The pañcaka is what the information is about. Charaka keeps them in different sthānas."},{"term":"aṣṭasthāna parīkṣā","why":"The eightfold clinical examination (pulse, urine, stool, tongue, and so on). A later scheme, not classical in Charaka, and routinely presented alongside the pañcaka as though the two were the same kind of thing."},{"term":"rogaparīkṣā / rogaviniścaya","why":"The activity and its endpoint. WHO codes these separately at ITA-4.3.1 and ITA-4.1.1. The pañcaka is the instrument, not the act or the conclusion."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"the five diagnostic criteria","why":"WHO's own head term, but 'criteria' implies each member is a test with a threshold. Four of the five are descriptive categories of evidence; only upaśaya involves anything like a decision rule."},{"rendering":"five-fold diagnosis","why":"Suggests five kinds of diagnosis rather than five sources of evidence for one diagnosis."},{"rendering":"Ayurvedic differential diagnosis","why":"Only upaśaya is differential in operation. The other four are not comparative."},{"rendering":"pentad of diagnosis","why":"Reads as a fixed obligatory set, which the Ashtanga Hridaya commentary tradition denies: the retrieved AH page states that knowledge of all five is not essential for every disease."}],"openQuestions":["Where the compound nidāna-pañcaka first appears. It is NOT in Charaka Ni. 1: I searched the retrieved Sanskrit page for निदानपञ्च and पञ्चक and got zero occurrences. WHO's ITA-4.3.2 gives it as a Sanskrit headword, so it is established usage somewhere. Madhava Nidana's chapter is titled Pañca Nidāna Lakṣaṇa, which is close but not the same compound. Someone should trace the first attestation.","Whether the third member is liṅga or rūpa. Charaka Ni. 1.6 says liṅga; Ashtanga Hridaya Ni. 1.2 says rūpa; Ca. Ni. 1.9 then declares them synonymous. The modern name of the member follows Vagbhata, not Charaka.","Whether anupaśaya is a sixth member or the negative half of the fourth. Sources split, and Madhava Nidana chapter 1 treats the pair together at 1.8-9 while the set is still called five.","The Devanagari निदानपञ्चक is given here from the WHO index entry, whose Devanagari column extracted with damaged glyphs from the PDF. I did not sight clean Devanagari for the compound in a Sanskrit source."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/nidana-panchaka/","canary":"5f90428c9213e85e"},{"slug":"nidana-parivarjana","page":"/lexicon/nidana-parivarjana/","iast":"nidānaparivarjana","devanagari":"निदानपरिवर्जन","alternates":["nidāna-parivarjana","nidana parivarjana","nidanaparivarjanam","hetu-parivarjana","hetuviparīta cikitsā (related)"],"category":"chikitsa","family":"clinic","renderings":[{"english":"Avoidance of etiological factors","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator-standard","locator":"ITA-9.1.56 nidānaparivarjanam","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO's description states the function (prerequisite) rather than defining the term; the headword is the standard textbook rendering.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"to forego the primary pathological causes of that disease","sourceName":"Bhishagratna, Sushruta Samhita vol. 6, Uttaratantra ch. I","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"wisdomlib doc142989, his section 12-13 (his numbering); Sanskrit 1.25 per sa.wikisource Hari Sastri edition","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Bhishagratna does not transliterate the compound; 'forego' and 'pathological causes' are his Edwardian rendering of parivarjana and nidāna.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"abstinance [sic] from the eitiological [sic] factors; avoidance of these etiologies (Nidanaparivarjana)","sourceName":"PubMed usage: PMID 39454285; PMID 22557423","sourceKind":"textbook-usage","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":"'Avoidance of etiological/causative factors' is the dominant modern gloss; it matches WHO.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"PubMed usage: PMID 39454285; PMID 22557423\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"removal of the cause / eliminating the cause / nidana parivarjana as the first line of treatment","sourceName":"Common textbook usage (not traced to a quotable edition)","sourceKind":"textbook-usage","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"'Removal' overstates parivarjana (abandoning, avoiding); see mistranslations.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Uttaratantra","chapter":"1 (Aupadravika)","verse":"25 (sa.wikisource text of the Hari Sastri 1980 edition)","establishes":"The locus classicus: in brief, the application of treatment (kriyāyoga) is nidānaparivarjana; in detail it is the counteraction of vāta and the other doṣas.","quote":"सङ्क्षेपतः क्रियायोगो निदानपरिवर्जनम्  / :वातादीनां प्रतीघातः प्रोक्तो विस्तरतः पुनः २५","translator":"Sanskrit text (no translator); wikisource line breaks shown as ' / :'","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/सुश्रुतसंहिता/उत्तरतन्त्रम्/अध्याय_०१-२०","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Uttaratantra","chapter":"I (Diseases of the eye and its appendages)","verse":"Bhishagratna's section 12-13 (his numbering; corresponds to Sanskrit 1.24-25 in the Hari Sastri edition)","establishes":"Bhishagratna's rendering of Ut.1.25; note that it appears inside the eye-disease chapter, which is where Sushruta states the general maxim.","quote":"The simple maxim or principle to be followed in the treatment of a disease is simply to forego the primary pathological causes of that disease. The special remedial measures that would pacify the different Doshas, Vayu, etc. have been described in detail.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1916)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-6-uttara-tantra/d/doc142989.html","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"nidāna (as diagnosis / the Nidānasthāna)","why":"Nidāna means both cause and the science of diagnosis; nidānaparivarjana is avoidance of causes, not of diagnosis. Bhishagratna's 'Nidana' references in vol. 3 are to Madhava's Nidāna text."},{"term":"hetu-viparīta cikitsā","why":"Treatment opposed to the cause (Charaka's three-fold scheme hetu-, vyādhi-, ubhaya-viparīta); nidānaparivarjana removes exposure, hetuviparīta counteracts its effect. The Charaka locus was not verified."},{"term":"saṁprāpti-vighaṭana","why":"Breaking the pathogenesis once established; nidānaparivarjana acts before or alongside, on the inputs."},{"term":"prakṛtivighāta","why":"WHO ITA-9.1.55 'Creating conditions hostile to cause', a neighbouring entry that is active opposition rather than avoidance."},{"term":"pathya / apathya","why":"Wholesome and unwholesome regimen; apathya-tyāga overlaps nidānaparivarjana but is framed as diet-and-conduct rather than cause."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"removal / elimination of the cause","why":"Parivarjana is abandoning or keeping away from; Sushruta's own detailed counterpart ('pratīghāta' of the doṣas) is the active counteraction, kept separate in the same verse."},{"rendering":"preventive medicine","why":"Sushruta states it as the compendious form of treatment (kriyāyoga), i.e. for the diseased; WHO's description makes it a prerequisite for cure and for preventing recurrence."},{"rendering":"'forego the primary pathological causes' (Bhishagratna) read as a technical term","why":"It is his paraphrase; 'pathological causes' imports 1900s pathology into nidāna."}],"openQuestions":["Whether Charaka uses the compound nidānaparivarjana anywhere was not established; a grep of the local Charaka Sanskrit corpora found no hit, but the corpora are incomplete and a single spelling was searched.","Whether Ashtanga Hridaya or Madhava Nidana carry the maxim was not checked.","The standard verse number 25 comes from the wikisource transcription of the Hari Sastri 1980 edition; the Trikamji/Nirnaya Sagar number was not cross-checked."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/nidana-parivarjana/","canary":"219f6ebd24b6cec5"},{"slug":"nidra","page":"/lexicon/nidra/","iast":"nidrā","devanagari":"निद्रा","alternates":[],"category":"swasthavritta","family":"daily-life","renderings":[{"english":"sleep","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1890-1908), Lesson XXI","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"archive.org BIUSante_47357, OCR text ~lines 16831-17066 (his aphorisms 31-34 and closing block)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Renders nidrā simply as 'sleep' throughout; 'judicious and injudicious sleep' for samyak/asamyak-yoga; 'the Nurse of all creatures' for bhūtadhātrī.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"Sleep (Nidra); 'the illusive energy of God'; 'Tamasi-nidra'","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita tr. K. L. Bhishagratna (1907-1916), Sharirasthana IV","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"wisdomlib doc142882, his sections 33-40","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Glosses vaiṣṇavī as 'the illusive energy of God (lit. the all-pervading deity)'.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":null,"sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022), entry SV0173","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO paraphrases Cha.Su.21/35 and 21/58 as its definition. Separate WHO entries exist for anidrā (SK0023), atinidrā (SK0035), nidrā nāśa (AF1344) etc.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"not retrieved","sourceName":"NAMASTE portal (Ministry of Ayush)","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"The portal itself was not retrieved. Its SAT-J section 'Preventive and Promotive Health' (124 terms) is described in Thrigulla & Narayanam 2023 (doi 10.1016/j.jaim.2023.100781); whether nidrā has an entry there was not established.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true},{"english":"sleep; one of the three sub-pillars (trayopastambha) of life","sourceName":"Common textbook / PubMed usage","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"PMID 34949524 abstract: 'Nidra (sleep), Ahara (food) and Brahmacharya (abstinence) are the three sub-pillars of health'.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"21 (Ashtauninditiya)","verse":"Standard (Trikamji, as printed on carakasamhitaonline.com) 21/35; Kaviratna prints his aphorism number 31 after this passage","establishes":"The definition of when sleep occurs. Sanskrit seen at carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Ashtauninditiya_Adhyaya: यदा तु मनसि क्लान्ते कर्मात्मानः क्लमान्विताः | विषयेभ्यो निवर्तन्ते तदा स्वपिति मानवः||३५||. Kaviratna's footnote (his own, not the text): 'Sleep, according to this definition, is a total suspension of mental faculties as also the senses'.","quote":"When, the mind being fatigued, they that are the souls of action (viz., the senses), becoming fatigued, recede from their objects, it is then that one sleeps.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"21","verse":"Standard 21/36; Kaviratna prints 32 after it","establishes":"Effects dependent on sleep. Sanskrit seen: निद्रायत्तं सुखं दुःखं पुष्टिः कार्श्यं बलाबलम्| वृषता क्लीबता ज्ञानमज्ञानं जीवितं न च||३६||. Note '(judicious and injudicious)' is Kaviratna's parenthetical gloss, not in the Sanskrit.","quote":"Happiness and misery, growth and waste, strength and weakness, virility and sterility, knowledge and ignorance, life and death, all depend upon (judicious and injudicious) sleep.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"21","verse":"Standard 21/37; Kaviratna prints 33 after it","establishes":"Akāla, atiprasaṅga and absence of sleep as harmful. Sanskrit seen: अकालेऽतिप्रसङ्गाच्च न च निद्रा निषेविता| सुखायुषी पराकुर्यात् कालरात्रिरिवापरा||३७||.","quote":"Sleep, when indulged on improper occasions or in excess, or not at all, does not contribute to either happiness or longevity, for it is even like the Last Night.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"21","verse":"Standard 21/58-59; Kaviratna's printed numbers OCR as '64' and '*66' which cannot be right given his 31-34 above; his actual printed numbers here were NOT reliably established","establishes":"The six/seven-fold classification of sleep and bhūtadhātrī ('Nurse of all creatures'). Sanskrit seen: तमोभवा श्लेष्मसमुद्भवा च मनःशरीरश्रमसम्भवा च| आगन्तुकी व्याध्यनुवर्तिनी च रात्रिस्वभावप्रभवा च निद्रा||५८|| रात्रिस्वभावप्रभवा मता या तां भूतधात्रीं प्रवदन्ति तज्ज्ञाः| ...||५९||.","quote":"Sleep arises from Tamas, from phlegm also, from the weariness of both mind and body, from hurts and wounds; it is induced also by disease; it arises also from the very nature of Night. [...] Amongst these, that sleep which arises from the nature of Night is called the Nurse of all creatures. The sleep that arises from Tamas is regarded as the root of evil. The sleep that arises from the other causes is regarded as due to Disease.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"11 (Tistraishaniya)","verse":"Standard 11/35; Kaviratna's number for this paragraph OCRs as '36' (the preceding list aphorism carries '*29'), so his number is uncertain","establishes":"Sleep (svapna) as one of the three upastambhas. Sanskrit seen at carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Tistraishaniya_Adhyaya: त्रय उपस्तम्भा इति- आहारः, स्वप्नो, ब्रह्मचर्यमिति [35]. Note the Sanskrit uses svapna, not nidrā; Kaviratna renders brahmacarya as 'restraint of the senses' and footnotes that 'upastambha' means the stays which support a column.","quote":"The three stays (of the body regarded as a column) are eating, sleep, and restraint of the senses.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sharirasthana","chapter":"IV (Garbhavyakarana)","verse":"Bhishagratna's own section numbers, NOT Sanskrit verse numbers (vol. 2, Sarira-sthana ch. IV, pp. 149-151): 'Sleep is the illusive energy of God...' opens the paragraph he closes '33-34'; 'Sleep is the offspring of Tamas... fundamental law of Nature' is inside the Memorable Verses he closes '35'; 'Day sleep is forbidden...' opens the paragraph he closes '36'. His 37-39 (do not sleep by day, live a hundred years, habituation) and 40 hold none of the quoted text. Sanskrit numbering (sa.wikisource सुश्रुतसंहिता/शारीरस्थानम् ch. 4, agreeing with easyayurveda): 4/31 heart enveloped by tamas, all beings sleep; 4/33 निद्रां तु वैष्णवीं पाप्मानमुपदिशन्ति... (prose: vaishnavi, tamasi, temperaments, vaikariki) = Bh 33-34; 4/34-37 verses, of which 4/35 निद्रा हेतुस्तमः सत्त्वं बोधने हेतुरुच्यते | स्वभाव एव वा हेतुर्गरीयान् परिकीर्त्यते = the 'offspring of Tamas... law of Nature' sentences (Bh 35); 4/38 सर्वर्तुषु दिवास्वापः प्रतिषिद्धोऽन्यत्र ग्रीष्मात्... (prose) = Bh 36; 4/39-41 = Bh 37-39, not quoted.","establishes":"Sushruta's account of sleep: vaiṣṇavī, tamas origin, day-sleep rules. Bhishagratna's footnote (his, not the text) cross-references Charaka: 'When the active self of a person, tired in body and mind, loses touch with his worldly affairs, sleep comes to him.'","quote":"Sleep is the illusive energy of God (lit.–the all-pervading deity) and naturally has its sway over all created beings. [...] Sleep is the offspring of Tamas and it is the quality of Sattvam that brings on awakening. This is the fundamental law of Nature. [...] Day sleep is forbidden in all seasons of the year, except in summer and in the case of infants, old men, and persons enfeebled by sexual excesses...","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-3-sharirasthana/d/doc142882.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Chikitsasthana","chapter":"XXIV (Anagatabadha-pratishedha)","verse":"Sushruta Cikitsa 24/88 (sa.wikisource चिकित्सास्थानम् अध्याय २१-२५ numbering): पुष्टिवर्णबलोत्साहमग्निदीप्तिमतन्द्रिताम् | करोति धातुसाम्यं च निद्रा काले निषेविता ||८८||. Bhishagratna prints no verse numbers; the sentence closes the paragraph he marks '61-65'.","establishes":"Benefits of timely sleep within the hygiene chapter.","quote":"A good sleep (Nidra) enjoyed at the proper time (and for the proper period) tends to improve the growth, strength, vigour and complexion of the body. It increases the power of digestion, removes drowsiness, and restores the natural equilibrium among the different fundamental principles (Dhatus) of the organism.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-4-cikitsasthana/d/doc142934.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Ashtanga Hridaya","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"7 (Annaraksha)","verse":"7/53-68 per easyayurveda.com chapter page; 7/53 reads निद्रायत्तं सुखं दुःखं पुष्टिः कार्श्यं बलाबलम् (parallel to Cha.Su.21/36)","establishes":"Vagbhata's sleep section. No quotation permitted.","quote":null,"translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/ashtanga-hrudayam-sutrasthana-7th-chapter/","checked":"address only, nothing quoted to check"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"svapna","why":"In Cha.Su.11/35 the pillar is named svapna (sleep), and svapna also means 'dream'; nidrā is the physiological state, svapna in Indriyasthana contexts means dream."},{"term":"tandrā","why":"Drowsiness/lassitude; Kaviratna's Lesson XXI lists 'Tandra' among the effects of improper sleep, so it is a symptom, not sleep itself."},{"term":"Yoga Nidra","why":"A modern guided-relaxation practice; most PubMed 'nidra' records (e.g. PMID 38056373, 38484438) are about this, not Ayurvedic nidrā."},{"term":"nidrānāśa / anidrā","why":"Insomnia, a disorder (WHO SK0023, AF1344); nidrā itself is the normal state."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"'the illusive energy of God' for vaiṣṇavī (Bhishagratna)","why":"Translator's theological gloss; the Sanskrit (निद्रां तु वैष्णवीं) names sleep as belonging to Viṣṇu, with no 'illusion' concept stated in the verse."},{"rendering":"'(judicious and injudicious) sleep' (Kaviratna, 21/36)","why":"Parenthetical gloss not in the Sanskrit निद्रायत्तं; the verse says these outcomes depend on sleep, the qualification comes from 21/37-38."}],"openQuestions":["Kaviratna's printed aphorism numbers for the classification verses (standard 21/58-59) could not be read from the OCR; check the scan page ~243 of Part containing Lesson XXI.","Sanskrit verse numbers for the Chikitsa 24 sleep passage were not established."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/nidra/","canary":"fe4fe26454408aac"},{"slug":"nija-roga","page":"/lexicon/nija-roga/","iast":"nija-roga","devanagari":"निजरोगः","alternates":["nija vyadhi","nijaja roga","nija-vyādhi","nijaroga"],"category":"disease-kinds","family":"disease","renderings":[{"english":"Physical","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, trans. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","sourceKind":"translation (public domain)","locator":"Sutrasthana ch. 11 (Tistraishaniya); full sentence: 'Diseases are of three kinds, viz. Physical, Accidental, and Mental. Physical diseases are those that arise from some abnormal condition of the body.'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna's rendering of nija at Cha.Su.11/45. Note the collision: 'Physical' is also the natural English for sharirika, so Kaviratna's nija and his sharira compete for the same English word. This is exactly the kind of overlap a lexicon exists to expose.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"natural","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, trans. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","sourceKind":"translation (public domain)","locator":"Nidana Sthana ch. 1, his aphorism 9 (= Ni.1/12 in the modern numbering); full sentence: 'Diseases are of two kinds, as natural and accidental.'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"The SAME translator renders nija as 'Physical' in Sutrasthana and 'natural' in Nidana Sthana. 'Natural' is also the standard English for svabhavika, a different and contrasting category in Sushruta. Kaviratna is internally inconsistent here and both of his choices collide with other terms.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"Nija (endogenous)","sourceName":"Charak Samhita Online / Charak Samhita New Edition (CSRTSDC, 2020)","sourceKind":"translation (in copyright)","locator":null,"locatorWithheld":"the CSRTSDC/Charak Samhita New Edition English, in copyright","verbatim":true,"assessment":"The dominant modern rendering. Recorded as a terminological fact about that source; the surrounding translation is in copyright and is not quoted.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"the CSRTSDC/Charak Samhita New Edition English, in copyright","downloadable":false},{"english":"Intrinsic or endogenous diseases","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-4.2.11","verbatim":true,"assessment":"IMPORTANT: this is NOT an entry for nija-roga. WHO ISTA has no nija-roga headword. It codes the adhyatmika/adhibhautika/adhidaivika triad instead and attaches 'endogenous' to adhyatmika. Anyone citing WHO for 'nija = endogenous' is citing an entry for a different term.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Ulcer due to endogenous factors","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-5.54.2","verbatim":true,"assessment":"The only place WHO ISTA uses 'nija' at all, and it is in the compound nijavraṇa, not as a disease class. This does at least establish WHO's gloss of the element nija as 'endogenous'.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"endogenous disease","sourceName":"common BAMS/textbook rendering","sourceKind":"textbook usage","locator":"","verbatim":false,"assessment":"The near-universal modern classroom rendering. Recorded as usage, not sourced to a specific edition.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"11","verse":"45","establishes":"The threefold classification nija / agantu / manasa, and Charaka's definition of nija as śārīra-doṣa-samuttha, arising from the bodily doshas. This is the primary classical anchor for nija-roga. Sanskrit quoted with its printed verse number; the English on that page is the 2020 CSRTSDC translation and is not quoted.","quote":"त्रयो रोगा इति- निजागन्तुमानसाः| तत्र निजः शारीरदोषसमुत्थः, आगन्तुर्भूतविषवाय्वग्निसम्प्रहारादिसमुत्थः, मानसः पुनरिष्टस्यलाभाल्लाभाच्चानिष्टस्योपजायते||४५|| / trayō rōgā iti- nijāgantumānasāḥ| tatra nijaḥ śārīradōṣasamutthaḥ, āganturbhūtaviṣavāyvagnisamprahārādisamutthaḥ, mānasaḥ punariṣṭasya lābhāllābhāccāniṣṭasyōpajāyatē||45||","translator":"","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Tistraishaniya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"11","verse":"45","establishes":"The lawfully quotable English of the same verse. Establishes the 1892-1913 English rendering of the triad as Physical / Accidental / Mental. Quoted from the OCR text of the scanned volume (pages 126-127 of the printed book); the printed verse number is not legible in the scan, so 45 is carried over from the verified Sanskrit rather than read off this page.","quote":"Diseases are of three kinds, viz. Physical, Accidental, and Mental. Physical diseases are those that arise from some abnormal condition of the body. Accidental are those that arise from the action of spirits, of poison, of wind, of fire, of acts of violence done to the body, such as beating, &c. Mental diseases are those that arise from non-attainment of objects desired or coveted, or from accession of those that are disliked.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/details/ZHNR_charaka-samhita-by-abhinash-chandra-english-pages-partly-damaged-missing-pages-1","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Nidana Sthana","chapter":"1","verse":"12","establishes":"Under vidhi-samprapti, Charaka gives a TWOFOLD nija/agantu division of diseases, distinct from the threefold nija/agantu/manasa of Su.11/45. Two different classifications in one text, and a lexicon must carry both rather than harmonise them.","quote":"विधिर्नाम- द्विविधा व्याधयो निजागन्तुभेदेन,त्रिविधास्त्रिदोषभेदेन, चतुर्विधाः साध्यासाध्यमृदुदारुणभेदेन|१२| / vidhirnāma- dvividhā vyādhayō nijāgantubhēdēna, trividhāstridōṣabhēdēna, caturvidhāḥ sādhyāsādhyamr̥dudāruṇabhēdēna|12|","translator":"","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Jwara_Nidana","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Nidana Sthana","chapter":"1","verse":"12","establishes":"Kaviratna's English for the vidhi-samprapti classification. NUMBERING WARNING: Kaviratna prints this as aphorism 9 of his Nidana Lesson I, while the modern editions number it 12. The chapter and sthana are certain; the verse number given here is the modern one, taken from the verified Sanskrit, not from this page.","quote":"Kind (or Order) is as follows : — Diseases are of two kinds, as natural and accidental. They are of three kinds, according to the particular fault that has been excited among the three that exist (viz., wind, bile, and phlegm). They are of four kinds, considering curability, incurability, mildness, and violence.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/details/BIUSante_47357","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"sharirika-roga","why":"Charaka defines nija as śārīra-doṣa-samuttha (Su.11/45), so nija is defined BY reference to sharira, but the two are not the same category. Nija is a cause-based class (arising from one's own doshas) and stands against agantu; sharirika is a seat-based class (located in the body) and stands against manasika. A manasika disease can be nija; an agantu injury is located in the sharira."},{"term":"svabhavika-roga","why":"Sushruta's fourth class, the natural processes (hunger, thirst, ageing, sleep, death). Kaviratna's rendering of nija as 'natural' collides head-on with svabhavika and will mislead anyone reading the two translations side by side."},{"term":"adhyatmika-roga","why":"WHO ISTA glosses adhyatmika as 'Intrinsic or endogenous diseases', the same English most people use for nija. They are different classifications: adhyatmika/adhibhautika/adhidaivika is the three-fold suffering (tapa) scheme used in Sushruta Su.24, while nija/agantu is a cause scheme in Charaka. Two Sanskrit terms sharing one English word is a hazard, not a synonymy."},{"term":"sahaja / adibala-pravritta roga","why":"'Congenital' and 'hereditary' classes. 'Nija' literally means 'one's own, innate', which invites a reading as 'congenital'. It does not mean congenital in Charaka; it means arising from one's own doshas, which can begin at any age."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"innate disease / congenital disease","why":"Driven by the literal sense of nija ('own, innate'). Charaka's definition is śārīra-doṣa-samuttha, arising from the bodily doshas, with no claim about presence at birth. Charaka has separate machinery for congenital conditions (and Sushruta has adi-bala- and janma-bala-pravritta)."},{"rendering":"natural disease","why":"Kaviratna's own choice at Nidana 1, and wrong for a modern reader because 'natural disease' is the established English for svabhavika, which is the class of processes NOT treated as disease in the ordinary sense."},{"rendering":"physical disease","why":"Kaviratna's choice at Sutrasthana 11, and wrong because it reads as a seat claim (in the body) when nija is a cause claim (from the doshas). It also makes the nija/manasa contrast look like a body/mind contrast, which it is not: Charaka lists manasa as a third item alongside nija, not inside it."},{"rendering":"idiopathic disease","why":"Seen when 'endogenous' is over-read. WHO ISTA reserves 'Idiopathic diseases' for a different Sanskrit headword entirely (ITA-4.2.33, ākasmikarogaḥ, 'manifest suddenly in the body without any apparent cause'). Nija diseases have a stated cause; they are not causeless."}],"openQuestions":["Is there a classical passage that explicitly reconciles the twofold (Cha.Ni.1/12) and threefold (Cha.Su.11/45) schemes, or do the commentators simply let them stand?","What verse number does Kaviratna's printed Nidana Sthana use, and why does his aphorism numbering run three behind the modern editions? This affects every citation taken from his Nidana volume."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/nija-roga/","canary":"370ce20a65e6cb3c"},{"slug":"nirama-dosha","page":"/lexicon/nirama-dosha/","iast":"nirāmadoṣa","devanagari":"निरामदोष","alternates":["nirāma doṣa","nirama dosha","nirāmāvasthā (related state)","nirāmavāta / nirāmapitta / nirāmakapha"],"category":"dosha-state","family":"dosha","renderings":[{"english":"Dosha not associated with ama","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-4.8.24","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Full description: 'When ama associated with dosha undergoes depletion, the resultant dosha is termed devoid of ama state; it is still in a vitiated state and has not returned to normal state.' The final clause is the whole point of the term and is routinely lost in translation.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Transformative stage devoid of ama pathology","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-4.6.5","verbatim":true,"assessment":"A separate WHO entry for the disease stage, not the doṣa state. Described as 'The state when ama is converted either under the effect of time or by therapeutic measures.'","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Fever devoid- of ama, post-ama stage of fever","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-5.6.39","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Quoted exactly as printed including the stray hyphen. Shows the prefix applied to a specific disease, where it has a defined symptom set (return of appetite, lightness, lessening fever).","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"State of active digestion, and transformation of ama","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-4.6.3","verbatim":true,"assessment":"The intermediate stage between sāma and nirāma. Recorded because a two-state reading (sāma vs nirāma) is a simplification the standard itself does not make.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"no entry located","sourceName":"ICD-11 MMS v2026-01, Traditional Medicine Module 2","sourceKind":"classification","locator":"block SR10-SR2Z checked","verbatim":false,"assessment":"No āma-related doṣa pattern in the TM2 humoral-derangement block.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Ashtanga Hridaya","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"13","verse":"23-24 (general features; nirāma given as their opposites)","establishes":"Located, not quoted. The retrieved page states that the general sāma features are at A.H. Sutrasthana 13/23-24 and that 'In case of state without ama (nirama), the opposite of above features are observed', i.e. the classical text defines nirāma privatively rather than by its own sign-list. The locator is a secondary attestation and has NOT been checked against the Ashtanga Hridaya text.","quote":null,"translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Ama","checked":"address only, nothing quoted to check"},{"text":"Ashtanga Hridaya","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"11","verse":"4","establishes":"Located, not quoted. Cited on the retrieved page for the statement that in nirāma avasthā all seven dhātus perform their normal functions and are devoid of āma symptoms. Secondary attestation only.","quote":null,"translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Ama","checked":"address only, nothing quoted to check"},{"text":"Bhavaprakasha","sthana":"Purva Khanda","chapter":"Jwara Chikitsa","verse":"51, 53, 55","establishes":"Located, not quoted. Cited on the retrieved page as the source of the per-doṣa nirāma sign-lists (nirāma vāyu, nirāma pitta, nirāma kapha). Secondary attestation; the verse numbers have not been verified against Bhavaprakasha.","quote":null,"translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Ama","checked":"address only, nothing quoted to check"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"17","verse":"","establishes":"Located, not read. Sushruta Sutrasthana 17 is titled Āmapakvaiṣaṇīya ('Features of Unripe and Ripe Swelling'), per the chapter list on the retrieved siva.sh page. It concerns the āma/pakva distinction in swellings rather than in doṣas, but it is the nearest Sushruta material and is lawfully quotable; it should be read before this record is published.","quote":null,"translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://www.siva.sh/sushruta-samhita/sutra-sthana/15","checked":"address only, nothing quoted to check"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"prakṛtistha doṣa (doṣa in its normal state)","why":"THE critical disambiguation. WHO ITA-4.8.24 states explicitly that a nirāma doṣa 'is still in a vitiated state and has not returned to normal state'. Nirāma means āma-free, not healthy. Treating nirāma as 'normal' would license stopping treatment at the wrong point."},{"term":"nirāmāvasthā","why":"WHO ITA-4.6.5. A stage of a disease, not a state of a doṣa. Both are rendered with 'devoid of ama' in the same standard."},{"term":"pacyamānāvasthā","why":"WHO ITA-4.6.3, the intermediate stage of active āma transformation. Sāma and nirāma are not exhaustive."},{"term":"pakvāvasthā","why":"WHO ITA-4.6.4, 'Ripened stage of dosha', described as post-inflammatory or suppurative. Cognate vocabulary (āma/pakva) with a different referent."},{"term":"nirāmajvara","why":"WHO ITA-5.6.39, a specific stage of fever with its own symptom set. Not generalisable to doṣas."},{"term":"sāmadoṣa","why":"The complement. Note that the sāma/nirāma pair is a property of a doṣa that is already vitiated; a normal doṣa is described by neither term."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"balanced dosha / normal dosha","why":"Directly contradicted by WHO ITA-4.8.24, which says the nirāma doṣa is still vitiated. The most consequential error available for this term, because it implies treatment is finished."},{"rendering":"detoxified dosha","why":"Imports the toxin model that WHO's āma entry avoids, and carries the same false completion implication."},{"rendering":"clean / pure dosha","why":"Wellness register with no standardised or classical warrant."},{"rendering":"chronic (as opposed to acute)","why":"A common clinical shorthand, sāma = acute, nirāma = chronic, which is a heuristic about timing, not what either term means."}],"openQuestions":["All three classical locators in this record are secondary: they were read on carakasamhitaonline's Ama page, not in Ashtanga Hridaya or Bhavaprakasha themselves. They are recorded as 'located' and MUST be verified before publication.","Sushruta Sutrasthana 17 (Āmapakvaiṣaṇīya) is lawfully quotable and was not read; it is the most likely source of a quotable English passage for this family of terms.","Whether any classical text gives nirāma doṣa positive signs rather than defining it as the negation of sāma signs was not established; Bhavaprakasha appears to, per the secondary source."],"citationsChecked":null,"source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/nirama-dosha/","canary":"563590831cbf552a"},{"slug":"ojas","page":"/lexicon/ojas/","iast":"ojas","devanagari":"ओजस्","alternates":["oja","ojus","ojah (in sandhi, ojaḥ)","bala (used as a near-synonym in some passages)"],"category":"dhatu","family":"body","renderings":[{"english":"Ojas","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-2.2.25","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO declines to translate the term and keeps the Sanskrit as the English headword. Its description: 'The essence of seven fundamental structural components: vital for life, providing strength and resistance to disease and supporting mental function.' The decision not to translate is itself the datum.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false},{"english":null,"sourceName":"National Institute of Ayurveda, WHO-APW project terminology list","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"entry SK0134","verbatim":true,"assessment":"COMPARATOR. Also the only standard-type source retrieved that records the para/apara division and the ten attributes.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"vital power","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita tr. Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sūtrasthāna ch. 15","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Public domain and quotable.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"albumen","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita tr. Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sūtrasthāna ch. 15, used throughout as the parenthetical gloss","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Public domain but a period artefact of Victorian physiology. Bhishagratna's own footnote concedes 'The Sanskrit term Ojas has a variety of meanings' and that several authorities reject the identification.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"protoplasmic albumen / protoplasmic matter as found in cells (Vindus)","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita tr. Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sūtrasthāna ch. 15, translator's footnote","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Public domain. Bhishagratna's primary gloss, distinct from 'albumen' which he calls the secondary sense.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"strength-giving principle","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita tr. Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sūtrasthāna ch. 15","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"the element called Ojas","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sūtrasthāna 17, passim","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Public domain. Kaviratna leaves the term untranslated and calls it a dhātu/element; in his footnote to Śārīrasthāna 7 he calls it 'the blood of blood, the most vital dhatu in the body'.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"Diminution of ojas (ojakṣayaḥ)","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-5.3.34","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO also gives Dislodgement of ojas (ojovisramsaḥ, ITA-5.3.35), Derangement of ojas (ojovyāpat, ITA-5.3.36), Disproportion of ojas (ojovaiṣamyam, ITA-5.3.33), Excess formation of ojas (ojovṛddhiḥ, ITA-5.3.37) and Unwholesome to ojas (anaujasyam, ITA-6.2.6.63).","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false},{"english":"vital essence / vigour / immunity / bio-strength","sourceName":"common English-language Ayurveda literature","sourceKind":"other","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"All in wide use, none traceable to a standard. See mistranslations.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"15","verse":"not numbered in Bhishagratna","establishes":"Ojas as the essence (sāra) of all seven dhātus from rasa to śukra. Secondary sources cite this as Su.Sū.15/19; Bhishagratna's text is unnumbered, so the verse number is not verified here.","quote":"The quintessence of all the fundamental principles of the body, starting with lymph chyle and ending with semen, is called the Ojas, which is identical with what is termed \"vital power.\"","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita,_Volume_1/Chapter_15","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"15","verse":"not numbered in Bhishagratna","establishes":"The physical attributes of ojas: white, saumya, śīta, snigdha, sthira, and mobile. The combination of sthira and mobile is what PMID 41289791 seizes on to argue for a lipid.","quote":"Ojas (albumen) being of a white colour belongs to the class of Somátmakam (cooling) substances. It is cooling, oleaginous, and firm (Sthira), contributes to the formation and growth of flesh, maintains its integrity or holds it firm, and is mobile or capable of moving about from one place to another within the organism.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita,_Volume_1/Chapter_15","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"15","verse":"not numbered in Bhishagratna","establishes":"The threefold ojo-doṣa: visraṃsa, vyāpad, kṣaya. This is the classical basis for WHO ISTA entries ITA-5.3.34, 5.3.35 and 5.3.36, and the mapping is clean.","quote":"A deranged or vitiated albumen (Ojas) is characterised firstly by its dislodgment from its proper seat or locality (Visransha), secondly, by a change or modification of its native virtues in contact with the deranged humours or disordered organs (Vyápad) and thirdly, by wasting away (Kshaya).","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita,_Volume_1/Chapter_15","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"17 (Kiyantaḥ Śirasīya)","verse":"Kaviratna's v.74","establishes":"Charaka's characterisation of ojas as a slightly yellowish pure blood resident in the heart, whose loss is fatal. Note this differs from Sushruta's white and cooling ojas; the two texts do not agree on its colour.","quote":"There resides in the heart a quantity of pure blood, which is slightly yellowish. This blood in the body is called Ojas. Through attenuation of this, blood or its loss, even death may overtake the man.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"17","verse":"Kaviratna's v.114","establishes":"The identification of normal ślesman with ojas, which is the textual root of the 'ojas is a form of kapha' position and of the term ślaiṣmika ojas. Charak Samhita Online cites this same statement as Ca.Sū.17/117; Kaviratna numbers it 114.","quote":"When the phlegm changes its normal condition, it becomes those impurities that are evacuated by the system. It is the phlegm that is also called the Ojas in the system. When its normal condition becomes altered, it becomes a source of evil.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita with Cakrapāṇidatta's Āyurvedadīpikā","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"28","verse":"commentary on v.4, Cakrapāṇi's segment 34","establishes":"Cakrapāṇi states that although ojas is the essence of the seven dhātus and so is already included when the dhātus are named, it is listed separately because it sustains prāṇa; and that for those who hold ojas to be produced from śukra, ojas would be an EIGHTH dhātu. The eighth-dhātu question is thus explicitly a contested position, not a settled doctrine.","quote":"atra yadyapyojaḥ saptadhātusārarūpaṃ tena dhātugrahaṇenaiva labhyate tathāpi prāṇadhāraṇakartṛtvena pṛthak paṭhitaṃ ye tu śukrajanyamoja icchanti teṣāmaṣṭamo dhāturojaḥ syāditi","translator":"none (Sanskrit)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/corpustei/transformations/plaintext/sa_agniveza-carakasaMhitA-parts-comm.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"14","verse":"translator's footnote, not numbered","establishes":"Independent confirmation, in a public-domain English source, that the eighth-dhātu status of ojas is attributed to 'certain authorities' rather than being the standing view. This is Bhishagratna's footnote, not mūla text.","quote":"Semen, like gold a thousand times purified, casts off no dregs. Hence certain authorities hold albumen (protoplasmic matter) to be the eighth or the culminating principle of the body.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita,_Volume_1/Chapter_14","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"bala","why":"WHO gives bala a separate entry (ITA-2.2.27, 'Immunity, strength, physical endurance') with three subtypes. Ojas and bala are closely linked in the texts but are not the same term, and the NIA list says ojas 'also indicates Bala', which is a gloss, not an identity."},{"term":"vyādhikṣamatva","why":"Resistance to disease; WHO pairs it with bala at ITA-2.2.27. It names a capacity; ojas names a substance said to underlie it."},{"term":"kapha / ślesman","why":"Ca.Sū.17 (Kaviratna's v.114) says normal ślesman is called ojas, and Gangādhara read a variant at Ca.Śā.7 as 'the particular kind of phlegm known as ojas'. Kaviratna rejects that reading outright: 'This can be hardly correct ... It is not regarded as any kind of phlegm.' A live classical disagreement, not a translation problem."},{"term":"śukra","why":"Ojas is said by some to be produced from śukra, which would make it the eighth dhātu; Cakrapāṇi records this as one position among others."},{"term":"dhātu-sāra","why":"Sāra is the excellence of any individual dhātu, assessed per tissue. Ojas is the single essence of all seven taken together."},{"term":"prāṇa","why":"Ojas is listed among the ten āyatanas of prāṇa in Ca.Sū.29 (Kaviratna: 'the blood, the semen, ojas'), which makes it a substratum of prāṇa, not prāṇa itself."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"albumen","why":"Bhishagratna's own 1907 rendering, and the one most likely to be copied from a public-domain text without noticing its date. It equates ojas with a specific protein class on the strength of Victorian protoplasm theory. Bhishagratna's footnote already flags that authorities disagreed."},{"rendering":"immunity","why":"Reduces ojas to one of its functions. WHO deliberately does not translate the term, and assigns 'immunity' to bala/vyādhikṣamatva instead (ITA-2.2.27)."},{"rendering":"vitality / life force / vital energy","why":"Assimilates ojas to prāṇa-type vitalism. The classical descriptions are consistently of a material substance with colour, taste, smell, quantity and a location, not of an energy."},{"rendering":"essence of the seven tissues, therefore semen","why":"Conflates ojas with śukra by running the dhātu sequence one step too far. Cakrapāṇi records that as a minority position which would make ojas an eighth dhātu."}],"openQuestions":["Charaka calls ojas slightly yellowish and heart-resident; Sushruta calls it white and body-pervading. Neither public-domain translator reconciles them, and no retrieved source treats the disagreement as anything but a footnote. It deserves its own contested entry.","Whether ojas is the eighth dhātu. Cakrapāṇi and Bhishagratna both record it as a contested position; no source retrieved settles it.","Kaviratna's verse numbering in Sūtrasthāna 17 diverges from modern editions (his v.114 versus the commonly cited 17/117). The whole chapter's offset needs checking.","ICD-11 TM2 (Chapter 26, Module 2, released on the ICD-11 browser February 2025) classifies disorder patterns, not physiological concepts. No TM2 code for ojas or its disorders was verified. Recorded as unverified, not as absent."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/ojas/","canary":"f12bb714c78ad85d"},{"slug":"pachaka-pitta","page":"/lexicon/pachaka-pitta/","iast":"pācaka-pitta","devanagari":"पाचकपित्त","alternates":["pācakāgni","pācaka agni","Pachakagni","Pachaka Pitta","Pāchaka Pitta"],"category":"pitta-subtype","family":"dosha","renderings":[{"english":"Digesting pitta","sourceName":"WHO international standard terminologies on Ayurveda (2022), term ID ITA-2.1.2.2","sourceKind":"standards-body","locator":"ITA-2.1.2.2","verbatim":true,"assessment":"The only standards-body rendering I could verify by retrieving the source document itself. Note WHO glosses the FUNCTION (digesting) rather than transliterating; WHO also preserves the 'supports other subtypes of pitta' clause, which is faithful to both Suśruta 21.10 and AH 12.12.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Pachakagni (digestive fire or heat)","sourceName":"Suśruta Saṃhitā tr. Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (public domain)","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"Sūtrasthāna ch. 21, Wikisource text","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Bhishagratna renders it as an AGNI, not as a pitta, which matches the Sanskrit mūla ('pācako'gnir iti saṃjñā'). The modern habit of saying 'pācaka pitta' is a later normalisation.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"Pachaka","sourceName":"Suśruta Saṃhitā tr. Bhishagratna, footnote at Sūtrasthāna ch. 15","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"Footnote to the 'five kinds of Pittam' at Su.Sū. 15.4: 'They are named as Ranjaka. Pachaka, Sadhaka (Medhakrit and Ojakrit), Alochaka and Bhrajaka.'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Bhishagratna supplies the five names in a footnote because the mūla at Su.Sū. 15.4 says only that pitta is 'pañcadhā pravibhaktam' without naming the five.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"pitta responsible for digestion of food","sourceName":"EasyAyurveda (Dr J V Hebbar), Suśruta Sūtrasthāna 21 study page","sourceKind":"modern-textbook-website","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":"Representative of the standard modern Indian teaching rendering. Not an authority in itself; recorded because it is the phrasing most widely repeated in Indian BAMS teaching material.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"EasyAyurveda (Dr J V Hebbar), Suśruta Sūtrasthāna 21 study page\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"\"EasyAyurveda (Dr J V Hebbar), Suśruta Sūtrasthāna 21 study page\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation"},{"english":"digestive Pitta","sourceName":"J Ayurveda Integr Med (2026), IBS/Grahani Roga case report","sourceKind":"peer-reviewed-journal","locator":"PMID 42492167","verbatim":true,"assessment":"A typical parenthetical gloss in the clinical literature. Reduces the term to digestion and drops the 'supports the other pitta seats' clause that both Suśruta and Vāgbhaṭa make central.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"J Ayurveda Integr Med (2026), IBS/Grahani Roga case report\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"\"J Ayurveda Integr Med (2026), IBS/Grahani Roga case report\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation"}],"classical":[{"text":"Suśruta Saṃhitā","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"21 (Vraṇapraśna Adhyāya)","verse":"","establishes":"Seat between āmāśaya and pakvāśaya; functions of digesting the four kinds of food, separating waste, and maintaining heat at the other pitta seats; and that the designation is 'pācakāgni'.","quote":"The Pachakagni:—By the ordination of fate or necessity (unfathomable natural cause),  the Pittam, located in the region between the stomach (Amashaya) and the intestines (Pakvashaya), helps the (digestion of the four kinds of food such as drink and edibles etc.) partaken of by a living subject, and purges off the residue or impure morbiferous matter in the shape of urine and excreta after the completion of the process. Even thus located, it keeps up the temperature in its other distant locations (skin, etc.) in virtue of its native heat-giving attribute. Hence this Pittam is called the Pachakagni (digestive fire or heat) in an animated organism.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita,_Volume_1/Chapter_21","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Suśruta Saṃhitā (Sanskrit mūla)","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"21","verse":"10","establishes":"Fixes the verse number as Su.Sū. 21.10 and shows the mūla names it 'pācako'gniḥ' (pācaka AGNI), not 'pācaka pitta'. Retrieved with the verse marker ||१०|| visible on the page.","quote":"तच्चादृष्टहेतुकेन विशेषेण पक्वामाशयमध्यस्थं पित्तं चतुर्विधमन्नपानं पचति, विवेचयति च दोषरसमूत्रपुरीषाणि; तत्रस्थमेव चात्मशक्त्या शेषाणां पित्तस्थानानां शरीरस्य चाग्निकर्मणाऽनुग्रहं करोति, तस्मिन् पित्ते पाचकोऽग्निरिति सञ्ज्ञा; ||१०||","translator":"","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/sushruta-samhita-sutrasthana-21-vranaprashna-adhyaya-question-concerning-wounds/","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Suśruta Saṃhitā","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"15","verse":"4","establishes":"Su.Sū. 15.4 states pitta is divided fivefold and lists six functions (rāga, pakti, ojas, tejas, medhā, ūṣma) but does NOT name the five. The names appear only at 21.10. Several secondary sources cite '15/4' for the five pittas; that citation is for the fivefold division, not the names.","quote":"रागपक्त्योजस्तेजोमेधोष्मकृत् पित्तं पञ्चधा प्रविभक्तमग्निकर्मणाऽनुग्रहं करोति; |४|","translator":"","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/2023/05/29/sushruta-15-doshadhatumala-kshayavruddhi-vijnaninya-adhyaya/","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Aṣṭāṅga Hṛdaya (Sanskrit mūla; no public-domain English translation exists, so no translation is quoted)","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"12 (Doṣabhedīya)","verse":"10-12","establishes":"Vāgbhaṭa names it 'pācaka', calls it 'anala' (fire) because it is devoid of the liquid quality, and assigns it the role of strengthening (bala-dāna) the remaining pittas. Independently corroborated: J Ayurveda Integr Med 2025 (PMID 40972327) cites 'Ashtanga Hridaya Sutra Sthana 12/10-12' for pācaka pitta.","quote":null,"quoteWithheld":"nobody has yet read this quotation against its printed source, and an unchecked quotation is not published here","translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/2013/04/16/dosha-types-increase-and-decrease/"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"jāṭharāgni / kāyāgni","why":"Frequently treated as a straight synonym. They overlap but are not identical: jāṭharāgni is the general digestive fire of the koṣṭha as a functional principle, whereas pācaka-pitta is one of five named locational divisions of the pitta doṣa. Suśruta's own framing at Su.Sū. 21.9 argues pitta IS the body's only agni, which is why the mūla names the subtype 'pācakāgni' and why the two terms collapse together in practice. The distinction is real in the commentarial literature and is routinely lost in English."},{"term":"bhūtāgni and dhātvagni","why":"These are the elemental and tissue-level digestive fires. Both Suśruta (21.10) and Vāgbhaṭa (12.12) make pācaka the fire that SUPPORTS the others; it is not a superset of them and not interchangeable with them."},{"term":"kledaka-kapha","why":"Both are seated in the āmāśaya and both are described as acting on ingested food. Pācaka does pāka (cooking/splitting into sāra and kiṭṭa); kledaka does kledana (moistening/loosening the bolus). They are antagonistic in quality and co-located, which is exactly why they get conflated."},{"term":"samāna-vāta","why":"Also seated at the digestive fire and also credited with separating sāra from kiṭṭa. Classical division of labour: samāna fans and regulates the fire and moves the contents; pācaka performs the transformation."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"\"digestive enzymes\" / \"gastric juice\" / \"HCl and pepsin\"","why":"A substitution, not a translation. It silently discards the clause both Suśruta and Vāgbhaṭa make load-bearing, that pācaka supplies strength to the other four pitta seats (skin, eye, heart, liver/spleen). No enzyme does that. The equation is a modern hypothesis and should never be presented as what the term means."},{"rendering":"\"Pachaka Pitta\" presented as the classical Suśrutan form","why":"Suśruta's mūla reads 'pācako'gnir iti saṃjñā', the designation is pācaka-AGNI. Bhishagratna correctly translates it as 'Pachakagni'. The '-pitta' compound is Vāgbhaṭa-flavoured and modern; using it while citing Su.Sū. 21.10 misreports the source."},{"rendering":"\"metabolic fire\" used interchangeably at tissue level","why":"Conflates pācaka with dhātvagni. Pācaka is explicitly koṣṭha-located (between āmāśaya and pakvāśaya) in both texts."}],"openQuestions":["Does Caraka Saṃhitā use the word pācaka for a pitta subtype anywhere in the mūla, or only in Cakrapāṇidatta's Āyurveda Dīpikā commentary? I found secondary claims that Caraka does not name the subtypes but did not verify this by searching the Caraka mūla myself.","Suśruta 21.10 says the seat is 'between āmāśaya and pakvāśaya'; Vāgbhaṭa 12.10 says 'pakvāmāśaya-madhyaga'. Are these identical, or does Dalhaṇa read a difference? Needs the commentary.","Whether NAMASTE's Ayurveda 'Standard Terms' list carries an entry for pācaka-pitta, and under what code."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/pachaka-pitta/","canary":"e7ecde049c52dcb0"},{"slug":"pachana","page":"/lexicon/pachana/","iast":"pācana","devanagari":"पाचन","alternates":["pācanam","pācana karma","āmapācana","dīpana-pācana (the combined action)"],"category":"therapeutics / dravyaguna action","family":"pharmacology","renderings":[{"english":"Digestion","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"terminology-standard","locator":"ITA-2.6.30","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO's PHYSIOLOGICAL sense, description verbatim: 'The fundamental function of transformative factors in the gastrointestinal tract.' Note this is a completely different sense from the therapeutic one below, and WHO gives them separate term IDs under the same Sanskrit headword.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false},{"english":"Digestive action","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"terminology-standard","locator":"ITA-6.2.6.8","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO's THERAPEUTIC sense, description verbatim: 'A drug which directly acts on products of incomplete digestion, transformation or metabolism (ama) but does not kindle digestive fire'. The 'but does not kindle digestive fire' clause is the whole definition and reproduces Śārṅgadhara exactly.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false},{"english":"Stimulating digestive fire or appetizing action","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"terminology-standard","locator":"ITA-6.2.6.7","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Given for contrast; verbatim: 'A therapeutic action which kindles digestive fire without directly acting on the products of incomplete digestion, transformation or metabolism (ama). It also denotes the procedure for preparing mercury to amalgamate other substances.' WHO thus records a third, rasaśāstra sense of dīpana.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Haemostasis by chemical cautery.","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"terminology-standard","locator":"ITA-9.6.109","verbatim":true,"assessment":"A THIRD WHO entry under the same Sanskrit headword, in surgery: 'A method haemostasis using local applications such as bhasma, sprays or dustings.' Three distinct WHO term IDs share the lemma pācanam. Any term-mapping pipeline must disambiguate by context.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"digestant (Pachana)","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, tr. Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907-1916)","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"Sūtrasthāna Chapter XXXVIII, p. 353","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Verbatim: 'and acts as a good digestant (Pachana).' Also at p. 356: 'It acts as a good digestant in respect of undigested lymph chyle, etc.', i.e. Bhishagratna understands the object of pācana to be āma-rasa.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"Pachanam (process of setting up suppuration in the wound)","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, tr. Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907-1916)","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"Sūtrasthāna (haemostasis section), vol. I","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Bhishagratna's rendering of the surgical homonym, listed among the four measures for stopping bleeding alongside sandhāna, skandana and dahana. Independent confirmation of the sense WHO codes at ITA-9.6.109, though Bhishagratna glosses it as suppuration rather than chemical cautery, the two glosses differ and that difference is worth recording.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"drugs which assist in digesting undigested food, without increasing the appetite","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"Cikitsāsthāna Lesson XV (= Ca.Ci.15.75), in-text gloss","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna's in-text parenthetical. His companion footnote on dīpana reads verbatim: 'Drugs that increase the appetite without aiding digestion of undigested food, are called \"Dipana\" or \"Dipaniya.\"' The two glosses together reproduce the Śārṅgadhara definitions precisely.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"no NAMASTE code","sourceName":"NAMASTE / National AYUSH Morbidity Codes (NAMC)","sourceKind":"terminology-standard","locator":"searched the NAMC term list for 'pAcan': zero hits","verbatim":false,"assessment":"Expected: NAMC is a morbidity code set and does not code therapeutic actions.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true},{"english":"no ICD-11 TM2 category","sourceName":"ICD-11 MMS v2026-01, TM2","sourceKind":"classification","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"ICD-11 TM2 codes conditions, not interventions.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true},{"english":"carminative / digestive / ama-digesting","sourceName":"Textbook dravyaguṇa usage","sourceKind":"secondary-literature","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"'Carminative' is common in older Indian pharmacological writing and is a category error; see mistranslations.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Śārṅgadhara Saṃhitā (Sanskrit)","sthana":"Pūrvakhaṇḍa","chapter":"4 (Dīpana-pācanādi-kathanam)","verse":"1-2","establishes":"THE canonical definition, and a clean triple contrast. dīpana does not digest āma but kindles agni (example: miśi/fennel). pācana digests āma but does not kindle agni (example: nāgakeśara). citraka is both. This is the source WHO's ITA-6.2.6.7 and 6.2.6.8 descriptions reproduce almost word for word, and the source Kaviratna's 1890s glosses independently match.","quote":"तत्र दीपनद्रव्यलक्षणम्\nपचेन्नामं वह्निकृच्च दीपनं तद्यथा मिशिः १\nपाचनदीपनपाचनद्रव्ययोर्लक्षणे\nपचत्यामं न वह्निं च कुर्याद्यत्तद्धि पाचनम्\nनागकेशरवद्विद्याच्चित्रो दीपनपाचनः २","translator":"none — no public-domain English translation of Śārṅgadhara Saṃhitā exists","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/शार्ङ्गधरसंहिता/पूर्वखण्डम्","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Saṃhitā","sthana":"Cikitsāsthāna","chapter":"15","verse":"75 (Kaviratna prints 74)","establishes":"Public-domain English for the clinical rule: dīpana for localised āma in the gut, laṅghana plus pācana for āma that has spread systemically. The Sanskrit reads 'शरीरानुगते सामे रसे लङ्घनपाचनम्'.","quote":"If undigested food adheres to the 'Pakkaçaya' (that part of the stomach where digestion takes place), it should be expelled by such drugs as are called 'Dipana.' When the 'ama Rasa' (i. e., the undigested juice of the food taken) spreads over the whole body, fasting and the administration of 'Pachana' (i. e., drugs which assist in digesting undigested food, without increasing the appetite) are prescribable.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Saṃhitā (Sanskrit)","sthana":"Cikitsāsthāna","chapter":"15","verse":"75","establishes":"Sanskrit fixing the verse number and showing that pācana is prescribed as a compound with laṅghana (laṅghana-pācana), not as a standalone action.","quote":"लीनं पक्वाशयस्थं वाऽऽप्यामं स्राव्यं सदीपनैः। शरीरानुगते सामे रसे लङ्घनपाचनम्॥७५॥","translator":"none (Sanskrit mūla)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.siva.sh/caraka-samhita/chikitsa-sthana/15/75","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Aṣṭāṅga Hṛdaya (Sanskrit)","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"14 (Dvividhopakramaṇīya)","verse":"13","establishes":"Vāgbhaṭa prescribes pācana-dīpana as the first step for patients presenting with constipation, heaviness, eructation and nausea, before other measures. Chapter fixed by the file's own internal variant markers (14.14cv, 14.14dv) immediately following.","quote":"vibandha-gauravodgāra-hṛl-lāsādibhir āturān |\nmadhya-sthaulyādikān prāyaḥ pūrvaṃ pācana-dīpanaiḥ || 13 ||","translator":"none — no public-domain English translation of Aṣṭāṅga Hṛdaya exists","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/corpustei/transformations/plaintext/sa_vAgbhaTa-aSTAGgahRdayasUtra.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Saṃhitā","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"XXXVIII","verse":"prose, p. 353 of Bhishagratna vol. I","establishes":"Public-domain English attestation of pācana as a drug-group property in Sushruta's gaṇa chapter. Bhishagratna renders it 'digestant' and does not distinguish it from dīpana anywhere I could find.","quote":"The group under discussion destroys the deranged Shleshma, cures uterine and vaginal disorders, purifies the breast milk of a mother, and acts as a good digestant (Pachana).","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/b24758619_0001/b24758619_0001_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"dīpana","why":"The defining contrast, and the one the whole Śārṅgadhara chapter exists to draw. dīpana kindles agni without acting on āma; pācana acts on āma without kindling agni. Kaviratna, Śārṅgadhara and WHO all agree. Clinical writing that uses 'dīpana-pācana' as a single hyphenated action erases it, though Śārṅgadhara himself names citraka as a drug that is both, so the compound is legitimate for some dravyas."},{"term":"pācana (physiological digestion)","why":"WHO ITA-2.6.30 uses the same lemma for the bodily process of digestion, not a therapeutic action. Two senses, two term IDs."},{"term":"pācana (surgical)","why":"A third sense entirely: WHO ITA-9.6.109 'Haemostasis by chemical cautery', and Bhishagratna's 'process of setting up suppuration in the wound'. In a surgical context the word means ripening or cauterising, not digesting. Note WHO's and Bhishagratna's glosses of this surgical sense do not agree with each other."},{"term":"laṅghana","why":"Fasting/lightening. Ca.Ci.15.75 prescribes them together (laṅghana-pācana) for systemic āma, but they are distinct measures; laṅghana withholds, pācana acts."},{"term":"āmapācana","why":"Usually treated as a synonym, but it specifies the object. Since Śārṅgadhara's definition already makes āma the object, the compound is pleonastic, worth noting rather than treating as a separate action."},{"term":"anulomana","why":"Śārṅgadhara Pū.Kh.4.4 defines anulomana separately ('having effected pāka of the malas, breaking the obstruction, it carries them downward'). It includes a pāka step and is therefore easily confused with pācana."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"carminative","why":"A pharmacological class defined by relief of flatulence. It has no relation to the Śārṅgadhara criterion (digests āma, does not kindle agni), and many classical pācana dravyas are not carminative. Common in older Indian materia medica in English."},{"rendering":"digestive / digestive stimulant","why":"'Digestive stimulant' is precisely dīpana, the contrast term. Using it for pācana inverts the one distinction the classical definition exists to make. Bhishagratna's 'digestant' has the same ambiguity."},{"rendering":"appetiser","why":"WHO explicitly attaches 'appetizing action' to dīpana (ITA-6.2.6.7), not pācana, and Kaviratna's gloss says pācana works 'without increasing the appetite'."},{"rendering":"detoxifier","why":"Follows from the 'āma = toxin' error and turns a specific digestive action into a marketing category."}],"openQuestions":["Does WHO's ITA-9.6.109 gloss of surgical pācana as 'chemical cautery' match the Sanskrit, or is Bhishagratna's 'suppuration' the better reading?","Is there any assay or biomarker by which a candidate drug could be classed as pācana rather than dīpana?","Does any text earlier than Śārṅgadhara give the pācana/dīpana definitional contrast, or is Śārṅgadhara its origin? Kaviratna's Charaka gloss reproduces it but is a 19th-century translator's note, not the mūla."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/pachana/","canary":"68d7d4e1ea5bddfd"},{"slug":"padartha","page":"/lexicon/padartha/","iast":"padārtha","devanagari":"पदार्थ","alternates":["padārthaḥ","ṣaṭpadārtha / ṣaṭ padārthāḥ (the six)","kāraṇa (Ayurvedic usage for the six, per Ca.Su.1.53 and NIA BP0178)"],"category":"padartha","family":"foundations","renderings":[{"english":"Object denoted by a word","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"ITA-1.8.3.5","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO places the simplex in the epistemology section and the six in a separate ontology section; the ordering of the six follows Charaka Su.1.28-29, not Vaiśeṣika.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":null,"sourceName":"National Institute of Ayurveda, WHO-APW 'Standardization of Non-Clinical Terminologies of Ayurveda'","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"BP0178","verbatim":true,"assessment":"The NIA entry's third sentence records the Ayurvedic substitution of kāraṇa for padārtha, which Ca.Su.1.53 supports. 'The Six Matters' is an awkward calque.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"The term “Padartha” is the meaning implied by a word or an aphorism (i.e. a sentence).","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita tr. K. L. Bhishagratna, public domain (wisdomlib.org)","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Uttara-tantra ch. 65 (Bhishagratna's chapter LXV, 'The Technical terms used in the treatise'), his section 7","verbatim":true,"assessment":"The tantrayukti sense: a hermeneutic device, not an ontological category.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"Predicables","sourceName":"Vaiśeṣika Sūtra 1.1.4 tr. Nandalal Sinha (1923), as presented on wisdomlib.org","sourceKind":"comparator (non-Ayurvedic philosophical text)","locator":null,"locatorWithheld":"Sinha 1923, pre-1930 and probably clear, but outside the two translations this project has cleared and never confirmed by a human","verbatim":true,"assessment":"The older Indological rendering ('predicables'); 'categories' is now standard.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"Sinha 1923, pre-1930 and probably clear, but outside the two translations this project has cleared and never confirmed by a human","downloadable":false},{"english":"(not rendered; Kaviratna leaves the Vi.8 technical terms in Sanskrit)","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. A. C. Kaviratna, public domain","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Vi.8 translator's footnote at his printed 27: 'Instead of endeavouring to give the English renderings of these technical words, it is more convenient to present them in their original forms. ... Many of these terms belong to the Nyaya school of philosophy'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Quoted AS a translator's note. The word padārtha itself does not occur in the Charaka verses read; Kaviratna therefore never renders it.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"six ontological categories / six categories","sourceName":"WHO ITA-1.9 section heading; general textbook usage","sourceKind":"comparator / textbook","locator":"WHO ITA-1.9","verbatim":true,"assessment":"'Categories' is the dominant modern rendering.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"}],"classical":[{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Uttara-tantra","chapter":"65 (Bhishagratna's chapter LXV, Tantra-yukti)","verse":"10 (Sushruta, Uttara-tantra 65.10; printed ॥ १० ॥ in the Trikamji/Nirnaya Sagar 2nd ed. 1931, p. 757. Bhishagratna's unnumbered English runs this as his section 7.)","establishes":"Padārtha as a tantrayukti at Su.Ut.65.10 in the printed Sanskrit: the meaning conveyed by a sūtra or a word, of one word, two words or several, and such meanings are unlimited; where a word admits two or three senses (sneha, sveda, añjana), the sense established by what precedes and follows is the one to be taken. This is the interpretive device, distinct from the six ontological categories, and it is Bhishagratna's section 7.","quote":"योऽर्थोऽभिहितः सूत्रे पदे वा स पदार्थः, पदस्य पदयोः पदानां वाऽर्थः पदार्थः; अपरिमिताश्च पदार्थाः । यथा—स्नेहस्वेदाञ्जनेषु निर्दिष्टेषु द्वयोस्त्रयाणां वाऽर्थानामुपपत्तिर्दृश्यते, तत्र योऽर्थः पूर्वापरयोगसिद्धो भवति स ग्रहीतव्यः ... एष पदार्थः ॥ १० ॥","translator":"K. L. Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.327618 (page image leaf n821, printed p. 757)","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"Standard 1.28-29; Kaviratna prints 27-28","establishes":"The six categories as Charaka lists them (sāmānya, viśeṣa, guṇa, dravya, karma, samavāya), without using the word padārtha. Sanskrit: महर्षयस्ते ददृशुर्यथावज्ज्ञानचक्षुषा| सामान्यं च विशेषं च गुणान् द्रव्याणि कर्म च||२८|| समवायं च तज्ज्ञात्वा तन्त्रोक्तं विधिमास्थिताः| लेभिरे परमं शर्म जीवितं चाप्यनित्वरम्||२९||.","quote":"Those great Rishis (then) beheld duly, with the eye of knowledge, similarities, dissimilarities, properties, objects, and operations, as also compositions. Knowing these, and conforming to the ordinances of that Science, they obtained great felicity and even immortal life.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"Standard 1.53; Kaviratna prints 52","establishes":"That Charaka's own collective name for the six just defined is kāraṇa, not padārtha. Sanskrit: इत्युक्तं कारणं कार्यं धातुसाम्यमिहोच्यते||५३||.","quote":"Thus is explained Cause as also Action or Effect.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Vaiśeṣika Sūtra","sthana":"Book 1, chapter 1","chapter":"1.1","verse":"1.1.4 as printed on wisdomlib","establishes":"The philosophical source: the six named explicitly as padārthas, in the order dravya, guṇa, karma, sāmānya, viśeṣa, samavāya. This is the verification the earlier shad-padartha.json flagged as missing.","quote":null,"quoteWithheld":"quotes Sinha 1923, pre-1930 and probably clear, but outside the two translations this project has cleared and never confirmed by a human","translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/vaisheshika-sutra-commentary/d/doc427557.html","checked":"address only, nothing quoted to check"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"ṣaṭpadārtha (the six) vs padārtha (simplex)","why":"WHO separates ITA-1.8.3.5 (meaning/referent of a word, any nameable entity) from ITA-1.9.1 (the six categories). The simplex is semantic, the compound ontological."},{"term":"padārtha as tantrayukti","why":"Su.Ut.65 (Bhishagratna): 'the meaning implied by a word or an aphorism'. A reading device for the text, not a category of being. Both uses occur inside Ayurveda."},{"term":"kāraṇa","why":"Ca.Su.1.53 and NIA BP0178: Ayurveda calls the six 'kāraṇa' (causes of dhātusāmya). Charaka's verses never use 'padārtha' for them; the word enters via the commentators and Vaiśeṣika."},{"term":"prameya","why":"WHO ITA-1.8.3.4 'Object of knowledge'. Prameya is what is to be known by a pramāṇa; padārtha is what exists and is nameable."},{"term":"Vaiśeṣika's six/seven padārthas","why":"Vaiśeṣika Sūtra 1.1.4 (retrieved) gives six in the order dravya, guṇa, karma, sāmānya, viśeṣa, samavāya; Charaka Su.1.28-29 leads with sāmānya/viśeṣa; later Vaiśeṣika adds abhāva (WHO ITA-1.9.7.1 'Nonexistence' under 'Miscellaneous ontological categories')."},{"term":"pañcamahābhūta","why":"Five elements, which are dravyas; constantly conflated with the six categories in popular writing."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"six substances","why":"Dravya is one of the six."},{"rendering":"six elements","why":"Confuses with pañcamahābhūta."},{"rendering":"The Six Matters","why":"NIA BP0265's calque; 'matters' has no technical content in English."},{"rendering":"word-meaning (for the six)","why":"The etymological sense (pada + artha) is WHO ITA-1.8.3.5 and Su.Ut.65; applying it to the ontological six is a category error, although the etymology is real."}],"openQuestions":["Whether any Ayurvedic mūla text uses the compound ṣaṭpadārtha was not established; the Vaiśeṣika Sūtra uses 'padārthānām' with the six named.","Standard verse number for the Su.Ut.65 padārtha passage not established; Bhishagratna's '7' is his own section number.","The Chakrapāṇi gloss 'ṣaṇṇāṃ padārthānāṃ' recorded in the project's shad-padartha.json was not re-retrieved."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/padartha/","canary":"3c33c826dbeb6156"},{"slug":"panchakarma","page":"/lexicon/panchakarma/","iast":"pañcakarma","devanagari":"पञ्चकर्म","alternates":["pañca karmāṇi","panchakarma","panchkarma","pancakarma","pañcakarmīya (Si.2 title)","śodhana (principle, not synonym)"],"category":"chikitsa","family":"clinic","renderings":[{"english":"Panchakarma","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator-standard","locator":"ITA-9.2.2 pañcakarma","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO uses the transliteration as the English headword and fixes the Charaka enumeration (two enemas, no bloodletting).","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"the five kinds of action or evacuation; 'these five operations (i.e., purgation, vomiting, &c.,)'; 'the five acts'","sourceName":"Kaviratna, Charaka Samhita, Sutrasthana Lesson II","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"archive.org BIUSante_47357 OCR, his printed 12-13 (standard 2.15 for the 'pañcakarmāṇi kurvīta' verse) and his footnote","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna never writes 'panchakarma'; 'action or evacuation' and 'operations' are his renderings of karma, and his enumeration of the five is in a footnote.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"Ayurvedic cleansing retreat program, Panchakarma; Panchakarma procedures; panchakarma therapies","sourceName":"PubMed usage: PMID 19412555; PMID 36944117","sourceKind":"textbook-usage","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":"In Western wellness settings 'Panchakarma' names a multi-day retreat package rather than the five procedures.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"PubMed usage: PMID 19412555; PMID 36944117\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"five-fold purification / bio-purification / detoxification therapies","sourceName":"Common textbook usage (not traced to a quotable edition)","sourceKind":"textbook-usage","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"'Detox' is the popular gloss; see mistranslations.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true},{"english":"pañca-dhā śodhanam: nirūha, vamana, kāya-reka, śiro-reka, asra-visruti","sourceName":"Vāgbhaṭa, Aṣṭāṅgahṛdaya Sutrasthana 14.5 (GRETIL e-text; Sanskrit only)","sourceKind":"classical-sanskrit","locator":"GRETIL sa_vAgbhaTa-aSTAGgahRdayasUtra","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Vāgbhaṭa's five count nirūha once and include bloodletting, which differs from WHO/Charaka; this is the root of the 'does raktamokṣaṇa belong' dispute.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Vāgbhaṭa, Aṣṭāṅgahṛdaya Sutrasthana 14.5 (GRETIL e-text; Sanskrit only)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"\"Vāgbhaṭa, Aṣṭāṅgahṛdaya Sutrasthana 14.5 (GRETIL e-text; Sanskrit only)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation"}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"2 (Apāmārgatanḍulīya)","verse":"15 (carakasamhitaonline numbering); Kaviratna prints 13 (OCR reads '18')","establishes":"The compound pañcakarmāṇi in Charaka: the five actions are to be done, after oleation and sudation, when doṣas are ready, with regard to dose and time. The verse does not name the five.","quote":"तान्युपस्थितदोषाणां स्नेहस्वेदोपपादनैः| पञ्चकर्माणि कुर्वीत मात्राकालौ विचारयन्||१५||","translator":"Sanskrit text (no translator)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Apamarga_Tanduliya_Adhyaya&action=raw","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"Lesson II","verse":"Kaviratna's printed 12 and 13 (the OCR shows '18' for the second; standard 2.15 for the 'dose and time' sentence, the standard number of the preceding summary half-verse not separately established)","establishes":"Kaviratna's rendering of pañcakarma as 'five kinds of action or evacuation' / 'five operations'.","quote":"Thus have been mentioned in brief the drugs that promote the five kinds of action or evacuation. When disorders have happened, these five operations (i.e., purgation, vomiting, &c.,) should be caused, after use of emollients and diaphoretics, upon consideration of dose and time.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (OCR text; spacing normalized)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"Lesson II","verse":"TRANSLATOR'S FOOTNOTE to his printed 12, not the text","establishes":"The enumeration of Charaka's five (two enemas, no bloodletting) is supplied by the translator's note; the Sanskrit of 2.15 does not list them, though the drug-classes of 2.3-14 imply them.","quote":"These are (1) those used as purgatives, (2) those used as emetics, (3) those used as errhines, (4) those called niruha (asthapana), and (5) those used as anuvasana. The last two are enemata with this difference that the first is not all oily, while the second is entirely oily.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (OCR text; spacing normalized), footnote","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Siddhisthana","chapter":"1 (Kalpanā Siddhi)","verse":"3 and 60 (carakasamhitaonline numbering)","establishes":"The Siddhisthana opens with twelve questions 'regarding the five karmas' and closes naming them pañcakarmāṇi; the Siddhisthana is Charaka's pañcakarma section.","quote":"का कल्पना पञ्चसु कर्मसूक्ता, क्रमश्च कः, किं च कृताकृतेषु| ... ||३|| ... प्रश्नानिमान् द्वादश पञ्चकर्माण्युद्दिश्य सिद्धाविह कल्पनायाम्||६०||","translator":"Sanskrit text (no translator); ellipses mark omitted text","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Kalpana_Siddhi&action=raw","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Siddhisthana","chapter":"2 (Pañcakarmīya Siddhi)","verse":"1 and 3 (carakasamhitaonline numbering)","establishes":"A chapter named for pañcakarma, on who should and should not receive the five.","quote":"अथातः पञ्चकर्मीयां  सिद्धिं व्याख्यास्यामः||१|| ... येषां यस्मात् पञ्चकर्माण्यग्निवेश न कारयेत्| येषां च कारयेत्तानि तत् सर्वं सम्प्रवक्ष्यते||३||","translator":"Sanskrit text (no translator)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Panchakarmiya_Siddhi&action=raw","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Ashtanga Hridaya","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"14 (Dvividhopakramaṇīya)","verse":"4-5 (GRETIL e-text numbering; chapter confirmed by '14.14cv' variant markers nearby)","establishes":"Vāgbhaṭa's fivefold śodhana: nirūha, vamana, purgation (kāya-reka), śirovirecana (śiro-reka) and bloodletting (asra-visruti). He does not use the word pañcakarma here.","quote":"śodhanaṃ śamanaṃ ceti dvi-dhā tatrāpi laṅghanam || 4 || yad īrayed bahir doṣān pañca-dhā śodhanaṃ ca tat | nirūho vamanaṃ kāya-śiro-reko 'sra-visrutiḥ || 5 ||","translator":"Sanskrit text (Das and Emmerick transcription); no English quotable","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/corpustei/transformations/plaintext/sa_vAgbhaTa-aSTAGgahRdayasUtra.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"Lesson XXII","verse":"Kaviratna's printed 16 (Lesson XXII, his p. 245, paragraph ends 'these are all included under Langhana.§16', the § being his footnote mark on Pachana) = standard Ca.Su.22.18 'chatushprakara samshuddhih pipasa marutatapau | pachananyupavasashcha vyayamashcheti langhanam ||18||'. On this page he runs two behind standard: his 10 (langhana gunas) = std 12-13a, 11 = 13b-14a, 12 = 14b-15a, 13 = 15b-16a, 14 = 16b-17a, 15 = 17b, 16 = 18.","establishes":"Charaka's fourfold saṁśuddhi (Sanskrit 'चतुष्प्रकारा संशुद्धिः', unnamed) is glossed by Kaviratna as four of the five karmas, omitting anuvāsana; shows that Charaka's own counts are four (śuddhi) and five (karma) in different places.","quote":"The four kinds of corrective processes (viz., administration of emetics, of purgatives, of errhines or cerebral purgatives, and dry enemata)","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (OCR text; spacing normalized)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"śodhana / saṁśodhana","why":"The principle of expelling doṣa (WHO ITA-9.2.1); pañcakarma is one enumeration of its procedures. Charaka Su.22.18 counts four saṁśuddhis, Su.2.15 five karmas, AH Su.14.5 five śodhanas with bloodletting."},{"term":"raktamokṣaṇa","why":"Bloodletting is Vāgbhaṭa's fifth śodhana (AH Su.14.5) and is absent from Charaka's five and WHO ITA-9.2.2. Any claim that 'Sushruta's panchakarma includes raktamokṣaṇa' was not verified against a Sushruta passage."},{"term":"pūrvakarma / paścātkarma","why":"Preparatory (snehana, svedana) and follow-up (saṁsarjana krama) phases; Ca.Su.2.15 requires oleation and sudation before the five, so they are not among the five."},{"term":"Siddhisthāna","why":"The section of Charaka dealing with the successful administration of the five karmas; sometimes loosely called 'the panchakarma sthana'."},{"term":"Panchakarma (retreat package)","why":"In PMID 19412555 the word names a 5-day programme including massage and diet; in the classics it names five specific evacuative procedures."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"detoxification / detox programme","why":"Imports a toxin model and, in wellness use, a package of massages and diet; the five are defined evacuative procedures with specified doṣa targets (Ca.Su.25.40: vamana for kapha, virecana for pitta, basti for vāta)."},{"rendering":"five purification therapies including bloodletting (as Charaka's definition)","why":"That is Vāgbhaṭa's list (AH Su.14.5); Charaka's five count two enemas and exclude bloodletting (Kaviratna's footnote; WHO ITA-9.2.2)."},{"rendering":"five actions (literal, unqualified)","why":"Correct etymology but tells the reader nothing; Kaviratna's 'five kinds of action or evacuation' at least signals the evacuative sense."}],"openQuestions":["The Sanskrit of Charaka's Su.2 verses preceding 15 (Kaviratna's printed 12, the drug summary) was not transcribed, so the standard number of that half-verse is unestablished.","Whether Sushruta anywhere lists five karmas including raktamokṣaṇa was not checked; the attribution is common in textbooks and should be traced to a verse before being repeated.","Whether Kaviratna's translation covers Siddhisthana at all was not checked in the BIUSante copy."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/panchakarma/","canary":"e72a58628052cd31"},{"slug":"panchakosha-ayurveda","page":"/lexicon/panchakosha-ayurveda/","iast":"pañcakośa","devanagari":"पञ्चकोश","alternates":["pañca kośa","pañcamaya kośa / panchamaya kosha (yoga-therapy usage)","annamaya, prāṇamaya, manomaya, vijñānamaya, ānandamaya (the five)"],"category":"philosophy (Vedāntic; imported into integrative-health writing, NOT a classical Ayurvedic term)","family":"foundations","renderings":[{"english":"no entry","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"who-ista","locator":"searched","verbatim":true,"assessment":"THE CENTRAL FINDING OF THIS RECORD. WHO's Ayurveda terminology, which runs to several thousand entries and includes an entire chapter on philosophical foundations, does not contain pañcakośa in any form.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"no entry","sourceName":"National Institute of Ayurveda / WHO-APW non-clinical terminologies glossary","sourceKind":"glossary","locator":"searched","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Independently confirms the absence in the Indian draft glossary.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"five sheaths","sourceName":"Yoga-therapy and integrative-health literature","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":"dominant rendering; e.g. the Taittirīya framework described as 'the famous teaching of the five sheaths (pancha kosha)'","verbatim":false,"assessment":"'Sheath' is the standard English; it is a metaphor of enclosure that the Upaniṣad supports (each is 'anyo antara ātmā', another self within).","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true},{"english":"five layers / five bodies / panchamaya kosha model","sourceName":"Contemporary yoga research and popular literature","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":"e.g. 'Yoga's panchmaya kosha model (five sheaths or layers) that comprise the human'","verbatim":false,"assessment":"'Bodies' is the most misleading of these; the Upaniṣad's ānandamaya is not a body in any sense.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Taittirīya Upaniṣad, Brahmānanda Vallī (second vallī) — NOT an Ayurvedic text","sthana":"Brahmānanda Vallī","chapter":"anuvāka 1-5","verse":"1-5 (the sheath sequence)","establishes":"The actual home of the doctrine, and its actual form: a recursive 'another self within' (anyo antara ātmā) sequence, annarasamaya → prāṇamaya → manomaya → (continuing to vijñānamaya and ānandamaya). Note that the mūla does NOT say 'five' and does not use the word kośa in these lines; the section heading on this edition reads पञ्चकोशोविवरणम् ('exposition of the five sheaths'), which is an editorial heading, not text.","quote":"स वा एष पुरुषोऽन्नरसमयः । ... तस्माद्वा एतस्मादन्नरसमयात् । अन्योऽन्तर आत्मा प्राणमयः । तेनैष पूर्णः । ... तस्माद्वा एतस्मात् प्राणमयात् । अन्योऽन्तर आत्मा मनोमयः ।","translator":"none (Sanskrit mūla)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_upanishhat/tait.html","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"sapta dhātu","why":"The seven-tissue scheme is Ayurveda's own account of bodily constitution. It is ontologically different: dhātus are material constituents in series, kośas are nested selves. Popular writing that equates annamaya kośa with the dhātus imports a Vedāntic hierarchy into a physiological one."},{"term":"śarīra / indriya / sattva / ātman","why":"Charaka's own four-fold analysis of the puruṣa (the 'caturviṃśati puruṣa' and related schemes) is the Ayurvedic counterpart to a layered account of the person. If a lexicon needs an Ayurvedic multi-level model, this is it, not pañcakośa."},{"term":"Sāṅkhya's twenty-four tattvas","why":"Sushruta Śārīra 1 opens with the Sāṅkhya enumeration (avyakta, mahat, ahaṅkāra, the tanmātras, the indriyas, the bhūtas). That, not pañcakośa, is the metaphysics the Samhitās actually adopt."},{"term":"kośa in its Ayurvedic anatomical senses","why":"WHO's only kośa entries are eyelid (netrakośa), scrotum (aṇḍakoṣa/phalakośa) and a bandage type (kośabandha). A text search for kośa in Ayurvedic sources will return these, not sheaths."},{"term":"pañcamahābhūta","why":"Five of each, both foundational, entirely unrelated. Confused surprisingly often in secondary writing."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"the five koshas of Ayurveda","why":"The framing in the supplied term itself ('panchakosha-ayurveda') is the error to be documented. The doctrine is Upaniṣadic and is transmitted into modern practice through YOGA therapy, not through the Ayurvedic Samhitās. Neither WHO ISTA nor the NIA glossary records it as an Ayurvedic term."},{"rendering":"five bodies","why":"Reifies each kośa as a separate body. The Upaniṣad's construction is 'another self within this one, filled by it', nesting, not a stack of bodies."},{"rendering":"annamaya kosha = the physical body","why":"Convenient but lossy: annarasamaya is 'made of the essence of food', which is a claim about causation and sustenance (the surrounding anuvāka argues that creatures are born from, live by, and return to anna), not an anatomical designation."},{"rendering":"energy body (for prāṇamaya)","why":"'Energy' is a modern physical concept. The text assigns prāṇamaya a structure of prāṇa, vyāna, apāna, ākāśa and pṛthivī as its head, wings, self and foundation, a liturgical anatomy, not an energetic one."}],"openQuestions":["Does ANY classical Ayurvedic text (Charaka, Sushruta, Aṣṭāṅga Hṛdaya/Saṅgraha, Bhāvaprakāśa, Śārṅgadhara) use pañcakośa or the annamaya/prāṇamaya series? I found no occurrence in the GRETIL Charaka corpus, but that file is 'selected parts' only, so this is suggestive, not proof. Someone should search a complete Charaka and a complete Sushruta.","When and by whom the pañcakośa model was first presented as an Ayurvedic framework, the modern integrative literature treats it as such without citation. A history-of-ideas question worth settling before the lexicon publishes the entry.","Whether any instrument claiming to measure kośa-level outcomes has undergone psychometric validation as a pañcakośa measure (as opposed to validating an intervention that is merely framed by it). None found."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/panchakosha-ayurveda/","canary":"90c3b8139a12fec3"},{"slug":"panchamahabhuta","page":"/lexicon/panchamahabhuta/","iast":"pañcamahābhūta","devanagari":"पञ्चमहाभूत","alternates":["pañca mahābhūta","pañcabhūta","mahābhūta (sing./pl.)","bhūta","pāñcabhautika (adj., 'made of the five bhūtas')"],"category":"mahabhuta","family":"foundations","renderings":[{"english":"Five elements","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator standard","locator":"ITA-1.9.3.1.2","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO treats it as a group entry under 'Causal material' (ITA-1.9.3.1.1 kāraṇadravyam, 'five basic elements (space, air, fire, water and earth), self (atma), mind (manas), time (kala) and direction (dik)'). Uses 'elements' without 'great'.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":null,"sourceName":"NIA/WHO-APW draft 'Standardization of Non-Clinical Terminologies of Ayurveda' (2011), entry mahābhūta","sourceKind":"comparator draft terminology","locator":"BP0151","verbatim":true,"assessment":"This is NOT the published 2022 WHO ISTA; it is an earlier NIA Jaipur draft prepared under a WHO Agreement for Performance of Work. 'Proto-elements' is this draft's own coinage.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":null,"sourceName":"NIA/WHO-APW draft (2011), entry pañca mahābhūta","sourceKind":"comparator draft terminology","locator":"DG0202","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":null,"sourceName":"NAMASTE portal, Standardized Ayurveda Terminologies (combined SAT xlsx)","sourceKind":"comparator standard","locator":"SAT-A.177","verbatim":true,"assessment":"My regex search of the combined xlsx (14,968 rows) found no term row for mahābhūta or pañcamahābhūta; a human should confirm on the live portal.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology","locatorOnPageOnly":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology"},{"english":"The five fundamental principles such as the earth (Kshithi), water (Apa), fire (Teja), air (Marut) and Sky (Vyoma)","sourceName":"Bhishagratna, Sushruta Samhita Sutrasthana XLI (wisdomlib)","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Su.Su. 41, opening","verbatim":true,"assessment":"'Fundamental principles' / 'material principles', not 'elements'. Translator's footnote offers 'Solid, Liquid, Gas, Ether, and Etherion' as modern-science equivalents; that is the translator, not the text.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"the five gross matters of space such as ether, air, heat, (fire,) fluid (water), and earth (solid)","sourceName":"Bhishagratna, Sushruta Samhita Sharirasthana I (wisdomlib)","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Su.Sha. 1, Bhishagratna section 6","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"five primal elements (of Earth, Water, Fire, Wind, and Ether or Space)","sourceName":"Kaviratna, Charaka Samhita Sutrasthana XXVI (archive.org BIUSante_47357)","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Kaviratna's printed aphorism 15 and 21 of Lesson XXVI","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna's standing phrase is 'primal elements'; in Sharirasthana I he also writes 'great primal elements' and 'the five Great Elements or principles' (footnote).","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"five great elements / five gross elements / five basic elements","sourceName":"Common textbook and secondary-literature usage (not tied to a single retrieved source)","sourceKind":"textbook usage","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"Recorded as general usage only; no single authority cited.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Caraka Saṃhitā","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"26 (Ātreya-Bhadrakāpyīya)","verse":"Kaviratna prints '21' after this aphorism; standard numbering 26.10 per the Sanskrit at carakasamhitaonline.com: सर्वं द्रव्यं पाञ्चभौतिकमस्मिन्नर्थे; तच्चेतनावदचेतनं च||10||. Both recorded; not converted by arithmetic.","establishes":"Caraka's statement that every dravya is pāñcabhautika, divided into sentient and insentient. OCR double-spacing in the djvu text collapsed; wording unchanged.","quote":"All objects are the result of the combinations of five primal elements, (viz., Earth, Water, Fire, Wind, and Ether or Space). As regards Medical Science, objects are of two kinds, viz., those endued with animation and those that are inanimate.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Caraka Saṃhitā","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"26","verse":"Kaviratna prints '10' after this sentence; standard 26.8 per Sanskrit at carakasamhitaonline.com: पञ्च रसा इति कुमारशिरा भरद्वाजः, भौमौदकाग्नेयवायव्यान्तरिक्षाः||8||","establishes":"A rejected view within the rasa debate linking rasa count to the five bhūtas; shows the Sanskrit adjectival set bhauma/audaka/āgneya/vāyavya/āntarikṣa. Note this is an opinion Caraka records, not his conclusion.","quote":"There are five tastes, said Kumarasiras-Bharadwaja. They appertain to Earth, Water, Fire, Wind, and Ether (or Space).","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Caraka Saṃhitā","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"1 (Dīrghañjīvitīya)","verse":"Kaviratna prints '47' (OCR reads '4T') after this aphorism; standard 1.48 per Sanskrit at carakasamhitaonline.com: खादीन्यात्मा मनः कालो दिशश्च द्रव्यसङ्ग्रहः| सेन्द्रियं चेतनं द्रव्यं, निरिन्द्रियमचेतनम्||४८||","establishes":"The nine kāraṇa-dravyas (khādi = the five bhūtas, ātmā, manas, kāla, diś). Kaviratna's rendering omits kāla (time), which the Sanskrit has; the parenthetical list of five is his gloss.","quote":"Those having ether for the first (i.e., ether, air, fire, water, and earth), soul, mind, and the quarters, are constituent elements (of all things) United with the senses, elements are called animate; without the senses, they are called inanimate.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Caraka Saṃhitā","sthana":"Śārīrasthāna","chapter":"4 (Mahatīgarbhāvakrānti)","verse":"Kaviratna prints '5' (with footnote asterisk) after this unit; standard 4.6 per Sanskrit at carakasamhitaonline.com: गर्भस्तु खल्वन्तरिक्षवाय्वग्नितोयभूमिविकारश्चेतनाधिष्ठानभूतः| एवमनया युक्त्या पञ्चमहाभूतविकारसमुदायात्मको गर्भश्चेतनाधिष्ठानभूतः; स ह्यस्य षष्ठो धातुरुक्तः||६||","establishes":"The garbha as a modification of the five mahābhūtas with cetanā as sixth dhātu; the Sanskrit uses the compound पञ्चमहाभूत here. OCR stray punctuation removed; words unchanged.","quote":"Verily, the foetus is a modification of Ether, Air, Fire, Water, Earth. Such modification becomes the seat (or abode) of the Chetana (or Self). Agreeably to this consideration, the foetus has for its essence an aggregate that consists of a modification of all the five great elements. That aggregate is the seat (or abode) of another element, viz., Chetana (or Self). This Chetana (or Self) is said to be the sixth element (of the foetus).","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Caraka Saṃhitā","sthana":"Śārīrasthāna","chapter":"5 (Puruṣavicaya)","verse":"Sharirasthana 5.4-5. Kaviratna prints '4' after 'and the Inner Self is Brahma.' on his p. 765 (archive.org leaf n976). Standard (carakasamhitaonline Purusha_Vichaya_Sharira): ||4|| closes at 'eta eva cha shaddhatavah samuditah purusha iti shabdam labhante' (the six-dhatu enumeration prithivyapastejo vayurakasham brahma chavyaktam is in 4); the sentence 'tasya purushasya prithivi murtih, apah kledah, tejo'bhisantapah, vayuh pranah, viyat sushirani, brahma antaratma' is the first sentence of standard 5. So the first five sentences of the quote are 5.4 and the last sentence ('Of that Purusha, the form is Earth ... the Inner Self is Brahma') is 5.5.","establishes":"Loka-puruṣa sāmya: the five bhūtas plus avyakta Brahman as the six dhātus of both universe and person, with each bhūta's bodily correlate.","quote":"The universe is made of six ingredients. This is what is generally heard. They are as follows: Earth, Water, Heat, Air, Ether (or Space), and Brahma which is unmanifest. Purusha is made up of six ingredients. This is what is generally heard. Of that Purusha, the form is Earth; the liquid secretions are Water; the animal heat is Heat; the life-breaths are Air; the hollow places are Ether (or Space); and the Inner Self is Brahma.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Suśruta Saṃhitā","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"41 (Dravyaviśeṣavijñānīya)","verse":"Bhishagratna prints no verse numbers. Sanskrit verse 3 per siva.sh: तत्र पृथिव्यप्तेजोवाय्वाकाशानां समुदायाद्द्रव्याभिनिर्वृत्तिः, उत्कर्षस्त्वभिव्यञ्जको भवति- इदं पार्थिवमिदमाप्यमिदं तैजसमिदं वायव्यमिदमाकाशीयमिति ॥३॥ (https://www.siva.sh/sushruta-samhita/sutra-sthana/41/3)","establishes":"Suśruta's statement that dravyas arise from the aggregate of the five bhūtas and are classified by the predominant one. Translator's footnote (NOT the text): 'These may be translated as Solid, Liquid, Gas, Ether, and Etherion in the parlance of modern science.'","quote":"The five fundamental principles such as the earth (Kshithi), water (Apa), fire (Teja), air (Marut) and Sky (Vyoma) enter into the composition of all substances in the world","translator":"Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc141671.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Suśruta Saṃhitā","sthana":"Śārīrasthāna","chapter":"1 (Sarvabhūtacintā)","verse":"Bhishagratna section 6 (his own numbering). Sanskrit verse 4 per siva.sh: तेषां विशेषाः- शब्दस्पर्शरूपरसगन्धाः; तेभ्यो भूतानि- व्योमानिलानलजलोर्व्यः (https://www.siva.sh/sushruta-samhita/sharira-sthana/1/4)","establishes":"Sāṃkhya-style derivation of the five mahābhūtas from the five tanmātras in Suśruta.","quote":"From the combination of the aforesaid five Tanmatras (Bhutadi) taken one at a time, have successively emanated the five gross matters of space such as ether, air, heat, (fire,) fluid (water), and earth (solid).","translator":"Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-3-sharirasthana/d/doc142879.html","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"tanmātrā","why":"WHO ITA-1.9.3.1.8: 'Subtle physical state of all five elements from which a gross element (mahabhuta) is produced.' Suśruta Śā. 1.4 derives the bhūtas from the tanmātras; the two are routinely merged in popular writing."},{"term":"kāraṇadravya (nine causal substances)","why":"The five bhūtas are a subset; ātmā, manas, kāla, diś complete the nine (Ca.Sū. 1.48; WHO ITA-1.9.3.1.1; NAMASTE SAT-A.177)."},{"term":"tridoṣa","why":"Doṣas are derived from and classified by bhūta predominance (e.g. NIA draft describes vāta as predominant in Vāyu and Ākāśa mahābhūtas) but are physiological agents, not the bhūtas themselves."},{"term":"Buddhist four mahābhūta (catur-mahābhūta)","why":"Buddhist Abhidharma counts four (earth, water, fire, air) without ākāśa as a mahābhūta; PMID 31795591 uses 'Mahābhūta (四大)' in that sense. Not interchangeable with the Ayurvedic five."},{"term":"Chinese wuxing (五行, 'five phases/elements')","why":"Different set (wood, fire, earth, metal, water) and a cyclical-transformation logic; sharing the English word 'five elements' is the only link."},{"term":"chemical elements","why":"Mahābhūtas are categories of perceptible quality (sound, touch, form, taste, smell; Ca.Śā. 1.27), not substances in the periodic-table sense."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"'the five elements' used as if equivalent to Western classical or chemical elements","why":"Imports Greek/modern physics; the Ayurvedic bhūtas are defined by sense-object and quality (Ca.Śā. 1.27-29, Su.Sū. 41.3-4), not by substance chemistry."},{"rendering":"'Solid, Liquid, Gas, Ether, and Etherion'","why":"Bhishagratna's own footnote on Su.Sū. 41, offered 'in the parlance of modern science' of 1907; states of matter are not what the text says."},{"rendering":"'proto-elements'","why":"Coinage of the 2011 NIA/WHO-APW draft (BP0151); not in the Sanskrit and dropped from the 2022 WHO ISTA, which uses 'five elements'."}],"openQuestions":["Does the live NAMASTE portal carry a mahābhūta/pañcamahābhūta term row that the downloaded combined xlsx lacks?","Kaviratna's printed aphorism numbers in Śārīrasthāna 1 are OCR-garbled in the archive.org djvu text and should be read from the page scans.","Whether ICD-11 TM2 (Ayurveda module) touches mahābhūta at all was not checked; it is a morbidity classification and is not expected to."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/panchamahabhuta/","canary":"1fcf4557c932b5e4"},{"slug":"panchendriya","page":"/lexicon/panchendriya/","iast":"pañcendriya","devanagari":"पञ्चेन्द्रिय","alternates":["panchendriya","pancendriya","pañcendriyāṇi","pañca indriya","panch indriya","buddhīndriya (Sushruta)","jñānendriya"],"category":"manas-2","family":"mind","renderings":[{"english":"Sensory faculty (jñānendriyam)","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator-standard","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO has NO entry headed pañcendriya (grep of the full text layer for 'pañcendriy' and 'five sense' found none); the five are covered under jñānendriyam and the individual ITA-3.10.5 ff. entries (śrotrendriyam 'Auditory sense faculty', cakṣurindriyam 'Visual sense faculty', etc.). WHO renders indriya as 'faculty', not 'organ'.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"The motor or sensory faculty (indriyam, akṣam)","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator-standard","locator":"ITA-3.10.1","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Shows the WHO scheme: 13 karaṇa = 5 jñānendriya + 5 karmendriya + 3 internal.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"perceivablity by all five senses (pañcendriyagrahaṇatvam)","sourceName":"NAMASTE portal, Standardised Ayurveda Terminologies (SAT)","sourceKind":"comparator-standard","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":"The only NAMASTE row containing pañcendriya (grep of the combined SAT Excel for pañcendriya/panchendriya/पञ्चेन्द्रिय). NAMASTE has no standalone pañcendriya head term in that file; renders the element as 'five senses'.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology"},{"english":"five senses","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913), public domain","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"Sutrasthana Lesson VIII his 1 and 8 (pp.84-86): \"there are five senses, five materials that constitute those senses, five resting places of those senses, five objects of those senses, and five kinds of perceptions\"; \"The five senses are vision, hearing, scent, taste, and touch.\"","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna renders indriya as the sense FACULTY ('vision, hearing, scent, taste, touch') and keeps 'resting places' (adhiṣṭhāna) for the organs (eyes, ears, nose, tongue, skin). This is closer to the Sanskrit than 'five sense organs'.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"intellectual or sense organs (Vuddhi-Indriya) / five intellectual (Vuddhi) organs","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita tr. Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1911), vol. 3 Sharirasthana, public domain","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"Sharirasthana ch. I, his paragraphs 4-6 (wisdomlib)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Bhishagratna uses 'organs' and the Sushruta term buddhīndriya ('Vuddhi-Indriya' in his Bengali-influenced spelling). He also writes 'eleven organs of cognition, communication or sense perception' for the 11 indriyas including manas.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"sense organs","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna, footnotes","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation (footnote)","locator":"Su.8 footnote: \"the five organs of sense\"; Sa.1 footnote (his 135): \"from the word 'Indriya,' implying sense, is formed the word 'Aindriyaka'\"","verbatim":true,"assessment":"In his notes he slips between 'senses' and 'organs of sense'; the text rendering is 'senses'.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"five sense organs","sourceName":"Common textbook rendering; also PMID 7500639 (Smit et al. 1995) 'perceived by the five sense organs'","sourceKind":"textbook/journal","locator":"J Ethnopharmacol 47","verbatim":true,"assessment":"The dominant modern rendering; conflates indriya (faculty) with adhiṣṭhāna (organ), a distinction Charaka draws explicitly in Su.8.3.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Common textbook rendering; also PMID 7500639 (Smit et al. 1995) 'perceived by the five sense organs'\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"\"Common textbook rendering; also PMID 7500639 (Smit et al. 1995) 'perceived by the five sense organs'\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation"},{"english":"cognitive and motor organs (Indriyas); sense organs (Indriyartha) [sic]","sourceName":"PMID 23723664, Sharma A et al. 2012, Ayu 33(4)","sourceKind":"journal","locator":"Abstract","verbatim":true,"assessment":"An inverted gloss: indriyārtha means sense OBJECTS. Recorded as evidence of how the terms get confused in the literature.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"a modern translator, in copyright","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"a modern translator, in copyright"}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"8 (Indriyopakramaṇīya)","verse":"Standard 3 (carakasamhitaonline). Kaviratna prints 1 (p.84).","establishes":"The five pentads: indriya, indriya-dravya, indriya-adhiṣṭhāna, indriya-artha, indriya-buddhi. Indriya is distinguished from its seat (adhiṣṭhāna), so 'sense organ' is strictly the adhiṣṭhāna. Kaviratna's 1 = standard 3 by content (his chapter numbering begins after the two opening sentences).","quote":"Sanskrit: \"इह खलु पञ्चेन्द्रियाणि, पञ्चेन्द्रियद्रव्याणि, पञ्चेन्द्रियाधिष्ठानानि, पञ्चेन्द्रियार्थाः, पञ्चेन्द्रियबुद्धयो भवन्ति\" (IAST as printed: \"Iha khalu pañcēndriyāṇi, pañcēndriyadravyāṇi, pañcēndriyādhiṣṭhānāni, pañcēndriyārthāḥ, pañcēndriyabuddhayō bhavanti\"). Kaviratna (his 1): \"It is certain that there are five senses, five materials that constitute those senses, five resting places of those senses, five objects of those senses, and five kinds of perceptions obtained through those senses. This has been said (by the learned of old) in discourses on the senses.*1\"","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna; Sanskrit from carakasamhitaonline.com","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt ; https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Indriyopakramaniya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"8 (Indriyopakramaṇīya)","verse":"Standard 8 (carakasamhitaonline ||८||; the remaining pentads are standard 9-12, pañcapañcakam closes at ||१२||). Kaviratna prints a single aphorism numbered 6 (not 8) covering standard 8-12, at printed p. 86 (archive.org BIUSante_47357 page image, leaf 117, '‡6' after 'five and twenty topics'); his 5 = standard 7, his 7 = standard 13.","establishes":"The enumeration of the five indriyas as cakṣus, śrotra, ghrāṇa, rasana, sparśana (named by faculty, in that order) and their seats, elements, objects and cognitions. Kaviratna's single number 6 spans five standard units (8-12); no one-to-one mapping for 9-12.","quote":"Sanskrit: \"तत्र चक्षुः श्रोत्रं घ्राणं रसनं स्पर्शनमिति पञ्चेन्द्रियाणि||८||\" (IAST as printed: \"Tatra cakṣuḥ śrōtraṁ ghrāṇaṁ rasanaṁ sparśanamiti pañcēndriyāṇi||8||\"). Kaviratna (his 6): \"The five senses are vision, hearing, scent, taste, and touch. The materials that enter into the composition of the five senses are space, wind, light, water, and earth. The resting places of the five senses are the two eyes, the two ears, the nose, the tongue, and the skin or whole body. The five objects of the five senses are sound, touch, form, taste, and scent. The five perceptions derived from the five senses are the perception of form through vision, &c. These perceptions spring from a union of the senses, the objects of the senses, mind, and the soul, and are of two kinds, viz., transitory and durable or leading to certitude. This about the five and twenty topics (of knowledge or enquiry).6\"","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna; Sanskrit from carakasamhitaonline.com","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt ; https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Indriyopakramaniya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"8 (Indriyopakramaṇīya)","verse":"Standard 4 (carakasamhitaonline). Kaviratna prints 2 (p.84).","establishes":"Manas is atīndriya, beyond/other than the five indriyas, so pañcendriya in Charaka excludes manas (contrast Sushruta's eleven).","quote":"Sanskrit: \"अतीन्द्रियं पुनर्मनः सत्त्वसञ्ज्ञकं, 'चेतः' इत्याहुरेके, तदर्थात्मसम्पदायत्तचेष्टं चेष्टाप्रत्ययभूतमिन्द्रियाणाम्||४||\". Kaviratna (his 2): \"The mind is regarded as something different from the senses. It is sometimes called satwa, and some again call it chetas. Its functions are regulated by the contact of its objects with the soul. Some regard the mind as the cause of the functions of the senses.2\"","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna; Sanskrit from carakasamhitaonline.com","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt ; https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Indriyopakramaniya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sharirasthana","chapter":"1 (Sarvabhūtacintā-śārīra)","verse":"Sanskrit Su.Sa. 1.4 (eleven indriyas; five buddhindriya, five karmendriya, manas ubhayatmaka), 1.5 (their visayas) and 1.7 (the adhidaivata list). Numbering confirmed against a printed edition: Susrutasamhita with Dalhana's Nibandhasangraha, ed. Jadavji Trikamji Acharya, Nirnaya Sagar Press, 2nd ed. 1931, pp. 283-284. Bhishagratna's 4-5 and 7 are his own section numbers.","establishes":"The easyayurveda numbering the record relied on is the standard Trikamji numbering; no renumbering is needed. The record's openQuestion 'Sanskrit verse number for the Sushruta Sharirasthana 1 enumeration of buddhindriya was not established' can be closed.","quote":"Bhishagratna: \"The eleven organs of cognition, communication or sense perception have emanated from the co-operation of the aforesaid Vaikarika Ahamkara with the Taijasa or Rajasa. They are the ears, skin, eyes, tongue, nose, speech, hands, genitals, anus, feet and the mind (Manah).\" \"Of these foregoing organs the first five are intellectual or sense organs (Vuddhi-Indriya); the next five being operative (Karma-Indriya). The mind (Manah) partakes of the character of both the intellectual and operative organs alike.\" \"Hearing, touch, sight, taste and smell respectively form the subjects of the five intellectual (Vuddhi) organs of man, whereas the faculty of speech, handling, pleasure, ejections or evacutation, locomotion successively belong to the (remaining) five operative (Karma-Indriya) ones.\"","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1911)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.327618 (page images: leaf343 = printed p. 283, leaf344 = printed p. 284)","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"indriya-adhiṣṭhāna","why":"The seat/organ (eyes, ears, nose, tongue, skin). Ca.Su.8.3 lists it as a separate pentad from the indriya itself; 'five sense organs' as a rendering of pañcendriya merges the two."},{"term":"indriyārtha","why":"The sense OBJECTS (sound, touch, form, taste, smell), not the organs; PMID 23723664 glosses it as 'sense organs', which is wrong."},{"term":"indriya-buddhi","why":"The five cognitions (visual cognition etc.) arising from indriya + artha + manas + ātman (Ca.Su.8.8 block); not the senses themselves."},{"term":"karmendriya","why":"The five motor faculties (speech, hands, feet, anus, genitals); pañcendriya in the Charaka Su.8 sense means only the five cognitive senses, whereas Sushruta's 'eleven indriyas' include karmendriya and manas."},{"term":"manas","why":"Ca.Su.8.4 calls manas atīndriya; it is not one of the five. Sushruta counts it as the eleventh indriya 'partaking of the character of both' (Bhishagratna)."},{"term":"jñānendriya / buddhīndriya","why":"Synonyms used by WHO (jñānendriyam ITA-3.10.4) and Sushruta/Bhishagratna (buddhīndriya); Charaka Su.8 uses plain pañcendriya. Same referent, different terminological traditions."},{"term":"Panchendriya taila","why":"A proprietary oil formulation name (PMID 41056389); search collisions on 'panchendriya' will return it."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"five sense organs","why":"Charaka separates indriya (faculty) from indriya-adhiṣṭhāna (its seat). Kaviratna's 'five senses' with 'resting places' preserves the distinction; 'sense organs' erases it. WHO likewise chooses 'faculty'."},{"rendering":"the eleven organs (for pañcendriya)","why":"Bhishagratna's 'eleven organs' is Sushruta's count including karmendriya and manas; applying it to pañcendriya conflates two schemes."},{"rendering":"Indriyartha = sense organs","why":"Inverted gloss found in PMID 23723664; indriyārtha are the objects."}],"openQuestions":["Sanskrit verse number for the Sushruta Sharirasthana 1 enumeration of buddhīndriya was not established; Bhishagratna prints only his own section numbers (4-6).","Whether WHO ISTA has any pañcendriya head term under a chapter not grepped (search of the full text layer for 'pañcendriy' returned nothing; 'five senses' appears only in descriptive text, e.g. ITA on physician's examination).","ICD-11 TM2: not checked in the browser; a structural term like this is unlikely to be coded."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/panchendriya/","canary":"76c49e072d69fbf1"},{"slug":"para-ojas","page":"/lexicon/para-ojas/","iast":"para-ojas","devanagari":null,"alternates":["paraujas","para oja","parama ojas (occasional)","śakti-lakṣaṇa ojas (a name attributed to Dalhaṇa in secondary sources, unverified)"],"category":"dhatu","family":"body","renderings":[{"english":"Para that is present in the heart","sourceName":"National Institute of Ayurveda, WHO-APW project terminology list","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"within entry SK0134","verbatim":true,"assessment":"COMPARATOR, and the only standard-type source retrieved that records the division at all. It gives no quantity and no separate code for para ojas.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"the foremost Ojas","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sūtrasthāna 30, Kaviratna's v.6: 'The heart is the seat (or receptacle) of the foremost Ojas.'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Public domain. The nearest thing to a public-domain English rendering of para ojas. Note the English is ambiguous about whether 'foremost' qualifies ojas or the seat.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"supreme ojas / superior ojas / higher ojas","sourceName":"common English-language Ayurveda literature and BAMS teaching","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"All in use; none traceable to a standard in the sources retrieved.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true},{"english":"(no entry)","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"searched the full 608-page text; ojas appears at ITA-2.2.25 and its disorders at ITA-5.3.33-37, but there is NO entry for para ojas or apara ojas","verbatim":false,"assessment":"A real negative finding. WHO records ojas as a single undivided concept. Any lexicon entry for para ojas therefore has no WHO comparator and should say so.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"30 (Arthedaśamahāmūlīya)","verse":"Kaviratna's v.6","establishes":"The heart as seat of the foremost/supreme ojas. This is the passage most often cited (as Ca.Sū.30/7 in Chakrapani-based numbering) for para ojas, and the public-domain English does support a superlative reading. Chapter identity confirmed from the colophon: 'Thus ends the Thirtieth Lesson called Arthe Dapa Mahamuliya'.","quote":"The heart is the seat (or receptacle) of the foremost Ojas. It is also the seat of supreme Brahman. For these reasons the heart is called Mahat (Great) and Artha (precious possession), by physicians.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"30","verse":"Kaviratna's v.8","establishes":"Total dependence of life on this heart-resident ojas. This is the textual basis for the claim that loss of para ojas is immediately fatal.","quote":"All embodied creatures, vivified by the Ojas, move about or act. Without it, the life of all creatures becomes extinct.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"30","verse":"Kaviratna's v.10","establishes":"Death cannot occur without loss of this ojas; it is the irreducible substratum of life and of the prāṇas. Together with v.6 and v.8 this is the strongest public-domain support for the para ojas concept.","quote":"Without its loss or destruction, there can be no destruction (or death). Dwelling in the heart, it sustains or supports life. The Ojas is the strength of the body. The body and the life-breaths are established in it.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"17","verse":"Kaviratna's v.74","establishes":"A second heart-resident ojas passage. Secondary sources cite Ca.Sū.17/74-75 with Cakrapāṇi's commentary as the source of the eight-drop measure, but the mūla as Kaviratna renders it gives no quantity.","quote":"There resides in the heart a quantity of pure blood, which is slightly yellowish. This blood in the body is called Ojas.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita with Cakrapāṇidatta's Āyurvedadīpikā","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"28","verse":"commentary on v.4, segment 34","establishes":"Cakrapāṇi quotes the definition 'that which is the supreme tejas of rasa through śukra, that indeed is ojas'. CAUTION: para here is adjectival ('supreme'), qualifying tejas. This is NOT an occurrence of the technical term para ojas, and mistaking it for one is an easy and consequential error.","quote":"rasādīnāṃ śukrāntānāṃ yat paraṃ tejaḥ tat khalvojaḥ iti","translator":"none (Sanskrit)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/corpustei/transformations/plaintext/sa_agniveza-carakasaMhitA-parts-comm.txt","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"apara ojas","why":"The counterpart term. Para is heart-resident, fixed in quantity and its loss is immediately fatal; apara pervades the body, is larger in quantity and varies with diet and disease. The pair is recorded in the NIA/WHO-APW list but not in WHO ISTA."},{"term":"ojas (undivided)","why":"WHO ISTA and both public-domain translators treat ojas as one thing. The two-fold division is a commentarial and textbook refinement. An entry for para ojas must not be written as though the division were the standard classical position."},{"term":"paraṃ tejas","why":"An adjectival phrase in the classical definition of ojas ('the supreme essence of the dhātus'). It looks like the technical term and is not. Cakrapāṇi's segment 34 quotes exactly this phrase while discussing undivided ojas."},{"term":"hṛdaya","why":"The seat, not the thing seated. Ca.Sū.30 identifies the heart as mahat and as the root of the ten great vessels; ojas is what it holds."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"superior immunity","why":"Doubles the error: translates ojas as immunity and then grades it. Para ojas is described as a quantity in a place, not as a degree of a capacity."},{"rendering":"higher vital essence","why":"Reads para as a value ranking on a spiritual scale. In the texts it distinguishes location and criticality, not refinement."},{"rendering":"essential ojas versus non-essential ojas","why":"Apara does not mean non-essential; it means the other, the further, the lower in a pair. Neither member is optional."}],"openQuestions":["THE ashta-bindu (eight drops) measure could NOT be verified and is deliberately not recorded as a citation. Retrieved secondary sources give three mutually incompatible loci for it: Cakrapāṇi on Ca.Sū.17/74-75, Cakrapāṇi on Ca.Sū.30/7, and Cakrapāṇi on Ca.Sū.15/9, with a fourth attribution to Dalhaṇa. None was checked against Sanskrit. GRETIL's Āyurvedadīpikā selection does not include Sūtrasthāna 15, 17 or 30, and the string 'bindu' does not occur anywhere in the portion it does cover. A human must resolve this against a printed Āyurvedadīpikā before any eight-drop claim is published.","Whether the para/apara division is Cakrapāṇi's, Dalhaṇa's, or a later textbook systematisation. Not established.","Whether Kaviratna's Sūtrasthāna 30 v.6 corresponds to the 30/7 of Chakrapani-based editions. His numbering runs one behind elsewhere, which would fit, but the offset was not verified for this chapter."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/para-ojas/","canary":"ab2fbfaf6f5005b7"},{"slug":"parinama","page":"/lexicon/parinama/","iast":"pariṇāma","devanagari":"परिणाम","alternates":["parinama","kāla-pariṇāma","kalaparinama","pariṇāmaḥ","Ratinanta (OCR corruption in Kaviratna scan)"],"category":"manas-2","family":"mind","renderings":[{"english":"Course of development, transformation","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator-standard","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO keeps 'transformation' as the head and puts time in the description.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"transformation under the effect of time","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator-standard","locator":"ITA-4.4.9 trividhahetuḥ description","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Rendering inside the three-cause definition.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false},{"english":"seasonal variation as a cause of disease","sourceName":"NAMASTE portal, Standardised Ayurveda Terminologies (SAT)","sourceKind":"comparator-standard","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":"NAMASTE narrows pariṇāma to season, dropping age/lifespan, which Charaka (Sa.1.115, jarā-mṛtyu) and Kaviratna's notes include.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology"},{"english":"transformation attributed to time","sourceName":"NAMASTE portal, Standardised Ayurveda Terminologies (SAT)","sourceKind":"comparator-standard","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":"NAMASTE's own two entries disagree in breadth (season vs. transformation by time).","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology"},{"english":"theory of transformation","sourceName":"NAMASTE portal, Standardised Ayurveda Terminologies (SAT)","sourceKind":"comparator-standard","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":"Philosophical sense (pariṇāmavāda), not the etiological sense; recorded for disambiguation.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology"},{"english":"Time or Parinama","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913), public domain","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"Sutrasthana Lesson XI his 42 (p.126): \"...faults of the Understanding, and Time or Parinama.42\"; preceding sentence (his 41-42) \"Time has another name, viz., Ratinanta\" where 'Ratinanta' is an OCR corruption of 'Parinama'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna consistently renders pariṇāma as 'Time' (capitalised), keeping the Sanskrit in apposition once.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"Time (season and age)","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna, translator's footnotes","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation (footnote)","locator":"Nidanasthana Lesson I footnote: \"By 'Parinama' is meant Time.\" Chikitsasthana Lesson XVII footnote to his aphorism 3: \"3. Parinama, i.e., time, in the sense of both the season and age or years.\" Sarirasthana footnote: \"'Kalaparinama' is effect or ripeness of time.\"","verbatim":true,"assessment":"These are translator's notes, not text. 'Ripeness of time' is Kaviratna's gloss of kāla-pariṇāma.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"development of Time","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"Sarirasthana Lesson I his 122 (p.680-681): \"With the development of Time, decrepitude, death and such diseases as are not due to known and defined causes, are seen to come naturally.\"","verbatim":true,"assessment":"His rendering of kālasya pariṇāmena (standard Sa.1.115).","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"kala or time factor; consequence","sourceName":"Charak Samhita New Edition (carakasamhitaonline.com), glossary page 'Parinama'","sourceKind":"textbook/online","locator":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Parinama","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Gives both the etiological sense and the general sense 'consequence'.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"the CSRTSDC/Charak Samhita New Edition English, in copyright","downloadable":false},{"english":"seasonal effects","sourceName":"Charak Samhita New Edition (carakasamhitaonline.com), 'Prajnaparadha' page","sourceKind":"textbook/online","locator":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Prajnaparadha","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Same narrowing to season as NAMASTE SAT-C.77.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"the CSRTSDC/Charak Samhita New Edition English, in copyright","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the CSRTSDC/Charak Samhita New Edition English, in copyright"}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"11 (Tistraiṣaṇīya)","verse":"Standard 42 (carakasamhitaonline). Kaviratna prints 41-42 for this block (his 41 closes the prajñāparādha sentence; the Time sentence runs to his 42).","establishes":"The defining statement: the year, marked by cold, heat and rain, is kāla; kāla 'is again called pariṇāma'; its ati-, a- and mithyā-yoga are the third cause of disease. Note Kaviratna's parenthetical examples are his own insertions (printed in parentheses).","quote":"Sanskrit (numbered 42, two fragments as retrieved, ellipsis is the retrieval's): \"शीतोष्णवर्षलक्षणाः पुनर्हेमन्तग्रीष्मवर्षाः संवत्सरः, स कालः ... कालः पुनः परिणाम उच्यते\". Kaviratna (pp.125-126): \"Heat, cold, and rain, or autumn, summer, and rain, constitute the indications of the year. That is also called Time. When the particular indication of a particular period of Time manifests itself in excess, that is called excess of correlation in respect of Time, (as excess of cold in winter or excess of heat in summer, or excess of rain in the rainy season). When such indication manifests itself in a measure less than normal, that is called want or absence of correlation ... When indications, that are the reverse of those which are normal, are manifested, that is called improper correlation (such as heat in winter or cold in summer). Time has another name, viz., Ratinanta [OCR: Parinama]. Thus are the three subjects treated of, viz., the improper contact of objects of sense with the Mind, faults of the Understanding, and Time or Parinama.42\"","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna; Sanskrit from carakasamhitaonline.com","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt ; https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Tistraishaniya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1 (Dīrghañjīvitīya)","verse":"Standard 54; Kaviratna prints 53.","establishes":"Kāla (which Su.11.42 equates with pariṇāma) as first-named of the three causes. Kaviratna's footnote (his own): \"Time is of two kinds, viz., (1) that portion of eternity with which human life is concerned and which goes on ceaselessly, and (2) the age of man, that is, his infancy, youth, manhood, and decrepitude.\"","quote":"Sanskrit: \"कालबुद्धीन्द्रियार्थानां योगो मिथ्या न चाति च| द्वयाश्रयाणां व्याधीनां त्रिविधो हेतुसङ्ग्रहः||५४||\". Kaviratna: \"Of all diseases, physical and mental, the causes in brief are of three kinds, viz., adverse or excessive correlation or want of correlation of time, mind, and the objects of the senses.*53\"","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt ; https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Deerghanjiviteeya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sarirasthana","chapter":"1 (Katidhāpuruṣīya)","verse":"Standard 115 (carakasamhitaonline). Kaviratna prints 122.","establishes":"Pariṇāma of kāla produces the 'natural' (svābhāvika) disorders of ageing and death, which have no counter-measure. Shows pariṇāma covers lifespan/age, not only season. Kaviratna's footnote on his 117-120 ('kalasamprapti') is a translator's exposition and should not be quoted as text.","quote":"Sanskrit: \"कालस्य परिणामेन जरामृत्युनिमित्तजाः। रोगाः स्वाभाविका दृष्टाः स्वभावो निष्प्रतिक्रियः॥११५॥\". Kaviratna (pp.680-681): \"With the development of Time, decrepitude, death and such diseases as are not due to known and defined causes, are seen to come naturally. That which is brought about by Nature has no remedy.122\"","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt ; https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Katidhapurusha_Sharira","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"6 (Roganika Vimana)","verse":"Standard Vimanasthana 6.6 (carakasamhitaonline Roganika_Vimana, unit closing ||६||); Kaviratna Vimanasthanam Lesson VI, his printed 10, p. 515, which merges standard 6 to 9 into one numbered paragraph.","establishes":"Vi. 6.6 names the three prakopana (exciting causes) of both classes of dosha as asātmyendriyārtha-saṁyoga, prajñāparādha and pariṇāma (असात्म्येन्द्रियार्थसंयोगः, प्रज्ञापराधः परिणामश्चेति). Kaviratna renders pariṇāma as \"Time\", and his footnote on the same page states the equation outright. The footnote is the translator's voice, so what it establishes is how he read the term, not what the Samhita says.","quote":"Kaviratna: \"there are three kinds of exciting causes, viz., union with disagreeing objects of sense, faults of understanding, and Time.\" Footnote (translator's note): \"By 'Parinama' is meant Time.\"","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Nidanasthana","chapter":"1 (Jvara Nidana)","verse":"Standard Nidanasthana 1.3 (carakasamhitaonline Jwara_Nidana, unit closing ||३||). Kaviratna Nidanasthanam Lesson I, printed p. 928, inside the unit his printed number 2 closes (the 2 is printed on p. 929). Measured mapping for this chapter: Kav 1 = Std 1-2, Kav 2 = Std 3-4.","establishes":"Ni. 1.3 names the same three nidanas as Vi. 6.6, and Kaviratna's footnote at Nidana I names parinama in so many words, so the lexicon can carry a Nidana citation for parinama on its own retrieval. Worth recording as a divergence in the same translator: at Vi. 6 he renders parinama flatly as 'Time', but at Ni. 1.3 he renders it 'the developments in course of time, of evil acts (done in this life or previous ones)', importing karma that the Sanskrit परिणाम does not carry, a translator's expansion, not a variant reading, since the mula word is the same in both places.","quote":"Kaviratna (inside his aphorism 2, printed p. 928): \"Nidana' is of three kinds, viz., union with such objects of the senses as are not assimilable, faults of judgment, and the developments in course of time, of evil acts (done in this life or previous ones).\" Translator's footnote on the same page: \"The three general causes of disease, viz., 'asatmasamyoga', 'prajnaparardha', and 'parinama' have been fully explained in the previous divisions of the work.\" Sanskrit (standard Ni. 1.3): \"इह खलु हेतुर्निमित्तमायतनं कर्ता कारणं प्रत्ययः समुत्थानं निदानमित्यनर्थान्तरम् तत्त्रिविधम्- असात्म्येन्द्रियार्थसंयोगः, प्रज्ञापराधः, परिणामश्चेति||३||\"","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/details/BIUSante_47357 (page image leaf1191 = printed p. 928) ; https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Jwara_Nidana&action=raw","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"kāla","why":"Charaka equates them ('kālaḥ punaḥ pariṇāma ucyate', Su.11.42), but kāla is the broader word (time as such, also time of dosing, time of day); pariṇāma names time in its transforming/ageing aspect as a disease cause."},{"term":"ṛtu / seasonal variation","why":"NAMASTE SAT-C.77 reduces pariṇāma to season; Ca.Sa.1.115 and Kaviratna's notes include age and lifespan (jarā, mṛtyu). Season is one face of it."},{"term":"āhāra-pariṇāma / pariṇāmakara bhāva","why":"Transformation of food (digestion); NAMASTE SAT-J.63 āhārapariṇāmakara-bhāvaḥ 'factors responsible for proper digestion'. Same word, metabolic not etiological sense."},{"term":"pariṇāmaśūla","why":"A named disease (NAMASTE EB-10.10 'duodenal ulcer'; WHO ITA-5.34.9), pain arising during the pariṇāma (digestion) of food. Unrelated to the three-cause doctrine."},{"term":"pariṇāmavāda","why":"Sāṃkhya doctrine of real transformation (NAMASTE SAT-A.111 'theory of transformation'), a philosophical position, not an etiological factor."},{"term":"daiva / karma of past lives","why":"Kaviratna's Sa.1 block (his 123-124) treats diseases from past deeds separately from those from pariṇāma of Time; both are 'kālasamprāpti' topics in his footnote but distinct in the text."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"seasonal effects / seasonal variation (as the whole meaning)","why":"Drops age and lifespan, which Ca.Sa.1.115 explicitly brings under kālasya pariṇāmena (jarā-mṛtyu). NAMASTE SAT-C.77 does this; its own SAT-C.74 does not."},{"rendering":"consequence (as the etiological sense)","why":"Lexically valid for pariṇāma in general Sanskrit, but in the three-cause context the texts define it as kāla; 'consequence' would make the third cause tautological."},{"rendering":"Ratinanta","why":"Not a rendering: an OCR corruption of 'Parinama' in the archive.org text of Kaviratna (p.126). Anyone grepping the scan will miss the passage."}],"openQuestions":["Standard verse number for the Nidanasthana 1 statement (listed 1/3) not verified against Sanskrit.","Whether WHO ISTA has any separate entry for kāla as a cause (only pariṇāmaḥ ITA-4.4.12 and doṣahetuḥ ITA-4.4.13 'seasonal variations leading to natural accumulation' were read).","Ashtanga Hridaya Su.1/19 'kālārthakarmaṇāṃ yogo...' (seen only on Dharmawiki) replaces buddhi with karma; worth recording as a parallel once a Sanskrit edition is checked."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/parinama/","canary":"4e238b99ffafe85b"},{"slug":"paschatkarma","page":"/lexicon/paschatkarma/","iast":"paścātkarma","devanagari":"पश्चात्कर्म","alternates":["paścāt-karma","paścāt karma","paschat karma","paschatkarma","paścātkarman","After-measures (Bhishagratna)"],"category":"chikitsa","family":"clinic","renderings":[{"english":"Posttherapy procedures","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator-standard","locator":"ITA-9.2.109 paścāt-karma","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO places paścāt-karma at the end of the cleansing-therapy section, after the śuddhi-grading entries, so it is scoped to panchakarma aftercare; the Sushruta source scopes it to all treatment including surgery.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"the After-measures (Paschat-karma)","sourceName":"Bhishagratna, Sushruta Samhita vol. 1 (1907), Sutrasthana ch. V","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"wisdomlib doc122892 ('Chapter V - Preliminary measures')","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Reliable; he keeps the Sanskrit in parentheses. His footnote offers two commentarial readings of what falls under each head.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"subsequent actions","sourceName":"siva.sh machine-assisted gloss on Su.Su. 5.3","sourceKind":"web-gloss","locator":null,"locatorWithheld":"\"siva.sh machine-assisted gloss on Su.Su. 5.3\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Gloss only; edition behind its verse numbering unstated.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"siva.sh machine-assisted gloss on Su.Su. 5.3\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"post-operative care / post-procedure regimen / paschat karma","sourceName":"Common textbook and PubMed usage (search 'paschat karma ayurveda' returned 95 records, mostly describing panchakarma protocols; no abstract read uses the term as its subject)","sourceKind":"textbook-usage","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"Usage is split between surgical aftercare and panchakarma aftercare (saṁsarjana krama).","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"5 (Agropaharaṇīya)","verse":"3 (sa.wikisource text of the Hari Sastri 1980 edition; siva.sh also displays ॥३॥)","establishes":"Karma is threefold: pūrvakarma, pradhānakarma, paścātkarma; these will be taught disease by disease.","quote":"त्रिविधं कर्म पूर्वकर्म प्रधानकर्म पश्चा / :त्कर्मेति तद्व्याधिं प्रत्युपदेक्ष्यामः ३","translator":"Sanskrit text (no translator); the wikisource line break falls inside पश्चात्कर्म and is shown as ' / :'","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/सुश्रुतसंहिता/सूत्रस्थानम्/अध्याय_०१-१५","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"5","verse":"3 (as displayed on siva.sh; edition unstated)","establishes":"Same sentence, second Sanskrit source with punctuation; both agree on verse 3.","quote":"त्रिविधं कर्म- पूर्वकर्म, प्रधानकर्म, पश्चात्कर्मेति; तद्व्याधिं प्रत्युपदेक्ष्यामः ॥३॥","translator":"Sanskrit text (no translator)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.siva.sh/sushruta-samhita/sutra-sthana/5/3","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"V (Preliminary measures)","verse":"Unnumbered in Bhishagratna; Sanskrit 5.3 per the two sources above","establishes":"Bhishagratna's rendering 'After-measures (Paschat-karma)'; he scopes the triad to 'the entire course of medical treatment'.","quote":"The entire course of medical treatment in connection with a disease may be grouped under three subheads, as the Preliminary measures (Purva- karma ); the Principal therapeutical or surgical appliances (Pradhana-karma); and the After-measures (Paschat-karma). These measures will be discussed under the head of each disease as we shall have occasion to deal with t","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907); quote truncated at page extraction boundary","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122892.html","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"pūrvakarma","why":"The preparatory phase (Su.Su.5.3; WHO ITA-9.2.4); paścātkarma is the after phase of the same triad."},{"term":"pradhānakarma","why":"The main procedure (WHO ITA-9.2.68) that paścātkarma follows."},{"term":"saṁsarjana krama","why":"The graded diet after vamana/virecana; often described as the paścātkarma of those procedures (Bhishagratna's footnote places 'rice meal' under paścāt-karma), but it is one content of the phase, not its name."},{"term":"parihāra kāla / parihārya","why":"The period and the things to be avoided after a procedure (Ca.Si.1.4 asks 'किं वर्जनीयं प्रतिकर्मकाले, कृते कियान् वा परिहारकालः'); restrictions during paścātkarma rather than the phase itself."},{"term":"paścāt (adverb) in other compounds","why":"NIA 2011 has only 'mūtrayutaḥ pāk paścāt' (a symptom description); the therapeutic compound is absent there."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"post-operative care (as the whole meaning)","why":"Correct for Shalya, but Sushruta scopes the triad to all treatment of disease and WHO scopes it to panchakarma aftercare."},{"rendering":"follow-up (in the biomedical sense of review visits)","why":"Paścātkarma is an active regimen (diet, restrictions, further procedures), not monitoring."},{"rendering":"after-treatment","why":"Suggests a lesser treatment given afterwards; the phase is part of the one karma that the triad divides."}],"openQuestions":["Whether Charaka uses the compound paścātkarma; the Siddhisthana speaks of parihāra-kāla and saṁsarjana without this term in the lines read.","The commentary (Dalhana) behind Bhishagratna's footnote assignments was not consulted.","The edition behind siva.sh's verse numbering is unstated; wikisource's is Hari Sastri 1980."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/paschatkarma/","canary":"7828f828aab34332"},{"slug":"pathya","page":"/lexicon/pathya/","iast":"pathya","devanagari":"पथ्य","alternates":[],"category":"swasthavritta","family":"daily-life","renderings":[{"english":"Pathya (or regimen); 'All that is suitable to the way (of life) and that is agreeable to the mind'","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna, Lesson XXV","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"archive.org BIUSante_47357 OCR ~line 20022 (printed p. 290)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Keeps the Sanskrit word and glosses it as 'regimen'; elsewhere (Chikitsasthana synonyms list) renders 'Pathyam' as 'proper regimen'.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"Suitable and unsuitables for health (Hitahitiya-adhyaya); 'absolutely beneficial' / 'unconditionally harmful'","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita tr. Bhishagratna, Sutrasthana XX heading","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"wisdomlib doc122915","verbatim":true,"assessment":"This chapter is about hita/ahita rather than the word pathya; Bhishagratna's vocabulary is 'beneficial/injurious'.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":null,"sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022), SV0189","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"PDF p.231","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO derives the word from patha (channel/way), matching Cha.Su.25/45 पथोऽनपेतं.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"wholesome (diet/regimen); dietetics; 'ideal diet planning' (PMID 17333670 title)","sourceName":"Common textbook / PubMed usage","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"Modern usage narrows pathya to diet; the classical definition covers conduct too.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"25 (Yajjah Purushiya)","verse":"Standard 25/45; Kaviratna's printed number for this aphorism is not legible in the OCR (the next aphorism, standard 25/46, carries an OCR'd '8' which is clearly truncated)","establishes":"The definition of pathya. Sanskrit seen at carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Yajjah_Purushiya_Adhyaya: पथ्यं पथोऽनपेतं यद्यच्चोक्तं मनसः प्रियम्। यच्चाप्रियमपथ्यं च नियतं तन्न लक्षयेत्॥४५॥. '(of life)' is Kaviratna's gloss of pathaḥ.","quote":"All that is suitable to the way (of life) and that is agreeable to the mind is said to constitute what is called Pathya (or regimen). What, however, is the reverse of Pathya and is not agreeable to the mind, should never be attended to.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"25","verse":"Standard 25/46; Kaviratna's number OCRs as '8' (truncated)","establishes":"Pathya is relative to mātrā, kāla, kriyā, bhūmi, deha, doṣa, guṇa. Sanskrit seen: मात्राकालक्रियाभूमिदेहदोषगुणान्तरम्। प्राप्य तत्तद्धि दृश्यन्ते ते ते भावास्तथा तथा॥४६॥.","quote":"Combined with measure, time or season, the nature of the operation, place, the constitution of the body, the faults that have been provoked, and the other attributes, both what is Pathya and what is its reverse are seen to be this or that (i.e., baneful or beneficial)","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"XX (Hitahitiya)","verse":"Sanskrit verse numbers not established (Bhishagratna prints none)","establishes":"Sushruta's position that some substances are absolutely hita/ahita, against the view that wholesomeness is purely conditional; the chapter is about hita/ahita, closely allied to pathya/apathya.","quote":"clarified-butter, water, milk and boiled-rice, etc. may be denominated as absolutely beneficial [...] fire, alkali and poison, may be designated as unconditionally harmful.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122915.html","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"hita","why":"Hita (beneficial) is the broader category used in Cha.Su.30 and Su.Su.20; pathya in Cha.Su.25/45 adds the criterion 'agreeable to the mind' (manasaḥ priyam) and relativity to dose/time etc."},{"term":"sātmya","why":"Sātmya is habitual suitability acquired by use (what one is accustomed to); pathya is wholesomeness by effect, which may be contrary to habit."},{"term":"Pathyā (the drug)","why":"Pathyā is also a Sanskrit name of Harītakī (chebulic myrobalan); Kaviratna repeatedly renders 'Pathya (chebulic myrobalans)' in Chikitsasthana recipes, so drug-name occurrences must not be read as 'wholesome diet'."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"'diet' (alone)","why":"Cha.Su.25/45 defines pathya as whatever (yad yat) is not off the path and pleasing to the mind, covering food and conduct; WHO also says 'Food or conduct'."},{"rendering":"'regimen' (Kaviratna)","why":"Serviceable but imports an English prescriptive sense; the Sanskrit is an adjective 'suited to the path/channels'."}],"openQuestions":["Kaviratna's printed aphorism number for 25/45 should be read from the scan (p. 290 of the Sutrasthana part)."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/pathya/","canary":"7a227360404dcf3f"},{"slug":"picchila","page":"/lexicon/picchila/","iast":"picchila","devanagari":"पिच्छिल","alternates":["pichchila","picchila guṇa","paicchilya / picchilatva (abstract)"],"category":"guṇa (one of the twenty gurvādi guṇas; opposite of viśada)","family":"pharmacology","renderings":[{"english":"Slimy touch, gummy, Sticky, Sliminess","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022), entries AF1520 picchila and BP0193 picchilaḥ","sourceKind":"comparator standard","locator":"AF1520 picchila","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Comparator; note the WHO entries are filed under symptom (AF) and basic-principle (BP) sections rather than DG, and no dedicated DG gurvādi entry for picchila was found in the extracted text.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"slimy","sourceName":"Kaviratna, Charaka Samhita, Sutrasthana Lesson I (standard 1.61)","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"archive.org BIUSante_47357","verbatim":true,"assessment":"'Heavy, cold, mild, watery, sweet, stable, and slimy, these attributes of phlegm'.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"Sliminess","sourceName":"Bhishagratna, Sushruta Samhita, Sutrasthana ch. XLII and XLVI","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"wisdomlib doc141672 and doc141678; archive.org in.ernet.dli.2015.43171 printed pp. 567-568","verbatim":true,"assessment":"'Sweetness, oiliness, heaviness, coldness and sliminess form the specific properties of Kapha.' 'Sliminess is vitalising, tonic, heavy as regards digestion, and tends to produce Kapha, and brings about the adhesion of fractured bones.' Opposite rendered 'non-sliminess' or 'The quality of absorption (Vishad)'.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"slimy, lubricous, slippery, smeary (opp. to viśada)","sourceName":"Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899), p. 624","sourceKind":"dictionary","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":"Dictionary already records the technical opposition to viśada.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899), p. 624\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"Slimy / sticky / mucilaginous","sourceName":"Common textbook rendering","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"'Mucilaginous' is a pharmacognostic gloss; 'sticky/slimy' are the usual.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"61 (standard; Kaviratna's number by sequence 60, OCR '80')","establishes":"Picchila is the last-named attribute of kapha. Kaviratna: '...stable, and slimy, these attributes of phlegm are cured by objects having adverse attributes.'","quote":"गुरुशीतमृदुस्निग्धमधुरस्थिरपिच्छिलाः| श्लेष्मणः प्रशमं यान्ति विपरीतगुणैर्गुणाः||६१||","translator":"Sanskrit quoted; English by Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Deerghanjiviteeya_Adhyaya ; English: https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"26","verse":"11 (standard; Kaviratna 23)","establishes":"Picchila is one of the six gunas (drava, snigdha, śīta, manda, mṛdu, picchila, plus the rasa-guna) that mark jala-dominant substances, whose actions include bandha (binding). Kaviratna (Su. Lesson XXVI, his 23, p. 300) renders the list 'liquid, oily, cold, mild, soft, unctious, and mobile': 'unctious', after 'oily' (snigdha), is his word for picchila, so he does render it distinctly; it is the rasa-guna that has no counterpart, 'mobile' standing in its place. He renders bandha as 'stoppage of secretions'.","quote":"द्रवस्निग्धशीतमन्दमृदुपिच्छिलरसगुणबहुलान्याप्यानि, तान्युपक्लेदस्नेहबन्धविष्यन्दमार्दवप्रह्लादकराणि;","translator":"Sanskrit quoted","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Atreyabhadrakapyiya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"46","verse":"517 (numbering as printed in the web Sanskrit text; verify in a printed edition)","establishes":"Sushruta's karma of picchila: jīvana, balya, sandhāna, śleṣmala, guru; viśada is its opposite. Bhishagratna: 'Sliminess is vitalising, tonic, heavy as regards digestion, and tends to produce Kapha, and brings about the adhesion of fractured bones. The quality of absorption (Vishad) is the opposite of sliminess. It absorbs or soaks up all mucous secretions and helps the process of healing a sore or ulcer.'","quote":"पिच्छिलो जीवनो बल्यः सन्धानः श्लेष्मलो गुरुः | विशदो विपरीतोऽस्मात् क्लेदाचूषणरोपणः ||५१७||","translator":"Sanskrit quoted; English by Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/sushruta-samhitha-sutrasthana-46-annapana-vidhi-adhyaya-regimen-of-food-and-drinks/ (Sanskrit only); English: https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.43171 pp. 567-568 and https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc141678.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"42","verse":"not established (Bhishagratna prints none)","establishes":"Picchila/viśada as a kapha-vs-kaṭu axis.","quote":"A pungent taste is endued with properties which are contrary to those of the Kapha, hence the sweetness, oiliness, heaviness, coldness and sliminess of the latter, are respectively destroyed by the pungency, dryness, lightness, heat and non-sliminess of the former.","translator":"Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc141672.html","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"snigdha (unctuous)","why":"Both kapha attributes often glossed 'oily/sticky'; snigdha opposes rūkṣa (dry), picchila opposes viśada (clear/non-slimy). Sushruta separates their karmas (snigdha: lubrication, strength, complexion; picchila: binding, kapha, heaviness)."},{"term":"ślakṣṇa (smooth)","why":"Sushruta 46.521 says ślakṣṇa is 'to be known like picchila' (श्लक्ष्णः पिच्छिलवज्ज्ञेयः), i.e. similar in karma but a distinct guṇa opposing khara/karkaśa."},{"term":"viśada","why":"Its opposite; rendered 'clear' by Kaviratna (Ca.Su. 1.59) and 'absorption'/'non-sliminess' by Bhishagratna, so the English for the pair is unstable."},{"term":"abhiṣyandī","why":"A channel-clogging action often attributed to picchila foods; an effect, not the guṇa."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"oily","why":"Imports snigdha; WHO's own search snippet gloss 'oily, sticky' blurs the two. Picchila is about adhesion/viscosity, not lipid content."},{"rendering":"'unctious' (Kaviratna, 26.11)","why":"His seven-word list for the eight-word Sanskrit drops picchila; do not cite that line as his rendering of picchila."}],"openQuestions":[],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/picchila/","canary":"ef09cb61eb15a024"},{"slug":"pitta","page":"/lexicon/pitta/","iast":"pitta","devanagari":"पित्त","alternates":["pittam","pitha","agni (contextually)","tejas (contextually)"],"category":"dosha","family":"dosha","renderings":[{"english":"Pitta, dosha regulating body temperature and metabolic activities","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-2.1.2.1","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Headword untranslated plus functional apposition. WHO's description names fire and water as the predominant elements, which is why 'fire' alone is wrong.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false},{"english":"Vitiation of pitta pattern (TM2)","sourceName":"ICD-11 MMS v2026-01, Traditional Medicine Module 2","sourceKind":"classification","locator":"SR15","verbatim":true,"assessment":"With SR16-SR19 for accumulation, aggravation, spreading and depletion.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"WHO ICD-11","downloadable":false},{"english":"bile","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"throughout","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna's uniform rendering; public domain and quotable, and wrong in the same way as 'wind' for vāta.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"Pitta (internal fire)","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, tr. Bhishagratna (1907)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sutrasthana XXI","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Bhishagratna follows the text, which itself identifies pitta with fire; he does not impose this.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"pitta (metabolic)","sourceName":"Prasher B et al., J Genet 2016","sourceKind":"paper","locator":"PMID 27019453","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Ayurgenomics gloss.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Prasher B et al., J Genet 2016\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"Pitta, Turnover (negative entropy production)","sourceName":"Hankey A, Anc Sci Life 2010","sourceKind":"paper","locator":"PMID 22557353","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Systems-theoretic gloss.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Hankey A, Anc Sci Life 2010\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"Diminution of pitta","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-5.2.2.6","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Classified under 'Morbidity and diagnostic terms (disorders)', i.e. WHO treats depletion of a doṣa as a disorder in its own right.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"}],"classical":[{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"15","verse":"","establishes":"Pitta's functions include pigmentation, vision and intellection as well as digestion and heat. No reading of pitta as bile can carry medhā-kṛt.","quote":"Pigmentations or colouring (Ragakrit), the digestion of food and metabolism of tissues (Paktikrit), the vitalisation and nutrition of the protaplasmic cells (Ojakrit), the origination and preservation of eye-sight (Teja-Krit), the germination of heat and maintenance of the temperature of the body (Ushma-Krit), and the origination of the faculty of intellection (Medha-Krit) should be regarded as the functions of the five kinds of Pitta, which contribute to the preservation of the body through its thermogenetic potency (Agni-Karma).","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122907.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"21","verse":"","establishes":"Sushruta explicitly identifies pitta with agni and denies any other heat-producing factor in the body. This is the textual basis for the pitta/agni conflation and for the later scholastic effort to separate them.","quote":"Now it may be asked whether the Pitta is identical with the elemental fire, or is it something other than that? The question may be answered by stating that the Pitta is the same as fire. Since such symptoms, as a burning sensation, digestion (boiling, and all other characteristics of fire can never exhibit themselves in the human body without the intervention of Pitta. Pitta therefore is called internal fire. ... There is no other fire (heat making factor) in the organism than Pitta.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122917.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"21","verse":"","establishes":"Gives pitta physical properties (liquid, coloured, odorous, tasting), the strongest classical support for a substance reading, and the reason 'bile' is a tempting though inadequate rendering.","quote":"The Pitta is a keen, sharp and warm liquid, of a blue colour (in its normal state), or yellowish (in its deranged condition). It emits a kind of fleshy smell and is possessed of a pungent taste which is transformed into an acid one when deranged or vitiated.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122917.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"60 (Kaviratna prints this as aphorism 69, evidently an OCR or typesetting error for 59)","establishes":"The guṇas of pitta in lawfully quotable English. Note the printed number is unreliable in this scan; the verse number here is inferred from sequence and should be re-checked against a clean copy.","quote":null,"quoteWithheld":"nobody has yet read this quotation against its printed source, and an unchecked quotation is not published here","translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"17","verse":"116","establishes":"The prākṛta/vaikṛta duality applied to pitta: the same pitta that digests, when provoked, produces many disorders.","quote":"पित्तादेवोष्मणः पक्तिर्नराणामुपजायते| तच्च पित्तं प्रकुपितं विकारान् कुरुते बहून्||११६|| / pittādēvōṣmaṇaḥ paktirnarāṇāmupajāyatē| tacca pittaṁ prakupitaṁ vikārān kurutē bahūn||116||","translator":"none quoted (Sanskrit mula only)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Kiyanta_Shiraseeya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"agni / jāṭharāgni","why":"Sushruta Sutrasthana 21 identifies pitta with fire and denies any other heat source, yet later tradition and WHO ISTA treat agni as a separate entry (WHO ITA-2.6.x, samāgniḥ ITA-2.6.8). Whether pitta and agni are one thing is a live scholastic question, not a settled equivalence."},{"term":"rakta","why":"Sushruta says the factors that derange pitta vitiate blood as well and gives rakta its own constitutive standing. Pittaja and raktaja disorders are separately enumerated."},{"term":"pācaka, rañjaka, sādhaka, ālocaka, bhrājaka pitta","why":"The five subtypes are separately coded (WHO ITA-2.1.2.2 to 2.1.2.6) and are not interchangeable with pitta as a whole."},{"term":"pitta prakṛti","why":"A constitutional category (WHO ITA-2.8.4, 'Body constitution with a predominance of pitta'), not a statement about current pitta level."},{"term":"bile / bilirubin","why":"A physical secretion with a measurable concentration. Pitta has no assay; equating them turns a functional category into a lab value and invites false clinical inference."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"bile","why":"Kaviratna's rendering and the standard 19th-century one. Cannot carry medhā-kṛt (intellection), ālocaka (vision) or bhrājaka (complexion), all of which Sushruta Sutrasthana 15 and 21 assign to pitta."},{"rendering":"fire","why":"Defensible from Sushruta Sutrasthana 21 but incomplete: WHO ISTA names fire and water as the predominant elements, and pitta is repeatedly described as a liquid."},{"rendering":"yellow bile","why":"Imports the specific Galenic humour, adding a Greek taxonomy on top of an already inadequate substance reading."},{"rendering":"acid / stomach acid","why":"Modern clinical shorthand in Indian practice. Takes the amla-vidagdha state of vitiated pitta as the definition of pitta."},{"rendering":"metabolism","why":"Common modern gloss (including in the Ayurgenomics literature). Better than 'bile', but it silently drops the thermal, visual and cognitive functions."},{"rendering":"'cold' among pitta's qualities","why":"Not a rendering of the term but of its guna list, and the clearest case in this corpus of a translator's word choice being mistaken for a doctrine. Kaviratna gives Ca. Su. 1.60 as 'Bile, which may be cold, hot, keen, soft, sour, liquid, and bitter'. The mula reads sasneham usnam tiksnam ca dravam amlam saram katu: unctuous, hot, keen, liquid, sour, mobile, pungent. 'Cold' stands where the text has sasneham (unctuous), 'soft' where it has saram (mobile) and 'bitter' where it has katu (pungent). Pitta is hot in every reading of the Sanskrit and no commentator supports a cold pitta, so a reader meeting 'cold' first in a public-domain English text meets the opposite of the doctrine. The citation is kept at classical[3] marked superseded, with the mula beside it, because the error is itself evidence of how the text was read in 1896."}],"openQuestions":["No peer-reviewed literature was found that treats pitta specifically, as opposed to tridosha or prakriti collectively. Whether this is a real gap or an artefact of PubMed indexing is unresolved.","The relation of pitta to agni is the single largest unresolved question in this record and cannot be settled from the two public-domain translations alone; Ashtanga Hridaya Sutrasthana 12-13 and Sharngadhara are the places to look, and neither has a quotable English translation."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/pitta/","canary":"09ab313bda1dfecd"},{"slug":"prabhava","page":"/lexicon/prabhava/","iast":"prabhāva","devanagari":"प्रभाव","alternates":["prabhava","prabhāvaja (karma arising from prabhāva, AH)"],"category":"pharmacological principle; fifth member of the rasa-pañcaka (rasa, guṇa, vīrya, vipāka, prabhāva)","family":"pharmacology","renderings":[{"english":"Characteristic therapeutic effect of a substance","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022), entry DG0230 prabhāva","sourceKind":"comparator standard","locator":"DG0230","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Comparator; WHO's definition is descriptive and does not carry the 'unexplained by rasa/vīrya/vipāka' clause that the classical definition turns on.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"potency","sourceName":"Kaviratna, Charaka Samhita, Sutrasthana Lesson XXVI (his 23-28 in the restarted numbering; standard 26.67-72)","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"archive.org BIUSante_47357, printed pp. 320-321","verbatim":true,"assessment":"He uses 'potency' for prabhāva and 'Energy' for vīrya, the reverse of modern convention where 'potency' is the usual English for vīrya. Any reuse of his sentences needs this flagged.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"(no rendering; term not used in the chapter)","sourceName":"Bhishagratna, Sushruta Samhita, Sutrasthana ch. XLII","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"wisdomlib doc141672","verbatim":false,"assessment":"Su. 42 as translated does not use or render prabhāva; no Bhishagratna rendering recorded.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true},{"english":"might, power, majesty, dignity, strength, efficacy... supernatural power","sourceName":"Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899), p. 684","sourceKind":"dictionary","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":"General sense; the Ayurvedic technical sense is not separately recorded.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899), p. 684\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"Specific action / special potency / special effect / specific influential effect","sourceName":"Common textbook and journal renderings (e.g. PMID 32398906 abstract: 'Prabhava (special effect)'; carakasamhitaonline section heading 'Prabhava (specific influential effect)')","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":"Modern usage is unstable across 'specific action', 'special potency', 'special effect'; 'specific potency' risks confusion with vīrya.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Common textbook and journal renderings (e.g. PMID 32398906 abstract: 'Prabhava (special effect)'; carakasamhitaonline section heading 'Prabhava (specific influential effect)')\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"26","verse":"67 (standard; Kaviratna prints 23 after the passage in his restarted Lesson XXVI numbering)","establishes":"The defining verse: where rasa, vīrya and vipāka are the same but the action differs, that is prabhāva. Kaviratna: 'Where uniformity is observed (between two objects) in respect of taste, energy, and assimilation, but a difference or distinction occurs in their operation or effect, such distinction is said to arise from what is called the potency of the objects.'","quote":"रसवीर्यविपाकानां सामान्यं यत्र लक्ष्यते| विशेषः कर्मणां चैव प्रभावस्तस्य स स्मृतः||६७||","translator":"Sanskrit quoted; English by Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Atreyabhadrakapyiya_Adhyaya ; English: https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt (printed p. 320)","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"26","verse":"68-70 (standard; Kaviratna 24-26; first and last confirmed separately)","establishes":"The stock examples (citraka vs dantī; poison as antidote; emetic vs purgative direction; worn gems) and the dictum that prabhāva is acintya. Kaviratna: 'Chitraka (Plumbago Zeylanica, Linn.) is pungent in taste, and pungent in assimilation, and hot in energy. So is Danti ... But Danti operates as a purgative (while Chitiaka does not). This occurs through the potency of Danti.' ... 'Potency is said to be inconceivable.'","quote":"कटुकः कटुकः पाके वीर्योष्णश्चित्रको मतः| तद्वद्दन्ती प्रभावात्तु विरेचयति मानवम् ||६८|| विषं विषघ्नमुक्तं यत् प्रभावस्तत्र कारणम्| ऊर्ध्वानुलोमिकं यच्च तत् प्रभावप्रभावितम्||६९|| मणीनां धारणीयानां कर्म यद्विविधात्मकम्| तत् प्रभावकृतं तेषां प्रभावोऽचिन्त्य उच्यते ||७०||","translator":"Sanskrit quoted; English by Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Atreyabhadrakapyiya_Adhyaya ; English: https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt (printed p. 320)","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"26","verse":"71-72 (standard; Kaviratna 27-28)","establishes":"The hierarchy: vipāka overrides rasa, vīrya overrides both, prabhāva overrides all. Kaviratna: 'Taste is subjugated by Assimilation ; both of them, again, are subjugated by Energy ; and all three are subjugated by Potency. Even such is the natural force of each of these.'","quote":"किञ्चिद्रसेन कुरुते कर्म वीर्येण चापरम्||७१|| द्रव्यं गुणेन पाकेन प्रभावेण च किञ्चन| रसं विपाकस्तौ वीर्यं प्रभावस्तानपोहति||७२||","translator":"Sanskrit quoted; English by Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Atreyabhadrakapyiya_Adhyaya ; English: https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt (printed p. 321)","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"26","verse":"9 (standard)","establishes":"A non-technical use of prabhāva in the same chapter ('their powers are beneficial and non-beneficial'; Kaviratna: 'Beneficial and Not-beneficial are their powers'), showing the word is not reserved for the technical sense even within Ca.Su. 26.","quote":"हिताहितौ प्रभावौ","translator":"Sanskrit quoted","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Atreyabhadrakapyiya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Aṣṭāṅga Hṛdaya","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"9 (Dravyādi-vijñānīya)","verse":"the rasādisāmye verse and the following override verse printed as 25 on easyayurveda.com; exact numbers to be verified in a printed edition","establishes":"Vagbhata's compressed definition (rasādisāmye yat karma viśiṣṭaṃ tat prabhāvajam) and restatement of the Charaka hierarchy. No public-domain English; no quotation.","quote":null,"translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/substances-and-their-qualities-9-ashtanga-hrudaya-sutrasthana/","checked":"address only, nothing quoted to check"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"vīrya (potency)","why":"Kaviratna renders prabhāva as 'potency' and vīrya as 'Energy'; modern English reverses this ('potency' = vīrya). Charaka 26.72 places prabhāva above vīrya in the override hierarchy, so they are distinct levels."},{"term":"karma (action)","why":"Prabhāva is the explanatory residual for a karma, not the karma itself (26.67: viśeṣaḥ karmaṇāṃ... prabhāvaḥ)."},{"term":"prabhāva as 'power/effect' in ordinary usage","why":"Ca.Su. 26.9 uses 'hitāhitau prabhāvau' non-technically; the dictionary senses (might, majesty, supernatural power) are general."},{"term":"vipāka","why":"Also a non-sensory inferred principle; vipāka is the post-digestive rasa with three (Charaka) outcomes, while prabhāva is by definition what vipāka and the others fail to explain."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"potency","why":"Kaviratna's term; in current English 'potency' denotes vīrya, so quoting him without a gloss inverts the hierarchy."},{"rendering":"magical / supernatural power","why":"Monier-Williams' 'supernatural power' sense and the gem example (26.70) tempt this reading; the text's point is unexplained but observed drug action, declared acintya (not inferable), not supernatural."},{"rendering":"specific potency / specific effect without the defining clause","why":"WHO DG0230's 'characteristic therapeutic effect' drops the condition 'given sameness of rasa, vīrya, vipāka', which is what makes prabhāva a residual category rather than a synonym for efficacy."}],"openQuestions":[],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/prabhava/","canary":"9fcf6861b3f7ae48"},{"slug":"pradhanakarma","page":"/lexicon/pradhanakarma/","iast":"pradhānakarma","devanagari":"प्रधानकर्म","alternates":["pradhāna-karma","pradhana karma","pradhānakarman"],"category":"chikitsa","family":"clinic","renderings":[{"english":"Main therapeutic procedure","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator-standard","locator":"ITA-9.2.68","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Factual report of the WHO rendering. Note WHO scopes the term to both panchakarma and surgery, not surgery alone.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"the Principal therapeutical or surgical appliances (Pradhana-karma)","sourceName":"Bhishagratna, Sushruta Samhita vol. 1 (1907), Sutrasthana ch. V","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"wisdomlib doc122892; Bhishagratna prints no Sanskrit verse numbers","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Edwardian 'appliances' means measures/applications, not devices.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"principal actions","sourceName":"siva.sh machine-assisted English gloss on Su.Su. 5.3","sourceKind":"web-gloss","locator":"https://www.siva.sh/sushruta-samhita/sutra-sthana/5/3","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Site does not name its Sanskrit edition or a human translator; useful only as a gloss.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"siva.sh machine-assisted English gloss on Su.Su. 5.3\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"Pradhana Karma (prime procedure)","sourceName":"Dass RK et al., Ayu 2012 (PMID 23723669) abstract","sourceKind":"peer-reviewed-usage","locator":"PubMed abstract","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Shows how the term is used in modern Panchakarma literature: Vamana itself is called the pradhana karma.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Dass RK et al., Ayu 2012 (PMID 23723669) abstract\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"main procedure / main operative procedure","sourceName":"Common textbook / web usage (e.g. easyayurveda chapter summary surfaced in search)","sourceKind":"textbook-usage","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"Widespread; not traced to a quotable edition.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"5 (Agropaharaniya adhyaya)","verse":"3 (verse number as displayed on siva.sh; Sanskrit edition not stated by the site). Bhishagratna's translation of the same sentence carries no verse number.","establishes":"The threefold division of therapeutic action into pūrvakarma, pradhānakarma and paścātkarma, stated as applying 'with reference to each disease'.","quote":"त्रिविधं कर्म- पूर्वकर्म, प्रधानकर्म, पश्चात्कर्मेति; तद्व्याधिं प्रत्युपदेक्ष्यामः ॥३॥","translator":"Sanskrit text (no translator)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.siva.sh/sushruta-samhita/sutra-sthana/5/3","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"V (Preliminary measures / Agropaharaniya)","verse":"Not numbered by Bhishagratna; corresponds to the sentence numbered 3 on siva.sh (see previous entry). Do not cite as 'Su.Su. 5.3 (Bhishagratna)'.","establishes":"Bhishagratna's English for the three terms; he frames them as covering 'the entire course of medical treatment', not surgery only.","quote":"The entire course of medical treatment in connection with a disease may be grouped under three subheads, as the Preliminary measures (Purva-karma); the Principal therapeutical or surgical appliances (Pradhana-karma); and the After-measures (Paschat-karma).","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122892.html","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"pūrvakarma","why":"The preparatory phase (e.g. snehana, svedana before panchakarma; pre-operative preparation in surgery); pradhānakarma is the main act itself."},{"term":"paścātkarma","why":"After-measures (e.g. saṁsarjana krama, wound care); frequently lumped with pradhānakarma in loose descriptions of 'the procedure'."},{"term":"pañcakarma","why":"Pañcakarma names five specific pradhānakarmas; pradhānakarma is a phase label that applies to any procedure, surgical or purificatory."},{"term":"pradhāna (as adjective, e.g. pradhāna marma)","why":"'pradhāna' alone means chief/principal; only the compound with karma denotes the procedural phase."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"main surgery / operation","why":"Both Sushruta's framing and WHO scope the term to any treatment course including panchakarma; restricting it to surgery loses the panchakarma usage."},{"rendering":"primary treatment / first-line treatment","why":"Imports the biomedical sense of treatment hierarchy; pradhānakarma is a temporal phase, not a priority ranking."}],"openQuestions":["Which Sanskrit edition siva.sh follows for Su.Su. 5.3 (not stated on the page); verify against Trikamji/Acharya edition before publishing the verse number.","Whether Charaka uses the compound pradhānakarma at all; carakasamhitaonline Kalpana Siddhi page did not formally use the three terms (fetched 2026-10-07)."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/pradhanakarma/","canary":"e37e5c3301917d67"},{"slug":"prajnaparadha","page":"/lexicon/prajnaparadha/","iast":"prajñāparādha","devanagari":"प्रज्ञापराध","alternates":["prajnaparadha","pragnaparadha","pragyaparadha","prajña-aparādha","prajñāparādhaḥ"],"category":"manas-2","family":"mind","renderings":[{"english":"Behaviour based on erroneous judgement","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator-standard","locator":"ITA-4.4.11","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Comparator only. The PDF text layer renders the Devanagari as प्रज्ापराधः (font-extraction glitch); the IAST column reads prajñāparādhaḥ. Retrieved from the NIA mirror https://www.nia.nic.in/pdf/TERMINOLOGIES.pdf (WHO IRIS returned 403).","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Judgement of error","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator-standard","locator":"ITA-4.8.36","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO lists the term twice with different English heads (4.4.11 and 4.8.36). The second head, 'Judgement of error', reads as an inversion of 'error of judgement'.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"intellectual error","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator-standard","locator":"ITA-4.4.9 trividhahetuḥ description","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Used inside the definition of the three-cause scheme rather than as the term's own head.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"intellectual blasphemy; knowingly opting the wrong things may be dietetic or behavioural","sourceName":"NAMASTE portal, Standardised Ayurveda Terminologies (SAT)","sourceKind":"comparator-standard","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":"From the downloadable combined SAT Excel (https://namaste.ayush.gov.in/admin/assets/excel/namaste/ayu_sat_table_combined.xlsx). 'Intellectual blasphemy' is the head rendering.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology"},{"english":"intellectual blasphemy","sourceName":"NAMASTE portal, Standardised Ayurveda Terminologies (SAT)","sourceKind":"comparator-standard","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":"Second NAMASTE entry (Section J). Same head rendering; the definition introduces 'volitional transgression'. SAT-C.74 trividhahetuḥ also glosses it as 'prajnaparadha(intellectual blasphemy)'.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology"},{"english":"faults of the Understanding","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913), public domain","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"Sutrasthana Lesson XI, his aphorisms 41-42 (printed pp.125-126 of the BIUSante scan); also Vimanasthana Lesson III his 23 'faults of the understanding'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna's main rendering in Sutrasthana 11 and Vimanasthana 3. He glosses in a footnote: \"'Prajna' means wisdom, or, rather, the faculty by which one judges of things correctly. 'Aparadha' of this, therefore, must imply all instances of erroneous judgment or incorrect apprehension.\"","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"fault of judgment","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913), public domain","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"Sarirasthana Lesson I, his aphorisms 109, 115, 116 (pp.678-679); Nidanasthana Lesson VII his 13 (p.994)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"His rendering in Sarirasthana 1 and Nidanasthana 7; footnote at Ni.7: \"'Prajnaparadha,' as explained previously, is fault of judgment, i.e., errors of the understanding.\"","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"intellectual error","sourceName":"Charak Samhita New Edition (carakasamhitaonline.com), glossary page 'Prajnaparadha'","sourceKind":"textbook/online","locator":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Prajnaparadha","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Contemporary standard textbook rendering. Not a public-domain source; used only for the rendering and for locating verses.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"the CSRTSDC/Charak Samhita New Edition English, in copyright","downloadable":false},{"english":"intellectual errors / intellectual blasphemy / offence against wisdom","sourceName":"Dharmawiki, 'Prajnaparadha (प्रज्ञापराधः)'","sourceKind":"online encyclopaedia","locator":"https://dharmawiki.org/index.php/Prajnaparadha_(प्रज्ञापराधः","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Lists all three as circulating renderings.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Dharmawiki, 'Prajnaparadha (प्रज्ञापराधः)'\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"\"Dharmawiki, 'Prajnaparadha (प्रज्ञापराधः)'\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation"},{"english":"intellectual blasphemy or failure of wisdom","sourceName":"Web search result snippet (Ayurveda journal literature, non-PubMed)","sourceKind":"journal-snippet","locator":"Search result text, 2026-10-07","verbatim":false,"assessment":"'Failure of wisdom' circulates in Indian Ayurveda journals; not seen in a retrieved full page.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true},{"english":"crime against wisdom","sourceName":"Common popular/textbook rendering","sourceKind":"general knowledge","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"Widely used in Western Ayurveda writing; NOT verified in any page. Treat as unconfirmed.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"11 (Tistraiṣaṇīya)","verse":"Standard (Trikamji-type, as printed on carakasamhitaonline) 11/43 prose; Dharmawiki numbers the same prose 11.44. Kaviratna prints his aphorisms 41, 42, 43 for this block.","establishes":"Prajñāparādha is named as the second of the three causes (hetu) of disorders, alongside asātmyendriyārtha-saṃyoga and pariṇāma. Kaviratna's number 42 matches standard 43 by content here (one behind), but his 41 is a different prose unit from standard 42; do not convert by offset.","quote":"Sanskrit (carakasamhitaonline, numbered 43): \"इत्यसात्म्येन्द्रियार्थसंयोगः, प्रज्ञापराधः, परिणामश्चेति त्रयस्त्रिविधविकल्पा हेतवो विकाराणां\". Kaviratna (his 41-42, p.125-126): \"Correlation, as shown above, is of three kinds. These three kinds of acts or exertions are regarded as faults of the Understanding.41 ... Thus are the three subjects treated of, viz., the improper contact of objects of sense with the Mind, faults of the Understanding, and Time or Parinama.42 These three, (viz., the improper contact of objects of sense with the Mind, faults of the Understanding, and Time,) each sub-divided into three kinds, constitute the causes of disease.\"","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (English); Sanskrit from carakasamhitaonline.com","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt ; https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Tistraishaniya_Adhyaya ; https://dharmawiki.org/index.php/Prajnaparadha_(प्रज्ञापराधः)","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1 (Dīrghañjīvitīya)","verse":"Standard 54 (carakasamhitaonline). Kaviratna prints 53.","establishes":"The verse names 'buddhi' (not prajñāparādha by name) as the middle member of the three-fold cause; Kaviratna renders buddhi here as 'mind', which obscures the link to prajñāparādha. Kaviratna's footnote (his own, not the text): \"Time is of two kinds, viz., (1) that portion of eternity with which human life is concerned and which goes on ceaselessly, and (2) the age of man\".","quote":"Sanskrit (numbered 54): \"कालबुद्धीन्द्रियार्थानां योगो मिथ्या न चाति च| द्वयाश्रयाणां व्याधीनां त्रिविधो हेतुसङ्ग्रहः||५४||\". Kaviratna (his 53): \"Of all diseases, physical and mental, the causes in brief are of three kinds, viz., adverse or excessive correlation or want of correlation of time, mind, and the objects of the senses.*53\"","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt ; https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Deerghanjiviteeya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sarirasthana","chapter":"1 (Katidhāpuruṣīya)","verse":"Standard 98 (carakasamhitaonline). Kaviratna prints 105.","establishes":"Restates the three causes of suffering in Sarirasthana, with dhī-dhṛti-smṛti-vibhraṃśa as the first. Kaviratna's own footnote (not text): \"I render 'dhi' the equivalent of 'buddhi,' as Understanding; 'dhriti' as firmness ... and lastly 'smriti' as Memory or the retentive power.\" In this chapter Kaviratna runs seven ahead of the standard numbering (105/98, 109/102, 116/109), verified by content at each of those three points.","quote":"Sanskrit (numbered 98, first line only as retrieved): \"धीधृतिस्मृतिविभ्रंशः सम्प्राप्तिः कालकर्मणाम्\". Kaviratna (his 105, p.677): \"Loss of Understanding, of Firmness, and of Memory, time in respect of the accession of disease and of the administration of correctives as also the accession of objects unaccordant with the senses, — these should be known as the causes of sorrow.105\"","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt ; https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Katidhapurusha_Sharira","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sarirastana","chapter":"1 (Katidhāpuruṣīya)","verse":"Standard 99-101 (carakasamhitaonline). Kaviratna prints 106, 107, 108.","establishes":"Defines the three component failures (buddhi/dhī-vibhraṃśa, dhṛti-bhraṃśa, smṛti-bhraṃśa) that together constitute prajñāparādha.","quote":"Sanskrit: \"विषमाभिनिवेशो यो नित्यानित्ये हिताहिते। ज्ञेयः स बुद्धिविभ्रंशः समं बुद्धिर्हि पश्यति॥९९॥ विषयप्रवणं सत्त्वं धृतिभ्रंशान्न शक्यते। नियन्तुमहितादर्थाद्धृतिर्हि नियमात्मिका॥१००॥ तत्त्वज्ञाने स्मृतिर्यस्य रजोमोहावृतात्मनः। भ्रश्यते स स्मृतिभ्रंशः स्मर्तव्यं हि स्मृतौ स्थितम्॥१०१॥\". Kaviratna (his 106-108, p.678): \"An injudicious attention to what is unchangeable and what is changeable, as also to good and evil, is regarded as loss of understanding, since the understanding implies a judicious application to things.*106 The mind that is prone to earthly objects is incapable of being restrained from evil courses owing to loss of firmness, for firmness implies restraint of inclinations.107 The swerving of the mind of a person who is overwhelmed by passion and heedlessness from the knowledge of truth, is known as loss of memory, for that which should be remembered (viz., the knowledge of truth) dwells in memory.108\"","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt ; https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Katidhapurusha_Sharira","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sarirasthana","chapter":"1 (Katidhāpuruṣīya)","verse":"Standard 102 (carakasamhitaonline; Dharmawiki cites the same verse as 'Char. Samh. 1.102'). Kaviratna prints 109.","establishes":"The canonical definition: unwholesome action done by one whose dhī, dhṛti and smṛti are deranged is prajñāparādha, and it provokes all doṣas. Kaviratna's footnote (his own): \"'Dosha' in 'sarvadoshaprakopanam' has reference as much to the faults, (wind, bile and phlegm) as to all trangressions from duty.\"","quote":"Sanskrit: \"धीधृतिस्मृतिविभ्रष्टः कर्म यत् कुरुतेऽशुभम्। प्रज्ञापराधं तं विद्यात् सर्वदोषप्रकोपणम्॥१०२॥\". Kaviratna (his 109, p.678): \"The evil acts which a man who has lost understanding, firmness, and memory, perpetrates, should be known to constitute what is called fault of judgment. This (fault of judgment) is provocative of all the faults.109\"","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt ; https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Katidhapurusha_Sharira","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sarirasthana","chapter":"1 (Katidhāpuruṣīya)","verse":"Standard 108-109 (carakasamhitaonline). Kaviratna prints 115-116.","establishes":"Second definition: wrong cognition by the intellect and wrong action; prajñāparādha is located in the domain of manas (manaso gocaram). Kaviratna's footnote: \"Acts have two elements, viz., mental and physical. The physical element is excluded. Acts that are faults of judgment are, the Rishi says, all mental.\" The list of acts (standard 103-107 / Kaviratna 110-114) sits between these two quotes.","quote":"Sanskrit: \"यच्चान्यदीदृशं कर्म रजोमोहसमुत्थितम्। प्रज्ञापराधं तं शिष्टा ब्रुवते व्याधिकारणम्॥१०८॥ बुद्ध्या विषमविज्ञानं विषमं च प्रवर्तनम्। प्रज्ञापराधं जानीयान्मनसो गोचरं हि तत्॥१०९॥\". Kaviratna (his 115-116, p.679): \"These and such other acts which arise from passion and stupefaction, are regarded by sages as disease-producing faults of judgment.115 Injudicious apprehension of things by the understanding, as also a setting of one's self to injudicious acts, should be known as fault of judgment. That which is called fault of judgment really concerns the mind.*116\"","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt ; https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Katidhapurusha_Sharira","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"3 (Janapadodhvaṃsanīya)","verse":"Kaviratna prints 23 (OCR reads '28!' between his 22 and 24, so 23). carakasamhitaonline lists this as Vi. 3/20; standard number NOT verified against a Sanskrit source.","establishes":"Prajñāparādha as the root of adharma, which in turn is the root of the vitiation of air, water, place and time that destroys communities (epidemic causation).","quote":"Kaviratna (p.477): \"Unto him the illustrious son of Atri said, — O Agniveca, the perversity that arises of all these, viz., air and the rest, has unrighteousness for its root. That unrighteousness has for its root sinful acts committed before. The source of both these (viz., unrighteousness and sinful acts), is faults of the understanding.23\" Footnote (translator's note, not text): \"By 'prajnaparadhah' is meant faults of the understanding. 'Prajna' means wisdom, or, rather, the faculty by which one judges of things correctly. 'Aparadha' of this, therefore, must imply all instances of erroneous judgment or incorrect apprehension.\"","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"6 (Roganika Vimana)","verse":"Standard Vimānasthāna 6/6 (Trikamji; carakasamhitaonline Roganika Vimana prints ||६|| after 'परिणामश्चेति'). Kaviratna: Vimanasthana Lesson VI, printed p. 515, inside the block closed by his printed 10 (his 10 covers standard 6-9; number printed after). Not Nidānasthāna: Kaviratna's Nidanasthana Lesson I (printed p. 928) renders Ni 1/3 as a different sentence.","establishes":"The three causes, asātmyendriyārtha-saṃyoga, prajñāparādha and pariṇāma, restated in Vimānasthāna 6/6 as the threefold provokers (trividhaṃ prakopaṇam) of both classes of doṣa, the mental (rajas, tamas) and the bodily (vāta, pitta, kapha). The gloss 'By Parinama is meant Time' is Kaviratna's footnote, not the text. The same triad is the definition of nidāna at Ni 1/3 (tat trividham: asātmyendriyārthasaṃyogaḥ, prajñāparādhaḥ, pariṇāmaś ceti), which Kaviratna renders differently.","quote":"Kaviratna: \"Amongst them, verily, of these two kinds of Faults (viz., mental and bodily), there are three kinds of exciting causes, viz., union with disagreeing objects of sense, faults of understanding, and Time.\" Footnote (translator's note): \"By 'Parinama' is meant Time.\"","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Nidanasthana","chapter":"7 (Unmāda-nidāna)","verse":"Kaviratna prints 13 (OCR 'r3', p.994). carakasamhitaonline lists prajñāparādha as cause of unmāda at Ni. 7/10; standard number NOT verified against Sanskrit.","establishes":"Prajñāparādha named as the cause of āgantu (exogenous) unmāda, over against the 'past deeds' view.","quote":"Kaviratna: \"Some say that the evil acts of previous lives are the cause of this variety of Insanity (viz., that which is called Accidental). But the illustrious Punarvasu of Atri's race declared that fault of judgment is the cause.13\" Footnote (translator's note): \"'Prajnaparadha,' as explained previously, is fault of judgment, i.e., errors of the understanding. Almost all diseases are born of such errors.\"","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"asātmyendriyārtha-saṃyoga","why":"The first of the three causes: wrong (excess, deficient, perverse) contact of senses with their objects. Kaviratna himself notes (Sa.1 footnote) that the first and third 'are scarcely exclusive of each other'; the texts nonetheless keep them as separate heads."},{"term":"pariṇāma / kāla","why":"The third cause, time and its transformations (season, age). Prajñāparādha is volitional; pariṇāma is not."},{"term":"dhī-dhṛti-smṛti-vibhraṃśa","why":"The derangement of intellect, restraint and memory is the mechanism; prajñāparādha is the unwholesome ACT that results from it (Ca.Sa.1.102). Kaviratna's footnote says the compound 'is otherwise called Prajnaparadha', collapsing cause and effect; the Sanskrit of 102 keeps them distinct."},{"term":"adharma / pāpa","why":"Ca.Vi.3 makes prajñāparādha the ROOT of adharma, not a synonym for sin. Kaviratna's Su.11 footnote (translator's view) frames the doctrine in terms of 'sin', which is his gloss."},{"term":"mithyāyoga of karma (Ca.Su.11)","why":"In Sutrasthana 11 the three kinds of wrong exertion of speech, mind and body are what is 'regarded as' prajñāparādha; in Sarirasthana 1 the definition is cognitive. The two chapters define it at different levels (act vs. faculty)."},{"term":"buddhi (as 'mind')","why":"Kaviratna renders buddhi in Ca.Su.1.54 as 'mind', so a reader of his translation will not see that this verse is the seed of the prajñāparādha doctrine."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"intellectual blasphemy","why":"Still the head rendering in NAMASTE (SAT-C.76, SAT-J.49). 'Blasphemy' imports a theological register absent from aparādha (offence, fault, transgression); the Sanskrit concerns erroneous judgement and volitional wrong action, not sacrilege. Even the carakasamhitaonline page calls it 'a more Victorian style'."},{"rendering":"Judgement of error","why":"WHO ITA-4.8.36 head term; an inversion of 'error of judgement' that reads as a judgement ABOUT error."},{"rendering":"crime against wisdom","why":"Popular Western rendering; 'crime' over-criminalises aparādha and 'wisdom' mystifies prajñā, which Kaviratna glosses as 'the faculty by which one judges of things correctly'. Not retrieved in a source; flagged as circulating."},{"rendering":"fault of judgment = all mental (Kaviratna footnote)","why":"Kaviratna's note that 'the physical element is excluded' is his reading of manaso gocaram; the text itself lists bodily acts (suppression of urges, overindulgence) as prajñāparādha. Treat the note as translator's opinion."}],"openQuestions":["Standard (Trikamji) verse numbers for Ca.Vi.3 (listed as 3/20), Ca.Ni.1 (1/3) and Ca.Ni.7 (7/10) were taken from carakasamhitaonline's reference list and not verified against a numbered Sanskrit page; Kaviratna's printed numbers (23, 10, 13) are what was read.","Sutrasthana 11 prose numbering differs between editions: carakasamhitaonline prints 43 for the 'ity asātmyendriyārtha...' sentence, Dharmawiki cites 11.44 for the same sentence.","Whether Ashtanga Hridaya Su.1/19 (kālārthakarmaṇāṃ yogo hīnamithyātimātrakaḥ, cited by Dharmawiki) should be recorded as a parallel: no public-domain English exists and the Sanskrit was seen only on Dharmawiki.","ICD-11 TM2 coverage: a search found no evidence that prajñāparādha is coded (it is a cause, not a disorder); not checked in the ICD-11 browser itself."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/prajnaparadha/","canary":"ea253ec0bbc6ca85"},{"slug":"prakopa","page":"/lexicon/prakopa/","iast":"prakopa","devanagari":"प्रकोप","alternates":["prakopaḥ","प्रकोपः","kopa","कोप","prakop"],"category":"kriyakala","family":"disease","renderings":[{"english":"Stage of a dosha reaching the threshold","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","sourceKind":"who-ista","locator":"ITA-4.6.8","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO description, verbatim: 'The second stage of disease manifestation, when dosha increases to reach the threshold at its own location. This term may also indicate physiological aggravation of dosha.' Re-read from the PDF. Two things matter: WHO chooses 'threshold', not 'aggravation', for the stage name; and WHO explicitly flags that prakopa has a second, non-staged sense.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Aggravation of vata / Aggravation of pitta / Aggravation of kapha","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","sourceKind":"who-ista","locator":"ITA-5.2.1.2","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Same word, different English in a different chapter: 'Aggravation of X', classified as a disorder with a symptom list (kapha: 'A disorder characterized by aversion to food; nausea'). The Sanskrit column at ITA-5.2.1.2 was re-read and does read 'vātaprakopaḥ/ vātavṛddhilakṣaṇam', so WHO does treat prakopa and vṛddhi as interchangeable at the dosha-disorder level, which cuts against the careful stage distinction in ITA-4.6.8.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"disturbance or aggravation (Prakopa)","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, tr. Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907)","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"Sutrasthana ch. XXI, summary verse","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Bhishagratna offers a doublet rather than a single word. In the prose he also uses 'aggravated', 'excited' and 'aggravating causes' for the same root.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":null,"englishWithheld":"this project has not cleared that source for quotation","sourceName":"easyayurveda.com (Dr Raghuram Y.S. / Dr J.V. Hebbar)","sourceKind":"practitioner-reference","locator":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/2016/06/13/shat-kriya-kala-stage-wise-disease-management/","verbatim":true,"assessment":"String-matched on the retrieved page, with the page's curly apostrophe. Standard BAMS-textbook rendering; keeps the 'own site' constraint, which is what distinguishes prakopa from prasara.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"easyayurveda.com (Dr Raghuram Y.S. / Dr J.V. Hebbar)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"aggravation","sourceName":"siva.sh (machine-generated English layer)","sourceKind":"machine-translation","locator":"https://www.siva.sh/sushruta-samhita/sutra-sthana/21/36","verbatim":true,"assessment":"LOW AUTHORITY, AI-generated. Recorded for completeness only.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"a machine-generated English layer","downloadable":false}],"classical":[{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"21","verse":"27","establishes":"Gives the signs of prakopa (pricking and wandering pain in the koṣṭha, sour eructation, thirst, burning, aversion to food, nausea) and marks it the second kriyākāla.","quote":"तेषां प्रकोपात् कोष्ठतोदसञ्चरणाम्लीकापिपासापरिदाहान्नद्वेषहृदयोत्क्लेदाश्च जायन्ते । तत्र द्वितीयः क्रियाकालः ॥२७॥","translator":null,"licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.siva.sh/sushruta-samhita/sutra-sthana/21/27","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"21","verse":"27","establishes":"Bhishagratna's English for the prakopa stage, including his rendering of the stage-marker as 'the second occasion which calls for medical aid'.","quote":"The aggravated condition of the humours gives rise to pain and moves the wind Vayu) in the bowels; it further occasions acid eructations, thirst, burning sensations, aversion to food, vomiting and nausea. Any of these symptoms should be regarded as the second occasion which calls for medical aid.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122917.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"21","verse":"19-26","establishes":"Verses 19-26 are a long catalogue of prakopaṇa, the causes that provoke each dosha and blood, plus the times and seasons of spontaneous provocation. Important lexicographically: prakopaṇa (the provoking cause) is a distinct word from prakopa (the stage), and the bulk of the chapter's prakopa material is aetiological, not staging. Only the section-opening sentence is quoted; the verse range is a description of what follows it, not a quotation claim.","quote":"अत ऊर्ध्वं प्रकोपणानि वक्ष्यामः ।","translator":null,"licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.siva.sh/sushruta-samhita/sutra-sthana/21/19","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Chikitsasthana","chapter":"Lesson III (Jwara / Treatment of Fever), as numbered in Kaviratna's translation","verse":"41-42","establishes":"Kaviratna renders the prakopa idea as 'provoked' or 'excited' rather than 'aggravated', and shows the accumulation-to-provocation sequence operating seasonally in Charaka. Re-verified: the sentence sits inside a block closed by the inline number '41-42', which is confirmed adjacent in the retrieved text; the quoted sentence is one sentence within that numbered block, not the whole of it.","quote":"The  accumulated  bile  becomes  provoked  in  the  season  of  autumn through  the  heat  of  the  sun,  and  quickly  generates  fever  (that  is characterised  by  excited  bile).","translator":"Kaviraj Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"prakopaṇa (nidāna / provoking cause)","why":"Su.Su. 21.19-21.26 uses prakopaṇa for the CAUSES that provoke a dosha (diet, conduct, season). Prakopa is the resulting state. English 'aggravation' is used for both in most sources, which destroys the distinction."},{"term":"vṛddhi","why":"Vṛddhi is quantitative increase. Prakopa in the kriyakala sense is a change of state, the dosha reaches a threshold and is about to overflow. WHO's chapter 5 equates vātaprakopaḥ with vātavṛddhilakṣaṇam (confirmed in the Sanskrit column), so even WHO is inconsistent between its own chapters; treat any source that equates them as making a substantive claim, not just a wording choice."},{"term":"kopa (in Vagbhata's caya-kopa-praśama)","why":"In the three-fold seasonal scheme, kopa is followed by spontaneous praśama. In the six-fold scheme, prakopa is followed by prasara. Same root, different downstream commitment."},{"term":"sañcaya","why":"Both occur in the dosha's own seat. The distinguishing claim in the sources is degree or threshold: WHO says prakopa is when the dosha 'increases to reach the threshold at its own location'. The boundary is not operationally defined in anything I could retrieve."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"'inflammation'","why":"Imports a specific modern histopathological process. Prakopa is a state of a dosha, and the signs Sushruta lists (sour eructation, thirst, nausea, aversion to food) are not inflammatory signs."},{"rendering":"'anger' / 'rage'","why":"A literal reading of the root kup-. Doshas are described figuratively as enraged, but in a lexicon this reads as an emotion and is wrong."},{"rendering":"'flare-up' meaning a clinical exacerbation of an existing disease","why":"Prakopa in kriyakala precedes disease. Borrowing 'flare' from rheumatology or dermatology puts it at the wrong end of the sequence."}],"openQuestions":["Where exactly sources place the sañcaya/prakopa boundary, and whether any of them defines it by anything other than severity of the same signs.","Whether WHO intends ITA-4.6.8 (stage) and ITA-5.2.x (disorder) to be the same referent under two headings, or two distinct entities.","What Dalhana says on 21.27 about how the threshold is characterised, no public-domain English of Dalhana was located."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/prakopa/","canary":"002f866d4251c65b"},{"slug":"prakriti","page":"/lexicon/prakriti/","iast":"prakṛti","devanagari":"प्रकृति","alternates":["prakruti","doṣaprakṛti","prakṛtiḥ"],"category":"prakriti","family":"daily-life","renderings":[{"english":"An individual's inherent nature","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-2.8.1","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO avoids bare 'constitution' here, reserving 'body constitution' for doṣaprakṛti (ITA-2.8.2).","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false},{"english":"Normal state, normalcy","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-4.8.17","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Same Sanskrit headword, unrelated sense, in the morbidity chapter: 'The state of being normal in every respect, without deviation from or derangement of the normal state, function or quality.' WHO carries prakṛti twice with non-overlapping English.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false},{"english":"individual constitution","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-4.7.5 item 1","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Inside the ten-domain gloss WHO does use 'constitution', contradicting its own ITA-2.8.1 avoidance.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false},{"english":"normal constitution in health","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Vimanasthana 8","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna's rendering of prakṛtitaḥ; elsewhere in the same chapter simply 'nature'.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"Temperament","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, tr. Bhishagratna (1907-1916)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sharirasthana IV","verbatim":true,"assessment":"A Galenic word chosen in 1911; imports humoral baggage the Sanskrit lacks.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"supreme nature (Prakriti)","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, tr. Bhishagratna (1907-1916)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sharirasthana I","verbatim":true,"assessment":"The same translator, the same text, the Samkhya sense. One word, two irreconcilable Englishes.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"constitution types","sourceName":"Govindaraj P et al., Sci Rep 2015","sourceKind":"paper","locator":"PMID 26511157","verbatim":false,"assessment":"Ayurgenomics usage; does not distinguish deha- from manasa-prakṛti.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true},{"english":"psychosomatic constitution","sourceName":"Indian Ayurvedic college usage","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"Broader than WHO's 'body constitution' because it folds in sattva.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"8","verse":"94","establishes":"Prakṛti is the first of the ten examination items, and this fixes verse 94 for the whole list. Every verse number in this term group was read off this same retrieved page.","quote":"tasmādāturaṁ parīkṣēta prakr̥titaśca, vikr̥titaśca, sārataśca, saṁhananataśca, pramāṇataśca, sātmyataśca, sattvataśca, āhāraśaktitaśca, vyāyāmaśaktitaśca, vayastaścēti, balapramāṇaviśēṣagrahaṇahētōḥ||94||","translator":"","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Rogabhishagjitiya_Vimana","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"8","verse":"95","establishes":"Prakṛti is set from conception; five classes named. Note the text's own word is doṣaprakṛti.","quote":"tataḥ sā sā dōṣaprakr̥tirucyatē manuṣyāṇāṁ garbhādipravr̥ttā| tasmācchlēṣmalāḥ prakr̥tyā kēcit, pittalāḥ kēcit, vātalāḥ kēcit, saṁsr̥ṣṭāḥ kēcit, samadhātavaḥ kēcidbhavanti||95||","translator":"","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Rogabhishagjitiya_Vimana","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"8","verse":"95","establishes":"Public-domain English for Vi 8/95. Kaviratna numbers this passage 111 in his own scheme (printed p. 594); the verse number above comes from the Sanskrit and the two were matched by content, not by number. Note that \"thie\" is Kaviratna's own printed typo, visible on the page image at p. 594 line 3, and not an OCR artefact as this record previously said.","quote":"Some persons, by nature, have the wind predominating in thie constitutions ; Some have the bile predominating in their constitutions ; Some have the phlegm predominating in their constitutions ; Some have any two of the three faults or all the three faults combined together in predominant measure ; and Some have all the three faults combined in harmonious proportions.","translator":"Kaviraj Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"8","verse":"100","establishes":"Closes the prakṛti section at verse 100 and defines the samadhātu type as having all qualities together.","quote":"sarvaguṇasamuditāstu samadhātavaḥ| ityēvaṁ prakr̥titaḥ parīkṣēta||100||","translator":"","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Rogabhishagjitiya_Vimana","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sharirasthana","chapter":"4","verse":"57-58","establishes":"Sushruta counts seven prakṛtis where Charaka Vi 8/95 names five classes. The two samhitas disagree and modern summaries rarely say so.","quote":"The temperaments ( Prakriti ) of persons may be of seven different types, according as the deranged Doshas of the body are involved therein, either severally, or in combination of two or of all the three together.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-3-sharirasthana/d/doc142882.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sharirasthana","chapter":"4","verse":"70-71","establishes":"The classical immutability claim, i.e. the textual basis for WHO's 'It is immutable and does not change during a lifespan' at ITA-2.8.2.","quote":"The temperament of a man is never altered, nor does it suffer any deterioration or abatement. A change, abatement or deterioration in any particular case should be regarded as the harbinger of death.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-3-sharirasthana/d/doc142882.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sharirasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"","establishes":"The Samkhya sense inside the same samhita. Verse left blank: the page prints '3' but that was not checked against a Sanskrit edition.","quote":null,"quoteWithheld":"nobody has yet read this quotation against its printed source, and an unchecked quotation is not published here","translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-3-sharirasthana/d/doc142879.html"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"vikṛti","why":"Consecutive items in Vi 8: prakṛti is the conception-set baseline, vikṛti (Vi 8/101) the present morbid state. Not two readings of one scale."},{"term":"doṣaprakṛti","why":"The term Vi 8/95 actually uses. WHO subordinates it to prakṛti; treating them as synonyms drops that distinction."},{"term":"sattva / mānasaprakṛti","why":"Mental type is a separate examination item at Vi 8/119. Folding it into 'prakriti' collapses two of the ten items."},{"term":"mūlaprakṛti (Samkhya)","why":"Sushruta Sharirasthana 1 uses prakṛti for unmanifest primordial Nature. Nothing clinical follows from it."},{"term":"prakṛti as normalcy","why":"WHO ITA-4.8.17 defines prakṛti as the normal state simpliciter. An uncontextualised citation is genuinely ambiguous."},{"term":"sāra","why":"Both are baseline traits assessed for strength, but sāra grades tissue excellence, not doṣa dominance."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"body type","why":"Reduces a doṣa configuration to somatotype. Vi 8/115 explicitly rejects reading strength off body size."},{"rendering":"dosha type / 'your dosha'","why":"Merges prakṛti with current derangement, i.e. with vikṛti, which the texts keep separate."},{"rendering":"phenotype","why":"Over-claims discreteness. The reliability literature (24191170, 27257530) argues against it."},{"rendering":"temperament","why":"Bhishagratna's 1911 word; reads as Galenic humoral temperament and loses the conception-fixed sense."},{"rendering":"Nature","why":"Right only for the Samkhya passages; simply wrong in a clinical one."}],"openQuestions":["Is there an ICD-11 TM2 code for constitution? The TM2 disorder blocks contain no constitution block; whether the SR-series pattern codes include one could not be confirmed.","Is WHO's double entry for prakṛti deliberate homonymy or editorial oversight?"],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/prakriti/","canary":"d780af634fe0bca6"},{"slug":"pramana","page":"/lexicon/pramana/","iast":"pramāṇa","devanagari":"प्रमाण","alternates":["pramāṇam","pramāṇaḥ","śarīrapramāṇa"],"category":"prakriti","family":"daily-life","renderings":[{"english":"Body measurements","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-3.1.5","verbatim":true,"assessment":"'Measurements of the whole or part of the body usually described in proportions based on the width of an individual's fingers.' The word 'individual's' is crucial: the unit is the patient's own finger, so the scale is relative.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Proof, means of valid cognition or knowledge","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-1.8.3","verbatim":true,"assessment":"The epistemological sense with its own entry in the methods chapter, listing pratyakṣa, āptopadeśa, anumāna, yukti and upamāna. WHO documents the homonym explicitly, in two chapters, with two genders of the same stem.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"measurement of body constituents","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-4.7.5 item 5","verbatim":true,"assessment":"A third English; 'constituents' is odd, since Vi 8/117 measures limbs and regions, not constituents.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false},{"english":"dimensions","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Vimanasthana 8","verbatim":true,"assessment":"His word for the examination item.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"the exact measures of the different limbs and members of the body","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, tr. Bhishagratna (1907-1916)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sutrasthana XXXV","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Descriptive rather than terminological, and explicitly tied to prognosis of lifespan.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"anthropometry","sourceName":"Indian Ayurvedic college usage","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"Defensible for the content, but it imports a population-normed discipline where the classical unit is the patient's own finger.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"8","verse":"117","establishes":"Measurement is in the patient's own aṅgula, by height, breadth and length; the whole body is 84 aṅgula-parvas. Longevity, strength, ojas, happiness and wealth are said to depend on correct proportion, and the reverse follows for a body under OR over the measure. The ellipsis replaces the limb-by-limb table, reproduced in full at the cited URL.","quote":"pramāṇataścēti śarīrapramāṇaṁ punaryathāsvēnāṅgulipramāṇēnōpadēkṣyatē utsēdhavistārāyāmairyathākramam| … kēvalaṁ punaḥ śarīramaṅguliparvāṇi caturaśītiḥ| tatrāyurbalamōjaḥ sukhamaiśvaryaṁ vittamiṣṭāścāparē bhāvā bhavantyāyattāḥ pramāṇavati śarīrē; viparyayastvatō hīnē'dhikē vā||117||","translator":"","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Rogabhishagjitiya_Vimana","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"8","verse":"117","establishes":"Public-domain English for the opening of Vi 8/117. Kaviratna's footnote totals the heights (foot 4, leg 18, knee 4, thigh 18, lower spine 12, back 18, neck 4, head 6) to 84 aṅgulas, three and a half cubits.","quote":"Next, as regards (examination of the patient by his) dimensions : Instructions are now to be given as regards the dimensions of the body measured by one's fingers. The height, the breadth (including circumference) and length, in their order.","translator":"Kaviraj Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"35","verse":"","establishes":"Sushruta frames body measurement explicitly as lifespan prognosis, not as a constitutional descriptor. No verse numbers on the retrieved page.","quote":"We shall now give the exact measures of the different limbs and members of the body for the better ascertainment of the duration of life of a patient under investigation.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122935.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"35","verse":"","establishes":"A flat contradiction with Charaka Vi 8/117, which gives 84 aṅgulas. Both are in retrieved public-domain texts and neither can be quietly preferred. The clearest example in this term group of why the lexicon records disagreement rather than resolving it.","quote":"The entire length of a male human body should be a hundred and twenty fingers.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122935.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"35","verse":"","establishes":"Confirms the self-referential aṅgula unit in Sushruta and extends it explicitly to women, which matters, because the 84 vs 120 discrepancy is sometimes explained away as a male/female difference and this passage does not support that.","quote":"The dimensions of the different limbs and members of the body, laid down above, should be understood as to have been measured by the standard of one's (man's or woman's) own finger's width, and a person, whose limbs and organs are found to correspond to the above-said measures, is sure to live to a good and hearty old age","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122935.html","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"pramāṇa (epistemology)","why":"The decisive disambiguation, and one WHO documents by carrying both senses. Vimana 8 uses pramāṇa in a third way too, in balapramāṇa at verse 94."},{"term":"pramā","why":"WHO ITA-1.8.2, 'Knowledge: Valid knowledge', the result, where pramāṇa is the means."},{"term":"aṅgula","why":"The unit, not the measurement, and it is the patient's own; two correctly measured patients can differ in absolute centimetres."},{"term":"saṃhanana","why":"Pramāṇa asks whether the parts are the right size; saṃhanana whether they are well put together."},{"term":"mātrā","why":"Also Englished as 'measure', but used for dose and food quantity, never for body proportion."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"anthropometry","why":"Implies measurement against population norms in fixed units; the classical procedure normalises every patient to his own finger, the opposite methodological move."},{"rendering":"height","why":"Vi 8/117 gives utsedha, vistāra and āyāma for each part, not a single stature."},{"rendering":"body mass or build","why":"No criterion here concerns mass, and Vi 8/115 immediately before rejects reading strength off body size."},{"rendering":"proof or evidence, in a clinical passage","why":"The epistemological sense imported into Vi 8/117 makes nonsense of a passage about finger-widths."}],"openQuestions":["Is the 84 vs 120 aṅgula discrepancy discussed by the commentators, and on what grounds is either preferred?","Has anyone tested the lifespan claim attached to correct proportion? Nothing found."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/pramana/","canary":"375d8f0a7340cb34"},{"slug":"prana-vata","page":"/lexicon/prana-vata/","iast":"prāṇa vāta","devanagari":"प्राणः","alternates":["prāṇa vāyu","prāṇa","prana vayu","prana vata","pranavata"],"category":"vata-subtypes","family":"dosha","renderings":[{"english":null,"sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","sourceKind":"terminology standard","locator":"Term ID ITA-2.1.1.2","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Note what WHO did NOT do: it gave prāṇa no short English name, unlike its siblings (which get 'Ascending', 'Circulating', 'Kindling', 'Descending' vata). It also lemmatises the headword as bare prāṇaḥ, not prāṇa vāta. Its description reads: 'Subtype of vata seated in the head and controlling the intellect, heart, sensory and motor organs and mind. It also regulates activities such as respiration, spitting, sneezing, belching and swallowing. Also denotes life or vitality, which is evidenced by breathing and all kinds of movements relating to the living body.' Retrieved from a mirror PDF of WHO IRIS 9789240064935.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"the Prana / the Prana Vayu (left untranslated)","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, tr. Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (public domain)","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Nidanasthana ch. 1, Bhishagratna's section 7","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Bhishagratna does not translate the name at all; he transliterates it and supplies a footnote equating it with modern neuroanatomy: 'The Prana Vayu is identical with the energy of the nerve centre in the medulla'. That equation is a 1900s translator's gloss, not the text.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"Prana — one of 'five airs or breaths as supporting the body' / 'life-winds'; 'The first is the air that is inhaled'","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (public domain)","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Sutrasthana, Lesson XII, translator's footnote to section 6; and footnote at Sutrasthana Lesson XXVII","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna also leaves the name untranslated in the body text and glosses it only in footnotes. His 'the air that is inhaled' is a yogic/Vedantic reading of prāṇa, not Charaka's own Ci.28.6 definition, which is anatomical (seat in head, chest, throat, tongue, mouth, nose).","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":null,"englishWithheld":"this project has not cleared that source for quotation","sourceName":"Kerala Tourism (Government of Kerala), Ayurveda / Human Pathology pages","sourceKind":"government popular-reference page","locator":"keralatourism.org/ayurveda/pathology/five-vatas","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Popular-register, not a terminology standard. 'Brain, lungs and heart' is a modern organ-system reading; the classical seat lists are head/chest/throat/tongue/mouth/nose (Charaka) or the mouth (Sushruta).","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Kerala Tourism (Government of Kerala), Ayurveda / Human Pathology pages\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":null,"englishWithheld":"this project has not cleared that source for quotation","sourceName":"siva.sh, gloss accompanying Ashtanga Hridaya Sutrasthana 12.4","sourceKind":"online textbook gloss","locator":"siva.sh/astanga-hrudaya/sutra-sthana/12/4","verbatim":true,"assessment":"A modern gloss on Vagbhata, not a published translation; recorded as a common textbook-style rendering, not as an authority.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"siva.sh, gloss accompanying Ashtanga Hridaya Sutrasthana 12.4\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false}],"classical":[{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Nidanasthana","chapter":"1 (Vatavyadhi Nidana; Bhishagratna's title: 'Diagnosis of diseases of nervous system')","verse":"Bhishagratna's section 7 = Sanskrit 1.13-14a","establishes":"Sushruta's prāṇa is seated in the MOUTH (vaktra) and its defining act is driving food downward into the stomach, plus supporting the vitalising principles. Corresponding Sanskrit, cross-checked at a separate URL: 'यो वायुर्वक्त्रसञ्चारी स प्राणो नाम देहधृक् | सोऽन्नं प्रवेशयत्यन्तः प्राणांश्चाप्यवलम्बते ||१३|| प्रायशः कुरुते दुष्टो हिक्काश्वासादिकान् गदान् |१४|'. Bhishagratna's footnote [4] to this passage adds: 'The field of its action includes the regions of the heart, throat, head and the nose.'","quote":"The Vayu, that courses in (governs) the cavity of the mouth, is called the Prana, its function being to force down the food into the cavity of the stomach, and to assist the different vitalising principles of the body (such as the internal heat or fire etc.) in discharging their functions in life, and to contribute to the general sustenance of the body. A deranged condition of this particular kind of Vayu (Prana) is usually followed by hiccough, dyspnea and other kindred distempers. 7.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1911)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-2-nidanasthana/d/doc142857.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Chikitsasthana","chapter":"28 (Vatavyadhi Chikitsa)","verse":"28.6 (and the enumeration at 28.5)","establishes":"Charaka's prāṇa is seated in mūrdhā (head), uras (chest), kaṇṭha (throat), jihvā (tongue), āsya (mouth) and nāsikā (nose); its karma is ṣṭhīvana (spitting), kṣavathu (sneezing), udgāra (belching), śvāsa (respiration) and āhāra (ingestion of food), etc. The enumeration verse 28.5 reads 'प्राणोदानसमानाख्यव्यानापानैः स पञ्चधा | देहं तन्त्रयते सम्यक् स्थानेष्वव्याहतश्चरन् ||५||'. This is the single richest classical locus for the five subtypes and it has NO public-domain English translation (see gatheringNotes).","quote":"स्थानं प्राणस्य मूर्धोरःकण्ठजिह्वास्यनासिकाः [१] | ष्ठीवनक्षवथूद्गारश्वासाहारादि कर्म च ||६||","translator":"None quoted — Sanskrit mūla only","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Vatavyadhi_Chikitsa","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"Lesson XII (Vatakalakaliya) in Kaviratna's numbering","verse":"Kaviratna's section 6","establishes":"The ONLY passage naming all five subtypes that exists in a lawfully quotable English Charaka. It establishes the fivefold division and its ordering (prāṇa, udāna, samāna, vyāna, apāna) but gives no seat or function for any individual subtype.","quote":null,"quoteWithheld":"nobody has yet read this quotation against its printed source, and an unchecked quotation is not published here","translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt"},{"text":"Ashtanga Hridaya","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"12 (Doshabhediya)","verse":"12.4-5a","establishes":"Vagbhata places prāṇa in the head (mūrdhagaḥ), moving in chest and throat, and makes it the holder of buddhi, hṛdaya, indriya and citta; the functions listed at the start of 12.5 are spitting, sneezing, belching, exhalation and the entry of food. Sanskrit mūla and verse numbering verified on the retrieved page; no quotation is recorded because Ashtanga Hridaya has no public-domain English translation.","quote":null,"translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://www.siva.sh/astanga-hrudaya/sutra-sthana/12/4","checked":"address only, nothing quoted to check"},{"text":"Sharngadhara Samhita","sthana":"Purva Khanda","chapter":"5 (Kaladikakhyana)","verse":"5.27-28","establishes":"Sharngadhara lists five seats (malāśaya, koṣṭha/vahnisthāna, hṛdaya, kaṇṭha, sarvāṅga) at 5.27 and then names the five vāyus in order at 5.28 (apāna, samāna, prāṇa, udāna, vyāna). Read in order, this places PRĀṆA IN THE HEART (hṛdi), not the head, a substantive divergence from Charaka Ci.28.6 and Ashtanga Hridaya Su.12.4. Sanskrit mūla and verse numbers verified on the retrieved page; not quoted, as Sharngadhara has no public-domain English translation.","quote":null,"translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://vedicreserve.miu.edu/sharngadhara/Sharngadhar_Purva_new.html","checked":"address only, nothing quoted to check"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"prāṇa (the general vital principle)","why":"In Charaka's own translator's footnote 'prāṇāḥ' means the life-winds collectively, and elsewhere prāṇa means life/vitality or the lifespan. WHO's own entry ITA-2.1.1.2 fuses the two senses in one definition ('Also denotes life or vitality'). The subtype prāṇa vāta is one of five functional divisions of the vāta doṣa; prāṇa-as-vitality is not."},{"term":"prāṇa vāyu of yoga / the pañca-vāyu scheme","why":"Yoga and Vedanta use the same five names for breath-currents used in prāṇāyāma, and add five upa-prāṇas (nāga, kūrma, kṛkara, devadatta, dhanañjaya). Charaka Ci.28.6 gives prāṇa a seat-and-organ definition, not a breath-current one. Sources that say prāṇa vāta 'is the inhaled breath' have imported the yogic sense."},{"term":"udāna vāta","why":"Both operate above the clavicles and both are placed in chest and throat. Charaka separates them by seat (prāṇa: head/chest/throat/tongue/mouth/nose; udāna: navel/chest/throat) and by function (prāṇa: ingestion, respiration, sneezing, belching; udāna: speech, effort, strength, complexion). Ashtanga Hridaya draws the line differently again."},{"term":"sādhaka pitta","why":"Both are assigned mental and cognitive function and both are located at or near the heart in some texts. Prāṇa vāta is a vāta subtype governing the movement of cognition; sādhaka pitta is a pitta subtype governing its transformation. Conflating them collapses the doṣa distinction."},{"term":"prāṇavaha srotas","why":"A channel (srotas), not a doṣa subtype. WHO lists srotas separately (section 2.5). Papers sometimes use 'prana vata dysfunction' and 'pranavaha srotodushti' interchangeably; the texts do not."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"life force / vital air / vital breath","why":"Translates prāṇa in its yogic/Upanishadic sense and drops the vāta-subtype sense entirely. WHO's own head-term does this and gives no functional English name, which is why textbooks copying WHO end up with no usable label."},{"rendering":"the medulla oblongata / the energy of the nerve centre in the medulla","why":"Bhishagratna's 1911 footnote, repeated uncritically for a century. It is a colonial-era attempt to map Ayurvedic physiology onto Victorian neuroanatomy, not a translation of anything Sushruta wrote. Bhishagratna's own footnote is internally corrupt, it names Udana twice and never mentions Vyana."},{"rendering":"breathing / respiration","why":"Respiration (śvāsa) is one item in Charaka's list of prāṇa's karma at Ci.28.6, alongside spitting, sneezing, belching and ingestion. Reducing the subtype to respiration deletes most of its classical remit and collides with udāna, which Sushruta ties to voice."},{"rendering":"the brain","why":"An organ substitution. Charaka gives a seat list, not an organ; 'head' (mūrdhā) is a region. The brain as such is not the referent in any of the loci retrieved."}],"openQuestions":["Does the NAMASTE Sharira Kriya terminology set contain prāṇa vāta, and under what code and English term?","Is there ANY pre-1930 English translation of Charaka Chikitsasthana 28? Kaviratna's ends at Ci.22; I found no evidence of another.","Why does WHO give prāṇa no short English name when it names the other four subtypes? Deliberate (because prāṇa is polysemous) or an editorial gap?","Sharngadhara PK 5.27-28 read in order seats prāṇa in the heart. Does Sharngadhara's commentator Adhamalla confirm that ordering, or is the seat-to-name mapping meant to be read differently?"],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/prana-vata/","canary":"f4c47bb377a14ccb"},{"slug":"pranavaha-srotas","page":"/lexicon/pranavaha-srotas/","iast":"prāṇavaha srotas","devanagari":"प्राणवहस्रोतस्","alternates":["prāṇavahāni srotāṃsi","prāṇavaha srotāṃsi","prāṇavahasrotaḥ","prāṇavāhīni srotāṃsi (Ca.Vi.5/10)"],"category":"srotas (body channel) — anatomy/physiology","family":"body","renderings":[{"english":"Conduit for vital life","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standards-body comparator","locator":"ITA-2.5.6","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO's own gloss; its description reads 'Channels in the body which originate from the heart and carry and circulate vital life (prana) throughout the body.' Note WHO separately codes ucchvāsamārgaḥ (ITA-2.5.7) as 'Respiratory tract', i.e. WHO does NOT equate prāṇavaha srotas with the respiratory tract.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false},{"english":"Vitiation of channels carrying vital life force","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standards-body comparator (disorder term)","locator":"ITA-5.5.2 prāṇavahasrotoduṣṭiḥ","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false},{"english":"channels carrying prāṇa/ channels of respiration/respiratory system","sourceName":"NAMASTE Portal, Standardised Ayurveda Terminologies (Ministry of Ayush, India)","sourceKind":"national terminology comparator","locator":"SAT-B.473","verbatim":true,"assessment":"NAMASTE explicitly offers the respiratory-system equation that WHO withholds. Its long definition adds 'It is compared to the respiratory system and the diseases of prāṇavahasrotas are to be treated on the basis of treatment principles of respiratory diseses like śwāsa.'","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology","downloadable":false},{"english":"disorders of prāṇavahasrotas / derangement of prāṇavaha srotas","sourceName":"NAMASTE National Ayurveda Morbidity Codes","sourceKind":"morbidity-code comparator","locator":"NAMC EA","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology"},{"english":"injury to prāṇavahasrotas","sourceName":"NAMASTE National Ayurveda Morbidity Codes","sourceKind":"morbidity-code comparator","locator":"NAMC LH-4.1","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology"},{"english":"The two Srotas (channels) of Prana (bronchi)","sourceName":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna, Sushruta Samhita (1911)","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Śārīrasthāna IX.11–12","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Bhishagratna glosses the pair as 'bronchi', a 1911 anatomical identification, not a translation of the Sanskrit.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"pranavaha (carrying vital energy)","sourceName":"Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre (carakasamhitaonline.com), 2020","sourceKind":"modern translation (in copyright; rendering recorded as comparator only)","locator":"Sroto Vimana","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre (carakasamhitaonline.com), 2020\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"\"Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre (carakasamhitaonline.com), 2020\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation"}],"classical":[{"text":"Caraka Saṃhitā","sthana":"Vimāna Sthāna","chapter":"5 (Srotasāṃ Vimāna)","verse":"5/8","establishes":"Root (mūla) of prāṇavaha srotas per Caraka = hṛdaya (heart) and mahāsrotas (the great channel / gut); vitiation signs are breathing that is too long, too obstructed, agitated, shallow-and-frequent, or with sound and pain.","quote":"तत्र प्राणवहानां स्रोतसां हृदयं मूलं महास्रोतश्च, प्रदुष्टानां तु खल्वेषामिदं विशेषविज्ञानं भवति;तद्यथा- अतिसृष्टमतिबद्धं कुपितमल्पाल्पमभीक्ष्णं वा सशब्दशूलमुच्छ्वसन्तं दृष्ट्वा प्राणवहान्यस्य स्रोतांसि प्रदुष्टानीति विद्यात्|","translator":null,"licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Sroto_Vimana","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Caraka Saṃhitā","sthana":"Vimāna Sthāna","chapter":"5","verse":"5/7","establishes":"Caraka's enumeration of the thirteen gross srotas opens with prāṇa-vaha.","quote":"तद्यथा प्राणोदकान्नरसरुधिरमांसमेदोस्थिमज्जशुक्रमूत्रपुरीषस्वेदवहानीति","translator":null,"licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Sroto_Vimana","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Caraka Saṃhitā","sthana":"Vimāna Sthāna","chapter":"5","verse":"5/10","establishes":"Causes of vitiation; also attests the variant stem prāṇa-vāhīni (not prāṇavaha) in the metrical section.","quote":"क्षयात् सन्धारणाद्रौक्ष्याद्व्यायामात् क्षुधितस्य च| प्राणवाहीनि दुष्यन्ति स्रोतांस्यन्यैश्च दारुणैः||१०||","translator":null,"licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Sroto_Vimana","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Suśruta Saṃhitā","sthana":"Śārīra Sthāna","chapter":"9 (Dhamanī-Vyākaraṇa-Śārīra)","verse":"11–12 (Bhishagratna's numbering; Sanskrit editions and NAMASTE cite 9/12)","establishes":"Suśruta's root for prāṇavaha srotas = heart + rasa-carrying dhamanīs, and treats it as a PAIR (two), unlike Caraka's unnumbered plural. Directly disagrees with Caraka's 'hṛdaya + mahāsrotas'.","quote":"The two Srotas (channels) of Prana (bronchi) have their roots in the heart and the Rasa-carrying Dhamanis (pulmonary arteries). An injury to any of these Srotas (vessels) produces groaning, bending down of the body, loss of consciousness (Moha), illusion, and shivering, or may ultimately prove fatal.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1911)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-3-sharirasthana/d/doc142889.html","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"prāṇa vāyu","why":"prāṇa vāyu is one of the five subtypes of vāta (a functional force); prāṇavaha srotas is the channel system it moves in. Confusing them collapses substance/conduit."},{"term":"ucchvāsamārga (respiratory tract)","why":"WHO codes these as two separate terms (ITA-2.5.6 vs ITA-2.5.7). The respiratory tract is defined anatomically 'from the external nares to the alveoli'; prāṇavaha srotas is defined functionally and, in Caraka, is rooted in heart + mahāsrotas, which is not the airway."},{"term":"mahāsrotas","why":"mahāsrotas is one of prāṇavaha srotas' two roots in Caraka, not a synonym. WHO (ITA.3.11.1) defines mahāsrotas as 'The major inner cavity of the body from the mouth to anus', i.e. the gut, not the airway."},{"term":"rasavaha srotas","why":"In Suśruta both are rooted in the heart and both, when injured, produce overlapping signs; Suśruta explicitly says injury to rasavaha produces 'symptoms identical with those developed by a hurt to the Prana-vaha channels'."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"bronchi","why":"Bhishagratna's 1911 parenthetical gloss, not the Sanskrit. It imports a 19th-century anatomical identification and is inconsistent with Caraka, who roots the channel in the heart and the gut."},{"rendering":"the respiratory system","why":"A workable clinical shorthand (NAMASTE adopts it) but not a translation. WHO deliberately keeps 'respiratory tract' as a separate term. Using it as the entry definition erases Caraka's mahāsrotas root."},{"rendering":"pranic channels / channels of life force (as an esoteric energy)","why":"Popular-Ayurveda rendering that assimilates prāṇa to yogic/New-Age prāṇa and to nāḍīs. Classical srotas are material conduits with named anatomical roots and named injury signs."}],"openQuestions":["Does mahāsrotas in Ca.Vi.5/8 mean the gut (as WHO's mahāsrotas entry implies) or the thoracic 'great channel'? Commentators differ and this decides whether the Caraka channel is respiratory at all.","Is Suśruta's 'two' a real dual anatomy or a convention of the Śārīra chapter (which pairs all eleven)?"],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/pranavaha-srotas/","canary":"bd0874826b41dc81"},{"slug":"prasara","page":"/lexicon/prasara/","iast":"prasara","devanagari":"प्रसर","alternates":["prasaraḥ","प्रसरः","prasaraṇa","प्रसरण","prasar"],"category":"kriyakala","family":"disease","renderings":[{"english":"Stage of a dosha spreading beyond its own location","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","sourceKind":"who-ista","locator":"ITA-4.6.9","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO description, verbatim: 'The third stage of disease manifestation, when aggravated dosha migrates outside its own location.' Re-read from the PDF. WHO uses 'migrates', a stronger directional verb than 'spreads'.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Spreading of vata / Spreading of pitta / Spreading of kapha","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","sourceKind":"who-ista","locator":"ITA-5.2.1.8","verbatim":true,"assessment":"All three re-read and all classified as disorders with symptom lists. Note WHO uses the derived form vātaprasaraṇam for vata but prasaraḥ for pitta and kapha, an inconsistency in the Sanskrit column itself, confirmed in the PDF.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"expansion (Prasara)","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, tr. Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907)","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"Sutrasthana ch. XXI","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Bhishagratna consistently uses 'expansion' and 'expand and overflow', not 'spread'. His choice tracks the text's fermentation and dam-burst similes better than 'spread' does.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":null,"englishWithheld":"this project has not cleared that source for quotation","sourceName":"easyayurveda.com (Dr Raghuram Y.S. / Dr J.V. Hebbar)","sourceKind":"practitioner-reference","locator":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/2016/06/13/shat-kriya-kala-stage-wise-disease-management/","verbatim":true,"assessment":"String-matched on the retrieved page, with the page's curly apostrophes. Adds 'liquification', which is an interpretation drawn from the fermenting-dough simile rather than a rendering of prasara. Flag it as gloss, not translation.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"easyayurveda.com (Dr Raghuram Y.S. / Dr J.V. Hebbar)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"Prasara-Avastha which means spread of vitiated Doshas from their specific sites","sourceName":"Menon M, Shukla A, J Ayurveda Integr Med 2018 (PMID 29153383)","sourceKind":"peer-reviewed-paper","locator":"abstract","verbatim":true,"assessment":"String-matched in the retrieved abstract. The only peer-reviewed source located that gives prasara a working definition, and it does so in order to map hypertension onto it.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Menon M, Shukla A, J Ayurveda Integr Med 2018 (PMID 29153383)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false}],"classical":[{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"21","verse":"28","establishes":"Three load-bearing points: the fermentation simile (kiṇva + udaka + piṣṭa) for how doshas overflow; the doctrine that VAYU is the agent of prasara because it alone has motion (vāyur gatimattvāt prasaraṇahetuḥ satyapy acaitanye); and the explicit fifteen-fold enumeration, now quoted in full, ending एवं पञ्चदशधा प्रसरन्ति, 'thus they spread in fifteen ways'. The fifteen count is the text's own, not a commentator's.","quote":"अत ऊर्ध्वं प्रसरं वक्ष्यामः- तेषामेभिरातङ्कविशेषैः प्रकुपितानां किण्वोदकपिष्टसमवाय इवोद्रिक्तानां प्रसरो भवति । तेषां वायुर्गतिमत्त्वात् प्रसरणहेतुः सत्यप्यचैतन्ये । ... तद्यथा- वातः, पित्तं, श्लेष्मा, शोणितं, वातपित्ते, वातश्लेष्माणौ, पित्तश्लेष्माणौ, वातशोणिते, पित्तशोणिते, श्लेष्मशोणिते, वातपित्तशोणितानि, वातश्लेष्मशोणितानि, पित्तश्लेष्मशोणितानि, वातपित्तकफाः, वातपित्तकफशोणितानीति; एवं पञ्चदशधा प्रसरन्ति ॥२८॥","translator":null,"licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.siva.sh/sushruta-samhita/sutra-sthana/21/28","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"21","verse":"28","establishes":"Bhishagratna's English for the prasara definition, the fermentation simile and the vayu-as-agent doctrine.","quote":"Now we shall describe the expansion ( Prasara ) of the deranged humours. The deranged humours, aggravated by the above mentioned causes, expand and overflow the limits of their respective localities in the same manner as, cakes, soaked in any ferment or enzyme and kept standing over night, ferment and rise through the acquisition of new and unseen attributes. The Vayu, which is possessed of locomotion or extreme mobility, should be looked upon as the cause of their expansion or over-flowing.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122917.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"21","verse":"32","establishes":"Gives the dosha-wise signs of prasara and marks it the third kriyākāla. Note the stage-marker sits at verse 32, four verses after the prasara section opens at 28, so citing 'Su.Su. 21/28' or 'Su.Su. 21/32' for prasara are both defensible and published sources differ.","quote":"एवं प्रकुपितानां प्रसरतां वायोर्विमार्गगमनाटोपौ, ओषचोषपरिदाहधूमायनानि पित्तस्य, अरोचकाविपाकाङ्गसादाश्छर्दिश्चेति श्लेष्मणो लिङ्गानि भवन्ति; तत्र तृतीयः क्रियाकालः ॥३२॥","translator":null,"licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.siva.sh/sushruta-samhita/sutra-sthana/21/32","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"21","verse":"32","establishes":"Bhishagratna's English for the dosha-wise prasara signs and the third-occasion marker.","quote":"The Vayu, thus aggravated and expanded, tends to deviate from its right passage and gives rise to a swelling or distention of the abdomen, accompanied by a rumbling sound in the intestines. The Pitta, under the similar condition, gives rise to heat, and a sort of sucking, burning pain in the affected part, together with a sensation of radiation or evaporation of heat from its surface. The Kapha, under the circumstance, would usher in a complete aversion to food, inertness of the limbs, vomiting and impaired digestion. The preceding symptoms, caused by the aggravation and expansion of the bodily humours, should be the third occasion for medical treatment","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122917.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"21","verse":"29-30","establishes":"The rain-cloud simile (29): a dosha strongly provoked in the whole body, half of it, or one part 'rains down' disorder there like a cloud in the sky. Verse 30, now quoted in full rather than described, is the latency verse: a not-excessively-provoked dosha stays LATENT (līno) in the channels (mārgeṣu) and, unopposed, is provoked later on meeting a cause. This is the classical basis for a gap between prasara and sthānasaṃśraya.","quote":"कृत्स्नेऽर्धेऽवयवे वाऽपि यत्राङ्गे कुपितो भृशम् । दोषो विकारं नभसि मेघवत्तत्र वर्षति ॥२९॥ नात्यर्थं कुपितश्चापि लीनो मार्गेषु तिष्ठति । निष्प्रत्यनीकः कालेन हेतुमासाद्य कुप्यति ॥३०॥","translator":null,"licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.siva.sh/sushruta-samhita/sutra-sthana/21/29","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"sthānasaṃśraya","why":"Prasara is doshas in motion, not yet settled. Sthānasaṃśraya is the same doshas coming to rest in a site and producing prodromes. WHO's own wording is the cleanest statement of the difference: 'migrates outside its own location' versus 'lodges in a different location ... and gives rise to prodromal symptoms'. Sources that gloss prasara as 'localization' have collapsed the two."},{"term":"srotas / srotodusti","why":"Srotas are the channels through which prasara happens, 21.30 says the latent dosha stays mārgeṣu, and srotodusti is their vitiation. Prasara names the dosha's movement, not the channel pathology."},{"term":"vyāpti / vikṣepa","why":"General Sanskrit words for pervasion and scattering, with no kriyakala staging sense. Do not treat as synonyms."},{"term":"vātaprasaraṇam (WHO ITA-5.2.1.8)","why":"WHO classifies this as a DISORDER 'characterized by abnormal movements of air; gurgling intestinal sounds or borborygmi', a symptom cluster, not the third stage of the kriyakala sequence. Same root, different WHO entity."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"'metastasis'","why":"A recurring move in Ayurveda-and-cancer writing. Metastasis is dissemination of neoplastic cells; prasara is overflow of doshas and can occur with no disease present at all. The analogy may be pedagogically useful but it is not a translation."},{"rendering":"'systemic circulation' / 'dissemination via bloodstream'","why":"Imports a vascular mechanism. The text's agent is vayu's mobility, and the fifteen enumerated combinations include doshas spreading with or without śoṇita, blood is one participant among fifteen combinations, not the medium."},{"rendering":"'liquefaction'","why":"A gloss derived from the fermenting-dough simile that has hardened into a translation in some practitioner sources. The word prasara does not mean liquefaction."}],"openQuestions":["Whether any source defines a clinical test that distinguishes prasara from prakopa in a patient.","Whether the fifteen-fold enumeration in 21.28 is used anywhere in modern classification or is purely scholastic.","What Dalhana says about the fifteen-fold enumeration, not checked."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/prasara/","canary":"a58bfe9358cc9ed4"},{"slug":"prashna","page":"/lexicon/prashna/","iast":"praśna","devanagari":"प्रश्न","alternates":["prashna pariksha","praśnaparīkṣā","aturapariprashna (Charaka's phrase)"],"category":"pariksha","family":"clinic","renderings":[{"english":"interview (prashna)","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator-standard","locator":"ITA-4.7.2 trividhaparīkṣā","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO gives praśna no headword of its own; it appears only inside trividhaparīkṣā and as 'by interview' in ṣaḍvidhaparīkṣā (ITA-4.7.3).","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"questioning the patient","sourceName":"Kaviratna, Charaka Samhita, Vimanasthana 4","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"Kaviratna aphorisms 9 and 11 of Vi 4 (= standard Vi 4/7 and 4/8)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna renders Charaka's āturaparipraśna as 'questioning the patient'; Charaka does not use the bare noun praśna as a method name.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"oral enquiry / directly interrogating the patient","sourceName":"Bhishagratna, Sushruta Samhita, Sutrasthana 10","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"wisdomlib doc122899","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Two renderings in one chapter.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"interrogation / history taking","sourceName":"common textbook renderings (e.g., JAIMS 2022 review lists Trividha Pariksha)","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":"n/a","verbatim":false,"assessment":"'History taking' is the closest biomedical analogue.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"4 (Trividha-roga-vishesha-vijnaniya)","verse":"standard (Trikamji) 4/7; Kaviratna prints this sentence under his aphorism 9","establishes":"Questioning is introduced inside pratyakṣa/anumāna as the route to what the physician cannot perceive directly (taste in the patient's mouth). Sanskrit (siva.sh, standard 4/7): 'तस्मादातुरपरिप्रश्नेनैवातुरमुखरसं विद्यात्'.","quote":"Verily, the taste occurring in the body of the patient, though an object of sense, should be ascertained by Inference; since, the ascertainment of this by the employment of the physician's own tongue cannot very well take place. Therefore, it is by questioning the patient that the taste of his mouth should be known.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (OCR; double spaces collapsed)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"4","verse":"standard 4/8; Kaviratna aphorism 11","establishes":"The list of things knowable only by questioning. Sanskrit (siva.sh 4/8): 'ग्रहण्यास्तु मृदुदारुणत्वं स्वप्नदर्शनमभिप्रायं द्विष्टेष्टसुखदुःखानि चातुरपरिप्रश्नेनैव विद्यादिति ॥८॥' at https://www.siva.sh/caraka-samhita/vimana-sthana/4/6-10","quote":"The softness or roughness of the Grahani, dreams, purposes, which things are disagreeable, which are agreeable, what is pleasing, and what is painful, should be ascertained by questioning the patient.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Ashtanga Hridaya","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1 (Ayushkamiya)","verse":"22 (as printed on the retrieved page)","establishes":"The canonical trividhā parīkṣā: the patient is examined by darśana, sparśana, praśna; the disease by nidāna, prāgrūpa, lakṣaṇa, upaśaya, āpti (samprāpti).","quote":"दर्शनस्पर्शनप्रश्नैः परीक्षेत च रोगिणम्| रोगं निदानप्राग्रूपलक्षणोपशयाप्तिभिः||२२||","translator":"none (Sanskrit only; no public-domain English translation exists, so no English is quoted)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://easyayurveda.com/2012/08/31/ashtanga-hrudaya-sutra-sthana-chapter-1-basic-principles-of-ayurveda/","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"10 (Vishikhanupraveshaniya; closing line: 'Thus ends the tenth Chapter of the Sutrasthana in the Sushruta Samhita which treats of the essential qualifications of a physician.')","verse":"Sanskrit verse number not established (Bhishagratna prints no verse numbers)","establishes":"Sushruta's six-fold scheme (five senses + questioning) and the content of the interrogation.","quote":"the five sense-organs of hearing, sight, etc. and oral enquiry materially contribute to a better diagnosis. ... the time or season (of the first appearance) of the disease, the caste which the patient belongs to...the cause of the disease, the aggravation of pain, the strength of the patient, and his state of digestion and appetite, the emission of stool, urine and flatus, or their stoppage...should be specifically ascertained by directly interrogating the patient","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122899.html","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"āptopadeśa (authoritative instruction)","why":"Both involve words, but āptopadeśa is testimony of the authoritative teacher/text; praśna is the physician's questioning of the patient and in Charaka serves anumāna, not a separate pramāṇa."},{"term":"praśna in jyotiṣa (horary astrology) and the Praśna Upaniṣad","why":"Homonyms; 'prashna' searches return astrology results."},{"term":"ṣaḍvidhaparīkṣā","why":"In Sushruta's scheme questioning is the sixth element alongside five senses; in AH it is the third of three. The count differs by text."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"questionnaire","why":"Implies a fixed written instrument; the texts describe open clinical questioning."},{"rendering":"interview","why":"Acceptable (WHO) but loses the point that Charaka frames it as the inferential route to the imperceptible (taste, dreams, likes/dislikes)."}],"openQuestions":[],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/prashna/","canary":"e97be069522f11d2"},{"slug":"prithvi","page":"/lexicon/prithvi/","iast":"pṛthvī","devanagari":"पृथ्वी","alternates":["pṛthivī (Suśruta's form; Bhishagratna 'Prithivi')","bhū / bhūmi (Ca.Śā. 1.29 भूजल..., Ca.Śā. 4.6 ...भूमिविकार)","kṣiti (Bhishagratna 'Kshithi')","urvī (Su.Śā. 1.4 ...जलोर्व्यः)","pārthiva (adj., substance with pṛthvī predominant)","bhauma (adj., Ca.Sū. 26.8)"],"category":"mahabhuta","family":"foundations","renderings":[{"english":"Earth element","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator standard","locator":"ITA-1.9.3.1.7 pṛthvī","verbatim":true,"assessment":"'Force of attraction' is WHO's modernising gloss; no Sanskrit source for it was seen.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"earth element","sourceName":"NAMASTE Standardized Ayurveda Terminologies","sourceKind":"comparator standard","locator":"SAT-A.179 pṛthvī","verbatim":true,"assessment":"NAMASTE makes pṛthvī (179) the parent of jalam, tejaḥ, vāyuḥ and manaḥ (180-183), i.e. the group of mūrta (formed) dravyas; ākāśa is listed separately.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology"},{"english":null,"sourceName":"NIA/WHO-APW draft (2011)","sourceKind":"comparator draft terminology","locator":"SK0156","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"earth (Kshithi)","sourceName":"Bhishagratna, Su.Sū. 41","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"wisdomlib doc141671","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"earth (solid); 'Prithivi (the earth matter or solid)'","sourceName":"Bhishagratna, Su.Śā. 1","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"wisdomlib doc142879, sections 6 and 20: 'The properties or modifications of Prithivi (the earth matter or solid) are smell, the nose, embodiment and heaviness.'","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"Earth","sourceName":"Kaviratna, Caraka Sū. 26, Śā. 1, 4, 5","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"archive.org BIUSante_47357; Śā. 5: 'Of that Purusha, the form is Earth'","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"earth","sourceName":"Common textbook usage","sourceKind":"textbook usage","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":null,"licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Caraka Saṃhitā","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"26","verse":"Kaviratna prints '22' after this unit; standard 26.11 (prose unit opening तत्र द्रव्याणि गुरुखरकठिनमन्दस्थिरविशदसान्द्रस्थूलगन्धगुणबहुलानि पार्थिवानि per carakasamhitaonline.com)","establishes":"Caraka's pārthiva dravya profile: guru, khara, kaṭhina, manda, sthira, viśada, sāndra, sthūla, gandha-guṇa-bahula. Kaviratna's 'sharp or pungent' for khara (rough) is a word-choice oddity, not doctrine.","quote":"Amongst objects those that are principally heavy, sharp or pungent, hard, mild, immobile, clear, thick, gross, and possessed of scent, are regarded as appertaining to Earth. These objects promote the growth, hardness, heaviness, and consistency of the body.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Suśruta Saṃhitā","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"41","verse":"Bhishagratna prints no verse numbers; Sanskrit verse 4 per siva.sh opens तत्र स्थूलसान्द्रमन्दस्थिरगुरुकठिनं गन्धबहुलमीषत्कषायं प्रायशो मधुरमिति पार्थिवं (https://www.siva.sh/sushruta-samhita/sutra-sthana/41/4) — this clause's position at the start of verse 4 was directly confirmed","establishes":"Suśruta's pārthiva dravya profile with taste (sweet, trace astringent). '(hard to digest)' is Bhishagratna's parenthetical gloss on guru.","quote":"A thing or substance, which is thick, pithy, compact, dull, immobile, rough, heavy (hard to digest), strong smelling and largely has a sweet taste marked by a shade of astringent, is called a substance of dominant earth (Parthivam) matter.","translator":"Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc141671.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Suśruta Saṃhitā","sthana":"Śārīrasthāna","chapter":"1","verse":"Bhishagratna section 20; Sanskrit verse 19 per siva.sh","establishes":"Pṛthvī-derived bodily features: gandha, olfactory organ, mūrti (embodiment), gurutā.","quote":"The properties or modifications of Prithivi (the earth matter or solid) are smell, the nose, embodiment and heaviness.","translator":"Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-3-sharirasthana/d/doc142879.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Caraka Saṃhitā","sthana":"Śārīrasthāna","chapter":"1","verse":"Kaviratna's printed number OCR-garbled; standard 1.29 per Sanskrit at carakasamhitaonline.com: खरद्रवचलोष्णत्वं भूजलानिलतेजसाम्| आकाशस्याप्रतीघातो दृष्टं लिङ्गं यथाक्रमम्||२९||","establishes":"Kharatva (roughness) as the liṅga of pṛthvī (bhū), the textual basis for NAMASTE's 'responsible for hardness'.","quote":"Roughness, liquidity, mobility, and heat are (respectively) seen to be the properties of earth, water, air, and fire; while, of ether the property is non-resistibility.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"bhūmi / deśa (land, soil, terrain)","why":"Suśruta's Sū. 37 (bhūmipravibhāga) and the NIA draft's 'Place (Bhumi/soil)' use bhūmi for terrain; the same word names the bhūta in Ca.Śā. 4.6. Context decides."},{"term":"kapha (doṣa)","why":"Kapha is pṛthvī-jala predominant (NIA draft p.149); not the bhūta."},{"term":"mūrta dravya","why":"NAMASTE's hierarchy places pṛthvī as parent of the formed substances; mūrta is the category, pṛthvī one member."},{"term":"'solid' as a state of matter","why":"Bhishagratna's 'earth (solid)', 'earth matter or solid' and footnote 'Solid'; the bhūta is defined by gandha (smell) and kharatva/gurutva, and covers e.g. sweet-tasting foods, not only solids."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"solid","why":"Bhishagratna's period-science equivalence; a pārthiva dravya is identified by smell-predominance and heaviness, not phase."},{"rendering":"'heavy, sharp or pungent' (for guru, khara)","why":"Kaviratna's Sū. 26 rendering of khara as 'sharp or pungent' reads as a taste; the Sanskrit means rough/coarse."},{"rendering":"'force of attraction'","why":"WHO 2022's gloss has no classical warrant seen in retrieved sources; it is a modern explanatory addition and should not be recorded as the text's definition."}],"openQuestions":["Kaviratna's Śā. 1 printed aphorism numbers should be confirmed from scans.","Whether WHO's 'force of attraction' derives from a specific commentator (Cakrapāṇi?) was not checked."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/prithvi/","canary":"2d998f72c4627197"},{"slug":"purisha","page":"/lexicon/purisha/","iast":"purīṣa","devanagari":"पुरीष","alternates":["purīṣam","śakṛt (synonym; Ca.Su.17/70 'śakr̥ti')","viṭ / viḍ (synonym; Ca.Chi.15/18 'viṇmūtraṁ')","varcas (synonym, cf. varcovāhīni Ca.Vi.5/21)","mala (in the narrow sense: stool)","purisha","purISha"],"category":"mala","family":"body","renderings":[{"english":"Faeces","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-2.4.3 purīṣam","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO lists three Sanskrit synonyms under one code. The function clause paraphrases Su.Su.15/5 (upastambha; vāyv-agni-dhāraṇa).","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"faeces","sourceName":"NAMASTE Portal, Standardised Ayurveda Terminologies","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"SAT-B.459 purīṣam","verbatim":true,"assessment":"","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology"},{"english":"feaces [sic]","sourceName":"NAMASTE Portal, Standardised Ayurveda Terminologies","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"SAT-B.461 śakṛt","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Misspelling is in the source.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology"},{"english":"excreta","sourceName":"NAMASTE Portal, Standardised Ayurveda Terminologies","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"SAT-B.463 viṭ/viḍ","verbatim":true,"assessment":"NAMASTE gives viṭ a broader gloss than WHO, which treats it as a plain synonym.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology"},{"english":"abnormal stool (purīṣavaiṣamyam); depletion of feces (CB-1); morbid increase of purISha (CB-2)","sourceName":"NAMASTE National Ayurveda Morbidity Codes","sourceKind":"classification","locator":"NAMC CB","verbatim":true,"assessment":"","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology"},{"english":"faeces; stools","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sutrasthana Lesson XXVIII ('faeces'); Lesson XVII his 70 ('stools'); Chikitsa Lesson XV his 17 ('stools and urine')","verbatim":true,"assessment":"He alternates 'faeces' and 'stools' for purīṣa/śakṛt/viṭ without distinguishing the Sanskrit synonyms.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"fecal matter; the excreta or the fecal matters","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, tr. Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sutrasthana XV","verbatim":true,"assessment":"","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"stool","sourceName":"Uikey and Kar, Ayu 2015 (PMID 27011711), 'A review on Purisha Pariksha in Ayurveda'","sourceKind":"paper","locator":"abstract","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Modern Indian Ayurvedic-journal usage is 'stool'.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Uikey and Kar, Ayu 2015 (PMID 27011711), 'A review on Purisha Pariksha in Ayurveda'\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"\"Uikey and Kar, Ayu 2015 (PMID 27011711), 'A review on Purisha Pariksha in Ayurveda'\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation"}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"28","verse":"4 (standard)","establishes":"Purīṣa is nourished from kiṭṭa.","quote":"किट्टात् स्वेदमूत्रपुरीषवातपित्तश्लेष्माणः ... पुष्यन्ति| / kiṭṭāt svēdamūtrapurīṣavātaPittaślēṣmāṇaḥ ... puṣyanti| — Kaviratna: 'From the Refuse arise urine, sweat, faeces* wind, bile, and phlegm'","translator":"Sanskrit from carakasamhitaonline; English by Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Vividhashitapitiya_Adhyaya ; https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Chikitsasthana","chapter":"15","verse":"18 (standard); Kaviratna's printed 17","establishes":"Faeces (here viṭ) are the kiṭṭa of food; Charaka uses the synonym viṭ in this verse and śakṛt at Su 17/70, purīṣa at Su 28/4.","quote":"किट्टमन्नस्य विण्मूत्रं / kiṭṭamannasya viṇmūtraṁ — Kaviratna: 'That which Is called the ‘Kitta’ (refuse) of the food taken, consists of stools and urine'","translator":"Sanskrit from carakasamhitaonline; English by Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Grahani_Chikitsa ; https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"17","verse":"70 (standard); Kaviratna's printed 70 (aligned)","establishes":"Purīṣa-kṣaya signs (vāta-dominated); source of WHO ITA-5.4.6 and NAMC CB-1 (which cites Ca.Su.17/70). Kaviratna's 'provoked or aggravated' is an addition; the Sanskrit says vāta presses the intestines and moves obliquely and upward.","quote":"क्षीणे शकृति चान्त्राणि पीडयन्निव मारुतः| रूक्षस्योन्नमयन् कुक्षिं तिर्यगूर्ध्वं च गच्छति||७०|| — Kaviratna: 'When the stools decrease below the quantity that is normal, the wind in the constitution of the patient who has become dry, becomes provoked or aggravated and afflicting his entrails forces them upwards and penetrates the abdomen in transverse and upward directions.'","translator":"Sanskrit from carakasamhitaonline; English by Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Kiyanta_Shiraseeya_Adhyaya ; https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"15","verse":"5 (siva.sh numbering); Bhishagratna prints no verse numbers","establishes":"The functions of faeces: upastambha (support) and holding vāyu and agni. This is the source of the 'support the body ... vata and agni' clause in WHO 2.4.3 and NAMASTE SAT-B.459. Bhishagratna's 'indispensably necessary for the preservation of the body' is an expansion of upastambha; his parenthesis is his own gloss.","quote":"पुरीषमुपस्तम्भं वाय्वग्निधारणं च / purīṣam upastambhaṁ vāyvagnidhāraṇaṁ ca — Bhishagratna: 'The excreta or the fecal matters of a man are indispensably necessary for the preservation of the body. They contain the wind and digestion (being primarily connected with the movements of the bodily Vayu and the feeling of hunger).'","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (English); Sanskrit from siva.sh","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122907.html ; https://www.siva.sh/sushruta-samhita/sutra-sthana/15/","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"15","verse":"11 and 15 (siva.sh numbering)","establishes":"Sushruta's purīṣa-kṣaya and -vṛddhi signs. 'liver' is Bhishagratna's addition (Sanskrit: kukṣi).","quote":"पुरीषक्षये हृदयपार्श्वपीडा सशब्दस्य च वायोरूर्ध्वगमनं कुक्षौ सञ्चरणं च [11] ... पुरीषमाटोपं कुक्षौ शूलं च [15] — Bhishagratna: 'The loss absence, suppression or scanty formation of fecal matter is attended with a sensation of pain at the sides and the region of the heart, and the upward coursing of (the incarcerated) wind or flatus, accompanied with a rumbling sound about the region of the liver and the intestines.' ... 'An abnormal increase in the formation of fecal matter is attended with distension of the abdomen and colic pains in the loins and the intestines.'","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (English); Sanskrit from siva.sh","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122907.html ; https://www.siva.sh/sushruta-samhita/sutra-sthana/15/11-15","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Ashtanga Hridaya","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"11","verse":"5 (GRETIL numbering)","establishes":"Vāgbhaṭa reduces the function of faeces to avaṣṭambha (support).","quote":"avaṣṭambhaḥ purīṣasya mūtrasya kleda-vāhanam | svedasya kleda-vidhṛtir vṛddhas tu kurute 'nilaḥ || 5 ||","translator":"none (no public-domain English exists)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/1_sanskr/6_sastra/7_ayur/vagaah_u.htm","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Ashtanga Hridaya","sthana":"Sharirasthana","chapter":"3","verse":"61 (GRETIL numbering)","establishes":"Faeces (śakṛt) is the solid kiṭṭa of food.","quote":"tatrācchaṃ kiṭṭam annasya mūtraṃ vidyād ghanam śakṛt || 61 ||","translator":"none (no public-domain English exists)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/1_sanskr/6_sastra/7_ayur/vagaah_u.htm","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"śakṛt / viṭ / varcas","why":"Attested synonyms used interchangeably by Charaka himself (purīṣa Su 28/4; śakṛt Su 17/70; viṭ Chi 15/18; varcas Vi 5/21). WHO codes all under ITA-2.4.3; NAMASTE gives śakṛt (SAT-B.461) and viṭ (SAT-B.463) their own codes, with viṭ glossed more broadly as 'excreta'."},{"term":"mala (narrow sense)","why":"In clinical Sanskrit and ICD-11 TM2 index terms (mala-apravṛtiḥ under SM7Y) 'mala' means stool; in Su 28/4 it is the whole class. Entries must say which."},{"term":"purīṣavaha srotas","why":"The channel (Ca.Vi.5/8); separate record."},{"term":"vibandha / mala-apravṛtti / ānāha","why":"Retention or constipation diseases; not the same as purīṣa-kṣaya (reduced formation) or purīṣa-vṛddhi (AH 11/25 derives vṛddhi from retention)."},{"term":"purīṣa-parīkṣā","why":"Stool examination (one of the aṣṭasthāna parīkṣā; NAMASTE SAT-C.154 'examination of the excreta (mala)'); a diagnostic act, not the substance."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"'indispensably necessary for the preservation of the body' (Bhishagratna) read as doctrine","why":"The Sanskrit says upastambha (support); the emphatic phrasing is Bhishagratna's. Quote it as his rendering."},{"rendering":"excreta = purīṣa only","why":"Bhishagratna uses 'excreta' for faeces here but 'excretions/excrements' for mala as a class elsewhere in the same chapter; NAMASTE uses 'excreta' for viṭ. The English word floats between the narrow and broad senses."},{"rendering":"'waste'/'toxin' implying no function","why":"Su.Su.15/5 and AH Su 11/5 assign faeces a supportive function (upastambha, vāyv-agni-dhāraṇa) and both WHO and NAMASTE copy that clause."}],"openQuestions":["Charaka's own statement of purīṣa's FUNCTION (as opposed to origin and kṣaya) was not located; the standards' function clause traces to Sushruta/Vāgbhaṭa. Check Ca.Su.28 commentary and Ca.Chi.15.","Whether purīṣa and śakṛt are ever distinguished by any commentator (e.g. formed vs unformed) was not checked."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/purisha/","canary":"6e5f2cc28282af50"},{"slug":"purishavaha-srotas","page":"/lexicon/purishavaha-srotas/","iast":"purīṣavaha srotas","devanagari":"पुरीषवहस्रोतस्","alternates":["purīṣavahāni srotāṃsi","varcovāhīni srotāṃsi (वर्चोवाहीनि, Ca.Vi.5/21)","purīṣavahasrotaḥ"],"category":"srotas (body channel) — anatomy/physiology","family":"body","renderings":[{"english":"Channel in which faeces is formed and excreted","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standards-body comparator","locator":"ITA-2.5.20","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO description: 'The pathway for faeces. Entities related to this channel are the large intestines and rectum.' WHO's head-term uniquely includes FORMATION, not just transport.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false},{"english":"Vitiation of channels carrying stools","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standards-body comparator (disorder term)","locator":"ITA-5.5.14 purīṣavaha-srōtōduṣṭi","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false},{"english":"channels in which faeces is formed and excreted","sourceName":"NAMASTE Portal, Standardised Ayurveda Terminologies","sourceKind":"national terminology comparator","locator":"SAT-B.487","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Definition: 'originates from pakvāśaya and sṭhūlaguda and is involved in diseases such as atisāra, pravāhikā etc.' WHO and NAMASTE use the identical English head-term.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology","downloadable":false},{"english":"derangement of purIShavaha srotas","sourceName":"NAMASTE National Ayurveda Morbidity Codes","sourceKind":"morbidity-code comparator","locator":"NAMC EB-14","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology"},{"english":"injury to purIShavahasrotas","sourceName":"NAMASTE National Ayurveda Morbidity Codes","sourceKind":"morbidity-code comparator","locator":"NAMC LH-4.12","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology"},{"english":"The two stool-carrying Srotas (ducts)","sourceName":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna, Sushruta Samhita (1911)","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Śārīrasthāna IX.11–12","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"purisha or feces","sourceName":"carakasamhitaonline.com (CSRTSL), 2020","sourceKind":"modern translation (in copyright; rendering recorded as comparator only)","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"the CSRTSDC/Charak Samhita New Edition English, in copyright","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the CSRTSDC/Charak Samhita New Edition English, in copyright"}],"classical":[{"text":"Caraka Saṃhitā","sthana":"Vimāna Sthāna","chapter":"5","verse":"5/8","establishes":"Root = pakvāśaya (colon) and sthūlaguda (rectum/anorectum); vitiation signs = difficult, scanty, noisy, painful, watery, hard-knotted or excessive defaecation.","quote":"पुरीषवहानां स्रोतसां पक्वाशयो मूलं स्थूलगुदं च, प्रदुष्टानां तु खल्वेषामिदं विशेषविज्ञानं भवति; तद्यथा- कृच्छ्रेणाल्पाल्पं सशब्दशूलमतिद्रवमतिग्रथितमतिबहु चोपविशन्तं दृष्ट्वा पुरीषवहान्यस्य स्रोतांसि प्रदुष्टानीति विद्यात्|","translator":null,"licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Sroto_Vimana","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Caraka Saṃhitā","sthana":"Vimāna Sthāna","chapter":"5","verse":"5/21","establishes":"Caraka uses varco-vāhīni (from varcas, faeces) in the metrical section, an attested synonym stem not carried by WHO or NAMASTE. Causes: suppression of the urge, overeating, eating on indigestion, weak agni, emaciation.","quote":"सन्धारणादत्यशनादजीर्णाध्यशनात्तथा| वर्चोवाहीनि दुष्यन्ति दुर्बलाग्नेः कृशस्य च||२१||","translator":null,"licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Sroto_Vimana","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Suśruta Saṃhitā","sthana":"Śārīra Sthāna","chapter":"9","verse":"11–12 (Bhishagratna); cited as 9/12 elsewhere","establishes":"Suśruta's roots = guda and pakvāśaya, essentially agreeing with Caraka. ('ententes' is an OCR corruption in the retrieved page, evidently for 'enteritis'.)","quote":"The two stool-carrying Srotas (ducts) have their roots in the Guda (anus) and the Pakvashaya (intestines); an injury to any of these is characterised by complete retention of stool (in the bowels), accompanied by a distention of the abdomen, foul smell and intussusception of the intestine (as in a case of ententes).","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1911)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-3-sharirasthana/d/doc142889.html","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"annavaha srotas","why":"Both are gut channels. annavaha is rooted proximally (āmāśaya + left flank) and concerns food in digestion; purīṣavaha is rooted distally (pakvāśaya + sthūlaguda) and concerns the mala."},{"term":"mahāsrotas","why":"WHO defines mahāsrotas as the whole cavity 'from the mouth to anus'; purīṣavaha is only its distal, excretory segment."},{"term":"purīṣa as mala vs purīṣa-dhara kalā","why":"The waste product and its retaining membrane are distinct from the conduit."},{"term":"varcovaha","why":"Not a separate channel, Caraka's own metrical synonym at Vi.5/21."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"the large intestine","why":"Names one root organ as if it were the channel. WHO and NAMASTE both keep 'channels in which faeces is formed and excreted' precisely to avoid the organ equation."},{"rendering":"'intussusception of the intestine'","why":"Bhishagratna's interpretive gloss; the Sanskrit sign is grathita-āntratā (knotted/hardened bowel), which is not intussusception."},{"rendering":"the excretory system","why":"Conflates purīṣavaha with mūtravaha and svedavaha, which Caraka enumerates as three separate channels with three separate roots."}],"openQuestions":["Why does NAMASTE nest purīṣavaha srotodushti under the annavaha (EB) code block?","Does sthūlaguda mean the rectum specifically or the whole large bowel?"],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/purishavaha-srotas/","canary":"e45f2e5f9974ad4a"},{"slug":"purusha","page":"/lexicon/purusha/","iast":"puruṣa","devanagari":"पुरुषः","alternates":["purusha","purusa","puruṣaḥ","karma-purusha","shad-dhatu purusha","chaturvimshati purusha"],"category":"foundational","family":"foundations","renderings":[{"english":"Person, living being","sourceName":"WHO international standard terminologies on Ayurveda (WHO, 2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"Term ID ITA-1.9.3.2.9","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO's description: 'The personal and animating principle in all sentient beings, the soul.' Recorded as a fact about WHO. Note the tension inside WHO's own entry: the English term is 'Person, living being' but the description ends in 'the soul', which is closer to ātman than to the composite puruṣa of Charaka Su 1.46-47.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Person as the object of treatment","sourceName":"WHO international standard terminologies on Ayurveda (WHO, 2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"Term ID ITA-1.9.3.2.11","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO's description: 'The treatable entity (a person), consisting of five elements and soul.' This is the six-dhatu puruṣa of Charaka Sha 5.4 and Sushruta's karma-puruṣa, given its own term ID.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Embodied being composed of 24 elements","sourceName":"WHO international standard terminologies on Ayurveda (WHO, 2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"Term ID ITA-1.9.3.2.12","verbatim":true,"assessment":"The Samkhya-aligned 24-fold puruṣa of Charaka Sha 1.35. That WHO needs three separate term IDs for puruṣa is the clearest possible evidence that it is not one concept.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"purusha or Being","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sutrasthana Lesson I, aphorism 46 (= Su 1.47 modern)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Public domain. Kaviratna retains the Sanskrit and offers 'Being' as the gloss.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"person","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sutrasthana Lesson I, aphorism 45 (= Su 1.46 modern): 'Mind, soul, and body, this trinity, called person...'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"In the immediately preceding aphorism Kaviratna uses lower-case 'person' for the same word. His English is not stable across two consecutive verses.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"Purusha (individual)","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, tr. Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907-1916)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sharirasthana chapter I, verses 16-17 as printed","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Public domain. Bhishagratna retains the Sanskrit with 'individual' as the gloss.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"Individual of action (Karma-Purusha)","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, tr. Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907-1916)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sharirasthana chapter I, verses 16-17 as printed","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Bhishagratna's rendering of karma-puruṣa, the puruṣa that is the subject of medicine as distinct from the metaphysical puruṣa of Samkhya. The distinction is made in the same paragraph, which is why this is the single most useful passage in the record.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"Purusha (living organism)","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, tr. Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907-1916)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Uttara-Tantra chapter LXV, aphorism 19, back-referring to Sutrasthana chapter I","verbatim":true,"assessment":"A third Bhishagratna gloss for the same word, in a passage where Sushruta is summarising his own earlier definition. Read directly from the archive.org scan of the Bhishagratna volumes.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"Lesson I (= chapter 1)","verse":"45-46 in Kaviratna's numbering (= 1.46-1.47 modern)","establishes":"The tridaṇḍa (three-stick) definition: puruṣa is the union of sattva (mind), ātman (soul) and śarīra (body), and it is explicitly named the subject matter (adhikaraṇa) of āyurveda and the reason the science exists. This is the single most load-bearing statement about the term. The 'f' before 45 is the OCR of a footnote dagger.","quote":"Mind,  soul,  and  body,  this  trinity,  called  person,  resteth  on  union  like  three  sticks  (standing  with  one  another’s  support.)  Upon  that  (trinity)  everything  rests.f45  That  is  also  called  purusha  or  Being.  It  is  also  animate.  That  is  also  regarded  as  the  subject  matter  of  this  Science ;  and  it  is  also  for  the  sake  of  that,  that  this  Science  is  promulgated.46","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sharirasthana","chapter":"1 (Katidhāpuruṣīya Adhyāya)","verse":"16","establishes":"The six-dhatu definition: the elements beginning with kha (ether) with consciousness as the sixth are called puruṣa. A different enumeration from the Su 1.46-47 triad, in the same text.","quote":"खादयश्चेतनाषष्ठा धातवः पुरुषः स्मृतः।","translator":"none - Sanskrit mūla only","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Katidhapurusha_Sharira","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sharirasthana","chapter":"1 (Katidhāpuruṣīya Adhyāya)","verse":"35","establishes":"The 24-fold definition: this aggregate (rāśi) of twenty-four is designated puruṣa. A third distinct enumeration, and the one WHO codes separately as ITA-1.9.3.2.12.","quote":"बुद्धीन्द्रियमनोर्थानां विद्याद्योगधरं परम्| चतुर्विंशतिको ह्येष राशिः पुरुषसञ्ज्ञकः।।","translator":"none - Sanskrit mūla only","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Katidhapurusha_Sharira","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sharirasthana","chapter":"5 (Puruṣavicaya Śārīra)","verse":"4","establishes":"A fourth enumeration: the same six dhatus (earth, water, fire, air, space, and unmanifest brahman) aggregated get the name 'loka' and, equally, the name 'puruṣa'. This is the verse that makes puruṣa and loka co-extensive, and it is the hinge between this record and loka-puruṣa-sāmya.","quote":"षड्धातवः समुदिताः 'लोक' इति शब्दं लभन्ते; तद्यथा- पृथिव्यापस्तेजो वायुराकाशं ब्रह्म चाव्यक्तमिति, एत एव चषड्धातवः समुदिताः 'पुरुष' इति शब्दं लभन्ते||४||","translator":"none - Sanskrit mūla only","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Purusha_Vichaya_Sharira","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sharirasthana","chapter":"1 (Sarvabhūtacintā Śārīra)","verse":"16-17 as printed on the retrieved page","establishes":"Sushruta's karma-puruṣa: the six-component individual (five mahabhutas plus the conscious self) is the puruṣa that medicine treats, as distinct from the Samkhya puruṣa discussed in the same chapter. The verse numbers 16-17 are printed on the retrieved page alongside the passage. Wisdomlib's Sushruta is Bhishagratna and quotable.","quote":"The view is further corroborated by a dictum of the Sruti which holds that Purusha (individual) is nothing but a combination of a self-conscious self and the five kinds of matter (Maha- bhutas) formed into an organic body. This Purusha or individual, which is called Individual of action (Karma- Purusha), falls within the scope of the science and art of medicine.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-3-sharirasthana/d/doc142879.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sharirasthana","chapter":"1 (Sarvabhūtacintā Śārīra)","verse":"22-23 as printed on the retrieved page","establishes":"The Samkhya sense of puruṣa in the same chapter of the same text: the 25th tattva. Sushruta holds both senses at once and distinguishes them, which is direct textual evidence that the ambiguity is original, not an artefact of translation.","quote":"The Purusha forms the twentyfifth principle. These twentyfive fundamental principles of cosmogony have been dealt with in the present treatise (Shalya-Tantra) as well as in the other treatise (Shalaky-Tantra and Sankhya Philosophy).","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-3-sharirasthana/d/doc142879.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sharirasthana","chapter":"1 (Sarvabhūtacintā Śārīra)","verse":"10 as printed on the retrieved page","establishes":"The metaphysical puruṣa as nirguṇa witness, in the same chapter that later gives the treatable karma-puruṣa. Bhishagratna's syntax here is awkward but the passage is quoted exactly as printed.","quote":"But the Purusha (units or atoms of consciousness), devoid of the threefold virtues of Sattva etc. are nonconcerning hence non-producing and bereft of the seed- attributes of lying inherent in all as the primary cause of evolution. They are mere witnesses to the joys and miseries of life, and do not participate in their enjoyment though imprisoned in the human organism.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-3-sharirasthana/d/doc142879.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Uttara-Tantra","chapter":"65","verse":"19 in Bhishagratna's numbering","establishes":"Sushruta's own internal back-reference, confirming that the treatable puruṣa definition sits in Sutrasthana chapter 1 as well as Sharirasthana 1. Read from the archive.org OCR of Bhishagratna vol. III; 'livng' and 'wc' are OCR corruptions, reproduced as retrieved. The URL given is the item page for the volume I read; the plain-text stream is at the same item.","quote":"it  is  said  in  the  chapter  on  Vedotpatti  (Chapter  I,  Sutra-Sthana)  that  \"Purusha\"  (livng  organism)  is  the  sum-total  of  the  \"Maha-bhutas\"  (or  the  five  primary  elements— wc,  earth,  water,  fire,  air  and  ether)  and  the  Sariri  (or  the  soul),  that  medical  treat-  ment  should  be  made  of  him  (Purusha)  and  that  he  is  the  subject  matter  of  every  action)","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/details/englishtranslati03susruoft","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"ātman","why":"Ātman is one constituent of the Charaka triad (Su 1.46) and the sixth dhatu of Sha 1.16. WHO's description of puruṣa ends with 'the soul', which risks collapsing the two. The whole force of Su 1.46-47 is that puruṣa is a union, not a component."},{"term":"śarīra","why":"The body alone. Puruṣa includes mind and self, which is why cikitsā is said to be of the puruṣa and not of the śarīra."},{"term":"karma-puruṣa","why":"Sushruta's own narrowing: the six-component individual that medicine treats, as opposed to the 25th-tattva puruṣa of Samkhya. Sushruta Sha 1 uses both in one chapter and names the narrower one explicitly."},{"term":"rogī / ātura","why":"The patient. Puruṣa is the subject of the science whether healthy or ill (Su 1.47 says the science exists for its sake), so it is not a clinical role term."},{"term":"Samkhya puruṣa","why":"The inactive, attribute-free conscious witness (Sushruta Sha 1.10, 22-23). Identical word, different referent, in the same chapter as the medical sense."},{"term":"loka","why":"Charaka Sha 5.4 says the same six aggregated dhatus receive both names. They are co-referential in that verse and distinct everywhere else, which is the ambiguity loka-puruṣa-sāmya rests on."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"man","why":"Puruṣa in these definitions is not gendered; the definitions are of a living individual. 'Man' also invites the archaic generic, which obscures that Sushruta's karma-puruṣa is a technical composite."},{"rendering":"soul","why":"Renders ātman, one constituent. Directly contradicted by Su 1.46, where mind, soul and body together are called person."},{"rendering":"body","why":"Renders śarīra. Loses the mind and self that make puruṣa the object of treatment."},{"rendering":"the cosmic person","why":"Imports the Puruṣa Sukta / Vedic macranthropos. Charaka Sha 5 does compare puruṣa to loka, but it defines puruṣa as the individual composite, not as a cosmic being."},{"rendering":"patient","why":"Narrows to the clinical encounter. Su 1.47 makes puruṣa the subject matter of the science as such."}],"openQuestions":["Whether Charaka's four enumerations of puruṣa (the tridaṇḍa triad of Su 1.46-47, the six-dhatu of Sha 1.16, the 24-fold of Sha 1.35, and the six-dhatu-shared-with-loka of Sha 5.4) are meant as alternative descriptions of one thing or as four different technical senses. Charaka Sharirasthana 1 opens by asking 'katidhā puruṣaḥ' (in how many ways is puruṣa?), which suggests the plurality is deliberate, but I did not retrieve a commentator on it.","The Sanskrit of Charaka Su 1.46-47 was not retrieved - only Kaviratna's English. The Devanagari should be added from carakasamhitaonline.com before publication.","Whether NAMASTE codes puruṣa."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/purusha/","canary":"ceadfbb8994b5403"},{"slug":"purvakarma","page":"/lexicon/purvakarma/","iast":"pūrvakarma","devanagari":"पूर्वकर्म","alternates":["pūrva-karma","purva karma","pūrvakarman"],"category":"chikitsa","family":"clinic","renderings":[{"english":"Preparatory procedures","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator-standard","locator":"ITA-9.2.4","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Factual report. WHO places it under section 9.2 'Cleansing therapy'.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"the Preliminary measures (Purva-karma)","sourceName":"Bhishagratna, Sushruta Samhita vol. 1 (1907), Sutrasthana ch. V","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"wisdomlib doc122892; chapter titled by Bhishagratna 'Preliminary measures'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Reliable rendering; the whole chapter V heading is built on it.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"preliminary actions","sourceName":"siva.sh machine-assisted gloss on Su.Su. 5.3","sourceKind":"web-gloss","locator":"https://www.siva.sh/sushruta-samhita/sutra-sthana/5/3","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Gloss only.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"siva.sh machine-assisted gloss on Su.Su. 5.3\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"pre-operative procedures / pre-procedure","sourceName":"Common textbook / web usage (easyayurveda, ayushdhara article surfaced in search)","sourceKind":"textbook-usage","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"Widespread in Shalya and Panchakarma teaching; not traced to a quotable edition.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"5 (Agropaharaniya adhyaya)","verse":"3 (as displayed on siva.sh; edition unstated). Bhishagratna's rendering of the same sentence is unnumbered.","establishes":"pūrvakarma is the first of the three phases of karma.","quote":"त्रिविधं कर्म- पूर्वकर्म, प्रधानकर्म, पश्चात्कर्मेति; तद्व्याधिं प्रत्युपदेक्ष्यामः ॥३॥","translator":"Sanskrit text (no translator)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.siva.sh/sushruta-samhita/sutra-sthana/5/3","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"V (Preliminary measures)","verse":"Unnumbered in Bhishagratna; see siva.sh 5.3 for the Sanskrit sentence.","establishes":"Bhishagratna's rendering 'Preliminary measures'.","quote":"The entire course of medical treatment in connection with a disease may be grouped under three subheads, as the Preliminary measures (Purva-karma); the Principal therapeutical or surgical appliances (Pradhana-karma); and the After-measures (Paschat-karma).","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122892.html","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"pūrvarūpa","why":"Prodromal symptoms of a disease; shares the prefix pūrva but belongs to nidāna, not treatment."},{"term":"snehana / svedana","why":"These are the usual contents of pūrvakarma before panchakarma, but they are also stand-alone therapies (two of the ṣaḍ upakrama); pūrvakarma is the phase, not the technique."},{"term":"pradhānakarma","why":"The main procedure that pūrvakarma prepares for."},{"term":"paścātkarma","why":"Post-procedure phase; some authors describe saṁsarjana krama as paścātkarma of vamana/virechana."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"pre-operative care","why":"Correct for Shalya, but the term equally covers panchakarma preparation (WHO 2022 and Bhishagratna both scope it to 'any major procedure' / 'the entire course of medical treatment')."},{"rendering":"preliminary treatment","why":"Suggests a lesser treatment given first; pūrvakarma is preparation for the main act, not an alternative treatment."}],"openQuestions":["Sanskrit edition behind siva.sh verse numbering.","Whether Charaka's Kalpa/Siddhi sthāna uses the compound pūrvakarma (carakasamhitaonline Kalpana Siddhi page did not formally delineate the three terms when fetched)."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/purvakarma/","canary":"d08a269391f08544"},{"slug":"purvarupa","page":"/lexicon/purvarupa/","iast":"pūrvarūpa","devanagari":"पूर्वरूप","alternates":["pūrvarūpam","prāgrūpa","poorvaroopa","purvarupam","pragrupa"],"category":"nidana","family":"disease","renderings":[{"english":"Prodrome, premonitory symptoms","sourceName":"WHO international standard terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standards body","locator":"ITA-4.5.1","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Full description: 'Recognition of the prodrome or set of premonitory, precursory symptoms, treatment of which can forestall manifestation of the disease; they are classified into two types depending on their nature.' Note the head term names the symptoms while the description begins 'Recognition of', the entry cannot decide between the phenomenon and the perception of it.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Prodrome","sourceName":"WHO international standard terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standards body","locator":"ITA-4.8.37","verbatim":true,"assessment":"A SECOND, SEPARATE WHO ENTRY for the same Sanskrit word, in a different chapter, with a different head term and a simpler description: 'A forerunner or early symptom of a disease or condition.' Anyone crosswalking to WHO must choose between ITA-4.5.1 and ITA-4.8.37.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Specific prodrome","sourceName":"WHO international standard terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standards body","locator":"ITA-4.5.3","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Description: 'A specific symptom pertaining to a particular dosha. The term also denotes those premonitory symptoms which indicate the onset of a particular disease or clinical condition.'","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"General prodrome","sourceName":"WHO international standard terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standards body","locator":"ITA-4.5.4","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Description: 'General premonitory symptoms. The term also denotes those premonitory symptoms which may indicate the impending disease or condition without providing any information about dosha predominance.' With ITA-4.5.2 pūrvarūpabhedaḥ ('Classification of prodromes') this is WHO's twofold division.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"those indications which manifest themselves before the appearance of the disease","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (public domain)","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Nidana Sthanam, Lesson I","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna's running rendering, followed immediately by his parenthetical gloss '(These are the symptoms of the period of incubation)', a period-specific biomedical framing that belongs to the translator, not the text.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"the symptoms of the period of incubation","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (public domain)","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Nidana Sthanam, Lesson I, translator's parenthesis","verbatim":true,"assessment":"A clear instance of 1900s nosology mapped onto an Ayurvedic category. 'Incubation' presupposes an infectious agent. Recorded because the lexicon exists to expose exactly this kind of importation.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"premonitory symptoms of diseases","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, tr. Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (public domain)","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Sutrasthana, Chap. xxi","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Bhishagratna's phrase within the kriyākāla sequence, where pūrvarūpa is not a member of a diagnostic pentad but the fourth of six occasions for treatment.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"premonitory symptoms / prodromal symptoms","sourceName":"easyayurveda.com rendering of Ashtanga Hridaya Ni. 1.3-4","sourceKind":"modern textbook website","locator":"AH Ni. 1.3b-4","verbatim":true,"assessment":"In-copyright comparator. The retrieved page also records Vagbhata's alternative term prāgrūpa and his criterion that the sign is 'not assignable to any dosha specifically'.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"easyayurveda.com rendering of Ashtanga Hridaya Ni. 1.3-4\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"premonitory symptoms, prodromata of the disease","sourceName":"easyayurveda.com rendering of Madhava Nidana 1.6","sourceKind":"modern textbook website","locator":"MN 1.6","verbatim":true,"assessment":"In-copyright comparator. Its gloss adds the two classical criteria: the signs are 'mild in nature (not clearly recognizable) and few in numbers'.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"easyayurveda.com rendering of Madhava Nidana 1.6\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Nidāna Sthāna","chapter":"1 (Jvara Nidāna)","verse":"8","establishes":"Charaka's definition, and it is purely temporal: pūrvarūpa is the lakṣaṇa of a disease prior to its utpatti. Nothing about mildness, dosha-indifference or number, those criteria come from Vagbhata and Madhavakara, not from this verse. Note also that Charaka uses LAKṢAṆA in the definiens, which is the same word he lists as a synonym of liṅga one verse later.","quote":"पूर्वरूपं प्रागुत्पत्ति लक्षणं व्याधेः||८||","translator":"none (Sanskrit mūla)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Jwara_Nidana","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Nidāna Sthāna","chapter":"1 (Jvara Nidāna)","verse":"8 (unnumbered in Kaviratna at this point)","establishes":"Public-domain English. The parenthesis is Kaviratna's own addition and has no counterpart in the Sanskrit.","quote":"'Purvarupa' implies those indications which manifest themselves before the appearance of the disease. (These are the symptoms of the period of incubation).","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"21 (running head 'Chap, xxi.] SUTRASTHANAM')","verse":"not numbered in Bhishagratna's edition","establishes":"THE STRUCTURAL DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE TWO SAṂHITĀS, in public domain. For Sushruta pūrvarūpa is not one of five evidence types; it is the fourth of six kriyākāla, i.e. a point in time at which intervention is still possible. 'lor' is a scan artifact for 'for', preserved verbatim. Retrieved and string-matched by me.","quote":"The aggravated and expanded humours, thus firmly ensconced in the different parts of the body, exhibit the premonitory symptoms of diseases which will be fully dealt with under their respective heads. The manifestation of these premonitory symptoms should be considered as the fourth occasion lor medical treatment.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/b24758619_0001/b24758619_0001_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Ashtanga Hridaya","sthana":"Nidāna Sthāna","chapter":"1 (Sarvaroga Nidāna)","verse":"3 (second half) to 4","establishes":"Vagbhata adds three criteria Charaka's verse lacks: the sign is prāgrūpa (he uses that term), it is 'not assignable to any dosha specifically', and it is aspaṣṭa/alpa, indistinct because slight. This is the source of the mildness criterion that most modern definitions treat as classical-in-general. Devanagari mūla and verse numbers sighted on the retrieved page; not quoted per the rule for this text.","quote":null,"translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/2024/03/14/sarvaroga-nidana-general-disease-diagnosis-ashtanga-hridaya-nidanasthana-1/","checked":"address only, nothing quoted to check"},{"text":"Madhava Nidana","sthana":null,"chapter":"1 (Pañca Nidāna Lakṣaṇa)","verse":"6","establishes":"Madhavakara follows Vagbhata: not specifically assignable to dosha, mild, few in number. Verse number from the modern English rendering on the retrieved page.","quote":null,"translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/2023/03/22/pancha-nidana-madhava-nidana-1/","checked":"address only, nothing quoted to check"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"rūpa / liṅga","why":"Separated by one thing only in Charaka: prāg-utpatti versus prādurbhūta, before versus after manifestation. Vagbhata and Madhavakara add that pūrvarūpa is dosha-indifferent and mild, and that the same signs become rūpa on becoming clear, which makes the boundary a matter of degree, not kind."},{"term":"nidāna","why":"A cause acting on the body; pūrvarūpa is already the body responding. The mistake is easy because both precede the disease in time."},{"term":"sthāna-saṃśraya","why":"The kriyākāla stage at which dosha lodges in a site (WHO ITA-4.6.10). Sushruta's Sūtra 21 puts the display of premonitory symptoms AT that stage, so the two are adjacent, not identical: one is the lodging, the other is what the lodging shows."},{"term":"prodrome (biomedical)","why":"The nearest modern analogue, but a biomedical prodrome is the early phase OF a disease already present; Vagbhata's pūrvarūpa is of a disease 'yet to be manifested' and is dosha-unassignable. The two also differ in what follows: Ayurveda treats pūrvarūpa as a point where the disease can be forestalled, which WHO's ITA-4.5.1 preserves."},{"term":"pre-disease / subclinical state","why":"Rastogi 2021 makes this mapping explicitly for prameha. It is a proposal in the literature, not an established equivalence, and the record should not present it as one."},{"term":"viśeṣa- vs sāmānya-pūrvarūpa","why":"WHO ITA-4.5.3 and ITA-4.5.4. Dosha-specific versus general. This division sits awkwardly with Vagbhata's criterion that pūrvarūpa is precisely what is NOT assignable to a dosha."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"symptoms of the period of incubation","why":"Kaviratna's own parenthesis, and it presupposes an infectious agent and a latent period. Nothing in Ca. Ni. 1.8 supports it."},{"rendering":"early symptoms","why":"Loses the criterion that matters. Charaka's line is drawn at utpatti, not at earliness; and Vagbhata's criterion is indistinctness, not timing alone."},{"rendering":"warning signs","why":"Imports intent. The signs are read by the physician; they do not warn."},{"rendering":"aura","why":"Occasionally used by analogy with migraine. Far too narrow and specific to one neurological phenomenon."},{"rendering":"risk factors","why":"A category error in the opposite direction from 'early symptoms': risk factors are causes, and these are already effects."}],"openQuestions":["Whether any study reports operating characteristics for any specific pūrvarūpa. Rastogi 2021 proposes the programme and does not carry out the measurement; PubMed returns only two records for 'purvarupa' and zero for 'poorvarupa', both verified through the API. I found no sensitivity, specificity or predictive value for any premonitory sign of any Ayurvedic disease.","How the two-type division (sāmānya / viśeṣa) is grounded classically, given that Vagbhata's defining criterion is dosha-indifference. WHO codes the division without a source.","Why WHO has two entries (ITA-4.5.1 and ITA-4.8.37) for one word. Possibly a chapter-scoping artifact; possibly deliberate. Worth asking WHO.","Whether Sushruta defines pūrvarūpa as a term anywhere, or only uses it inside kriyākāla. My full-text search of Bhishagratna's Sūtrasthāna volume found the kriyākāla passage and no definition."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/purvarupa/","canary":"d462cbdae8d5c0ab"},{"slug":"rajas","page":"/lexicon/rajas/","iast":"rajas","devanagari":"रजस्","alternates":["rajaḥ","rajo"],"category":"prakriti","family":"daily-life","renderings":[{"english":"Agitation, activity","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-1.9.4.4","verbatim":true,"assessment":"'Characterized by activity, initiation, action and attachment, it is capable of vitiating the mind.' WHO explicitly marks rajas as a vitiator, unlike sattva at ITA-1.9.4.3.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"agitation or activity (rajas)","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-1.9.4.2","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Within the triguṇa entry.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Passion","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Vimanasthana 6 and throughout","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Victorian Mahabharata-translation vocabulary; narrows a cosmological principle of motion into an emotional state.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"Rajashika cast (of mind)","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, tr. Bhishagratna (1907-1916)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sharirasthana I v.19","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Does not translate the noun; gives the adjective and a trait list.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"menstrual flow (rajaḥsrāvaḥ)","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"rajasrāvaḥ entry","verbatim":false,"assessment":"Recorded as a factual homonym carried by the same standard: rajas is also the ordinary Ayurvedic word for menstrual blood. Not a rendering of the guṇa, but the reason a bare 'rajas' citation is ambiguous.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"6","verse":"5","establishes":"Rajas and tamas are the two mental doṣas, parallel to vāta/pitta/kapha as bodily doṣas; their vikāras are named. Sattva is pointedly absent from the mental doṣas. Verse number 5 printed inline on the retrieved page.","quote":"रजस्तमश्च मानसौ दोषौ| तयोर्विकाराः कामक्रोधलोभमोहेर्ष्यामानमदशोकचित्तोद्वेगभयहर्षादयः| वातपित्तश्लेष्माणस्तु खलु शारीरा दोषाः||५||","translator":"","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Roganika_Vimana","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"6","verse":"5","establishes":"Public-domain English for Vi 6/5. The stray full stop after 'Heedlessness' is an OCR artefact. Kaviratna's aphorism marker here is 7, not 5; the verse number comes from the Sanskrit, matched by content.","quote":"Rajas ( Passion ) and Tamas ( Darkness ) are the faults of the mind. Their modifications are Lust, Wrath, Cupidity, Heedlessness. Envy, Pride, Arrogance, Grief, Anxiety, Fear, Joy, &c.","translator":"Kaviraj Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"6","verse":"","establishes":"Rajas and tamas never occur apart, a structural claim with no parallel among the bodily doṣas. 'Ta?nas' is OCR corruption of 'Tamas'. Verse blank: Kaviratna marks this 10 but the corresponding Sanskrit verse number was not located.","quote":null,"quoteWithheld":"nobody has yet read this quotation against its printed source, and an unchecked quotation is not published here","translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sharirasthana","chapter":"4","verse":"38","establishes":"Six rājasa sattva types characterised by roṣa, closing at verse 38.","quote":"इत्येवं खलु राजसस्य सत्त्वस्य षङ्विधं भेदांशं विद्यात्, रोषांशत्वात्||३८||","translator":"","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Mahatigarbhavakranti_Sharira","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sharirasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"19","establishes":"Sushruta's rājasa trait list. 'over winning' is the retrieved page's spelling of 'overweening'.","quote":"Feeling of much pain and misery, a roving spirit, noncomprehension, vanity, untruthfulness, nonclemency, pride, an over winning confidence in ones own excellence, lust, anger and hilarity are the attributes which mark a mind of the Rajashika cast .","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-3-sharirasthana/d/doc142879.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sharirasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"21","establishes":"Maps the three guṇas onto the five mahābhūtas, rajas to vāyu and, with sattva, to tejas. Rarely cited, and it cuts against the popular rajas/pitta equation.","quote":"Of these the ether or Akasa abounds in attributes of the Sattvika stamp, the Vayu or etherin (ether?) in Rajashika, the Teja in Sattvika and Rajashika, the water in Sattvika and Tamashika and the earth in Tamasha attributes.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-3-sharirasthana/d/doc142879.html","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"rajas = menstrual blood","why":"A live homonym that WHO itself carries (rajaḥsrāvaḥ). An uncontextualised 'rajas' in a gynaecological chapter almost certainly means menstrual flow."},{"term":"rajas = dust, pollen","why":"The ordinary Sanskrit sense and the etymological root of the guṇa's agitation; appears in dravyaguṇa and nidāna contexts."},{"term":"vāta","why":"Both principles of motion and both called doṣa, but vāta is bodily and rajas mental (Vi 6/5). The texts do not equate them."},{"term":"pitta","why":"Popular writing pairs rajas with pitta on shared heat. No retrieved classical passage makes that equation, and Sushruta Sharira 1/21 assigns rajas to vāyu and tejas."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"Passion","why":"Reduces a principle of motion and initiation to an emotion, and makes Vi 6/5 read as moralising."},{"rendering":"the pitta guna","why":"Category error: guṇas and doṣas are different schemes, kept explicitly separate at Vi 6/5."},{"rendering":"energy / dynamism","why":"Flattering rather than false; it drops WHO's own qualification that rajas is capable of vitiating the mind."}],"openQuestions":["What is the Sanskrit verse number for the 'no tamas without rajas' statement Kaviratna marks as aphorism 10 in Vimana 6? Not located."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/rajas/","canary":"33d77fde409816b0"},{"slug":"rakta-dhatu","page":"/lexicon/rakta-dhatu/","iast":"rakta-dhātu","devanagari":"रक्तधातु","alternates":["rakta","raktadhatu","shonita","śoṇita","rudhira","asrik"],"category":"dhatu","family":"body","renderings":[{"english":"Blood","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-2.2.5","verbatim":true,"assessment":"The one dhātu where WHO adopts a plain biomedical English word without hedging. WHO's own description nonetheless contains two non-biomedical claims: that it is formed in liver and spleen, and that its function is 'to give life' (jīvana, ITA-2.2.6).","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Giving life","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-2.2.6","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO gives rakta's defining function its own term ID, which is evidence that the standard treats the functional claim as part of the concept rather than as commentary.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"blood","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sutrasthana XXIV (Vidhi-shonitiya); Chikitsasthana XV","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Consistent across the volume, including for śoṇita. Kaviratna does not distinguish rakta from śoṇita in English.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"blood","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, tr. Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907-1916)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sutrasthana XIV (titled 'which treats of Blood') and XV","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Same. Bhishagratna adds 'life blood' for jīva-śoṇita and 'arterial namesake' when relating ārtava to rakta.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"blood tissue","sourceName":"Modern Ayurvedic journal usage","sourceKind":"journal","locator":null,"locatorWithheld":"\"Modern Ayurvedic journal usage\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","verbatim":true,"assessment":"The hedged form used when authors want to signal that the equation is an interpretation. The paper quoted explicitly calls it a correlation, not an identity.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Modern Ayurvedic journal usage\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"blood, haemoglobin-bearing tissue","sourceName":"Clinical Ayurvedic research usage","sourceKind":"journal","locator":"PMID 24250128 operationalises raktakshaya as anaemia, measured by Hb, TIBC, serum iron and ferritin","verbatim":false,"assessment":"The only case in this whole term set where a dhātu has been given an explicit, measurable operational definition in a controlled trial. Worth recording as a rendering because the choice of measure IS a claim about meaning.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"24 (Vidhi-shonitiya)","verse":"3 in Kaviratna's marginal numbering","establishes":"Charaka's core statement of rakta's function: life itself depends on it. This is the source of the jīvana function WHO gives its own term ID. Chapter located by its heading 'LESSON XXIV ... Vidhi-Sonitiya' in the retrieved file.","quote":"Verily, it is pure blood that brings about strength and complexion and (the) happiness (of health) and longevity, for the very life of living creatures is dependant on blood.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"24","verse":"16 in Kaviratna's marginal numbering","establishes":"Rakta as a diagnostic residual category: whatever does not answer to doṣa-directed treatment is attributed to blood. A striking piece of clinical reasoning that gets no mention in the usual 'rakta = blood' gloss.","quote":"All those diseases that are curable but that cannot be cured by the application of cool, hot, oily, and dry methods of treatment, should be ascribed to diseased blood as their cause.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"14 (Shonita-Varnaniya)","verse":"prose, 'Authoritative verses on the subject'","establishes":"That rakta is defined by acquisition of colour from rasa, i.e. by a transformation, not by composition. Sushruta places the colouring in spleen and liver.","quote":"The Rasa or the lymph chyle, coloured through the effect of the healthy normal dyeing heat of the body, obtains the name of blood.","translator":"Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907-1916)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/b24758619_0001/b24758619_0001_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"14","verse":"prose, metrical texts","establishes":"Rakta as pāñcabhautika, with each of five observable properties assigned to one mahābhūta. The nearest thing in the sources to a compositional analysis of a dhātu.","quote":"In blood the properties such as, a raw or fleshy smell, fluidity, redness, lightness and mobility, which respectively characterise the fundamental principles (of earth, water, fire, air, and sky) are to be found thus representing those specific elements in its composition.","translator":"Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907-1916)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/b24758619_0001/b24758619_0001_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"14","verse":"prose","establishes":"A purely observational normality criterion for rakta, based on colour and consistency. Contrasts with modern operationalisation by haemoglobin.","quote":"The blood in its healthy and natural state is possessed of a vivid red colour like that of an Indragopa (Cochineal) insect, and is neither too thin nor too transparent.","translator":"Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907-1916)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/b24758619_0001/b24758619_0001_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"15 (Dosha-Dhatu-Mala-Kshaya-Vriddhi-Vijnaniya)","verse":"corresponds to mula verse 5","establishes":"Rakta's three functions: complexion (varṇa-prasāda), nourishment of mamsa, and maintenance of life. The Sanskrit of this verse was verified separately: रक्तं वर्णप्रसादं मांसपुष्टिं जीवयति च.","quote":"The blood, in its turn, increases the healthful glow of the complexion, leads to the increased formation of flesh and muscles and maintains vitality in the organism.","translator":"Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907-1916)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/b24758619_0001/b24758619_0001_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"15","verse":"kshaya and vriddhi prose sections","establishes":"The classical clinical signs of raktakshaya and raktavriddhi. Note these are not the signs of anaemia and polycythaemia; the craving for acid and for cool places has no biomedical counterpart, which is precisely the point at issue when 'rakta' is operationalised as haemoglobin.","quote":"The loss of blood is attended with such symptoms as roughness of the skin, and a craving for acid food or drink. The patient longs to be in a cool place and asks for cool things, and the veins become loose and flabby. ... A plethora of blood in the system gives a reddish glow to the complexion and the white of the eyes, and imparts fullness to the veins.","translator":"Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907-1916)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/b24758619_0001/b24758619_0001_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita (Sanskrit mula)","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"14","verse":"10","establishes":"Rakta's place in the chain, from rasa and yielding mamsa, in verified Sanskrit with verse number.","quote":"रसाद्रक्तं ततो मांसं मांसान्मेदः प्रजायते । मेदसोऽस्थि ततो मज्जा मज्ज्ञः शुक्रं तु जायते ॥१०॥","translator":null,"licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.siva.sh/sushruta-samhita/sutra-sthana/14/10","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"śoṇita","why":"Treated as a synonym by WHO ISTA (both listed under ITA-2.2.5) and by both public-domain translators, who render both as 'blood'. But śoṇita is also WHO's Sanskrit for menstrual blood at ITA-2.3.3, so the synonymy is not clean and an index will mis-merge."},{"term":"ārtava","why":"Menstrual blood, classed as an upadhātu of rasa by WHO (ITA-2.3.3). Bhishagratna writes that ārtava 'is endued with the same properties as its arterial namesake', so the sources themselves relate them closely while keeping them distinct."},{"term":"rasa","why":"The precursor. Rakta is rasa that has acquired colour. Translating rasa 'plasma' and rakta 'blood' inverts the relation, since plasma is part of blood rather than its antecedent."},{"term":"pitta","why":"Pitta is the kiṭṭa (waste fraction) of rakta according to Charaka Chikitsasthana 15, and rañjaka pitta is the agent that colours rasa into rakta. Closely coupled but categorically a doṣa, not a dhātu."},{"term":"raktavaha srotas","why":"The channel system, not the substance. Diseases are attributed to the srotas as well as to the dhātu and the distinction matters for coding."},{"term":"jīva-śoṇita","why":"'Life blood' in Bhishagratna, flagged in the retrieved text as a distinct topic to be treated separately. Not simply rakta."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"blood, taken as identical with the biomedical referent","why":"The word is right and the concept is not coextensive. Classical rakta is formed in spleen and liver from rasa, has fleshy smell listed as its earthy property, and its depletion presents as craving for sour food and for cool places. None of that is a statement about haemoglobin."},{"rendering":"haemoglobin / red cell mass","why":"Introduced by operational convenience in clinical research (see PMID 24250128). No classical source supports the narrowing, and it silently discards the complexion and mamsa-nourishing functions that Sushruta gives as rakta's defining work."},{"rendering":"the humour of blood","why":"Imports the Greek humoral scheme, in which blood IS one of the four humours. In Ayurveda blood is a dhātu and not a doṣa, and the confusion is made worse by Bhishagratna's own chapter-heading language about 'humoral constituents'."}],"openQuestions":["Whether rakta and śoṇita are true synonyms or carry a distinction (e.g. śoṇita for extravasated or menstrual blood) is not settled by anything retrieved; WHO lists śoṇitam under both rakta-dhātu and ārtava.","The trial evidence (PMID 24250128) assumes rather than tests the rakta/anaemia equation. No retrieved study asks whether patients meeting classical raktakshaya criteria are the same patients as those meeting anaemia criteria. That would be a straightforward and unperformed study.","Whether Sushruta's attribution of rakta formation to spleen and liver reflects observation or inference is not addressable from the translation alone.","Charaka Sutrasthana 24's residual-category rule (anything curable but unresponsive to cool/hot/oily/dry treatment is blood-caused) has no modern discussion that this search located."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/rakta-dhatu/","canary":"e701f2c119078e1b"},{"slug":"raktamokshana","page":"/lexicon/raktamokshana/","iast":"raktamokṣaṇa","devanagari":"रक्तमोक्षण","alternates":["raktamokṣa","rakta-mokshana","śoṇitāvasecana","asravisruti","śastravisrāvaṇa (instrumental subtype)"],"category":"chikitsa","family":"clinic","renderings":[{"english":"Bloodletting","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator-standard","locator":"ITA-9.6.97","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO files it under 9.6 (surgical/para-surgical measures), not under 9.2 Cleansing therapy.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":null,"sourceName":"NIA Jaipur / WHO-APW draft 'Standardization of Non-Clinical Terminologies of Ayurveda' (2011)","sourceKind":"comparator-draft","locator":"nia.nic.in/pdf/TERMINOLOGIES.pdf","verbatim":true,"assessment":"A draft, not the 2022 WHO publication; the two must not be conflated.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Blood-letting; bleeding; venesection (Sira-Vyadhana); scarification (Pracchana)","sourceName":"Bhishagratna, Sushruta Samhita (1907-1911)","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"Sutrasthana ch. XIII, XIV; Sharirasthana ch. VIII (wisdomlib)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Bhishagratna uses 'blood-letting' and 'bleeding' interchangeably; 'venesection' only for sirāvyadha.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"blood letting (Raktamokshana)","sourceName":"Kumbhare-Patil et al., Ayu 2016 (PMID 28827952) abstract","sourceKind":"peer-reviewed-usage","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":"Standard modern gloss.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Kumbhare-Patil et al., Ayu 2016 (PMID 28827952) abstract\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false}],"classical":[{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"14 (Śoṇitavarṇanīya)","verse":"25 (as displayed on siva.sh; edition unstated)","establishes":"Instrumental bloodletting is of two kinds: pracchāna (scarification) and sirāvyadhana (venesection).","quote":"शस्त्रविस्रावणं द्विविधं- प्रच्छानं , सिराव्यधनं च ॥२५॥","translator":"Sanskrit text","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.siva.sh/sushruta-samhita/sutra-sthana/14/21-25","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"XIV (Description of blood)","verse":"Unnumbered in Bhishagratna; corresponds to the sentence numbered 25 on siva.sh","establishes":"Bhishagratna's renderings of the two instrumental subtypes.","quote":"Blood-letting, with the help of a surgical instrument, may be grouped under two distinct heads, according as scarification (Pracchana) or venesection (Sira-Vyadhana) is resorted to for the purpose.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122906.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"14","verse":"33-34 (as displayed on siva.sh; edition unstated). Both ends of the range read independently.","establishes":"Signs of correctly performed bloodletting (lightness, relief of pain, abatement of disease, mental clarity) and the claim that habitual raktamokṣaṇa prevents skin disorders, granthi, śopha and blood-borne diseases. Verse 34 verifies the Devanagari रक्तमोक्षण.","quote":"लाघवं वेदनाशान्तिर्व्याघेर्वेगपरिक्षयः । सम्यग्विस्राविते लिङ्गं प्रसादो मनसस्तथा ॥३३॥ त्वग्दोषा ग्रन्थयः शोफा रोगाः शोणितजाश्च ये । रक्तमोक्षणशीलानां न भवन्ति कदाचन ॥३४॥","translator":"Sanskrit text","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.siva.sh/sushruta-samhita/sutra-sthana/14/31-35","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"XIV","verse":"Unnumbered in Bhishagratna; matches siva.sh 33 and 34","establishes":"Bhishagratna's English for Su.Su. 14.33-34. His 'sarcomata, aneurism' both render granthi, 'oedema' renders śopha, and the appended 'Ovarian tumour, Carbuncle, Erysipelas' are his biomedical examples of rogāḥ śoṇitajāḥ; none of these English disease names is in the Sanskrit.","quote":"An act of complete and successful blood-letting is followed by a feeling of lightness and alleviation of pain in the affected part, by an abatement of the disease, and a general sense of cheerfulness. [...] A person, accustomed to blood letting, enjoys a kind of immunity from all types of skin diseases, sarcomata, aneurism, oedema, and diseases brought about by a vitiated condition of the blood such as, Ovarian tumour, Carbuncle, Erysipelas, etc.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122906.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"13 (Jalaukāvacaraṇīya)","verse":"3 (as displayed on siva.sh; edition unstated)","establishes":"Leech application is the gentlest means of śoṇitāvasecana (a synonym for bloodletting), for kings, the rich, children, the aged, the timid, the weak, women and the delicate.","quote":"नृपाढ्य बालस्थविरभीरुदुर्बलनारीसुकुमाराणामनुग्रहार्थं परमसुकुमारोऽयं शोणितावसेचनोपायोऽभिहितो जलौकसः ॥३॥","translator":"Sanskrit text","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.siva.sh/sushruta-samhita/sutra-sthana/13/3","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"XIII (Usage of leeches)","verse":"Unnumbered in Bhishagratna; matches siva.sh 13.3","establishes":"Bhishagratna's rendering of the leech indication; the quote is two fragments of one sentence as returned by the fetch, so re-read the page before publishing it as a continuous sentence.","quote":"old or imbecile, or a woman, or an infant, or a person of an extremely timid disposition, or a person of a delicate constitution [...] the gentlest that can be possibly devised","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122902.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sharirasthana","chapter":"8 (Sirāvyadhavidhi)","verse":"23 (as displayed on siva.sh; edition unstated)","establishes":"Venesection (a subtype of raktamokṣaṇa) is declared 'half of treatment' in śalyatantra. Often misattributed to Sutrasthana 14; it is in Sharirasthana 8.","quote":"सिराव्यधश्चिकित्सार्धं शल्यतन्त्रे प्रकीर्तितः","translator":"Sanskrit text","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.siva.sh/sushruta-samhita/sharira-sthana/8/21-25","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sharirasthana","chapter":"VIII (The method of Venesection)","verse":"Bhishagratna's own section number 55 (NOT a Sanskrit verse number); Sanskrit verse 23 per siva.sh","establishes":"Bhishagratna's English for Su.Sha. 8.23; the comparison to basti is in the verse's second line, which was not separately verified in Sanskrit.","quote":"Venesection (bleeding) properly performed is half of the treatment described in surgery like the application of Vasti-karmas (enematic measures) in therapeutics.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1911)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-3-sharirasthana/d/doc142888.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"22 (Laṅghanabṛṁhaṇīya)","verse":"18 (carakasamhitaonline, Trikamji numbering); Kaviratna prints 16 for this aphorism (Lesson XXII, p. 245, archive.org BIUSante_47357 leaf n347, superscript §16 after 'included under Langhana'), two BEHIND the standard; his footnotes on p. 246 also cite it as 'Verse 16'","establishes":"Charaka counts saṁśuddhi under laṅghana as fourfold (catuṣprakārā saṁśuddhiḥ) alongside thirst, wind, sun, pācana, fasting and exercise, but the verse does not name the four. Their identification as emesis, purgation, errhine and (dry) enema, with raktamokṣaṇa therefore absent, is the commentators' and Kaviratna's reading (his bracketed gloss 'viz., administration of emetics, of purgatives, of errhines or cerebral purgatives, and dry enemata'); raktamokṣaṇa is not mentioned in the chapter's Sanskrit. Relevant to the distinction between Charaka's and Sushruta's śodhana sets on that commentary-dependent basis.","quote":"चतुष्प्रकारा संशुद्धिः पिपासा मारुतातपौ। पाचनान्युपवासश्च व्यायामश्चेति लङ्घनम्॥१८॥","translator":"Sanskrit text","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Langhanabrimhaniya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"sirāvyadha / sirāvedhana","why":"Venesection; one instrumental subtype of raktamokṣaṇa (Su.Su. 14.25), not a synonym for the whole category."},{"term":"jalaukāvacaraṇa","why":"Leech application; the non-instrumental (anuśastra) subtype, indicated for the delicate and for pitta-vitiated blood (Su.Su. 13.3 and Bhishagratna ch. XIII)."},{"term":"pracchāna","why":"Scarification; the other instrumental subtype."},{"term":"pañcakarma (Charaka's set)","why":"Charaka's fourfold saṁśuddhi in Su. 22.18 is vamana, virecana, śirovirecana, niruha; raktamokṣaṇa is counted as the fifth śodhana in the Sushruta/Shalya tradition. WHO 2022 ITA-9.2.2 likewise defines Panchakarma without bloodletting (its fifth is unctuous enema)."},{"term":"phlebotomy (diagnostic blood draw)","why":"Modern phlebotomy is sampling; raktamokṣaṇa is therapeutic removal of 'vitiated' blood."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"blood purification / detoxification","why":"The procedure removes blood; it does not purify the remaining blood in any mechanistic sense. The doctrinal claim is removal of duṣṭa rakta, which is a different statement."},{"rendering":"phlebotomy","why":"Narrows the term to venesection and imports the diagnostic sense."},{"rendering":"immunity from skin diseases (Bhishagratna)","why":"'immunity' in Su.Su. 14.34 is Edwardian English for 'do not occur'; it is not an immunological claim."}],"openQuestions":["Confirm siva.sh verse numbers (13.3, 14.25, 14.33-34, Sha. 8.23) against the Trikamji/Acharya Nirnaya Sagar edition; the site does not name its edition.","Whether a systematic review of raktamokṣaṇa/leech therapy exists in PubMed; the bounded search found case reports and small trials only."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/raktamokshana/","canary":"6b5c8d522a406854"},{"slug":"raktavaha-srotas","page":"/lexicon/raktavaha-srotas/","iast":"raktavaha srotas","devanagari":"रक्तवहस्रोतस्","alternates":["śoṇitavaha srotas (शोणितवहस्रोतस्), Caraka's own term at Vi.5/8","raktavāhīni srotāṃsi (Ca.Vi.5/14)","asṛgvahā (WHO ITA-2.5.12, for blood vessels)"],"category":"srotas (body channel) — anatomy/physiology","family":"body","renderings":[{"english":"Channel carrying blood","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standards-body comparator","locator":"ITA-2.5.11","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO description: 'The pathway which carries blood. Entities related to this channel are the liver and spleen.'","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false},{"english":"Blood vessels","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standards-body comparator (separate term)","locator":"ITA-2.5.12 asṛgvahā","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO keeps asṛgvahā ('blood vessels') as a SEPARATE entry from raktavahasrotaḥ, evidence that the standard does not equate the channel with the vasculature.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false},{"english":"Vitiation of channels carrying blood","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standards-body comparator (disorder term)","locator":"ITA-5.5.6 raktavahasrotoduṣṭiḥ","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false},{"english":"channels carrying blood tissue","sourceName":"NAMASTE Portal, Standardised Ayurveda Terminologies","sourceKind":"national terminology comparator","locator":"SAT-B.480","verbatim":true,"assessment":"NAMASTE's 'blood tissue' preserves the dhātu sense that WHO's bare 'blood' loses.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology","downloadable":false},{"english":"derangement of raktavahasrotas","sourceName":"NAMASTE National Ayurveda Morbidity Codes","sourceKind":"morbidity-code comparator","locator":"NAMC ED-1","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology"},{"english":"The blood-carrying Srotas (channels)","sourceName":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna, Sushruta Samhita (1911)","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Śārīrasthāna IX.11–12","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"rakta dhatu or red blood","sourceName":"carakasamhitaonline.com (CSRTSL), 2020","sourceKind":"modern translation (in copyright; rendering recorded as comparator only)","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"the CSRTSDC/Charak Samhita New Edition English, in copyright","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the CSRTSDC/Charak Samhita New Edition English, in copyright"}],"classical":[{"text":"Caraka Saṃhitā","sthana":"Vimāna Sthāna","chapter":"5","verse":"5/8","establishes":"Root = yakṛt (liver) and plīhā (spleen). Crucially, Caraka's word here is śoṇita-vaha, NOT rakta-vaha, the head-term of the modern lexicon is not the term of the locus classicus.","quote":"शोणितवहानां स्रोतसां यकृन्मूलं प्लीहा च|","translator":null,"licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Sroto_Vimana","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Caraka Saṃhitā","sthana":"Vimāna Sthāna","chapter":"5","verse":"5/14","establishes":"Caraka uses rakta-vāhīni in the metrical section, confirming rakta- and śoṇita- as interchangeable stems within one chapter.","quote":"विदाहीन्यन्नपानानि स्निग्धोष्णानि द्रवाणि च| रक्तवाहीनि दुष्यन्ति भजतां चातपानलौ||१४||","translator":null,"licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Sroto_Vimana","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Suśruta Saṃhitā","sthana":"Śārīra Sthāna","chapter":"9","verse":"11–12 (Bhishagratna); cited as 9/12 elsewhere","establishes":"Suśruta agrees with Caraka on liver+spleen and adds the blood-carrying dhamanīs. One of the clearest Caraka/Suśruta agreements in the set.","quote":"The blood-carrying Srotas (channels) are two in number and have their roots in the spleen and the liver, and the blood-carrying Dhamanis (capillaries in general). An injury to any of these channels is attended with pallor, bluishness of complexion, fever, burning sensations, excessive hemorrhage, and redness of the eyes.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1911)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-3-sharirasthana/d/doc142889.html","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"asṛgvahā / sirā / dhamanī","why":"WHO codes asṛgvahā ('blood vessels') separately at ITA-2.5.12. Caraka at Vi.5/9 lists sirā and dhamanī among the NAMES for body spaces generally, so 'srotas = blood vessel' is a category error even where they overlap."},{"term":"rakta dhātu","why":"The tissue versus its conduit."},{"term":"raktapitta","why":"A disease of bleeding, listed by NAMASTE among the diseases involving this srotas; not the channel itself."},{"term":"rasavaha srotas","why":"Consecutive in the dhātu chain but with different roots (heart/dhamanīs vs liver/spleen)."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"the circulatory system","why":"Neither text names heart or vessels as the root, the roots are liver and spleen, i.e. haematopoietic/haemolytic organs. WHO keeps 'blood vessels' as a separate term precisely to avoid this."},{"rendering":"capillaries","why":"Bhishagratna's 1911 gloss on 'blood-carrying Dhamanis'. An imported histological category with no basis in the Sanskrit."},{"rendering":"'rakta' as red blood cells","why":"rakta is a dhātu, the whole blood tissue including its formative and nutritive role, not a cell type."}],"openQuestions":["Is the śoṇita/rakta alternation purely metrical convenience, or do commentators read a distinction?","Why do both texts root a blood channel in liver and spleen rather than the heart, when the heart is the root of rasavaha in both?"],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/raktavaha-srotas/","canary":"ca71609aa1349dfe"},{"slug":"ranjaka-pitta","page":"/lexicon/ranjaka-pitta/","iast":"rañjaka-pitta","devanagari":"रञ्जकपित्त","alternates":["rañjakāgni","Ranjakagni","Ranjaka Pitta","Ranjak Pitta"],"category":"pitta-subtype","family":"dosha","renderings":[{"english":"Colouring pitta","sourceName":"WHO international standard terminologies on Ayurveda (2022), term ID ITA-2.1.2.3","sourceKind":"standards-body","locator":"ITA-2.1.2.3","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO's description is grammatically broken as printed ('seated in liver, spleen and its pigment in blood'), worth flagging to anyone quoting it. Substantively WHO follows SUŚRUTA's seat (liver and spleen), not Vāgbhaṭa's (āmāśaya). That is a silent editorial choice between two disagreeing classical authorities.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Ranjakagni (lit:—dyeing fire or pigment bile.)","sourceName":"Suśruta Saṃhitā tr. Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (public domain)","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"Sūtrasthāna ch. 21, Wikisource text","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Bhishagratna's 'pigment bile' is a 19th-century humoral-medicine gloss reflecting the then-current identification of pitta with bile. 'Dyeing fire' is the literal rendering of rañjaka + agni.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"Ranjaka","sourceName":"Suśruta Saṃhitā tr. Bhishagratna, footnote at Sūtrasthāna ch. 15","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"'They are named as Ranjaka. Pachaka, Sadhaka (Medhakrit and Ojakrit), Alochaka and Bhrajaka.'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Bhishagratna lists rañjaka FIRST, matching the order of functions at Su.Sū. 15.4 (rāga-kṛt first), not the order of Su.Sū. 21.10 (pācaka first).","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"bestows red color to Rasa Dhatu and converts it into blood","sourceName":"EasyAyurveda, Suśruta Sūtrasthāna 21 study page","sourceKind":"modern-textbook-website","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":"Adds 'and converts it into blood', which the Suśruta mūla does not say, the mūla says only 'sa rasasya rāgakṛd uktaḥ' (it imparts colour to rasa). The conversion claim is Vāgbhaṭa-influenced interpretation.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"EasyAyurveda, Suśruta Sūtrasthāna 21 study page\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"\"EasyAyurveda, Suśruta Sūtrasthāna 21 study page\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation"}],"classical":[{"text":"Suśruta Saṃhitā","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"21 (Vraṇapraśna Adhyāya)","verse":"","establishes":"Seat = liver and spleen; function = imparting colour to rasa; designation = rañjakāgni.","quote":"The Ranjakagni:—The function of the Pittam, which has its seats in the liver and the spleen, consists in imparting its characteristic pigment (Ragakrit) to the lymph-chyle and is hence known as Ranjakagni (lit:—dyeing fire or pigment bile.)","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita,_Volume_1/Chapter_21","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Suśruta Saṃhitā (Sanskrit mūla)","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"21","verse":"10","establishes":"Seat is yakṛt-plīhan (liver and spleen). The mūla's function clause is narrow: 'sa rasasya rāgakṛd uktaḥ', it is said to be the colour-maker of rasa. Nothing about converting rasa into rakta.","quote":"यत्तु यकृत्प्लीह्नोः पित्तं तस्मिन् रञ्जकोऽग्निरिति सञ्ज्ञा, स रसस्य रागकृदुक्तः;","translator":"","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/sushruta-samhita-sutrasthana-21-vranaprashna-adhyaya-question-concerning-wounds/","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Aṣṭāṅga Hṛdaya (Sanskrit mūla; no public-domain English translation exists, so no translation is quoted)","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"12 (Doṣabhedīya)","verse":"13a (following ||१२||)","establishes":"THE KEY CLASSICAL DISAGREEMENT: Vāgbhaṭa seats rañjaka in the ĀMĀŚAYA (stomach), directly contradicting Suśruta's yakṛt-plīhan (liver and spleen). Same name, same function (rasa-rañjana), different organ. Corroborated: PMID 40972327 cites 'Ashtanga Hridaya, Sutra Sthana 12/13' for 'Ranjaka Pitta does Rasa Ranjana'.","quote":null,"quoteWithheld":"nobody has yet read this quotation against its printed source, and an unchecked quotation is not published here","translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/2013/04/16/dosha-types-increase-and-decrease/"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"rakta dhātu","why":"Rañjaka acts ON rasa to colour it; it is not blood and not the blood tissue. English texts that render rañjaka pitta as 'the blood-forming pitta' quietly promote it from a colouring agent to a haematopoietic organ."},{"term":"pācaka-pitta (in Vāgbhaṭa's scheme)","why":"Because Vāgbhaṭa puts rañjaka in the āmāśaya, in his scheme rañjaka and pācaka are near-neighbours in the same region, which they are not in Suśruta. Any statement about rañjaka's seat is meaningless without naming which authority is being followed."},{"term":"'rakta-pitta'","why":"A disease (a bleeding disorder), not a doṣa subtype. The similar shape of the compound causes genuine confusion in search and in indexing."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"\"haemoglobin\" or \"the pitta of erythropoiesis\"","why":"A hypothesis dressed as a definition. The Suśrutan mūla claims only that it colours rasa. Erythropoiesis happens in red marrow, which no classical text assigns to rañjaka. The equation also has to pick a side in the liver/spleen vs stomach disagreement and usually does so without saying so."},{"rendering":"\"bile\" / \"pigment bile\"","why":"Bhishagratna's own gloss, and historically interesting, but it imports the Galenic identification of pitta with bile. Bile pigments colour faeces, not rasa, so the gloss does not even fit the function it is glossing."},{"rendering":"Citing 'liver and spleen' while citing Aṣṭāṅga Hṛdaya","why":"Extremely common and simply wrong. AH Sū 12.13 reads 'āmāśayāśrayaṃ pittaṃ rañjakam'. The liver/spleen seat is Suśruta's."}],"openQuestions":["How do the commentators (Dalhaṇa on Suśruta, Aruṇadatta/Hemādri on AH) reconcile the yakṛt-plīhan vs āmāśaya seat? This is the single most important unresolved point in the record.","WHO ISTA chose the Suśrutan seat. Is that choice documented anywhere in the WHO drafting process, or was it undiscussed?","Is the WHO description's broken grammar ('seated in liver, spleen and its pigment in blood') an erratum? Check whether a corrected reprint exists."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/ranjaka-pitta/","canary":"e0d169179350947d"},{"slug":"rasa","page":"/lexicon/rasa/","iast":"rasa","devanagari":"रस","alternates":["rasaḥ","rasa (taste)","rasa dhatu","shadrasa / ṣaḍrasa","rasa (mercury, rasashastra sense)"],"category":"dravyaguna-3","family":"pharmacology","renderings":[{"english":"Taste","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022), PDF mirror (prints ITA- codes)","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"ITA-1.9.4.1.3","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO itself flags the three senses (taste, rasa-dhatu, mercury) inside one entry.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Primary circulating nutrient fluid, primary product of digestion","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"ITA-2.2.4","verbatim":true,"assessment":"The dhatu sense gets its own headword; WHO avoids 'plasma', 'lymph' and 'chyle'.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"taste; Tastes","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. A. C. Kaviratna, public domain","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Su.1 his 63 'The object of the tongue is taste'; his 64 'the sixfold catalogue of tastes'; Su.26 passim 'the six Tastes'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Stable for the gustatory sense. For the dhatu sense he writes 'Rasa (liquid humour)' and 'the (seven) elements beginning with Rasa or humour' (Su.17 kshaya passage, not verse-verified).","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"lymph chyle (Rasa)","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita tr. K. L. Bhishagratna, public domain, via wisdomlib","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Su.Su.14 opening: 'giving rise to lymph chyle (Rasa) which is extremely thin or attenuated in its consistency and which forms the essence of the assimilated food'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Edwardian physiology: 'lymph chyle' is a biomedical identification, not a translation.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"taste ... a water-origined principle","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita tr. K. L. Bhishagratna, public domain, via wisdomlib","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Su.Su.42: 'taste is said to be a water-origined principle'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Gustatory sense; agrees with Charaka Su.1.64 that water (and earth) is the substrate.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"rasa (taste)","sourceName":"Gilca & Dragos 2017, eCAM (PMID 28642799)","sourceKind":"modern literature","locator":"title/abstract","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Research usage keeps the Sanskrit and glosses 'taste'.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Gilca & Dragos 2017, eCAM (PMID 28642799)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"\"Gilca & Dragos 2017, eCAM (PMID 28642799)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation"},{"english":"Taste (Shad Rasa)","sourceName":"easyayurveda.com 'Six Tastes Of Ayurveda' (Hebbar), modern web textbook","sourceKind":"modern web textbook","locator":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/2016/06/14/taste-shad-rasa/ (title seen in search results only; page not retrieved)","verbatim":false,"assessment":"Typical textbook rendering; recorded from the search-result title, not from the page.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"Standard 1.64 (carakasamhitaonline); Kaviratna prints 63","establishes":"The definitional verse: rasa is the object of the tongue (rasana), its substrate is water and earth, and the other three bhutas account for its manifestation and varieties. Sanskrit as retrieved: रसनार्थो रसस्तस्य द्रव्यमापः क्षितिस्तथा| निर्वृत्तौ च विशेषे च प्रत्ययाः खादयस्त्रयः||६४|| (https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Deerghanjiviteeya_Adhyaya).","quote":"The object of the tongue is taste. Water and earth are the objective existences in which taste inheres. In its manifestation and as regards particular kinds of it, space, air, and light, are also its adjuncts.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"Standard 1.65; Kaviratna prints 64","establishes":"The six rasas. Sanskrit as retrieved: स्वादुरम्लोऽथ लवणः कटुकस्तिक्त एव च| कषायश्चेति षट्कोऽयं रसानां सङ्ग्रहः स्मृतः||६५||.","quote":"Sweet, sour, salt, pungent, bitter, and astringent, these are regarded as the sixfold catalogue of tastes.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"26","verse":"Standard 26.8 (one clause of a long prose unit); Kaviratna prints 11","establishes":"In the rasa-number debate Varyovida's 'six rasas' are in fact six gunas (guru, laghu, shita, ushna, snigdha, ruksha); the text itself records the rasa/guna confusion the lexicon must undo. Sanskrit as retrieved: षड्रसा इति वार्योविदो राजर्षिः, गुरुलघुशीतोष्णस्निग्धरूक्षाः| (within ||८||, https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Atreyabhadrakapyiya_Adhyaya). Atreya's ruling is 26.9: षडेव रसा इत्युवाच भगवानात्रेयः पुनर्वसुः, मधुराम्ललवणकटुतिक्तकषायाः॥९॥.","quote":"There are six tastes, said the royal sage Varyovida. They are heavy, light, cold, hot, oily, and dry.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"42","verse":"Sanskrit verse number not established; Bhishagratna prints no verse numbers","establishes":"Sushruta's chapter on rasa (Rasa-Vishesha-Vijnaniya) makes water the originating bhuta of taste, agreeing with Charaka Su.1.64.","quote":"taste is said to be a water-origined principle.","translator":"K. L. Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc141672.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"14","verse":"Sushruta Sutrasthana 14.3 (standard numbering; siva.sh Devanagari ॥३॥). Bhishagratna Ch. XIV, opening paragraph [1] and the first sentence of the following paragraph, wisdomlib doc122906; he prints no verse numbers.","establishes":"The dhātu sense: rasa is the subtle essence (sāra) of fully digested food, its seat (sthāna) is the heart, and from the heart it enters the twenty-four dhamanīs to nourish the whole body (Su.Su.14.3: 'तस्य हृदयं स्थानं, स हृदयाच्चतुर्विंशतिधमनीरनुप्रविश्य'). 'Lymph chyle' is Bhishagratna's biomedical identification, not the text's.","quote":"The food is fully digested with the help of the internal heat and ultimately assimilated in the system, giving rise to lymph chyle (Rasa) which is extremely thin or attenuated in its consistency and which forms the essence of the assimilated food. The lymph chyle (Rasa), though running through the whole organism, has its primary seat in the heart, whence it flows through the twenty-four vessels which branch off from the latter (heart) to the remotest parts and extremities of the body.","translator":"K. L. Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122906.html","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"guṇa (gurvādi)","why":"Ca.Su.26.8 records Varyovida calling heavy/light/cold/hot/unctuous/dry 'six rasas'; Atreya rejects this (26.9). Rasa is perceived by the tongue; gunas are inferred from action."},{"term":"rasa-dhātu","why":"The first of seven dhatus (WHO ITA-2.2.4; Su.Su.14 'lymph chyle'). Same word, different category; WHO ITA-6.2.1.1 explicitly warns of the overlap."},{"term":"anurasa","why":"The secondary or after-taste (Ca.Su.26.28 व्यक्तः शुष्कस्य चादौ च रसो द्रव्यस्य लक्ष्यते| विपर्ययेणानुरसो रसो नास्ति हि सप्तमः||२८||)."},{"term":"rasa (pārada, mercury) and rasaśāstra","why":"WHO ITA-6.2.1.1 lists mercury as a third sense; ITA-19008 'rasaśāstram' is the alchemical discipline."},{"term":"vipāka","why":"Post-digestive taste; a separate member of the rasapañcaka (WHO ITA-6.2 'rasapañcakam')."},{"term":"rasāyana","why":"Rejuvenative therapy; Kaviratna's notes gloss it separately. Not the taste or the dhatu."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"flavour","why":"Common in popular writing; rasa in the texts is a defined gustatory category with pharmacological entailments (Ca.Su.26), not aroma-plus-taste."},{"rendering":"lymph chyle / plasma (for rasa-dhātu)","why":"Bhishagratna's 'lymph chyle' and modern 'plasma' are biomedical identifications; the Sanskrit defines rasa-dhatu functionally (first product of digestion, nourishing). WHO's 'primary circulating nutrient fluid' avoids the identification."},{"rendering":"'heavy, light, cold, hot, oily, and dry' as tastes","why":"Kaviratna faithfully translates Varyovida's rejected position at Ca.Su.26.8; a reader lifting the sentence without 26.9 would take gunas for rasas."}],"openQuestions":["Verse-number the Su.Su.14 and Su.Su.42 passages against a Sanskrit Sushruta edition.","Kaviratna's Su.17 'Rasa (liquid humour)' kshaya passage (his 63) was seen but its chapter and standard verse were not verified from a page header."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/rasa/","canary":"eccef9bb71a20eef"},{"slug":"rasa-dhatu","page":"/lexicon/rasa-dhatu/","iast":"rasa-dhātu","devanagari":"रसधातु","alternates":["rasa","rasadhatu","rasa dhatu","ahara rasa (distinct: see distinguishFrom)"],"category":"dhatu","family":"body","renderings":[{"english":"Primary circulating nutrient fluid, primary product of digestion","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-2.2.4","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO's headword is a two-part descriptive phrase rather than a single English word, which is itself evidence that no single word works. Notably avoids 'plasma', 'lymph' and 'chyle'.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"lymph chyle","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, tr. Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907-1916)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sutrasthana XIV and XV, passim","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Bhishagratna's standing rendering, and a period artefact: it fuses two distinct nineteenth-century physiological categories (lymph, chyle) into a compound that is not a term of art in English at all. He also uses bare 'chyle' and 'the Rasa'.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"juice","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Chikitsasthana XV; Sutrasthana XXVIII","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna's usual rendering, often as \"'Rasa' (juice)\". He also uses 'the fluids' for the same member of the dhātu list, and 'food-substance' for āhāraprasāda.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"the fluids","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sutrasthana XXVIII, in the eight-member enumeration","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Same word, different English, three pages from the previous rendering.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"plasma","sourceName":"Common modern Ayurvedic teaching and clinical literature","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"The commonest modern equation. It is an equation, not a translation, and it is contested: the classical rasa is said to be diffused everywhere by vyāna vāyu and to yield breast milk and menstrual blood, neither of which plasma does.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true},{"english":"lymph","sourceName":"Wikipedia, Dhātu (ayurveda)","sourceKind":"encyclopaedia","locator":"article body","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Recorded as a fact about a widely-read source. A third distinct biomedical equation for the same term, incompatible with 'plasma'.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Wikipedia, Dhātu (ayurveda)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"\"Wikipedia, Dhātu (ayurveda)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation"},{"english":"nutrient fluid / nutritional fluid","sourceName":"Journal usage, e.g. PMID 42161239 and related JAIM papers","sourceKind":"journal","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"The rendering that has drifted into the indexed literature, closest to WHO's.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Sushruta Samhita (Sanskrit mula)","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"14","verse":"13","establishes":"The text's own etymology: rasa from the root ras/gati, 'to go', because it goes constantly. Note the word dhātu is used here in its GRAMMATICAL sense (verbal root), in the same chapter that defines the bodily dhātu.","quote":"तत्र 'रस' गतौ धातुः, अहरहर्गच्छतीत्यतो रसः ॥१३॥","translator":null,"licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.siva.sh/sushruta-samhita/sutra-sthana/14/13","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"14","verse":"corresponds to mula verse 13","establishes":"The quotable English of the etymology. Constant motion and pervasion, not a compartment, is what the name asserts - which is the strongest textual argument against equating rasa with any single named fluid.","quote":"The term Rasa is derived from the root \"Ras\", to go, and the substance is so called from the fact of its continually flowing through and permeating every vital principle of an animated organism.","translator":"Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907-1916)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/b24758619_0001/b24758619_0001_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"14","verse":"prose opening of the chapter","establishes":"Rasa as the immediate product of digestion, defined by fineness of consistency.","quote":"The food is fully digested with the help of the internal heat and ultimately assimilated in the system, giving rise to lymph chyle (Rasa) which is extremely thin or attenuated in its consistency and which forms the essence of the assimilated food.","translator":"Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907-1916)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/b24758619_0001/b24758619_0001_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"14","verse":"prose section","establishes":"Rasa's seat in the heart and its distribution through twenty-four named vessels - the passage most often cited in support of a circulatory reading.","quote":"The lymph chyle (Rasa), though running through the whole organism, has its primary seat in the heart, whence it flows through the twenty-four vessels which branch off from the latter (heart) to the remotest parts and extremities of the body. Of the aforesaid twenty-four vessels, ten are up-coursing, ten are down-coursing, and four have a lateral direction.","translator":"Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907-1916)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/b24758619_0001/b24758619_0001_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"14","verse":"prose section","establishes":"Rasa's qualities as saumya, and the mechanism by which it becomes rakta - colouring in spleen and liver. This is the join between rasa and rakta and is stated in Sushruta but not in the Charaka passages retrieved here.","quote":"since the Rasa or lymph chyle is a fluid, and possessed of lubricating, vitalising, moistening, and nutritive (lit :- supporting) properties, it must be included within the class of Saumya (cooling) substances. The Rasa, though a Saumya fluid, obtains its characteristic pigment (Ragam) in its passage through the spleen and liver.","translator":"Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907-1916)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/b24758619_0001/b24758619_0001_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita (Sanskrit mula)","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"14","verse":"14","establishes":"3,015 kalas per dhātu, hence one month from rasa to shukra. Verified Sanskrit with verse number.","quote":"स खलु त्रीणि त्रीणि कलासहस्राणि पञ्चदश च कला एकैकस्मिन् धाताववतिष्ठते; एवं मासेन रसः शुक्रं स्त्रीणां चार्तवं भवति ॥१४॥","translator":null,"licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.siva.sh/sushruta-samhita/sutra-sthana/14/14","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Chikitsasthana","chapter":"15","verse":"35 in Kaviratna's marginal numbering","establishes":"Simultaneous whole-body diffusion of rasa by vyāna vāyu. Sits in tension with the strictly serial reading of the dhātu chain, and is the textual basis for the later eka-kāla dhātu poṣaṇa model.","quote":"The 'dhatu' called 'Rasa' (that is, the juicy matter into which food is first converted) is continuously diffused through every part of the body simultaneously, by the life-breath called 'Vyana' whose function it is to diffuse.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"āhāra rasa","why":"The nutrient essence coming out of digestion, before it has become the rasa dhātu proper. Bhishagratna's footnote to Su.Su.14 distinguishes 'the immature Rasa, or the Rasa in its nascent stage' from the matured bodily rasa it then enters. Modern writing frequently collapses the two."},{"term":"rasa (taste)","why":"The six tastes. Entirely different technical sense of the same word, and the commoner one in the dietetics and dravyaguna chapters. Charaka's Vimanasthana opens with Rasa-vimana, which is about taste, not tissue."},{"term":"rasa (mercury / Rasashastra)","why":"In the pharmaceutical literature rasa means mercury and by extension the whole metallurgical branch. Yet another collision on the same lemma."},{"term":"rakta","why":"The next dhātu. Sushruta makes rasa become rakta by acquiring colour in spleen and liver, so the two are stages of one material in the source, which is exactly why translating rasa as 'plasma' and rakta as 'blood' misrepresents the relation: plasma is a component of blood, not its precursor."},{"term":"lasika","why":"Usually taken as the lymph proper in Ayurvedic anatomy. If rasa is translated 'lymph', lasika has nowhere to go."},{"term":"ojas","why":"Ojas is the sāra of all seven dhātus, not the first of them, though Bhishagratna's chapter-XV rendering ('The quintessence of all the fundamental principles of the body, starting with lymph chyle and ending with semen, is called the Ojas') makes clear it is derived from the whole chain including rasa."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"plasma","why":"An equation dressed as a translation. Plasma is a fraction of blood; classical rasa is the precursor of blood, is said to be distributed simultaneously to the whole body by vyāna vāyu, and yields breast milk and menstrual blood. No retrieved source establishes the equation; it is asserted in teaching."},{"rendering":"lymph","why":"Incompatible with 'plasma', yet both circulate widely, including in Wikipedia's dhātu article, which uses 'lymph'. Also strands lasika, which is the term lymph usually translates."},{"rendering":"chyle / lymph chyle","why":"Bhishagratna's rendering, and a Victorian physiological category. 'Lymph chyle' is not an English medical term at all. Quotable as a period document, not usable as a gloss."},{"rendering":"serum","why":"Occasionally seen. Serum is plasma minus clotting factors, a still narrower biomedical fraction, and nothing in the retrieved sources supports it."},{"rendering":"sap / essence","why":"Loses the fact that rasa is a defined bodily constituent with a seat, a set of vessels, a timetable and named products."}],"openQuestions":["Whether the sources intend rasa as a single substance or a class of circulating fluids is not resolved by anything retrieved. The etymology (that which goes) supports the second reading; the anatomical passage (seat in the heart, twenty-four vessels) supports the first.","No retrieved study measures anything and calls it rasa. There is no operational definition of rasa dhātu in the peer-reviewed literature, and PubMed searches for 'rasa dhatu' (12 hits) and 'rasa dhatu plasma' (0 hits) return no study that attempts one.","The relation between rasa and lasika is not addressed in the passages retrieved and needs a targeted search of Sushruta Sharirasthana.","Charaka's simultaneous-diffusion statement (Ci.15.35) and Sushruta's five-days-per-dhātu timetable (Su.Su.14.14) cannot both describe the same process straightforwardly; no retrieved source reconciles them."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/rasa-dhatu/","canary":"11e0a992f941260d"},{"slug":"rasavaha-srotas","page":"/lexicon/rasavaha-srotas/","iast":"rasavaha srotas","devanagari":"रसवहस्रोतस्","alternates":["rasavahāni srotāṃsi","rasavāhīni srotāṃsi (Ca.Vi.5/13)","rasavahasrotaḥ"],"category":"srotas (body channel) — anatomy/physiology","family":"body","renderings":[{"english":"Channel carrying nutrient fluids","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standards-body comparator","locator":"ITA-2.5.10","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO description: 'The pathway mediating and distributing the primary circulating nutrient fluid to the body tissues. Entities related to this channel are the heart and vessels carrying primary circulating nutrient fluid.' WHO consistently renders rasa as 'primary circulating nutrient fluid', avoiding both 'plasma' and 'lymph'.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false},{"english":"Vitiation of channels carrying primary product of digestion","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standards-body comparator (disorder term)","locator":"ITA-5.5.5 rasavahasrotoduṣṭiḥ","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Note WHO uses a DIFFERENT English head-term for the disorder ('primary product of digestion') than for the anatomy ('nutrient fluids'), an internal inconsistency worth recording.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false},{"english":"channels carrying nutrient fluids","sourceName":"NAMASTE Portal, Standardised Ayurveda Terminologies","sourceKind":"national terminology comparator","locator":"SAT-B.479","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Definition names 'hṛdaya and rasavaha dhamanī' as origin, i.e. NAMASTE follows Suśruta's dhamanī root, not Caraka's 'ten dhamanīs'.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology","downloadable":false},{"english":"derangement of channels-rasavaha srotas","sourceName":"NAMASTE National Ayurveda Morbidity Codes","sourceKind":"morbidity-code comparator","locator":"NAMC EC-1","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology"},{"english":"The serumcarrying (Rasa-vaha) ducts","sourceName":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna, Sushruta Samhita (1911)","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Śārīrasthāna IX.11–12","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Bhishagratna renders rasa as 'serum' here and as 'lymph-chyle' elsewhere in the same chapter ('carry the Rasa (lymph-chyle) throughout the organism'), the 1911 translation is not self-consistent.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"rasa dhatu or plasma","sourceName":"carakasamhitaonline.com (CSRTSL), 2020","sourceKind":"modern translation (in copyright; rendering recorded as comparator only)","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"the CSRTSDC/Charak Samhita New Edition English, in copyright","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the CSRTSDC/Charak Samhita New Edition English, in copyright"}],"classical":[{"text":"Caraka Saṃhitā","sthana":"Vimāna Sthāna","chapter":"5","verse":"5/8","establishes":"Root = hṛdaya and the TEN dhamanīs. Caraka gives no separate vitiation signs here, referring instead to the dhātu-pradoṣa signs of Sūtrasthāna 'Vividhāśitapītīya'.","quote":"रसवहानां स्रोतसां हृदयं मूलं दश च धमन्यः|","translator":null,"licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Sroto_Vimana","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Caraka Saṃhitā","sthana":"Vimāna Sthāna","chapter":"5","verse":"5/8 (closing clause of the section)","establishes":"Caraka explicitly defers the vitiation signs of the seven dhātu-carrying srotas (rasa onwards) to the Vividhāśitapītīya chapter, and equates dhātu-pradoṣa signs with dhātu-srotas signs. This is why Ca.Vi.5 is NOT a complete source for rasavaha/raktavaha/etc. symptomatology.","quote":"प्रदुष्टानां तु खल्वेषां रसादिवहस्रोतसां विज्ञानान्युक्तानि विविधाशितपीतीये; यान्येव हि धातूनां प्रदोषविज्ञानानि तान्येव यथास्वं प्रदुष्टानां धातुस्रोतसाम्|","translator":null,"licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Sroto_Vimana","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Suśruta Saṃhitā","sthana":"Śārīra Sthāna","chapter":"9","verse":"11–12 (Bhishagratna); cited as 9/12 elsewhere","establishes":"Suśruta's root = heart + rasa-carrying dhamanīs (not 'ten'); injury yields śoṣa plus prāṇavaha-type signs.","quote":"The serumcarrying (Rasa-vaha) ducts are two in number and have their roots in (the viscus of) the heart and the serum-carrying Dhamanis (vessels). An injury to or piercing of any of these ducts gives rise to Sosha (consumption) and symptoms identical with those developed by a hurt to the Prana-vaha channels of the body, ending in death.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1911)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-3-sharirasthana/d/doc142889.html","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"rasa dhātu","why":"rasa is the substance; rasavaha srotas is its conduit. Caraka's own Vi.5/4 warns that what the srotas are, what they carry, and where they sit are all different from the srotas themselves."},{"term":"rasāyanī / rasavāhinī","why":"Caraka lists rasāyanī and rasavāhinī at Vi.5/9 as SYNONYMS in the general list of names for body spaces, not as a distinct channel. Treating them as separate structures is an error."},{"term":"prāṇavaha srotas","why":"Suśruta gives both the same root (heart) and says injury to rasavaha produces prāṇavaha-type signs; they are separated by what they carry, not by location."},{"term":"raktavaha srotas","why":"rasa is converted to rakta; the channels are consecutive in the dhātu chain but have different roots (heart/dhamanīs vs liver/spleen)."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"the lymphatic system","why":"Bhishagratna's 'lymph-chyle' gloss and the fluid-transport imagery drive this, but the named root is the heart and the ten dhamanīs, a vascular, not lymphatic, anatomy. WHO deliberately avoids 'lymph'."},{"rendering":"plasma","why":"Convenient but reductive: rasa is the whole post-digestive nutrient fluid and the first of seven dhātus, not the acellular fraction of blood. WHO's 'primary circulating nutrient fluid' is the more careful rendering."},{"rendering":"serum","why":"Bhishagratna's 1911 choice; he uses 'lymph-chyle' for the same word elsewhere in the same chapter, so the rendering carries no authority."}],"openQuestions":["What are the 'daśa dhamanyaḥ' of Ca.Vi.5/8, and are they the same ten that Cakrapāṇi (on Ca.Indriya 5/41-42) associates with manovaha srotas?","Why does WHO use two different English head-terms for the anatomy (2.5.10) and the disorder (5.5.5) of the same channel?"],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/rasavaha-srotas/","canary":"b7af9975bf0b9fb2"},{"slug":"rasayana","page":"/lexicon/rasayana/","iast":"rasāyana","devanagari":"रसायन","alternates":["rasāyana-cikitsā","rasāyana-tantra","rasayan"],"category":"chikitsa","family":"clinic","renderings":[{"english":"Rejuvenative therapy","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator-standard","locator":"ITA-9.1.35","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO uses both 'rejuvenative' and 'revitalization'; the two-word English for ITA-9.8.1 was cut by page layout and the first word should be re-read before quoting.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":null,"sourceName":"NIA Jaipur / WHO-APW draft terminology (2011)","sourceKind":"comparator-draft","locator":"nia.nic.in/pdf/TERMINOLOGIES.pdf","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Etymological gloss plus functional list; a draft, not the 2022 WHO text.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"'Rasayana (tonics)","sourceName":"Kaviratna, Charaka Samhita, Chikitsasthana Lesson I","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"archive.org BIUSante_47357 OCR, his aphorism number 5 (standard Chi. 1.1.4)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"'tonics' is his gloss in parentheses; his introduction (not the text) also says 'Rasayanas are medicines that promote nourishment or growth'.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"Elixirs (rasayana)","sourceName":"Bhishagratna, Sushruta Samhita vol. 4 Chikitsasthana ch. XXVII-XXX chapter titles (wisdomlib)","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"wisdomlib doc142939-142945","verbatim":true,"assessment":"'Elixir' carries alchemical connotations absent from the Sanskrit; also 'tonics' in body text.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"rejuvenation; adaptogen; immunomodulator","sourceName":"Modern pharmacology literature (e.g. PMID 21390573)","sourceKind":"peer-reviewed-usage","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"'Adaptogen' is a 20th-century Soviet pharmacological category retrofitted onto rasāyana.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Chikitsasthana","chapter":"1, pāda 1 (Abhayāmalakīya Rasāyana Pāda)","verse":"Standard Ci. 1.1.4 (carakasamhitaonline, Trikamji numbering). Kaviratna prints '2-3' after the corresponding English ('The medicine is of two kinds. Some medicine has for its purpose the increase of the ojos of a healthy person. Some, again, has for its purpose the alleviation of disease by which one is affected. 2-3'); his '2-3' covers standard 3 (the synonyms of bheṣaja, which he prints unnumbered with a footnote) and standard 4. His '5' belongs to standard 5b, not to this verse. Both numbers recorded, no conversion applied.","establishes":"Medicine (bheṣaja) is twofold: some promotes vigour (ūrjaskara) in the healthy, some removes disease in the afflicted. This verse does not name rasāyana; the next verse (Ci. 1.1.5, svasthasyorjaskaraṁ yattu tadvṛṣyaṁ tadrasāyanam) is where the vigour-promoting kind is divided into vṛṣya and rasāyana.","quote":"bhēṣajaṁ dvividhaṁ ca tat | svasthasyōrjaskaraṁ kiñcit kiñcidārtasya rōganut","translator":"Sanskrit text (IAST as displayed)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Rasayana_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Chikitsasthana","chapter":"Lesson I (Abhayamalakiya)","verse":"Kaviratna's printed numbers 5 and 7-8 (printed after the passages, archive BIUSante_47357 leaves 1296-1297). Standard Ci. 1.1.5, second half (svasthasyorjaskaraṁ yattu tadvṛṣyaṁ tadrasāyanam ||5||) and Ci. 1.1.7-8 per carakasamhitaonline (Trikamji numbering). Kaviratna's '2-3' = standard 3-4 and his '4' = standard 5a; from his 6 onward his numbers coincide with the standard ones in this chapter.","establishes":"Kaviratna's rendering of the definition and benefits of rasāyana; 'ojos' is his spelling of ojas.","quote":"That which increases the ojos of a healthy person is of two kinds viz., 'Vrishya' (aphrodisiacs), and 'Rasayana (tonics). 5 [...] From the administration of 'Rasayana' one obtains longevity of life, memory, apprehension, health, youth, brightness, complexion, excellence of voice, great strength of body and the senses, power of making speech true, bows (from others), and comeliness of features. These drugs (or preparations) are called 'Rasayana' because of their capacity to impart superior 'Rasa' and other 'dhatus' (or ingredients of the body). 7-8","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (OCR text; spacing normalized, diacritics as OCR gave them)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Chikitsasthana","chapter":"1.1","verse":"7-8 (carakasamhitaonline, Trikamji numbering); Kaviratna 7-8","establishes":"The canonical definition (8b): rasāyana is the means of obtaining (lābhopāya) excellent rasa and the other dhātus. Verses 7-8a list what one obtains from rasāyana: long life, memory, intelligence, health, youthful age, lustre, complexion, voice, excellence, supreme strength of body and senses, effective speech (vāksiddhi), respect (praṇati) and radiance (kānti).","quote":"dīrghamāyuḥ smr̥tiṁ mēdhāmārōgyaṁ taruṇaṁ vayaḥ | prabhāvarṇasvaraudāryaṁ dēhēndriyabalaṁ param ||7|| vāksiddhiṁ praṇatiṁ kāntiṁ labhatē nā rasāyanāt | lābhōpāyō hi śastānāṁ rasādīnāṁ rasāyanam ||8||","translator":"Sanskrit text (IAST as displayed)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Rasayana_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Chikitsasthana","chapter":"XXVII (Sarvopaghāta-śamanīya rasāyana)","verse":"Bhishagratna section 2 (he prints '1.' after the chapter opening sentence and '2.' immediately after the dyed-cloth sentence; the quoted sentence is the second of the two sentences he groups under 2)","establishes":"The śodhana-before-rasāyana rule and the dyed-cloth simile; Bhishagratna renders rasāyana here as 'tonics'.","quote":"A person whose system has not been (previously) cleansed (Sodhana) with the proper purifying remedies (emetics and purgatives) should not, in any case, have recourse to such tonics inasmuch as they would fail to produce the wished-for result, just as the application of a dye to a piece of dirty cloth will prove non-effective.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1911)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-4-cikitsasthana/d/doc142939.html","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"vājīkaraṇa","why":"The other branch of svasthasya ūrjaskara medicine (Chi. 1.1.4 and Kaviratna '5'); aphrodisiac/progeny-promoting, not rejuvenative."},{"term":"ācāra rasāyana","why":"Behavioural rasāyana (conduct-based), listed in NIA 2011 as a separate entry; not a drug."},{"term":"rasaśāstra / rasāyana as alchemy","why":"In later Sanskrit and in Hindi 'rasāyan' means chemistry/alchemy; NIA 2011 glosses rasajña as 'Expert in the subject of Iatrochemistry' immediately after rasāyana, showing the semantic neighbour."},{"term":"bṛṁhaṇa","why":"Nourishing therapy (one of six upakrama); rasāyana is defined by dhātu excellence and longevity, not bulk."},{"term":"adaptogen","why":"A pharmacological category defined by stress-response modulation; overlap is partial and asserted mainly by analogy."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"anti-aging therapy","why":"Captures jarā-nāśana but drops memory, intelligence, complexion, voice and dhātu excellence in Chi. 1.1.7-8."},{"rendering":"elixir (Bhishagratna)","why":"Imports European alchemical 'elixir of life'; the Sanskrit is about the pathway (ayana) of rasa."},{"rendering":"immunity booster","why":"Modern marketing gloss; vyādhikṣamatva is not in the definitional verses quoted here."}],"openQuestions":["Kaviratna's chapter-opening passage calls rasāyana 'medicines that promote nourishment or growth' in his own introduction; confirm it is not being quoted as if it were the Samhita.","Whether WHO ITA-1.4.9 rasāyanacikitsā (eight-branch list) wording differs from ITA-9.8.1; only the index line was read."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/rasayana/","canary":"c15380c870ea3f92"},{"slug":"ratricharya","page":"/lexicon/ratricharya/","iast":"rātricaryā","devanagari":"रात्रिचर्या","alternates":[],"category":"swasthavritta","family":"daily-life","renderings":[{"english":null,"sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022), SV0213","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"PDF p.259","verbatim":true,"assessment":"'from dawn to night' appears to be an error for dusk; recorded as printed.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Ratricharya (night regimen)","sourceName":"Review article: Bharath M.S. et al., Int J Ayurvedic & Herbal Medicine 7(5), 2017 (doi 10.18535/ijahm/v7i5.01)","sourceKind":"modern review (non-PubMed)","locator":"jssayurvedacollege.org PDF","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Its classical references are to Yogaratnakara Purvardha 'Rathricharya vidhi' and Bhavaprakasha Purvardha, plus Charaka chapters 7, 8, 21 for component rules.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Review article: Bharath M.S. et al., Int J Ayurvedic & Herbal Medicine 7(5), 2017 (doi 10.18535/ijahm/v7i5.01)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"structured lifestyle regimens (Dinacharya/Ratricharya)","sourceName":"PubMed usage (PMID 42739755)","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":"Used as a paired label with dinacharya.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"PubMed usage (PMID 42739755)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"no rendering: the term was not found in either translation","sourceName":"Kaviratna / Bhishagratna","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"Grep of the full Kaviratna OCR found no 'ratricharya'/'night regimen'; the Sushruta Chikitsa XXIV hygiene chapter speaks of night only in prohibitions ('One should not stir out at night').","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Yogaratnakara","sthana":"Pūrvārdha","chapter":"Rātricaryā-vidhi (as cited by Bharath et al. 2017, refs 2-6, 12-14, Lakshmipathi Shastri ed., Chaukhambha, p.82)","verse":"","establishes":"That a late medieval compendium has a section titled Rātricaryā-vidhi. I did not retrieve the Yogaratnakara text itself; this is a citation of a citation.","quote":null,"translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://jssayurvedacollege.org/pdfs/27-A-Review-on-The-Significance-of-Ratricharya-Night-Regimen-In-The-Promotion-of-Health.pdf","checked":"address only, nothing quoted to check"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Chikitsasthana","chapter":"XXIV","verse":"Sanskrit verse numbers not established","establishes":"That Sushruta's hygiene chapter contains night-specific conduct rules, without using any term for 'night regimen'.","quote":"One should not stir out at night nor walk about in the grounds of public executions","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-4-cikitsasthana/d/doc142934.html","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"dinacaryā","why":"Daily regimen (WHO SV0089); ratricharya is a modern pedagogical split of the evening/night portion, not a separate classical doctrine in the Brihattrayi as far as retrieved."},{"term":"nidrā","why":"Sleep is one component of the night regimen (with dinner and cohabitation per WHO), not its equivalent."},{"term":"rātrijāgaraṇa","why":"Night wakefulness, the pathological opposite (PMID 34949524), sometimes misfiled under ratricharya searches."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"'regimens starting from dawn to night' (WHO SV0213)","why":"Internally inconsistent with 'night regimen'; almost certainly a slip for dusk. Record as a WHO defect, not a doctrine."}],"openQuestions":["Does the compound rātricaryā occur anywhere in Charaka, Sushruta or Ashtanga Hridaya? Grep of Kaviratna found nothing, but a Sanskrit full-text search (e.g. NIIMH e-Samhita) was not completed because the site's chapter URLs could not be resolved.","Verify the Yogaratnakara Rātricaryā-vidhi section directly in a Sanskrit edition."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/ratricharya/","canary":"975c2de835506cd4"},{"slug":"ritu","page":"/lexicon/ritu/","iast":"ṛtu","devanagari":"ऋतु","alternates":[],"category":"swasthavritta","family":"daily-life","renderings":[{"english":"season(s); 'the year ... consisting of six portions, divided according to the seasons'","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna, Lesson VI","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"archive.org BIUSante_47357 OCR ~lines 5399-5446 (printed pp. 66-67)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Translator's footnote lists the six seasons by month ('Hemanta or the cold season', 'Cifira' [Śiśira], 'Vasanta', 'Grishma or Summer', 'season of rains', 'Carat' [Śarat]); the footnote is Kaviratna's, not the text.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"seasons of the year; 'six seasons such as, Winter, Spring, Summer, Rains, Autumn and Hemanta, each consisting of two months'","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita tr. Bhishagratna, Sutrasthana VI","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"wisdomlib doc122894, his pp. 45-46","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Bhishagratna leaves Hemanta untranslated while translating Śiśira as 'Winter'.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"Two months together are called a ŗtu.","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022), within SV0218 ṛtucaryā","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"PDF p.265","verbatim":true,"assessment":"No standalone ṛtu entry was found by grep; the definition is embedded in the ṛtucaryā entry. SV0217 ṛtu sandhi ('Seasonal juncture') is separate.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Ritu, the season","sourceName":"PubMed usage (PMID 22661838 abstract)","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":"Standard textbook rendering 'season'.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"PubMed usage (PMID 22661838 abstract)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"6 (Tasyashitiya)","verse":"Standard 6/4; Kaviratna prints his aphorism number 2 after this passage (his Lesson VI numbering runs two behind in this opening block)","establishes":"Six ṛtus and the ādāna ('Taking') / visarga ('Giving') division. Sanskrit seen at carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Tasyashiteeya_Adhyaya: इह खलु संवत्सरं षडङ्गमृतुविभागेन विद्यात्। तत्रादित्यस्योदगयनमादानं च त्रीनृतूञ्छिशिरादीन् ग्रीष्मान्तान् व्यवस्येत्, वर्षादीन् पुनर्हेमन्तान्तान् दक्षिणायनं विसर्गं च॥४॥.","quote":"For the purposes of this lesson, the year should be known as consisting of six portions, divided according to the seasons. Of these, the three seasons commencing with the season of dews and ending with summer constitute the period when the Sun travels in the region lying to the north of the equinoctial. That is again the period when the Sun takes (i.e., sucks up the liquid portion of every earthly object). The three other seasons commencing with the season of rains and ending with Hemanta constitutes the period of the Sun's southerly course. That is, besides, the time when the Sun gives (or yields moisture to all earthly objects).","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"VI (Ritucharya)","verse":"Sushruta Sutrasthana 6.6, number confirmed as printed ॥६॥ in Susrutasamhita with Dalhana, ed. Jadavji Trikamji Acharya, Nirnaya Sagar Press 2nd ed. 1931, p. 24 (the second scheme is ॥१०॥, p. 25). Bhishagratna vol. 1 (1907): p. 46 for the quoted sentence and the month table; chapter VI opens on p. 45.","establishes":"Sushruta's first ṛtu scheme (Su.Su. 6.6): the twelve months from Māgha are taken two to a season, giving six seasons in the order śiśira (Māgha-Phālguna), vasanta, grīṣma, varṣā, śarad, hemanta (Agrahāyaṇa-Pauṣa). The passage makes no comparison with Charaka, and none should be drawn from it: Charaka Su 6.4 likewise begins the ādāna half with śiśira. The scheme that does differ is Sushruta's own second one at 6.6-10, six seasons for doṣa accumulation reckoned from Bhādrapada, varṣā first and prāvṛṭ last, which Bhishagratna renders with 'According to some, the rainy season consists of two months known as Bhadra and Ashvina ...'.","quote":"Sanskrit as printed in Trikamji (Su.Su. 6.6, p. 24): \"तत्र माघादयो द्वादश मासाः संवत्सरः, द्विमासिकमृतुं कृत्वा षड्ऋतवो भवन्ति, ते शिशिरवसन्तग्रीष्मवर्षाशरद्धेमन्ताः; तेषां तपस्तपस्यौ शिशिरः, मधुमाधवौ वसन्तः, शुचिशुक्रौ ग्रीष्मः, नभोनभस्यौ वर्षाः, इषोर्जौ शरत्, सहःसहस्यौ हेमन्त इति ॥६॥\" (Haranacandra omits संवत्सरः, per the edition's own footnote.) And Su.Su. 6.10, p. 25: \"इह तु वर्षाशरद्धेमन्तवसन्तग्रीष्मप्रावृषः षड्ऋतवो भवन्ति, दोषोपचयप्रकोपोपशमनिमित्तं, ते तु भाद्रपदाद्येन द्विमासिकेन व्याख्याताः; तद्यथा—भाद्रपदाश्वयुजौ वर्षाः, कार्तिकमार्गशीर्षौ शरत्, पौषमाघौ हेमन्तः, फाल्गुनचैत्रौ वसन्तः, वैशाखज्येष्ठौ ग्रीष्मः, आषाढश्रावणौ प्रावृडिति ॥१०॥\" The English in the record stays as it is; it is verbatim Bhishagratna.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/details/englishtranslati01susruoft (page images leaf151 = p. 45, leaf152 = p. 46) ; https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.327618 (leaf84 = p. 24, leaf85 = p. 25)","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Ashtanga Hridaya","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"3 (Ritucharya)","verse":"3/1-2 per ahsutrasthana.blogspot.com: मासैर्द्विसंख्यैर्माघाध्यैः क्रमात् षट् ऋतवः स्मृताः | शिशिरो अथ वसन्तश्च ग्रीष्मो वर्षशरद्हिमाः","establishes":"Vagbhata's enumeration of six ṛtus of two months each starting from Māgha. Sanskrit as transcribed on a blog; not checked against a critical edition.","quote":null,"translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://ahsutrasthana.blogspot.com/2013/10/3-ritucharya-adhyaya-seasonal-regimen_2.html","checked":"address only, nothing quoted to check"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"kāla","why":"Time generally (WHO SV0116 'Nityaga and Avasthika Kala'); ṛtu is the two-month seasonal division of the saṃvatsara."},{"term":"ṛtu sandhi","why":"The 14-day junction between two seasons (WHO SV0217), not the season itself."},{"term":"ṛtu (gynaecological)","why":"In Sharirasthana contexts ṛtu/ṛtukāla means the fertile period/menstrual cycle; not covered here."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"'Winter' for Śiśira alongside untranslated 'Hemanta' (Bhishagratna)","why":"Both Hemanta and Śiśira are cold seasons; English has one 'winter', so any one-word mapping loses one season."},{"rendering":"'season of dews' for Śiśira (Kaviratna)","why":"Kaviratna's periphrasis; Śiśira is the late-cold/frost season, 'dews' is an Edwardian choice, not a doctrine."}],"openQuestions":["Whether the WHO document has a standalone ṛtu entry that my grep (on garbled-font text) missed."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/ritu/","canary":"7fd58432ed828f7b"},{"slug":"ritucharya","page":"/lexicon/ritucharya/","iast":"ṛtucaryā","devanagari":"ऋतुचर्या","alternates":[],"category":"swasthavritta","family":"daily-life","renderings":[{"english":"the Chapter which treats of the characteristic features of the different seasons of the year and their influence on health and drugs (Ritucarya-adhyaya)","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita tr. Bhishagratna, Sutrasthana VI opening","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"wisdomlib doc122894, his p. 45","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Bhishagratna expands the chapter title rather than translating the compound; wisdomlib's chapter heading is 'Different seasons of the year'.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"the opportuneness of conduct and food with seasons","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna, Lesson VI","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"archive.org BIUSante_47357 OCR ~line 5399","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Charaka's chapter is Tasyāśitīya, not titled ṛtucaryā; Kaviratna renders ṛtusātmya as 'opportuneness of conduct and food with seasons'.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":null,"sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022), SV0218 (printed 'ṛtucaryaa')","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"PDF p.265","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO includes seasonal śodhana within ṛtucaryā.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"seasonal regimen","sourceName":"PubMed / textbook usage","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":"PMID 31522839 title","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Dominant modern rendering.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"PubMed / textbook usage\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"\"PubMed / textbook usage\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation"}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"6 (Tasyashitiya)","verse":"Standard 6/3; Kaviratna prints his number 1 after it","establishes":"The rationale of seasonal regimen (ṛtusātmya). Sanskrit seen at carakasamhitaonline.com: तस्याशिताद्यादाहाराद्बलं वर्णश्च वर्धते। यस्यर्तुसात्म्यं विदितं चेष्टाहारव्यपाश्रयम्॥३॥. '(and happiness and period of life)' is Kaviratna's addition.","quote":"Of him who is acquainted with the opportuneness of conduct and food with seasons, strength and complexion (and happiness and period of life) increase, in consequence of his food, &c., (being taken with propriety).","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"VI (Ritucharya-adhyaya)","verse":"Sanskrit verse numbers not established; Bhishagratna pp. 45-50","establishes":"That Sushruta has a chapter titled Ṛtucaryā and states the seasonal caya/prakopa/praśama cycle; the ellipsis marks text omitted in retrieval.","quote":"Now we shall discuss the Chapter which treats of the characteristic features of the different seasons of the year and their influence on health and drugs (Ritucarya-adhyaya). [...] The fundamental bodily humours such as, wind, bile, etc. augmented and accumulated during the rains, Hemanta and summer, should be checked as soon as they become aggravated... in autumn, spring, or in the forepart of the rainy season.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122894.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Ashtanga Hridaya","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"3 (Ritucharya adhyaya)","verse":"chapter-level; opening verses 3/1-3 seen in Devanagari on a blog transcription","establishes":"Vagbhata's dedicated ṛtucaryā chapter.","quote":null,"translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://ahsutrasthana.blogspot.com/2013/10/3-ritucharya-adhyaya-seasonal-regimen_2.html","checked":"address only, nothing quoted to check"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"dinacaryā","why":"Daily regimen; ṛtucaryā is the seasonal overlay (WHO SV0089 vs SV0218)."},{"term":"ṛtusātmya","why":"The accustomed suitability to a season (Cha.Su.6/3 ṛtusātmyaṃ); ṛtucaryā is the regimen that produces it."},{"term":"ṛtuśodhana","why":"Seasonal purification is included by WHO within ṛtucaryā but is a distinct Panchakarma practice (cf. PMID 22131733 'Vasantic Vaman')."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"'seasonal diet'","why":"Both Charaka 6/3 (ceṣṭāhāra) and WHO include activities/conduct, not food alone."}],"openQuestions":["Sanskrit verse numbers for the Sushruta Su.6 passages quoted (Bhishagratna prints none)."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/ritucharya/","canary":"f389565366472f27"},{"slug":"roga","page":"/lexicon/roga/","iast":"roga","devanagari":"रोगः","alternates":["rog","rogaḥ","roga"],"category":"disease-kinds","family":"disease","renderings":[{"english":"Disorder, ailment","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-4.2.1","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO assigns roga the gloss 'Disorder, ailment' and vyādhi the gloss 'Disease, a condition which causes various types of pain and distress to the body and mind'. So WHO does implicitly differentiate them, against Cha.Ni.1/5, by giving each a distinct sense line.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Diagnosis","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-4.1.1","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Both compounding elements are offered as alternatives here, confirming that WHO treats them as interchangeable in compounds even while giving them different sense lines at 4.2.1.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"(the compounding element in essentially every disease-class entry)","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-4.2.4 to ITA-4.2.36","verbatim":true,"assessment":"A structural finding, verified by reading section 4.2 of the extracted text end to end: WHO ISTA builds its disease-CLASS names on -roga and reserves vyādhi- for meta-terms about disease (vyādhibhedaḥ 'Types of disease', vyādhisaṅkaraḥ 'Comorbidity', vyādhiviniścayaḥ 'Diagnosis'). That division of labour is the only defensible vyadhi/roga distinction I found anywhere, and it is a fact about WHO usage, not about the classical texts.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"The same word Roga ( disease ) is applied to faults ( wind, bile, and phlegm ) as also to disorders affecting the body.","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, trans. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","sourceKind":"translation (public domain)","locator":"Vimana Sthana ch. 6, aphorism 5","verbatim":true,"assessment":"The most interesting rendering in this record: Charaka uses roga for the DOSHAS as well as for diseases. No modern English rendering of roga preserves this.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"'Roga' is from 'Ruj' meaning 'to pain.' Hence it means anything that pains.","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, trans. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","sourceKind":"translation (public domain)","locator":"translator's footnote to Vimana Sthana ch. 6","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna's etymology. Compare his vyadhi etymology (from vyadh, to beat), which sets up a real semantic contrast: roga = what pains, vyadhi = what strikes.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"disease","sourceName":"common BAMS/textbook rendering","sourceKind":"textbook usage","locator":"","verbatim":false,"assessment":"Universal, and used interchangeably with the rendering of vyadhi.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Nidana Sthana","chapter":"1","verse":"5","establishes":"roga is listed last among eight terms declared anarthantaram. This is the controlling verse for the roga/vyadhi question.","quote":"तत्र व्याधिरामयो गद आतङ्को यक्ष्मा ज्वरो विकारो रोग इत्यनर्थान्तरम्||५||","translator":"","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Jwara_Nidana","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Nidana Sthana","chapter":"1","verse":"5","establishes":"Quotable English for Cha.Ni.1/5. Kaviratna numbers this within his aphorism 2; the verse number 5 is the modern one from the verified Sanskrit.","quote":"In this connection it should be stated that the words 'Vyadhi', 'amaya', 'gada', 'atanka', 'yakshman', 'jwara', 'vikara', and 'roga', are of the same import.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/details/BIUSante_47357","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimana Sthana","chapter":"6","verse":"4","establishes":"Charaka's explicit statement that roga names both the doshas and the disorders, with a note that it applies to disorders 'especially'. The chapter and aphorism number come from the volume's own printed Abstract of Contents, which lists for Vimana Lesson VI 'The absence of difference between diseases and faults, and the synonymous character of the two terms (aphorisms 4 and 5)'.","quote":"There are things that differ in meaning though named by the same words. There are also things that do not differ in meaning though named by different words. The same word Roga ( disease ) is applied to faults ( wind, bile, and phlegm ) as also to disorders affecting the body. Again, the faults receive these different appellations, viz., Roga, Atanka, Yakshma, Doshaprakriti, and Vikara. Diseases are also called by those very designations, viz., Roga, Atanka, Yakshma, Doshaprakriti, and Vikara. Thus, the word Roga applies equally to the faults and diseases. To the last, however, it applies especially.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/details/BIUSante_47357","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimana Sthana","chapter":"6","verse":"5","establishes":"The one criterion Charaka gives for separating roga-as-disease from roga-as-dosha: countability. Diseases are innumerable, the doshas are few.","quote":"It should be stated that diseases are countless in consequence of their very large number. The faults, however, are countable, in consequence of their not being many.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/details/BIUSante_47357","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"24","verse":"","establishes":"Sushruta's principle of disease naming: by dhatu of seat. Relevant to how roga-names are formed (rasaja, raktaja and so on). Quoted verbatim including the retrieved page's line-break artifact in 'bod y'.","quote":"The nomenclature of a disease depends upon where the affection of the several elementary principles of the bod y by the deranged bodily humours lies, and which is accordingly styled as it is seated in the lymph-chyle, or in the blood or the flesh, or it is in fat, bone, or in the semen.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122921.html","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"vyadhi","why":"Declared synonymous at Cha.Ni.1/5. The only observable difference is distributional: WHO ISTA builds disease-class names on -roga and meta-terms on vyādhi-, and the classical texts use vyādhi in the ashraya verse (Cha.Su.1/55) and roga in the classification verse (Cha.Su.11/45). Distribution, not denotation."},{"term":"dosha","why":"Cha.Vi.6/5 says roga names the doshas too. This is the most counterintuitive fact in the record and it means 'roga' cannot be safely glossed as 'disease as opposed to its cause' without qualification."},{"term":"vikara","why":"Another Cha.Ni.1/5 synonym, but vikara is also the term in the dhatu-vaishamya definition of disease and carries a general sense of 'modification'. It is the least safe of the eight to swap in."},{"term":"jvara","why":"Listed as a synonym of disease at Cha.Ni.1/5 while also being a specific disease (fever). WHO ISTA preserves this oddity at ITA-4.2.1 sense 6, glossing it 'Fever as a generic term for disease'. A term index that does not handle this will collide."},{"term":"agada","why":"'Antidote', literally a-gada, not-disease. Built from gada, one of the eight synonyms. An easy false friend for anyone matching on substrings."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"disorder (as distinct from disease)","why":"WHO ISTA's own sense line for roga is 'Disorder, ailment' while vyādhi gets 'Disease'. Readers then infer a classical disease/disorder distinction. Cha.Ni.1/5 says there is none. WHO's split is an artifact of needing nine distinct sense lines in one entry."},{"rendering":"illness","why":"In medical anthropology 'illness' is the experienced condition as against 'disease' the biomedical entity. Mapping roga to illness and vyadhi to disease invents a distinction the texts do not make, in the direction opposite to WHO's."},{"rendering":"sickness","why":"Same problem; 'sickness' carries a social-role sense in medical sociology."},{"rendering":"pain","why":"An over-literal reading of Kaviratna's etymology (roga from ruj, to pain). The etymology is his note; the term denotes the condition, not the sensation. Ayurveda has ample vocabulary for pain itself (shula, vedana, ruja)."}],"openQuestions":["Does the Sanskrit of Cha.Vi.6/4-5 use roga in the way Kaviratna's English implies, or is his 'the same word Roga is applied to faults' an interpretive expansion? I retrieved only his English for this passage, never the Sanskrit. This needs checking before the claim is published.","Kaviratna's aphorism numbering in Vimana Sthana is taken from his own Abstract of Contents, not from a numbered verse in the body text. The chapter is certain; the verse numbers 5 and 6 should be confirmed against a numbered edition.","Is WHO ISTA's roga/vyādhi distribution deliberate editorial policy or an accident of how the term list was assembled?"],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/roga/","canary":"5a0eb9f793c76d49"},{"slug":"roga-marga","page":"/lexicon/roga-marga/","iast":"rogamārga","devanagari":"रोगमार्ग","alternates":["roga mārga","trayo rogamārgāḥ","bāhya / madhyama / ābhyantara rogamārga"],"category":"pathology (topography of disease)","family":"disease","renderings":[{"english":"The seats of disease are three. They are (1) Śākhā, (2) vital parts and bone-joints, and (3) Koshtha.","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"Sūtrasthāna ch. 11, his verse 47 (= CS Sū. 11.48). OCR in the archive scan renders Śākhā as '£akha'.","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna chooses SEAT, not path, and says so explicitly in his footnote. This is the oldest quotable English decision on the term and it disagrees with every modern rendering.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"'Marga' literally means path or way. In medical treatises, as applied to disease, it implies seat or the parts subject to disease.","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Kaviratna — translator's footnote","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"footnote to Sūtrasthāna ch. 11, marked '*' on his verse 47","verbatim":true,"assessment":"An explicit translator's argument against the 'pathway' rendering. Worth putting in front of anyone who writes 'three pathways of disease' unreflectively.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"three pathways of disease manifestation","sourceName":"Charak Samhita New Edition (CSRTSDC, 2020) online","sourceKind":"modern-edition","locator":"Tistraishaniya Adhyaya, gloss on Sū. 11.48","verbatim":false,"assessment":"Paraphrased, NOT quoted: this translation is in copyright (CSRTSDC 2020, DOI-bearing). Recorded only as evidence of current usage. The Sanskrit on the same page is public domain and is quoted below.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true},{"english":"no entry","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"who-ista","locator":"searched","verbatim":true,"assessment":"A negative finding, and a significant one: WHO standardises śākhā, koṣṭha and marma separately but not the triad that binds them.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"no entry","sourceName":"National Institute of Ayurveda / WHO-APW non-clinical terminologies glossary","sourceKind":"glossary","locator":"searched","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Also absent from the Indian draft glossary.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"11 (Tistraiṣaṇīya)","verse":"11.34","establishes":"The enumeration in which rogamārga first appears, one of a set of triads, alongside three upastambhas, three kinds of bala, three āyatanas, three rogas, three physicians, three therapies.","quote":"अथ खलु त्रय उपस्तम्भाः, त्रिविधं बलं, त्रीण्यायतनानि, त्रयो रोगाः, त्रयो रोगमार्गाः, त्रिविधा भिषजः, त्रिविधमौषधमिति||३४||","translator":"none (Sanskrit mūla)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Tistraishaniya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"11 (Tistraiṣaṇīya)","verse":"11.48","establishes":"The full definition of all three rogamārgas, including the fact that koṣṭha is defined by a list of synonyms (mahāsrotas, śarīramadhya, mahānimna, āmapakvāśaya) and śākhā by rakta-and-other-dhātus plus skin. Note the Sanskrit as printed on this page has irregular spacing, preserved above as retrieved.","quote":"त्रयो रोगमार्गा इति- शाखा, मर्मास्थिसन्धयः, कोष्ठश्च| तत्र शाखा रक्तादयो धातवस्त्वक् च, स बाह्यो रोगमार्गः; मर्माणि पुनर्बस्तिहृदयमूर्धादीनि, अस्थिसन्धयोऽस्थिसंयोगास्तत्रोपनिबद्धाश्च स्नायुकण्डराः, स मध्यमो रोगमार्गः; कोष्ठः पुनरुच्यते महास्रोतः शरीरमध्यं महानिम्नमामपक्वाशयश्चेति पर्यायशब्दैस्तन्त्रे, स रोगमार्ग आभ्यन्तरः||४८||","translator":"none (Sanskrit mūla)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Tistraishaniya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"srotas","why":"Srotas are the channels that carry and transform; rogamārga is a partition of the body into three regions where disease manifests. A dhātu can belong to śākhā (a rogamārga) while its srotas is named separately. Conflating them is the commonest error in review articles."},{"term":"doṣagati","why":"Doṣagati is the MOVEMENT of doṣa (koṣṭha to śākhā and back, CS Sū. 28.31-33); rogamārga is the static topography. The two are related in Charaka's own text but are distinct concepts and distinct verses."},{"term":"marma","why":"Marma is one constituent of the madhyama rogamārga (together with asthi-sandhi, snāyu and kaṇḍarā). It is not a synonym for the middle pathway."},{"term":"samprāpti","why":"Samprāpti is the process of pathogenesis over time; rogamārga is where it lands. A prognosis claim built on rogamārga is a claim about site, not about mechanism."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"three routes of disease transmission","why":"Imports an epidemiological sense of 'route'. Rogamārga is internal topography, not how disease passes between people."},{"rendering":"three channels of disease","why":"Collapses rogamārga into srotas. Charaka names them separately and defines koṣṭha by synonyms that are cavities, not channels, though mahāsrotas is one of those synonyms, which is exactly why the confusion persists."},{"rendering":"superficial / intermediate / deep","why":"Depth is the wrong axis. Koṣṭha, the 'internal' mārga, is the most accessible to śodhana therapy; madhyama, the 'middle' one, is the gravest. A depth reading inverts the prognostic ordering."}],"openQuestions":["Does Sushruta have an equivalent tripartition? Not located; the term rogamārga appears to be Charaka's.","Is there any published inter-rater reliability study for assigning a patient's disease to a rogamārga? None found on PubMed/Europe PMC.","Whether the Baghel Prakash Prognosis Scoring System (PMID 36403500), which generates prognosis items from the classics, includes a rogamārga item, its abstract does not say, and the full text was not retrieved."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/roga-marga/","canary":"a791d8dae660dd9c"},{"slug":"roga-pariksha","page":"/lexicon/roga-pariksha/","iast":"rogaparīkṣā","devanagari":"रोगपरीक्षा","alternates":["roga pariksha","vyadhi pariksha","roga vijnana"],"category":"pariksha","family":"clinic","renderings":[{"english":"Disease assessment","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator-standard","locator":"ITA-4.3.1 rogaparīkṣā","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO ties rogaparīkṣā to nidānapañcaka (ITA-4.3.2), i.e., the AH/Madhava framing, not Charaka's trividha jñāna framing.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"ascertain (diagnose) disease","sourceName":"Kaviratna, Charaka Samhita Vi 4, aphorism 12 (= standard 4/9)","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"p. 500 of the Vimanasthana part","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna supplies 'diagnose' in parentheses.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"three means of ascertaining diseases","sourceName":"Kaviratna, colophon of Vi 4","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"'Thus ends the Vimanam about the three means of ascertaining diseases'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"His rendering of trividha-roga-viśeṣa-vijñāna.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"examination of disease / diagnosis of disease","sourceName":"common textbook rendering","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":"n/a","verbatim":false,"assessment":"Routine.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"4","verse":"standard 4/3","establishes":"Charaka's three means of specific knowledge of disease: āptopadeśa, pratyakṣa, anumāna.","quote":"त्रिविधं खलु रोगविशेषविज्ञानं भवति; तद्यथा आप्तोपदेशः, प्रत्यक्षम्, अनुमानं चेति","translator":"none (Sanskrit); also on https://www.siva.sh/caraka-samhita/vimana-sthana/4/1-5 as '॥३॥'","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Trividha_Roga_Vishesha_Vijnaniya_Vimana","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"4","verse":"standard 4/9; Kaviratna aphorism 12","establishes":"Summary verse of roga-parīkṣā by the three means. Sanskrit (siva.sh 4/9): 'आप्ततश्चोपदेशेन प्रत्यक्षकरणेन च। अनुमानेन च व्याधीन् सम्यग्विद्याद्विचक्षणः ॥९॥'","quote":"By Instruction (obtained) from the wise, by acts of Observing, as also by Inference, a physician of wisdom should ascertain (diagnose) disease.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"8 (Roga-bhishagjitiya)","verse":"standard 8/83","establishes":"Parīkṣā is twofold (pratyakṣa, anumāna) for the knowledgeable, threefold with upadeśa; Kaviratna's prose version appears at Vi 4 'Hence, with persons possessed of knowledge, there are two methods of examination: Observation, and Inference. Counting Instruction, the methods are three.'","quote":"द्विविधातुखलुपरीक्षाज्ञानवतां- प्रत्यक्षम्, अनुमानंच। एतद्धिद्वयमुपदेशश्चपरीक्षास्यात्। एवमेषाद्विविधापरीक्षा, त्रिविधावासहोपदेशेन ॥८३॥","translator":"none (Sanskrit; siva.sh text runs words together)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.siva.sh/caraka-samhita/vimana-sthana/8/81-85","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"8","verse":"standard 8/88","establishes":"Examination of the disorder (kārya-yoni = dhātu-vaiṣamya) means observing whether its signs are deficient/excessive and whether it is sādhya/asādhya, mṛdu/dāruṇa; links roga-parīkṣā to prognosis.","quote":"कार्ययोनिर्धातुवैषम्यं, तस्यलक्षणंविकारागमः। परीक्षात्वस्यविकारप्रकृतेश्चैवोनातिरिक्तलिङ्गविशेषावेक्षणंविकारस्यचसाध्यासाध्यमृदुदारुणलिङ्गविशेषावेक्षणमिति ॥८८॥","translator":"none (Sanskrit)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.siva.sh/caraka-samhita/vimana-sthana/8/86-90","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Ashtanga Hridaya","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"22","establishes":"The disease is examined by the five nidāna factors; this is the framing WHO ITA-4.3.1 adopts.","quote":"रोगं निदानप्राग्रूपलक्षणोपशयाप्तिभिः||२२||","translator":"none (Sanskrit only)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://easyayurveda.com/2012/08/31/ashtanga-hrudaya-sutra-sthana-chapter-1-basic-principles-of-ayurveda/","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"11 (Tistraishaniya)","verse":"standard 11/17; Kaviratna aphorism 14","establishes":"The fourfold parīkṣā (āptopadeśa, pratyakṣa, anumāna, yukti) of Su 11, versus the threefold of Vi 4 and Vi 8. Sanskrit (siva.sh 11/17): 'द्विविधमेव खलु सर्वं सच्चासच्च; तस्य चतुर्विधा परीक्षा- आप्तोपदेशः, प्रत्यक्षम्, अनुमानं, युक्तिश्चेति ॥१७॥'","quote":"All things are of two kinds, viz., Sat and Asat. Their perception (or knowledge) is of four kinds, viz., Testimony or affirmation of trustworthy teachers, Direct cognisance, Immediate Inference, and Argumentative Inference or Reasoning.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"rogiparīkṣā","why":"Examination of the patient (prakṛti, bala, sattva, vayas...) versus examination of the disease (nidāna, rūpa, prognosis); AH Su 1/22 separates them in one verse."},{"term":"nidānapañcaka","why":"The content examined (five factors), not the act of examining; WHO folds the two together."},{"term":"parīkṣā as pramāṇa (Su 11/17)","why":"Epistemological 'means of valid knowledge' (fourfold incl. yukti) versus the clinical act; same word, different level."},{"term":"vyādhi-viniścaya","why":"The diagnostic conclusion (used by Yogaratnakara), not the process."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"disease assessment (WHO)","why":"Acceptable, but WHO's definition restricts it to nidānapañcaka and omits Charaka's āptopadeśa/pratyakṣa/anumāna framing."},{"rendering":"diagnosis","why":"Conflates process (parīkṣā) with result (viniścaya/nirṇaya)."}],"openQuestions":[],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/roga-pariksha/","canary":"ab5f933efa56bc6b"},{"slug":"rogi-pariksha","page":"/lexicon/rogi-pariksha/","iast":"rogiparīkṣā","devanagari":"रोगिपरीक्षा (WHO prints रोगीपरीक्षा)","alternates":["rogi pariksha","atura pariksha","dashavidha pariksha","dasavidha pariksha"],"category":"pariksha","family":"clinic","renderings":[{"english":"Patient examination","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator-standard","locator":"ITA-4.7.1 rogīparīkṣā","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO's ten-domain description: '1. individual constitution; 2. morbidity; 3. excellence of structural components; 4. compactness of tissues or organs; 5. measurement of body constituents; 6. homologation; 7. psychic condition; 8. power of food intake and digestion; 9. power of performing exercise; 10. age.'","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"the patient should be examined in respect of his normal constitution in health, of the abnormal condition that has set in, of the predominance of some particular element in his constitution ... of his compactness or otherwise, the make of his proportions such as stature, &c., of what things are suitable to his constitution, of his mental disposition, of his power of eating of his power of exercise, and of his age","sourceName":"Kaviratna, Charaka Samhita Vi 8 (his aphorism 110 = standard 8/94)","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"p. 592-593 of Vimanasthana part","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna's ten: normal constitution, abnormal condition, predominance of element, compactness, proportions, suitability (sātmya), mental disposition, power of eating, power of exercise, age.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"Examination of the patient (chapter title); 'A physician should first observe the vital condition (Ayu) of the patient...'","sourceName":"Bhishagratna, Sushruta Samhita Su 35 (Aturopakramaniya)","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"wisdomlib doc122935","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Sushruta's twelve-item list (āyu, vyādhi, deśa, kāla, agni, vayas, deha, bala, sattva, sātmya, bheṣaja, prakṛti) rendered by Bhishagratna as 'vital condition... nature of the disease, the country and season... state of digestion, age, body, strength, disposition, habit, previous medicine, natural temperament and the power of endurance'.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"examination of the patient / tenfold examination","sourceName":"textbooks; Waghulade & Harit 2014 (PMID 26195895) 'Dashavidha Pariksha (tenfold examination)'","sourceKind":"peer-reviewed/textbook","locator":"abstract","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Routine.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"textbooks; Waghulade & Harit 2014 (PMID 26195895) 'Dashavidha Pariksha (tenfold examination)'\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"8 (Roga-bhishagjitiya)","verse":"standard 8/94; Kaviratna's printed number appears as 110 (OCR '1I0J'; preceding paragraphs 108, 109)","establishes":"The daśavidha parīkṣā list. Sanskrit (siva.sh 8/94): 'तस्मादातुरंपरीक्षेतप्रकृतितश्च, विकृतितश्च, सारतश्च, संहननतश्च, प्रमाणतश्च, सात्म्यतश्च, सत्त्वतश्च, आहारशक्तितश्च, व्यायामशक्तितश्च, वयस्तश्चेति, बलप्रमाणविशेषग्रहणहेतोः ॥९४॥' at https://www.siva.sh/caraka-samhita/vimana-sthana/8/91-95. Note Charaka's stated purpose: to grasp the measure of strength (bala) and dosha.","quote":"Hence, the patient should be examined in respect of his normal constitution in health, of the abnormal condition that has set in, of the predominance of some particular element in his constitution (such as blood, or flesh, &c., of his compactness or otherwise, the make of his proportions such as stature, &c., of what things are suitable to his constitution, of his mental disposition, of his power of eating of his power of exercise, and of his age.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"8","verse":"standard 8/94 (opening sentence)","establishes":"The patient (ātura) is the 'field of action'; his examination serves either to know the measure of life-span or the measure of strength and dosha.","quote":"आतुरस्तुखलुकार्यदेशः। तस्यपरीक्षाआयुषःप्रमाणज्ञानहेतोर्वास्याद्, बलदोषप्रमाणज्ञानहेतोर्वा।","translator":"none (Sanskrit)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.siva.sh/caraka-samhita/vimana-sthana/8/91-95","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"35 (Aturopakramaniya; wisdomlib chapter title 'Examination of the patient')","verse":"Sanskrit verse number not established (Bhishagratna prints none)","establishes":"Sushruta's patient-examination list begins with āyu (life-span).","quote":"A physician should first observe the vital condition (Ayu) of the patient before commencing the medical treatment. After that, the nature of the disease, the country and season of the year in which it has made its appearance, as well as the state of digestion, age, body, strength, disposition, habit, previous medicine, natural temperament and the power of endurance of the patient, etc. should be observed and carefully examined.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122935.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Ashtanga Hridaya","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"22","establishes":"Vagbhata's three-method rogiparīkṣā.","quote":"दर्शनस्पर्शनप्रश्नैः परीक्षेत च रोगिणम्|","translator":"none (Sanskrit only)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://easyayurveda.com/2012/08/31/ashtanga-hrudaya-sutra-sthana-chapter-1-basic-principles-of-ayurveda/","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Yogaratnakara","sthana":"Pūrvārdha","chapter":"अथ रोगिणां अष्टस्थानानि लक्षयेत्","verse":"1","establishes":"The eightfold (aṣṭasthāna) scheme: nāḍī, mūtra, mala, jihvā, śabda, sparśa, dṛk, ākṛti.","quote":"रोगाक्रान्तशरीरस्य स्थानान्यष्टौ निरीक्षयेत्‌ ।","translator":"none (Sanskrit OCR)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/ASS004YogaratnakaraAnnaMoresvarKunte1889/ASS_004_Yogaratnakara_-_Anna_Moresvar_Kunte_1889__djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"rogaparīkṣā","why":"Disease versus patient; AH Su 1/22 assigns different methods to each."},{"term":"daśavidha vs aṣṭasthāna vs trividha vs ṣaḍvidha parīkṣā","why":"Four different lists from four texts (Charaka Vi 8/94; Yogaratnakara; AH Su 1/22; Sushruta Su 10). They are often presented as one 'Ayurvedic examination' but have different items and purposes (Charaka's is explicitly for bala and dosha measure)."},{"term":"Sushruta's twelve-item list (Su 35)","why":"Starts with āyu and includes deśa, kāla, bheṣaja, which Charaka's ten do not."},{"term":"ātura","why":"Charaka's word in Vi 8/94 is ātura ('the afflicted'), rendered 'patient'; rogi is Vagbhata's word."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"tenfold diagnosis","why":"Charaka states the purpose as measuring bala and dosha, not diagnosing disease."},{"rendering":"'homologation' for sātmya (WHO)","why":"Obscure English; Kaviratna's 'what things are suitable to his constitution' is clearer."}],"openQuestions":[],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/rogi-pariksha/","canary":"134d14853ba2ea8c"},{"slug":"ruksha","page":"/lexicon/ruksha/","iast":"rūkṣa","devanagari":"रूक्ष","alternates":["ruksa","ruksha guna","rūkṣaḥ","raukshya (रौक्ष्य, the abstract noun)","rukshana (रूक्षण, the therapy)"],"category":"dravyaguna-3","family":"pharmacology","renderings":[{"english":"Dryness","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022), PDF mirror","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"ITA-1.9.4.2.9","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Single-word rendering; definition by effect.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"dry","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. A. C. Kaviratna, public domain","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Su.1 his 58 vata 'dry'; Su.22 his 10 langhana 'dry', his 12 rukshana 'dry'; Su.26 his 11 Varyovida 'dry'; Su.26 his 24/26 fire and wind objects 'dry'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Consistent. His Su.22 footnote adds: ''Ruksha' is productive of dryness in the whole system.' (translator's note). His Su.26 footnote: ''Ruksha' is dry, being the reverse of oily.' (translator's note).","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"dryness, and roughness and paleness (for raukṣya, kharatva, vaiśadya)","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. A. C. Kaviratna, public domain","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Su.22 his 7-9 (definition of Rukshana)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"'paleness' for vaiśadya (non-sliminess/clearness) is an odd Edwardian choice.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"dry; Parchedness","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita tr. K. L. Bhishagratna, public domain","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Su.Su.42 'the pungent, astringent and bitter ones are dry and light' (wisdomlib); Su.Su.46 guna-karma passage 'Parchedness is the opposite of oleaginousness' (archive.org OCR vol. 1 pp. 567-568); Su.Su.46 'a condition of parchedness (Ruksha) in the organism' (wisdomlib)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Bhishagratna alternates 'dry' and 'parchedness'; 'parchifying' also appears in his Su.46 food lists.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"Ruksa (dry)","sourceName":"Mishra, Dwivedi & Ravishankar, AYU 2011 (PMID 22408303)","sourceKind":"modern literature","locator":"title","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Research usage; the paper treats ruksa as the therapeutic opposite of snigdha.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Mishra, Dwivedi & Ravishankar, AYU 2011 (PMID 22408303)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"\"Mishra, Dwivedi & Ravishankar, AYU 2011 (PMID 22408303)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation"},{"english":"Ruksha (dry)","sourceName":"Mithun & Singh, IJHSR 2026 review (DOI 10.52403/ijhsr.20260119)","sourceKind":"modern literature","locator":"abstract","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Textbook rendering carried into a review.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Mithun & Singh, IJHSR 2026 review (DOI 10.52403/ijhsr.20260119)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"\"Mithun & Singh, IJHSR 2026 review (DOI 10.52403/ijhsr.20260119)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation"}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"Standard 1.59; Kaviratna prints 58","establishes":"Rūkṣa heads the list of Vata's qualities. Sanskrit as retrieved: रूक्षः शीतो लघुः सूक्ष्मश्चलोऽथ विशदः खरः| विपरीतगुणैर्द्रव्यैर्मारुतः सम्प्रशाम्यति||५९|| (https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Deerghanjiviteeya_Adhyaya). 'keen' here is Kaviratna's khara.","quote":"Wind, which may be dry, cold, light, subtile, unstable, clear, keen, is cured by objects which have adverse attributes.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"22","verse":"Standard 22.10 (second half); Kaviratna prints 7-9 for the block of six definitions","establishes":"Rūkṣaṇa (the therapy) is defined by producing raukṣya, kharatva and vaiśadya; shows that rūkṣa is defined by what it does to the body. Sanskrit as retrieved: रौक्ष्यं खरत्वं वैशद्यं यत् कुर्यात्तद्धि रूक्षणम्||१०|| (https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Langhanabrimhaniya_Adhyaya).","quote":"That which brings about dryness, and roughness and paleness is said to be Rukshana.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"22","verse":"Standard 22.14 (second half) to 22.15 (first half); Kaviratna prints 12","establishes":"Rūkṣa leads the list of rūkṣaṇa qualities. Sanskrit as retrieved: रूक्षं लघु खरं तीक्ष्णमुष्णं स्थिरमपिच्छिलम्||१४|| प्रायशः कठिनं चैव यद्द्रव्यं तद्धि रूक्षणम्| Note the Sanskrit has eight qualities (incl. khara); Kaviratna's English has seven, khara dropped.","quote":"Such things as are dry, productive of lightness, pungent, warm, stable, not slimy, and hard, are generally Rukshana.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"46","verse":"Sanskrit 46.516 per the numbered text on easyayurveda.com; Bhishagratna prints no verse number (vol. 1 pp. 567-568, 'Specific properties of matter')","establishes":"Sushruta's karma of rūkṣa: opposite of snigdha, stambhana, khara. Sanskrit as retrieved: स्नेहमार्दवकृत् स्निग्धो बलवर्णकरस्तथा| रूक्षस्तद्विपरीतः स्याद्विशेषात् स्तम्भनः खरः||५१६|| (https://www.easyayurveda.com/sushruta-samhitha-sutrasthana-46-annapana-vidhi-adhyaya-regimen-of-food-and-drinks/).","quote":"Parchedness is the opposite of oleaginousness ; it produces stypsis and makes a thing rough to tactual perception.","translator":"K. L. Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/englishtranslati01susruoft/englishtranslati01susruoft_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"42","verse":"Sanskrit verse number not established; Bhishagratna prints no verse numbers","establishes":"Rūkṣa assigned to katu, kashaya and tikta rasas.","quote":"The tastes such as sweet, acid and saline are heavy and emollient in their character, while the pungent, astringent and bitter ones are dry and light.","translator":"K. L. Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc141672.html","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"snigdha","why":"The paired opposite; Kaviratna's Su.22 footnote 'Ruksha in Snigdha', Su.Su.46.516 'tadviparītaḥ'."},{"term":"khara (rough)","why":"A separate guna (opposite of ślakṣṇa). Rūkṣa produces kharatva (Ca.Su.22.10) but is not identical with it; Kaviratna's Su.26 footnote glosses khara 'sharp or, rather, rough'."},{"term":"viśada (non-slimy, clear)","why":"Another separate guna that rūkṣaṇa produces (vaiśadya, Ca.Su.22.10); Kaviratna renders it 'paleness' there and 'clear' elsewhere."},{"term":"rūkṣaṇa (the therapy)","why":"Ca.Su.22 treats rūkṣaṇa as one of six treatment courses; WHO has separate rūkṣaṇa-apacāraḥ / rūkṣaṇa-atiyogaḥ entries."},{"term":"laghu (light)","why":"Co-occurs with rūkṣa in Vata and in langhana lists but is a different pair (guru/laghu)."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"rough","why":"Conflates rūkṣa with khara; the texts keep them as distinct members of the twenty."},{"rendering":"paleness (for vaiśadya in the rūkṣaṇa definition)","why":"Kaviratna's word at Su.22 his 7-9; vaiśadya is non-sliminess/clearness, not pallor."},{"rendering":"dehydrating","why":"A modern biomedical gloss; the texts define rūkṣa by the opposite of sneha (unctuousness), with moisture-absorption as one consequence (WHO's own wording)."}],"openQuestions":["Why Kaviratna's Su.22 his 12 drops khara: variant reading or omission?","Verse-number the Su.Su.42 passage in a Sanskrit edition."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/ruksha/","canary":"c54d098dae45581f"},{"slug":"rukshana","page":"/lexicon/rukshana/","iast":"rūkṣaṇa","devanagari":"रूक्षण","alternates":["rookshana","rukshan","rūkṣaṇa-karma","rūkṣaṇa-cikitsā"],"category":"chikitsa","family":"clinic","renderings":[{"english":"rūkṣaṇaṁ (listed, untranslated, within 'Six types of treatment modalities')","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator-standard","locator":"ITA-9.1.42 ṣaḍvidhopakramāḥ","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO 2022 appears to give no English head-term for rūkṣaṇa itself in section 9.1 (entries 9.1.43-46 cover bṛṁhaṇa, snehana, stambhana, laṅghana). Treat as a gap to confirm by reading the full section.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"To cause dryness ; emaciation","sourceName":"NIA Jaipur / WHO-APW draft terminology (2011)","sourceKind":"comparator-draft","locator":"nia.nic.in/pdf/TERMINOLOGIES.pdf","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Minimal gloss; 'emaciation' describes an effect, not the therapy.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Rukshana [untranslated]: 'That which brings about dryness, and roughness and paleness is said to be Rukshana.'","sourceName":"Kaviratna, Charaka Samhita, Sutrasthana Lesson XXII","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"archive.org OCR; his printed numbers 7-9 for the six definitions (standard Su. 22.9-11; rūkṣaṇa definition is Su. 22.10 per carakasamhitaonline)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"'paleness' renders vaiśadya, which modern translators render 'non-sliminess/clarity'; Kaviratna's word is doubtful against the Sanskrit.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"drying therapy / dehydrating therapy","sourceName":"Common textbook / web usage (easyayurveda, planetayurveda summaries surfaced in search)","sourceKind":"textbook-usage","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"Widespread; 'dehydrating' is misleading (see mistranslations).","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"22 (Laṅghanabṛṁhaṇīya)","verse":"4 (carakasamhitaonline, Trikamji numbering); Kaviratna's number for this list is illegible in OCR ('**-*')","establishes":"rūkṣaṇa is one of the six upakramas; verifies the Devanagari.","quote":"लङ्घनं बृंहणं काले रूक्षणं स्नेहनं तथा | स्वेदनं स्तम्भनं चैव","translator":"Sanskrit text","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Langhanabrimhaniya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"22","verse":"10 (carakasamhitaonline, Trikamji numbering). Kaviratna prints 7-9 after the block containing this definition. Both recorded; no arithmetic conversion.","establishes":"Definition: that which produces raukṣya (dryness), kharatva (roughness) and vaiśadya (clarity/non-sliminess) is rūkṣaṇa.","quote":"br̥hattvaṁ yaccharīrasya janayēttacca br̥ṁhaṇam| raukṣyaṁ kharatvaṁ vaiśadyaṁ yat kuryāttaddhi rūkṣaṇam||10||","translator":"Sanskrit text (IAST as displayed)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Langhanabrimhaniya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"Lesson XXII","verse":"Kaviratna's printed 7-9 (standard 9-11); and his 12 for the qualities (standard number not independently established, likely 22.14 but NOT verified)","establishes":"Kaviratna's English for the definition and for the properties of rūkṣaṇa substances.","quote":"That which brings about dryness, and roughness and paleness is said to be Rukshana. [...] Such things as are dry, productive of lightness, pungent, warm, stable, not slimy, and hard, are generally Rukshana.12","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (OCR text; spacing normalized)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"laṅghana","why":"Reducing/lightening therapy; a separate upakrama in Su. 22.4. Both reduce, but rūkṣaṇa is defined by dryness/roughness, laṅghana by lightness."},{"term":"snehana","why":"Its direct opposite among the six (Su. 22.11 defines snehana by sneha, viṣyanda, mārdava, kleda)."},{"term":"rūkṣa (guṇa)","why":"The quality 'dry' (one of the gurvādi guṇas; NIA 2011 rukṣa entry); rūkṣaṇa is the procedure that produces it."},{"term":"udvartana","why":"Powder massage, a technique often performed as rūkṣa udvartana; a method, not the category."},{"term":"stambhana","why":"Arresting/astringent therapy; Kaviratna's property list for stambhana also includes 'dry', inviting confusion."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"dehydration therapy","why":"Implies water loss; the Sanskrit targets sneha/kleda (unctuousness/moistness) and produces kharatva and vaiśadya, not fluid depletion."},{"rendering":"paleness (Kaviratna for vaiśadya)","why":"Doctrinally odd; vaiśadya is clarity/non-sliminess. Translator's word choice, not doctrine."},{"rendering":"fasting","why":"Fasting (upavāsa) is a laṅghana method (Su. 22.18), not rūkṣaṇa."}],"openQuestions":["Does WHO 2022 have a stand-alone rūkṣaṇa head-term anywhere (e.g. under 9.2 or 6.2)? grep on 'rūkṣaṇ' found only ITA-9.1.42, 5.76.9 and 5.76.10.","Standard Trikamji number for Kaviratna's '12' (properties of rūkṣaṇa) not established.","Peer-reviewed literature on rūkṣaṇa as a therapy: PubMed E-utilities 'rukshana' (39 hits) is polluted by an author surname; 'rukshana karma' and 'ruksha udvartana' returned 0. A 2023 Journal of Ayurveda (Wolters Kluwer) trial on ruksha udvartana in obesity appeared in web search but its DOI was not seen."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/rukshana/","canary":"93449391625a4b62"},{"slug":"rupa","page":"/lexicon/rupa/","iast":"rūpa","devanagari":"रूप","alternates":["rūpam","liṅga","liṅgam","roopa","lakṣaṇa","ākṛti","cihna","saṃsthāna","vyañjana"],"category":"nidana","family":"disease","renderings":[{"english":"Signs and symptoms","sourceName":"WHO international standard terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standards body","locator":"ITA-4.5.5","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO codes all seven synonyms under one ID, mirroring Ca. Ni. 1.9. The main description: 'Any morbid phenomenon or departure from the normal in structure, function or sensation, as experienced by the patient or observed by the physician and indicating a disease.'","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Clinical presentation","sourceName":"WHO international standard terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standards body","locator":"ITA-4.5.5","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO gives six short glosses after the main description, against seven Sanskrit terms. Read positionally the main description carries liṅga and the six glosses run ākṛtiḥ 'Morphological sign', lakṣaṇam 'Characteristic feature', cihnam 'Sign or mark', samsthānam 'Resemblance', vyañjanam 'Figurative sign', rūpam 'Clinical presentation'. The alignment is inferred from the table layout, not labelled, and should be checked against the print edition.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"those symptoms which manifest themselves on the appearance of the disease","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (public domain)","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Nidana Sthanam, Lesson I (rendering liṅga, not rūpa)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna translates the headword as 'Linga' because Charaka's verse does. Rūpa appears in his text only as one of the seven synonyms.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"Rupa is form","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (public domain), translator's footnote","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Nidana Sthanam, Lesson I, footnote glossing the seven synonyms","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna's entire gloss on rūpa, verbatim: \"'Rupa' is form, — T,\". Three words. Recorded because it is the only public-domain English etymology of the word in this sense and because its brevity is itself informative about how little the translator thought needed saying.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"The full manifestation of a disease","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, tr. Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (public domain)","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Sutrasthana, Chap. xxi","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Bhishagratna's phrase for the vyakti stage, where full manifestation is the fifth kriyākāla rather than a member of a pentad.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"clinical features / characteristic signs and symptoms","sourceName":"easyayurveda.com rendering of Ashtanga Hridaya Ni. 1.5","sourceKind":"modern textbook website","locator":"AH Ni. 1.5","verbatim":true,"assessment":"In-copyright comparator. Vagbhata's verse is the one that makes RŪPA the headword and liṅga a synonym, reversing Charaka.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"easyayurveda.com rendering of Ashtanga Hridaya Ni. 1.5\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"signs and symptoms; clinical features, symptomatology of the disease","sourceName":"easyayurveda.com rendering of Madhava Nidana 1.7","sourceKind":"modern textbook website","locator":"MN 1.7","verbatim":true,"assessment":"In-copyright comparator. The same page gives Madhavakara's synonym list as vyanjana, linga, laksana, cinha, akriti, five, where Charaka has six besides rūpa.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"easyayurveda.com rendering of Madhava Nidana 1.7\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"sign and symptoms","sourceName":"Charak Samhita New Edition (carakasamhitaonline.com)","sourceKind":"modern scholarly edition","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":"CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 comparator.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"the CSRTSDC/Charak Samhita New Edition English, in copyright","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the CSRTSDC/Charak Samhita New Edition English, in copyright"}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Nidāna Sthāna","chapter":"1 (Jvara Nidāna)","verse":"9","establishes":"Two separate claims in one verse. First, the definition, and its headword is LIṄGA, not rūpa: the manifested lakṣaṇa is liṅga. Second, seven words are anarthāntara: liṅga, ākṛti, lakṣaṇa, cihna, saṃsthāna, vyañjana, rūpa. So in Charaka rūpa is a synonym of the defined term, not the defined term. Retrieved and string-matched by me.","quote":"प्रादुर्भूतलक्षणं पुनर्लिङ्गम्| तत्र लिङ्गमाकृतिर्लक्षणं चिह्नं संस्थानं व्यञ्जनं रूपमित्यनर्थान्तरम्||९||","translator":"none (Sanskrit mūla)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Jwara_Nidana","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Nidāna Sthāna","chapter":"1 (Jvara Nidāna)","verse":"9 (unnumbered in Kaviratna at this point)","establishes":"Public-domain English for both halves. 'lak-shana' carries a line-break hyphen from the scan, preserved verbatim.","quote":"By 'Linga' is meant those symptoms which manifest themselves on the appearance of the disease. In this connection it should be stated that 'Linga', 'akriti', 'lak-shana', 'chihna', 'samsthana', 'vyanjana', and 'rupa', are words of the same import.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Nidāna Sthāna","chapter":"1 (Jvara Nidāna)","verse":"9, translator's footnote","establishes":"Public-domain etymology making the inferential structure explicit: a liṅga is what one reasons FROM. This is the semantic content that 'sign' preserves and 'symptom' loses.","quote":"'Linga' comes from the root 'Ligi' to go. Hence, anything by which one can go to or proceed to an inference is called 'Linga.' It is a sign or symptom by which disease is to be inferred.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"21 (running head 'Chap, xxi.] SUTRASTHANAM')","verse":"not numbered in Bhishagratna's edition","establishes":"Sushruta's vyakti: full manifestation as the fifth kriyākāla. Again a stage, not an evidence type. 'symp-toms' carries a line-break hyphen, preserved verbatim.","quote":"The full manifestation of a disease, such as a swelling, tumour, aneurism (Granthi), Vidradhi (abscess) and erysipelas (Visarpa) etc., fever or dysentery, signifies the complete development of the characteristic symp- toms, which should be regarded as the fifth occasion for medical treatment.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/b24758619_0001/b24758619_0001_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Ashtanga Hridaya","sthana":"Nidāna Sthāna","chapter":"1 (Sarvaroga Nidāna)","verse":"5","establishes":"Vagbhata reverses Charaka's headword: the premonitory signs, on attaining clear manifestation (vyaktatā), are called RŪPA, and saṃsthāna, vyañjana, liṅga, lakṣaṇa, cihna and ākṛti are its synonyms. This is why the modern member of the pentad is called rūpa rather than liṅga. Devanagari mūla and verse number sighted on the retrieved page; not quoted per the rule for this text.","quote":null,"translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/2024/03/14/sarvaroga-nidana-general-disease-diagnosis-ashtanga-hridaya-nidanasthana-1/","checked":"address only, nothing quoted to check"},{"text":"Madhava Nidana","sthana":null,"chapter":"1 (Pañca Nidāna Lakṣaṇa)","verse":"7","establishes":"Madhavakara follows Vagbhata's headword and gives five synonyms (vyañjana, liṅga, lakṣaṇa, cihna, ākṛti), omitting saṃsthāna. The three texts therefore give three different synonym lists for one concept.","quote":null,"translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/2023/03/22/pancha-nidana-madhava-nidana-1/","checked":"address only, nothing quoted to check"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"liṅga","why":"Charaka's headword for this concept, with rūpa as one of its synonyms; Vagbhata's synonym, with rūpa as the headword. The modern pentad follows Vagbhata. A citation of 'rūpa, Ca. Ni. 1.9' is therefore slightly wrong: the verse defines liṅga."},{"term":"pūrvarūpa","why":"Divided from rūpa by manifestation (prādurbhūta versus prāg-utpatti), and by Vagbhata's additional criteria of clarity and dosha-assignability. Vagbhata's Ni. 1.5 makes them continuous: the same signs, on becoming clear, are rūpa."},{"term":"lakṣaṇa","why":"Listed as a synonym in all three texts and coded under the same WHO ID, but Charaka uses lakṣaṇa in the DEFINIENS of both pūrvarūpa (Ni. 1.8) and liṅga (Ni. 1.9), which a true synonym could not do without circularity. See the lakṣaṇa record."},{"term":"vyakti","why":"The kriyākāla stage of manifestation (WHO ITA-4.6.x). Vyakti is when the signs appear; rūpa is what appears. Bhishagratna's Sūtra 21 passage is about the stage."},{"term":"rūpa in Sāṃkhya and Nyāya","why":"Form, or the object of the visual sense. A reader coming from philosophy will import that sense; Kaviratna's three-word footnote 'Rupa is form' is the bridge between the two and is easy to over-read."},{"term":"upadrava","why":"Complications arising during the course of a disease. Distinguished from rūpa by dependence on the primary disease, and by arising later. Not covered in this record; it belongs in its own."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"symptoms","why":"Halves the concept. Modern usage reserves 'symptom' for what the patient reports and 'sign' for what the examiner finds; WHO's ITA-4.5.5 description spans both explicitly ('as experienced by the patient or observed by the physician'). Kaviratna's liṅga etymology ('by which one can go to an inference') is closer to 'sign'."},{"rendering":"form","why":"The general Sanskrit sense of rūpa, and wrong here. In Ni. 1.9 the word is a technical synonym of liṅga."},{"rendering":"clinical picture","why":"Suggests the whole presentation as a gestalt. Rūpa in the pentad is enumerable, texts list the rūpa of a disease as discrete items."},{"rendering":"pathognomonic sign","why":"Over-specifies. Nothing in the definition requires a rūpa to be specific to one disease; upaśaya exists precisely because it often is not."}],"openQuestions":["Whether WHO's six glosses at ITA-4.5.5 are intended to map one-to-one onto the seven Sanskrit terms in order. My mapping is read off the PDF table and could be wrong. This should be checked against the printed edition before the mapping is published.","Whether any classical source distinguishes the seven synonyms in use, as Kaviratna does for the nidāna synonyms. He gives brief etymologies for six of them in the footnote to Ni. 1.9 but does not say they differ in application.","Modern literature: EMPTY, and I did not find any. There is no peer-reviewed work I located on the reliability of Ayurvedic sign elicitation as such. The nearest reliability data I retrieved concerned prakriti assessment (e.g. PMID 33750638, ICC 0.72 vata / 0.58 pitta / 0.44 kapha for AyuSoft versus clinicians), which is a different object and is not recorded here as evidence about rūpa."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/rupa/","canary":"faf6c9b6796f40de"},{"slug":"sadhaka-pitta","page":"/lexicon/sadhaka-pitta/","iast":"sādhaka-pitta","devanagari":"साधकपित्त","alternates":["sādhakāgni","Sadhakagni","Sadhaka Pitta","Sādhaka Agni"],"category":"pitta-subtype","family":"dosha","renderings":[{"english":"Pitta for intellect","sourceName":"WHO international standard terminologies on Ayurveda (2022), term ID ITA-2.1.2.6","sourceKind":"standards-body","locator":"ITA-2.1.2.6","verbatim":true,"assessment":"The English label 'Pitta for intellect' is narrower than WHO's own description, which correctly keeps the 'accomplishment' sense (sādhana). Note WHO places sādhaka LAST among the five pittas (ITA-2.1.2.6), after ālocaka and bhrājaka, a different order from both Suśruta and Vāgbhaṭa.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Sadhakagni (performing or operating heat or fire)","sourceName":"Suśruta Saṃhitā tr. Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (public domain)","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"Sūtrasthāna ch. 21, Wikisource text","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Bhishagratna renders sādhaka by its root sense, accomplishing, bringing to effect, with no mention of intellect. This is the purely Suśrutan reading and differs markedly from the WHO/Vāgbhaṭa cognitive framing.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"Sadhaka (Medhakrit and Ojakrit)","sourceName":"Suśruta Saṃhitā tr. Bhishagratna, footnote at Sūtrasthāna ch. 15","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"'They are named as Ranjaka. Pachaka, Sadhaka (Medhakrit and Ojakrit), Alochaka and Bhrajaka.'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Important: Bhishagratna maps sādhaka onto TWO of the six functions at Su.Sū. 15.4, medhā-kṛt (intellect-making) and ojas-kṛt (vitality-making). This is where the 'intellect' sense enters the Suśrutan line, via the footnote's mapping, not via 21.10.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"helps in fulfilling the desires of the mind","sourceName":"EasyAyurveda, Suśruta Sūtrasthāna 21 study page","sourceKind":"modern-textbook-website","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":"A close rendering of the mūla's 'abhiprārthita-manoratha-sādhana-kṛt'. Preferable to 'intellect' as a gloss on the Suśrutan text specifically.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"EasyAyurveda, Suśruta Sūtrasthāna 21 study page\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"\"EasyAyurveda, Suśruta Sūtrasthāna 21 study page\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation"},{"english":null,"englishWithheld":"this project has not cleared that source for quotation","sourceName":"F1000Research (2023), Chittodvega/GAD trial protocol","sourceKind":"peer-reviewed-journal","locator":null,"locatorWithheld":"\"F1000Research (2023), Chittodvega/GAD trial protocol\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Follows Vāgbhaṭa's buddhi/medhā/abhimāna list, not Suśruta's. A good example of a paper adopting the AH reading without saying so.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"F1000Research (2023), Chittodvega/GAD trial protocol\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false}],"classical":[{"text":"Suśruta Saṃhitā","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"21 (Vraṇapraśna Adhyāya)","verse":"","establishes":"Seat = heart (hṛdaya); function = realisation/fulfilment of desires; designation = sādhakāgni. Notably NOT framed as intellect.","quote":"The Sadhakagni:—The Pittam seated in the heart is denominated as the Sadhakagni (performing or operating heat or fire) inasmuch as its action is to bring about the fruition or realisation of one's desires.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita,_Volume_1/Chapter_21","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Suśruta Saṃhitā (Sanskrit mūla)","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"21","verse":"10","establishes":"Confirms the seat hṛdaya-stha and the function 'abhiprārthita-manoratha-sādhana-kṛt', accomplisher of longed-for wishes. The mūla contains no word for intellect, memory or cognition.","quote":"यत् पित्तं हृदयस्थं तस्मिन् साधकोऽग्निरिति सञ्ज्ञा, सोऽभिप्रार्थितमनोरथसाधनकृदुक्तः;","translator":"","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/sushruta-samhita-sutrasthana-21-vranaprashna-adhyaya-question-concerning-wounds/","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Aṣṭāṅga Hṛdaya (Sanskrit mūla; no public-domain English translation exists, so no translation is quoted)","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"12 (Doṣabhedīya)","verse":"13","establishes":"Vāgbhaṭa keeps the heart seat but ADDS the explicit cognitive triad buddhi (intellect), medhā (retentive intelligence) and abhimāna (self-regard), as the means by which the desired end is accomplished. This is the source of the modern 'intellect/emotion' framing and of WHO's description.","quote":null,"quoteWithheld":"nobody has yet read this quotation against its printed source, and an unchecked quotation is not published here","translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/2013/04/16/dosha-types-increase-and-decrease/"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"sādhaka (the yogic practitioner)","why":"CRITICAL retrieval hazard. 'Sadhaka' as an ordinary Sanskrit noun means an aspirant or practitioner. PMID 22557690 ('Place of nutrition in yoga') is returned by a 'sadhaka'[TIAB] PubMed search purely because it discusses diet for the 'Yoga Sadhaka', it has nothing to do with the doṣa subtype. Any automated literature harvest on this term will pick up false positives of this kind."},{"term":"prāṇa-vāta and manas","why":"All three are credited with mental function and all three are associated with the hṛdaya. Sādhaka is the pitta component (drive, ambition, discrimination, accomplishment); prāṇa vāta governs the mind's movement and grasping; manas is the mental faculty itself, not a doṣa."},{"term":"ojas","why":"Bhishagratna's Su.Sū. 15 footnote maps sādhaka onto both medhā-kṛt AND ojas-kṛt, which blurs sādhaka into ojas production. Later systematisations usually do not, so the footnote should not be read as settled doctrine."},{"term":"avalambaka-kapha","why":"Both are seated at or around the heart and both are invoked together in cardiac and hypertension papers (PMID 29153383, PMID 40972327). Sādhaka is the functional/mental-drive component; avalambaka is the structural/supportive one."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"\"the pitta of the intellect\" applied to Suśruta","why":"Suśruta 21.10 says only 'accomplisher of longed-for wishes'. The intellect content (buddhi, medhā, abhimāna) is Vāgbhaṭa's addition at AH Sū 12.13. Attaching it to a Suśruta citation misreports the source."},{"rendering":"\"neurotransmitters\" / \"serotonin and dopamine\"","why":"A proposed correlate, never a translation. The classical function is teleological (bringing an intended end about); neurotransmitters are a mechanism. No study has operationalised, let alone measured, sādhaka pitta."},{"rendering":"\"emotional pitta\" / \"the pitta of emotions\"","why":"Neither text mentions emotion. Sādhana is about accomplishment and resolve. 'Emotional' is a Western-psychology import that also collides with the entirely separate classical treatment of the manas."}],"openQuestions":["Does Suśruta's 'accomplishment' sense and Vāgbhaṭa's 'buddhi-medhā-abhimāna' sense represent a real doctrinal development, or is Dalhaṇa already reading the cognitive sense into Suśruta? Needs the commentary.","Bhishagratna's footnote pairs sādhaka with ojas-kṛt. Is that his own inference or does it follow Dalhaṇa?","Whether NAMASTE or ICD-11 TM2 carries any sādhaka-pitta entry."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/sadhaka-pitta/","canary":"7df3de39270012f4"},{"slug":"sadhya","page":"/lexicon/sadhya/","iast":"sādhya","devanagari":"साध्य","alternates":["sadhya-asadhya","sadhyasadhyata","sukhasadhya","krichchhrasadhya","yapya","anupakrama","pratyakhyeya"],"category":"prognosis","family":"disease","renderings":[{"english":null,"sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator-standard","locator":"ITA-4.2.37 to 4.2.43","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO chooses 'treatable' for sādhya, which blurs cure versus management; its description of sādhyāsādhyatā: 'The classification of diseases based on their prognosis as either curable or incurable.'","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Dependent variable ('The effect or dependent variable influenced by the independent variable.')","sourceName":"WHO ISTA 2022","sourceKind":"comparator-standard","locator":"ITA-1.8.2.7 sādhya","verbatim":true,"assessment":"The logical/Nyaya sense of sādhya (probandum) given a modern statistical gloss; shows the homonym.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false},{"english":"curable / incurable; easily curable / curable with difficulty; capable of being suppressed (yāpya) / those that have no treatment","sourceName":"Kaviratna, Charaka Samhita Su 10","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"his aphorism 3 (= standard 10/9)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna's 'suppressed/suppressible' for yāpya is Edwardian; it means kept under control, not hidden.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"the curable, the suppressible (Yapya) and the incurable (lit: fit to be pronounced as hopeless)","sourceName":"Bhishagratna, Sushruta Samhita Su 35","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"wisdomlib doc122935","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Sushruta's three heads; Bhishagratna glosses pratyākhyeya literally.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"readily amenable to healing measures / only admits of a palliative treatment / past all remedy","sourceName":"Bhishagratna, Sushruta Samhita Su 23","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"wisdomlib doc122920","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Applied to wounds (vraṇa).","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"curable / treatable / amenable to treatment","sourceName":"common textbook renderings","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":"n/a","verbatim":false,"assessment":"Routine.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"10 (Maha-chatushpada)","verse":"standard 10/9; Kaviratna prints 3 (his closing verse block restarts at 1, so his 1,2,3,4 = standard 7,8,9,10)","establishes":"Charaka's four-way scheme: sukhasādhya, kṛcchrasādhya; yāpya and anupakrama as subdivisions of asādhya. Sanskrit (siva.sh 10/9): 'सुखसाध्यंमतंसाध्यंकृच्छ्रसाध्यमथापिच। द्विविधंचाप्यसाध्यंस्याद्याप्यंयच्चानुपक्रमम् ॥९॥' at https://www.siva.sh/caraka-samhita/sutra-sthana/10/6-10","quote":"As regards curable diseases, they are of two kinds, viz., those that are easily curable and those that are curable with difficulty. Incurable diseases, also, are of two kinds, viz., those that are capable of being suppressed, and those that have no treatment.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (OCR 'tw©' corrected to 'two')","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"10","verse":"standard 10/10; Kaviratna 4","establishes":"Sādhya has three grades (alpa, madhya, utkṛṣṭa); asādhya-anupakrama has none. Sanskrit (siva.sh 10/10): 'साध्यानांत्रिविधश्चाल्पमध्यमोत्कृष्टतांप्रति। विकल्पो, न त्वसाध्यानांनियतानांविकल्पना ॥१०॥'","quote":"As regards diseases that are curable, they may again be regarded from three points of view, viz., those that are capable of being cured by the application of means that are easy, those that are curable by means neither easy nor difficult, and lastly those that are curable by means that are difficult. Incurable diseases, which have no treatment, do not admit of being looked upon from different points of view.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita (translator's footnote, NOT the text)","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"10","verse":"footnote to Kaviratna's aphorism 3","establishes":"Kaviratna's own gloss of yāpya and anupakrama; cite as translator's note, not as Charaka.","quote":"'Yapya' means those diseases which without admitting of radical cure can, by medicine and diet and change of air, be kept in a state of partial suppression. 'Anupakramam' is explained by the Commentator as those for which there is no treatment, i.e., those in which treatment is productive of no beneficial consequence.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (editorial note)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"10","verse":"standard 10/18-20 (10/18-19ab = yāpya features closed by vidyād dvidoṣajam; 10/19cd-20 = pratyākhyeya features from tadvat pratyākhyeyaṃ tridoṣajam); Kaviratna prints 12-14 for the whole","establishes":"Features of the pratyākhyeya (to-be-declined) disease, standard Su 10/19cd-20: born of all three doṣas (tridoṣaja), beyond the path of treatment (kriyāpatham atikrānta), running through all the channels (sarvamārgānusārin), causing restlessness, distress and stupefaction, destroying the senses, fully developed in a weak patient, and attended by fatal signs (sāriṣṭa). The opening clauses of Kaviratna's sentence (deep-seated, in many dhātus, lodged in vital parts and joints, continuous, long-standing, born of two doṣas = 10/18-19ab) are in the Sanskrit the description of the yāpya (palliable) disease, closed by vidyāt; Kaviratna merges the two lists into one sentence and renders dvidoṣaja/tridoṣaja as 'two of the three ... or of all the three'.","quote":"When the disease is deeply ingrained (into the marrow and such other constituents of the body), when it affects many of the constituent parts, when it is attached to the vital limbs and joints of the body, when it manifests itself continuously, when it is chronic and very old, when it is born of the derangement of two of the three ingredients (of wind, bile, and phlegm) or of all the three, when it is beyond the operation of treatment, when it affects all the organs, when the patient is thoroughly cheerless and despairing, when the disease is characterised by a stupefaction of the mind, when the disease weakens the strength of all the organs (of knowledge and action), when the disease has reached the highest limit of aggravation and the patient has become entirely strengthless, and lastly when the disease exhibits indications of the patient's dissolution, it should be regarded as one that should not be taken up for treatment.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"18 (Trishothiya; Kaviratna's colophon 'Thus ends the Eighteenth Lesson, called Tritjothiya')","verse":"Kaviratna prints 45 (OCR '45' appears twice for consecutive paragraphs, so this may be 46); standard Trikamji number NOT established","establishes":"The sādhya/asādhya x mṛdu/dāruṇa cross-classification (four kinds). Kaviratna's footnote (not text) adds: 'Among these, Mild and Incurable would mean Yapya or suppressible.'","quote":"Diseases are of two kinds, viz., Curable and Incurable. Distributing them according to the considerations of mildness and violence, they become of four kinds.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"35 (Aturopakramaniya)","verse":"Sanskrit verse number not established","establishes":"Sushruta's threefold scheme, with yāpya as a head of its own rather than a subdivision of asādhya as in Charaka Su 10/9.","quote":"All the diseases, whose names have been specifically enumerated before, may be grouped under any of the three different heads as the curable, the suppressible (Yapya) and the incurable (lit: fit to be pronounced as hopeless).","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122935.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"23 (Krityakritya-vidhi; wisdomlib title 'Prognosis of wounds')","verse":"Sanskrit verse number not established","establishes":"Operational meaning of yāpya in Sushruta: survival contingent on continued treatment.","quote":"A patient laid up with a disease, which only admits of a palliative treatment, lives so long as the course of the medical treatment is continued, and will die almost simultaneously with its discontinuance.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122920.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Ashtanga Hridaya","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"printed on retrieved page as 29+(1)","establishes":"Vagbhata follows Charaka's 2x2 scheme (susādhya, kṛcchrasādhya; yāpya, anupakrama).","quote":"साध्योऽसाध्य इति व्याधिर्द्विधा, तौ तु पुनर्द्विधा| सुसाध्यः कृच्छ्रसाध्यश्च, याप्यो यश्चानुपक्रमः॥२९+(१)॥","translator":"none (Sanskrit only; no public-domain English exists)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://easyayurveda.com/2012/08/31/ashtanga-hrudaya-sutra-sthana-chapter-1-basic-principles-of-ayurveda/","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"sādhya (logic: probandum / that which is to be established)","why":"WHO ITA-1.8.2.7 glosses this sense as 'dependent variable'; same word, Nyaya meaning, unrelated to prognosis."},{"term":"yāpya","why":"In Charaka Su 10/9 and AH Su 1 it is a subdivision of asādhya; in Sushruta Su 35 it is a third head alongside sādhya and asādhya. Translating yāpya as 'curable' or lumping it under 'treatable' erases this."},{"term":"anupakrama / pratyākhyeya","why":"Disease with no treatment / to be declined; WHO treats them as synonyms ('Terminal disease'); Charaka Su 10/19 uses pratyākhyeya for the tridoṣaja type."},{"term":"sādhaka (pitta)","why":"Different word (sādhaka = accomplishing); confusion arises in transliteration-only searches."},{"term":"mṛdu / dāruṇa","why":"Severity axis cross-cutting sādhya/asādhya (Ca Su 18; Vi 8/88), not a prognosis category."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"treatable (WHO for sādhya)","why":"Yāpya diseases are also treated; 'treatable' fails to separate cure from management."},{"rendering":"suppressible (Kaviratna, Bhishagratna for yāpya)","why":"Period English; suggests hiding symptoms, whereas the sense is 'kept going/maintained' (Sushruta: patient lives while treatment continues)."},{"rendering":"benign / malignant","why":"Oncological connotations absent from the Sanskrit."}],"openQuestions":[],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/sadhya/","canary":"4e1fb7222e9d2cce"},{"slug":"sadvritta","page":"/lexicon/sadvritta/","iast":"sadvṛtta","devanagari":"सद्वृत्त","alternates":[],"category":"swasthavritta","family":"daily-life","renderings":[{"english":"the practices of the good; 'good or righteous conduct'; 'that course of good conduct'","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna, Lesson VIII","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"archive.org BIUSante_47357 OCR ~lines 7140-7162 and 7716-7723 (printed p. 90 ff.)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna reads sad-vṛtta as 'practices of the good (people)'; in the chapter summary he uses 'good or righteous conduct'.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"The rules of hygiene and general conduct (Anagata-vadha-Prati-shedhaniya)","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita tr. Bhishagratna, Chikitsasthana XXIV heading","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"wisdomlib doc142934","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Sushruta's chapter is not titled sadvṛtta; Bhishagratna's 'general conduct' covers the same material.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":null,"sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022), SV0229","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"PDF p.271","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO adds the kāya/vāk/manas triad.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"ethical code of conduct ... in the form of Sadvritta","sourceName":"PubMed usage (PMID 26195897 abstract)","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":"Bioethics framing; common textbook rendering is 'code of (right) conduct'.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"PubMed usage (PMID 26195897 abstract)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"sadvratam (not sadvṛttam)","sourceName":"Ashtanga Hridaya Su. 2/46 (Sanskrit, as transcribed on easyayurveda.com)","sourceKind":"Sanskrit text","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":"Vagbhata's term in the closing verse is सद्व्रतम् ('good vow'), a near-synonym that modern writers assimilate to sadvṛtta.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Ashtanga Hridaya Su. 2/46 (Sanskrit, as transcribed on easyayurveda.com)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"8 (Indriyopakramaniya)","verse":"Standard 8/18 (section spans 8/18-29 per carakasamhitaonline.com); Kaviratna prints his number 12 after this passage (his 11 ends the preceding one)","establishes":"The two aims of sadvṛtta (ārogya + indriyavijaya) and the opening rules. Sanskrit seen: तद्ध्यनुतिष्ठन् युगपत् सम्पादयत्यर्थद्वयमारोग्यमिन्द्रियविजयं चेति; तत् सद्वृत्तमखिलेनोपदेक्ष्यामोऽग्निवेश ! [18]. Note the correct OCR URL is BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt (see other entries); 'Agniveśa' is restored from OCR 'Agnive^a'.","quote":"By observing such practices one simultaneously accomplishes two objects, viz., the preservation of health and the subjugation of the senses. I shall, therefore, O Agniveśa, inculcate to thee in full what the practices of the good are. They are as follows: one should worship the deities, kine, Brahmanas, seniors, aged men, persons crowned with (ascetic) success, and preceptors. One should tend one's sacrificial fires","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvy.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"8","verse":"Standard 8/31; Kaviratna prints '2' after it (his closing summary block restarts numbering at 1)","establishes":"The result of following the conduct; the Sanskrit here calls it svasthavṛttam, not sadvṛttam: स्वस्थवृत्तं यथोद्दिष्टं यः सम्यगनुतिष्ठति| स समाः शतमव्याधिरायुषा न वियुज्यते|| [31] (carakasamhitaonline.com, whose transcription has a typo 'सवस्थवृत्तं').","quote":"That man who duly practises that course of good conduct which has been indicated (in this Lesson) remains hale for a hundred years and is never cut off before the allotted period of human life runs out.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Chikitsasthana","chapter":"XXIV","verse":"Cikitsāsthāna 24.93 (the 'never suppress the urges / do not void in public' prose sūtra = Bhishagratna's section 70) and 24.111-112a (the 'sexual excess' verses = Bhishagratna's section 89-A). Numbers read in the printed Trikamji/Dalhaṇa edition, 2nd edn 1931, pp. 434 and 435; agreed by sa.wikisource and siva.sh.","establishes":"Sushruta's conduct rules in the Cikitsasthana hygiene chapter (Bhishagratna's title 'The rules of hygiene and general conduct'; the text does not use the label sadvṛtta): never suppress natural urges, and avoid sexual excess, which Sushruta says produces colic, cough, asthma, fever, emaciation, phthisis, jaundice, epilepsy and convulsions. Sanskrit addresses: Su.Ci.24.93 and 24.111-112a.","quote":"A man should never repress any natural urging of his body, nor should he pass water or evacuate excrements in an open or public place [...] All sexual excesses should be studiously abstained inasmuch as they are sure to produce Shula (colic), cough, asthma, fever, emaciation, phthisis, jaundice, epilepsy, convulsions, etc.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.327618","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Ashtanga Hridaya","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"2 (Dinacharya)","verse":"2/19-48 per easyayurveda.com chapter page; closing verse 2/46 ends पर्याप्तमिति सद्व्रतम्","establishes":"Vagbhata places conduct rules inside the Dinacharya chapter and calls them sadvrata.","quote":null,"translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/2012/10/10/ayurvedic-daily-routine-ashtanga-hrudaya-sutra-sthana-chapter-2/","checked":"address only, nothing quoted to check"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"ācāra rasāyana","why":"Charaka Chikitsa 1 lists behavioural rasāyana; overlapping content but framed as rejuvenation, not as the hygiene of the senses."},{"term":"svasthavṛtta","why":"Cha.Su.8/31 itself names the whole chapter's teaching svasthavṛtta; sadvṛtta (8/18-29) is the conduct subset within it."},{"term":"sadvrata (Vagbhata)","why":"AH Su.2/46 uses sadvrata ('good vow'); treated as equivalent in textbooks but is a different word."},{"term":"vaidyavṛtti / Charaka's oath (Vimana 8)","why":"Physician's professional ethics; sadvṛtta is for every healthy person."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"'code of ethics' / 'bioethics'","why":"Imports a professional-ethics frame; Cha.Su.8/18 states the purpose as health and mastery of the senses, and the list includes hygiene (bathing, nail-paring) alongside morals."},{"rendering":"'the practices of the good' (Kaviratna)","why":"Reads sat as 'good people'; sad-vṛtta can equally be 'good conduct'. Not wrong, but a translator's parse."}],"openQuestions":["Whether the sadvṛtta section begins at 8/17 or 8/18 in the Trikamji numbering: the retrieved carakasamhitaonline page put the introductory prose at 18; a search snippet said 17-29. Check a printed Trikamji edition."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/sadvritta/","canary":"e75d1b5ef65cc9f4"},{"slug":"sama-agni","page":"/lexicon/sama-agni/","iast":"samāgni","devanagari":"समाग्नि","alternates":["sama agni","samā agnayaḥ","sama (as adjective of agni)"],"category":"physiology / functional state","family":"body","renderings":[{"english":"Normal state of digestive, metabolic factors","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"terminology-standard","locator":"ITA-2.6.8","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO description verbatim: 'A state in which the action of transformative factor is normal due to all three dosha being in functional balance.'","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false},{"english":"Samagni","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, tr. Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907-1916)","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"Sūtrasthāna Chapter XXXV, p. 319 (= Su.Sū.35.24)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Bhishagratna keeps the term transliterated as a section heading and defines it in English: 'The digestive heat, which fully digests the ingested food at the proper time without the least irregularity, thus reflecting the continuance of the bodily humours in their normal state, is called Samagni.' The best public-domain English definition of the term.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"even","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"Vimānasthāna Lesson VI (= Ca.Vi.6.12)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna translates the four states as 'Keen, mild, even, and uneven' and adds a footnote: 'I have rendered \"Sama\" even, and \"Visama\" uneven. The sense is that of equable and unequable. The words may also mean normal and abnormal.' A rare case of a translator showing his working.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"normal or regular appetite","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, tr. Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907-1916)","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"Sūtrasthāna Chapter XXXV, p. 320","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Bhishagratna's parenthetical gloss, which he immediately contradicts in his own footnote distinguishing agni from appetite. Recorded as a documented inconsistency.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"no NAMASTE code","sourceName":"NAMASTE / National AYUSH Morbidity Codes (NAMC)","sourceKind":"terminology-standard","locator":"NAMC block DB codes only mandāgni (DB-1), viṣamāgni (DB-2), tīkṣṇāgni (DB-3), atyagni/bhasmaka (DB-4)","verbatim":false,"assessment":"Structurally revealing: NAMC is a morbidity list, so it codes the three abnormal states and omits samāgni entirely. Charaka says the same thing at Ca.Ci.15.71, the three others, excluding sama, are the grahaṇī-faults.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true},{"english":"no ICD-11 TM2 category found","sourceName":"ICD-11 MMS v2026-01, TM2","sourceKind":"classification","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"Expected: a classification of disorders has no slot for a state of health.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true},{"english":"balanced digestion / balanced digestive fire","sourceName":"General textbook usage","sourceKind":"secondary-literature","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"Widespread; 'balanced' imports a doṣa-equilibrium claim that WHO does make explicit but Sushruta's definition states only as a consequence.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Sushruta Saṃhitā","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"XXXV (Ātura-upakramaṇīya)","verse":"24","establishes":"The definitional criterion is threefold: complete digestion, at the proper time, without irregularity. Doṣa-balance is presented as what this reflects, not as the definition. Quoted as printed, including the typesetting of the heading.","quote":"Sama'gni and Vishama'gni :— The digestive heat, which fully digests the ingested food at the proper time without the least irregularity, thus reflecting the continuance of the bodily humours in their normal state, is called Samagni.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/b24758619_0001/b24758619_0001_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Saṃhitā (Sanskrit)","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"35","verse":"24","establishes":"Fixes the verse number as 35.24 and shows the structure: one agni untouched by doṣa, three deranged. Corroborates NAMASTE's own citation 'Su.Su.35/24' for the abnormal three.","quote":"प्रागभिहितोऽग्निरन्नस्य पाचकः  स चतुर्विधो भवति दोषानभिपन्न एकः विक्रियामापन्नस्त्रिविधो भवतिविषमो वातेन तीक्ष्णः पित्तेन मन्दः श्लेष्मणा चतुर्थः समः सर्वसाम्यादिति  तत्र यो यथाकालमुपयुक्तमन्नं सम्यक् पचति स समः समैर्दोषैः","translator":"none (Sanskrit mūla)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/सुश्रुतसंहिता/सूत्रस्थानम्/अध्याय_३१-४६","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Saṃhitā (Sanskrit)","sthana":"Vimānasthāna","chapter":"6 (Roganīka Vimāna)","verse":"12","establishes":"Charaka's fourfold division is by balabheda (difference of strength), and samāgni belongs to those whose vāta, pitta and kapha are equable and in their natural state.","quote":"अग्निषु तु शारीरेषु चतुर्विधो विशेषो बलभेदेन भवति। तद्यथा- तीक्ष्णो, मन्दः, समो, विषमश्चेति। ... तत्र समवातपित्तश्लेष्मणां प्रकृतिस्थानां समा भवन्त्यग्नयः","translator":"none (Sanskrit mūla)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.siva.sh/caraka-samhita/vimana-sthana/6/12","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Saṃhitā","sthana":"Vimānasthāna","chapter":"6","verse":"12 (Kaviratna prints 14-15)","establishes":"Public-domain English. Note Charaka's samāgni is defined by conditional vulnerability (it deranges under dietary abuse and recovers under good regimen), which is subtly different from Sushruta's 'digests fully and on time'.","quote":"In the fires dwelling in the physical system, a fourfold distinction may be made agreeably to difference of strength. It is as follows: Keen, mild, even, and uneven. ... That fire is said to be even which becomes vitiated by dietary riotousness, but which exists without being deranged when no dietary riotousness is indulged in. ... Amongst these, of those persons that are of equable wind, bile, and phlegm, and that are in their normal state, the (digestive) fires are even.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Saṃhitā (Sanskrit)","sthana":"Cikitsāsthāna","chapter":"15","verse":"71","establishes":"Charaka cross-references his own Vimāna 6 classification and declares the four agnis to be grahaṇī-faults 'sama-varjam', excluding sama. This is the textual warrant for treating samāgni as a state of health and not a diagnosis.","quote":"यश्चाग्निः पूर्वमुद्दिष्टो रोगानीके चतुर्विधः। तं चापि ग्रहणीदोषं समवर्जं प्रचक्ष्महे॥७१॥","translator":"none (Sanskrit mūla)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.siva.sh/caraka-samhita/chikitsa-sthana/15/71","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Aṣṭāṅga Hṛdaya (Sanskrit)","sthana":"Śārīrasthāna","chapter":"3","verse":"73-74","establishes":"Vāgbhaṭa adds a mechanism Charaka and Sushruta do not: agni is sama when samāna vāyu is in its own place, and viṣama when samāna goes astray. Verse numbers confirmed by the file's own internal variant markers (3.74dv, 3.75av).","quote":"samaḥ samāne sthāna-sthe viṣamo 'gnir vi-mārga-ge |\npittābhimūrchite tīkṣṇo mando 'smin kapha-pīḍite || 73 ||\n\nsamo 'gnir viṣamas tīkṣṇo mandaś caivaṃ catur-vidhaḥ |\nyaḥ pacet samyag evānnaṃ bhuktaṃ samyak samas tv asau || 74 ||","translator":"none — no public-domain English translation of Aṣṭāṅga Hṛdaya exists","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/corpustei/transformations/plaintext/sa_vAgbhaTa-aSTAGgahRdayasUtra.txt","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"agni (general)","why":"samāgni is a state of agni, not a kind of agni alongside jāṭharāgni/dhātvagni/bhūtāgni. The 13-fold and the 4-fold schemes are orthogonal axes and are routinely presented as if they were one list."},{"term":"prakṛti (constitution)","why":"Ca.Vi.6.12 links samāgni to sama-doṣa constitution, but Charaka argues in Vi.6.13 that vāta/pitta/kapha-prakṛti persons are not thereby diseased. Agni state and constitutional type are correlated (PMID 35101333) but not identical."},{"term":"svastha","why":"samāgni is one marker of health, not health itself."},{"term":"dīpta agni / good appetite","why":"Bhishagratna's own footnote at Su.Sū.35 warns that agni and appetite are different, then he glosses sama as 'normal or regular appetite' in the same passage. The two are not interchangeable."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"strong digestion","why":"Reverses the doctrine. Excessive strength is tīkṣṇāgni, which is a fault. Sama is adequacy and regularity, not maximum power."},{"rendering":"balanced / balanced fire","why":"Not wrong, but it smuggles in the doṣa-equilibrium explanation as if it were the definition. Sushruta defines sama by digestive performance and treats doṣa balance as what that reflects."},{"rendering":"normal agni (unqualified)","why":"Charaka's sama is explicitly still derangeable by dietary abuse (Ca.Vi.6.12); 'normal' in English suggests a stable trait rather than a conditional equilibrium."}],"openQuestions":["Is there any classical time criterion for 'digests at the proper time'?","Do Bhishagratna's and Kaviratna's definitions reflect a real Sushruta/Charaka divergence or translator choice?","Has any instrument demonstrated it can separate samāgni from mild viṣamāgni?"],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/sama-agni/","canary":"8529ded89813a4af"},{"slug":"sama-dosha","page":"/lexicon/sama-dosha/","iast":"sāmadoṣa","devanagari":"सामदोष","alternates":["sāma doṣa","saama dosha","sama dosha (without diacritics, ambiguous)","sāmavāta / sāmapitta / sāmakapha","āmadoṣa (related, not identical)"],"category":"dosha-state","family":"dosha","renderings":[{"english":"Dosha associated with ama","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-4.8.23","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Full description: 'Dosha associated with ama undergoes qualitative and functional alterations and becomes capable of giving rise to diseases.' WHO's rendering deliberately avoids both 'toxic' and 'undigested'.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Ama, a state of incomplete digestion, transformation or metabolism","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-4.6.2","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Recorded because the rendering of sāma-doṣa depends entirely on the rendering of āma, and WHO's āma entry is long and carefully non-committal about what āma is physically.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Healthy person [an individual in a balanced state of dosha...]","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-10.1.1","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Recorded as the HOMOGRAPH, not as a rendering of this term. WHO's description of svastha is 'An individual in a balanced state of dosha, metabolism, structural components and excretion...', this renders samadoṣa (sama = equal), which is a different word from sāmadoṣa (sa-āma = with āma).","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"no entry located","sourceName":"ICD-11 MMS v2026-01, Traditional Medicine Module 2","sourceKind":"classification","locator":"block SR10-SR2Z checked","verbatim":false,"assessment":"The TM2 humoral-derangement block codes vitiation, accumulation, aggravation, spreading and depletion for each doṣa but has no āma-association pattern. A real gap, not an oversight of this search.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"15","verse":"41","establishes":"THE HOMOGRAPH, recorded deliberately. This is samadoṣa with a short a, meaning doṣas in equilibrium, in the canonical definition of svastha. It is a different word from sāmadoṣa and means close to its opposite. Verse number 41 verified on a retrieved verse-addressed Sanskrit page.","quote":"समदोषः समाग्निश्च समधातुमलक्रियः । प्रसन्नात्मेन्द्रियमनाः स्वस्थ इत्यभिधीयते ॥४१॥","translator":"none quoted (Sanskrit mula only)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.siva.sh/sushruta-samhita/sutra-sthana/15/41","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"15","verse":"41","establishes":"Bhishagratna's public-domain English for the same samadoṣa verse. Note he renders samadoṣa as 'bodily humours are in a state of equilibrium' and does not transliterate, so an English-only reader has no way to see the homograph at all.","quote":"A person with an uniformly healthy digestion, and whose bodily humours are in a state of equilibrium, and in whom the fundamental vital fluids course in their normal state and quantity, accompanied by the normal processes of secretion, organic function, and intellection, is said to be a healthy person.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122907.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"17","verse":"62","establishes":"Charaka's criterion for doṣas in the sama (equal) state: they perform their own function. A second attestation of the homograph sense. (Site prints 'कुवेते' for 'कुर्वते'.)","quote":"समाः स्वं कर्म कुवेते||६२|| / samāḥ svaṁ karma kuvētē||62||","translator":"none quoted (Sanskrit mula only)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Kiyanta_Shiraseeya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Ashtanga Hridaya","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"13","verse":"23-27","establishes":"Located, not quoted. Ashtanga Hridaya Sutrasthana 13 (Doshopakramaniya) is the classical locus for the sāma/nirāma doṣa distinction. The locator 'A. H. Sutra Sthana 13/23-24' (general sāma features) and '13/26-27' (sāma doṣa and sāma dhātu) was read on the carakasamhitaonline Ama page, i.e. it is a secondary attestation and has NOT been checked against the Ashtanga Hridaya text itself. Bhavaprakasha Purva Khanda, Jwara Chikitsa 49-50, 52, 54 is cited on the same page for the per-doṣa sāma sign-lists; also unverified and also not quotable.","quote":null,"translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Ama","checked":"address only, nothing quoted to check"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"samadoṣa (sama = equal, balanced)","why":"THE critical disambiguation for this record. सामदोष (sa-āma, 'with āma') and समदोष (sama, 'equal') are distinct words that become identical when transliterated without diacritics as 'sama dosha'. They are near-opposites: one is a pathological state, the other is the definition of health at Sushruta Sutrasthana 15/41. Any English or romanised source using 'samadosha' must be checked for which is meant."},{"term":"āma","why":"Āma is the product of incomplete digestion (WHO ITA-4.6.2). Sāmadoṣa is a doṣa that has become associated with it. 'Ama dosha' in loose usage means either."},{"term":"āmāvasthā","why":"WHO ITA-4.6.2 also covers āmāvasthā, the stage of a disease. A disease can be in āma stage; a doṣa is sāma. The referents are different."},{"term":"prakupita doṣa","why":"A doṣa can be aggravated without being sāma. WHO's description makes āma-association a qualitative and functional alteration distinct from increase."},{"term":"sāma dhātu and sāma mala","why":"The same prefix applies to tissues and wastes with separate sign-lists (carakasamhitaonline cites Cha.Su.28/9-19 for sāma dhātu). 'Sama' alone does not say which."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"balanced dosha","why":"The direct product of the homograph collapse. Renders समदोष, and applied to सामदोष it states the reverse of the truth."},{"rendering":"toxic dosha / dosha with toxins","why":"The commonest popular rendering. WHO ISTA deliberately avoids 'toxin' for āma, describing it as a standstill in digestive and metabolic transformation."},{"rendering":"dosha with undigested food","why":"Too literal and too narrow: WHO's āma covers metabolic as well as digestive incompleteness, and includes channel blockade and accumulation of waste."},{"rendering":"ama dosha","why":"Common in Indian clinical English but ambiguous between āmadoṣa (āma as a doṣa-like entity) and sāmadoṣa (a doṣa carrying āma)."}],"openQuestions":["The Ashtanga Hridaya Sutrasthana 13 verse numbers for the sāma/nirāma lakṣaṇas were taken from a secondary source and are UNVERIFIED against the primary text. Wisdomlib's Ashtanga Hridaya Sanskrit page returned HTTP 403 to both curl and WebFetch, and GRETIL's Astangahrdaya file path returned 404 at the URL tried. A human should verify against a printed edition or a working GRETIL path before any of these locators is published.","Whether Charaka states the sāma/nirāma doṣa distinction in its own words anywhere, or whether it is a Vagbhata systematisation, was not established.","No WHO ISTA entry was found that flags the samadoṣa/sāmadoṣa homograph, despite the standard containing both (ITA-4.8.23 and ITA-10.1.1)."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/sama-dosha/","canary":"901e3735ec6d050b"},{"slug":"samana-vata","page":"/lexicon/samana-vata/","iast":"samāna vāta","devanagari":"समानः (compound समानवातः verified at Sharngadhara Purva Khanda 2)","alternates":["samāna vāyu","samāna","samana vayu","samana vata"],"category":"vata-subtypes","family":"dosha","renderings":[{"english":"Kindling vata","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","sourceKind":"terminology standard","locator":"Term ID ITA-2.1.1.5","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO's description: 'Subtype of vata seated at the navel (between stomach and intestines) and close to digestive fire: it is responsible for metabolism and transformation.' 'Kindling' is an unusual and rather good choice, it encodes Charaka's agnibalaprada (giver of strength to the digestive fire) rather than making samāna the digester itself. Lemma is bare samānaḥ.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false},{"english":"the Samana Vayu (left untranslated); 'Its functions consist in digesting the chyme brought down into the intestines in unison with the digestive ferment (Agni)'","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, tr. Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (public domain)","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Nidanasthana ch. 1, Bhishagratna's section 9","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Bhishagratna has samāna DIGESTING, in concert with agni. Charaka Ci.28.8 has it only strengthening agni. This is a real difference between the two texts, not a translation artefact.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"Samana — one of the 'five airs or breaths'; 'the third is considered as essential to digestion'","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (public domain)","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Sutrasthana, translator's footnote","verbatim":true,"assessment":"'Essential to digestion' is closer to Charaka's own agnibalaprada than Bhishagratna's 'digesting' is, but it is Kaviratna's footnote, not a translation of Charaka's definition, which he never reached.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":null,"englishWithheld":"this project has not cleared that source for quotation","sourceName":"Kerala Tourism (Government of Kerala)","sourceKind":"government popular-reference page","locator":"keralatourism.org/ayurveda/pathology/five-vatas","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Partly defensible, partly wrong. Charaka Ci.28.8 does place samāna in the channels carrying SWEAT (sveda), doṣas and water, so 'sweat' has a textual basis. But semen and urine are explicitly apāna's at Charaka Ci.28.10 and Sushruta Ni.1.19. The liver appears in no retrieved locus for samāna.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Kerala Tourism (Government of Kerala)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":null,"englishWithheld":"this project has not cleared that source for quotation","sourceName":"easyayurveda.com, gloss on Sushruta Nidanasthana 1","sourceKind":"online textbook gloss","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":"Follows Sushruta's āmapakvāśayacaraḥ, not Charaka's srotas-based seat.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"easyayurveda.com, gloss on Sushruta Nidanasthana 1\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"\"easyayurveda.com, gloss on Sushruta Nidanasthana 1\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation"}],"classical":[{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Nidanasthana","chapter":"1 (Vatavyadhi Nidana)","verse":"Bhishagratna's section 9 = Sanskrit 1.16-17a","establishes":"Sushruta seats samāna in āmāśaya and pakvāśaya, joined to agni, and gives it both digestion and the separation of essence (sāra) from waste (kiṭṭa). Corresponding Sanskrit, cross-checked at a separate URL: 'आमपक्वाशयचरः समानो वह्निसङ्गतः | सोऽन्नं पचति तज्जांश्च विशेषान्विविनक्ति हि ||१६|| गुल्माग्निसादातीसारप्रभृतीन् कुरुते गदान् |१७|'.","quote":"The Samana Vayu courses in (governs) the stomach (Amashaya) and in the region of intestines (Pakvashaya). Its functions consist in digesting the chyme brought down into the intestines in unison with the digestive ferment (Agni), and especially in disintegrating its essence from its refuse or excreted matter. A deranged or aggravated condition of the Samana Vayu causes dysentery, Gulma, and impaired digestion, etc. 9.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1911)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-2-nidanasthana/d/doc142857.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Chikitsasthana","chapter":"28 (Vatavyadhi Chikitsa)","verse":"28.8","establishes":"Charaka's samāna is NOT seated in the stomach. It presides over the srotas carrying sveda (sweat), doṣas and ambu (water), stands beside the internal fire (antaragni), and its defining function is agnibalaprada, giving strength to the digestive fire. It is the fire's bellows, not the digester. This is materially different from Sushruta Ni.1.16 and from every popular rendering that makes samāna 'the digestive vata'.","quote":"स्वेददोषाम्बुवाहीनि स्रोतांसि समधिष्ठितः | अन्तरग्नेश्च पार्श्वस्थः समानोऽग्निबलप्रदः ||८||","translator":"None quoted — Sanskrit mūla only","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Vatavyadhi_Chikitsa","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"Lesson XII (Vatakalakaliya) in Kaviratna's numbering","verse":"Kaviratna's section 6","establishes":"Names samāna as one of the five in a lawfully quotable English Charaka. No seat or function given.","quote":"It exists in the fivefold form of Prana, Udana, Samana, Vyana, and Apana.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Ashtanga Hridaya","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"12 (Doshabhediya)","verse":"12.8","establishes":"Vagbhata gives samāna a single self-contained verse: situated near the fire (agnisamīpasthaḥ), ranging throughout the koṣṭha, and performing four sequential acts, it receives food (gṛhṇāti), cooks it (pacati), separates it (vivecayati) and releases it (muñcati). This four-verb formulation is Vagbhata's own and is the tidiest classical definition of samāna anywhere. Sanskrit mūla and verse number verified on the retrieved page; not quoted, as Ashtanga Hridaya has no public-domain English translation.","quote":null,"translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://www.siva.sh/astanga-hrudaya/sutra-sthana/12/8","checked":"address only, nothing quoted to check"},{"text":"Sharngadhara Samhita","sthana":"Purva Khanda","chapter":"5 (Kaladikakhyana); and ch. 2 (Bhaishajyakhyanaka)","verse":"5.27-28; and PK 2 on timing of medicine","establishes":"PK 5.27-28 place samāna at the koṣṭha / vahnisthāna (seat of fire). Separately, Purva Khanda 2 uses the full compound समानवाते ('when samāna vāta is disordered') in prescribing that agni-kindling medicine be given when samāna is deranged and agni is weak, the only occurrence of the compound headword form 'samāna vāta' I found in any retrieved classical Sanskrit. Not quoted, as Sharngadhara has no public-domain English translation.","quote":null,"translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://vedicreserve.miu.edu/sharngadhara/Sharngadhar_Purva_new.html","checked":"address only, nothing quoted to check"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"pācaka pitta","why":"The single most important distinction for this term. Charaka Ci.28.8 makes samāna agnibalaprada, it gives STRENGTH to the fire. Pācaka pitta is the fire's digesting agency. Samāna moves and fans; pācaka pitta transforms. Sources that define samāna as 'the digestive vata' have quietly absorbed pācaka pitta's job, and WHO's choice of 'Kindling vata' is a deliberate guard against exactly this."},{"term":"jāṭharāgni / agni","why":"Samāna is adjacent to agni (antaragneḥ pārśvasthaḥ, agnisamīpasthaḥ), never identical with it. The adjacency is stated in the verse itself in both Charaka and Vagbhata, which suggests the texts were guarding against the conflation."},{"term":"apāna vāta","why":"Both operate in the pakvāśaya region and Sushruta explicitly gives samāna a pakvāśaya range (Ni.1.16). The separation is functional: samāna separates sāra from kiṭṭa; apāna expels the kiṭṭa. Charaka avoids the overlap entirely by moving samāna out of the gut and into the sveda/doṣa/ambu srotas."},{"term":"samāna vāyu of yoga","why":"In yoga samāna is the equalising current at the navel, often tied to the manipura cakra and to assimilation of prāṇa rather than of food. The Ayurvedic samāna is defined against agni and the koṣṭha, not against a cakra."},{"term":"agni-bala / agnideepana as a therapy","why":"Sharngadhara PK 2 prescribes agni-kindling medicine FOR deranged samāna. The indication is not the definition; samāna is not 'the appetite'."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"the digestive vata / digestive fire","why":"Directly contradicts Charaka Ci.28.8, where samāna's function is to give strength to the fire, not to digest. It also silently annexes pācaka pitta's role. Sushruta Ni.1.16 does say samāna digests (pacati), so this rendering is defensible from Sushruta alone, but presenting it as THE definition hides that the two texts disagree."},{"rendering":"the balancing air / the equalising breath","why":"A literal etymological reading (sam + ana) imported from the yogic scheme. Neither Charaka nor Sushruta nor Vagbhata defines samāna by equalisation; all three define it by its relation to agni and to the separation of nutrient from waste."},{"rendering":"the epigastric plexus","why":"Bhishagratna's 1911 footnote, 'The Samana is same as the energy of the epigastric plexus'. Colonial-era neuroanatomical mapping, still quoted as though it were Sushruta's own."},{"rendering":"controls sweat, semen and urine","why":"As given on the Kerala Tourism page. Sweat is textually defensible from Charaka Ci.28.8 (svedavaha srotas); semen and urine are explicitly apāna's at Charaka Ci.28.10 and Sushruta Ni.1.19. The rendering merges two subtypes."},{"rendering":"metabolism","why":"WHO uses it ('responsible for metabolism and transformation') and it is not wrong, but it is a modern abstraction with no classical counterpart term, and it makes samāna indistinguishable from agni in English."}],"openQuestions":["Does Chakrapani reconcile Charaka Ci.28.8's srotas-based seat for samāna with Sushruta Ni.1.16's āmāśaya/pakvāśaya seat, or does he let the disagreement stand?","Why did WHO pick 'Kindling vata' (which follows Charaka's agnibalaprada) but then write a description that follows the gut-seat tradition? Was the inconsistency noticed?","Is there any classical source that assigns semen or urine to samāna, or is the Kerala Tourism rendering wholly unsupported?","Does NAMASTE assign samāna vāta a Sharira Kriya code, and what English term does it use?"],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/samana-vata/","canary":"0881bee334b19e64"},{"slug":"samanya","page":"/lexicon/samanya/","iast":"sāmānya","devanagari":"सामान्य","alternates":["sāmānyam","dravya-sāmānya / guṇa-sāmānya / karma-sāmānya (WHO subtypes)","sāmānya-viśeṣa siddhānta (the paired doctrine)"],"category":"padartha","family":"foundations","renderings":[{"english":"Generality, shared feature","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"ITA-1.9.1.1","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO's headword 'Generality' is the Vaiśeṣika (universal) reading; its subtypes switch to 'Similarity', the Ayurvedic therapeutic reading. The two readings sit side by side without comment.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":null,"sourceName":"National Institute of Ayurveda, WHO-APW 'Standardization of Non-Clinical Terminologies of Ayurveda'","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"DG0262","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Two definitions concatenated in one entry (classificatory similarity, then the increase principle).","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"similarities (in the list); similarity (in the definitions): 'similarity is the cause of increase'; 'Similarity is that which produces oneness'; 'similarity is identity of substance'","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. A. C. Kaviratna, public domain","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Su.1 his printed 27, 43, 44","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna reads sāmānya throughout as similarity (the Ayurvedic sense), never as 'universal'. His 'identity of substance' for tulyārthatā is a stretch: tulyārthatā is 'having the same purpose/effect'.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"Samanya (similarity)","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. A. C. Kaviratna, public domain","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Vi.8 his printed 28 (= standard 8.29)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Consistent.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"Genus (as one of the 'Predicables')","sourceName":"Vaiśeṣika Sūtra 1.1.4 tr. Nandalal Sinha (1923), as presented on wisdomlib.org","sourceKind":"comparator (non-Ayurvedic philosophical text)","locator":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/vaisheshika-sutra-commentary/d/doc427557.html","verbatim":true,"assessment":"The logical-universal reading; 'genus/species' is Aristotelian vocabulary imposed on sāmānya/viśeṣa.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"Sinha 1923, pre-1930 and probably clear, but outside the two translations this project has cleared and never confirmed by a human","downloadable":false},{"english":"similarity","sourceName":"PubMed abstract, PMID 30401500 (J Ayurveda Integr Med 2018)","sourceKind":"modern paper","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":"Modern Ayurvedic academic default.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"PubMed abstract, PMID 30401500 (J Ayurveda Integr Med 2018)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"\"PubMed abstract, PMID 30401500 (J Ayurveda Integr Med 2018)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation"}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"Standard 1.44 (carakasamhitaonline numbering); Kaviratna prints 43","establishes":"The therapeutic principle: sāmānya causes vṛddhi, viśeṣa causes hrāsa. Sanskrit as retrieved from https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Deerghanjiviteeya_Adhyaya&action=raw : सर्वदा सर्वभावानां सामान्यं वृद्धिकारणम्| ह्रासहेतुर्विशेषश्च, प्रवृत्तिरुभयस्य तु||४४||. 'A tendency exists towards both' renders 'pravṛttir ubhayasya tu' (the activity/operation belongs to both). Kaviratna's footnote (translator's note) adds the water/heat illustration and calls this 'almost the basis of the Science of Life'.","quote":"Of all things, at all times, similarity is the cause of increase; and dissimilarity is the cause of decrease. A tendency exists towards both.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"Standard 1.45; Kaviratna prints 44","establishes":"The definition: sāmānya is ekatvakara (produces oneness) and tulyārthatā. Sanskrit: सामान्यमेकत्वकरं, विशेषस्तु पृथक्त्वकृत्| तुल्यार्थता हि सामान्यं, विशेषस्तु विपर्ययः||४५||. Kaviratna's 'identity of substance' for tulyārthatā is a translator's interpretation; the Sanskrit says 'sameness of artha (purpose/effect/object)'.","quote":"Similarity is that which produces oneness; and dissimilarity is that which produces diversity. Therefore, similarity is identity of substance, and dissimilarity is the reverse of this.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"Standard 1.28; Kaviratna prints 27","establishes":"Sāmānya listed first among the six. Sanskrit: सामान्यं च विशेषं च गुणान् द्रव्याणि कर्म च||२८||.","quote":"Those great Rishis (then) beheld duly, with the eye of knowledge, similarities, dissimilarities, properties, objects, and operations, as also compositions.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"8","verse":"Standard Vimanasthana 8.27 (carakasamhitaonline Rogabhishagjitiya_Vimana raw, unit closing ||२७||); Kaviratna prints 26 (page image p. 565 of archive.org BIUSante_47357, leaf 730: '44. Nigrahasthana. ?*26'); his 27 is the following aphorism, the Vada definition ending 'in a spirit of contradiction' = standard 28. His terms are left untranslated per his footnote on the same page.","establishes":"Sāmānya among the 44 terms a physician must know for debate. The wikitext runs words together without spaces; spaces restored here, text otherwise as retrieved.","quote":"इमानि तु खलु पदानि भिषग्वादमार्गज्ञानार्थमधिगम्यानि भवन्ति; तद्यथा- वादः, द्रव्यं, गुणाः, कर्म, सामान्यं, विशेषः, समवायः, प्रतिज्ञा, ...||२७||","translator":"none (Sanskrit)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Rogabhishagjitiya_Vimana&action=raw","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"viśeṣa","why":"Ca.Su.1.44-45: the paired opposite; sāmānya increases and unifies, viśeṣa decreases and separates."},{"term":"sāmānya as universal (jāti) in Vaiśeṣika","why":"Sinha renders Vaiśeṣika Sūtra 1.1.4's sāmānya as 'Genus'; WHO ITA-1.9.1.1 as 'Generality ... the universal or class-essence'. Charaka's definition (Su.1.44-45) is functional: whatever causes increase and oneness. Same word, two doctrines."},{"term":"sādṛśya (resemblance)","why":"Ordinary likeness; Charaka's sāmānya is defined by its effect (vṛddhi), not by resemblance as such, though Kaviratna's 'similarity' makes them sound identical."},{"term":"sāmānya guṇa","why":"NIA DG0263: a property shared by more than one mahābhūta (guru in pṛthvī and jala). A compound, not the category."},{"term":"sāmānya as 'ordinary/general' (e.g. sāmānya-pūrvarūpa, sāmānyaja-vikāra)","why":"WHO ITA entries 'sāmānyapūrvarūpam' and 'sāmānyajavikāraḥ' use sāmānya in the everyday sense 'general, common', not the category."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"generality / universal (as the Ayurvedic definition)","why":"WHO's headword imports Vaiśeṣika; Charaka Su.1.44 defines sāmānya by its causing increase. The Ayurvedic texts do not discuss class-essences."},{"rendering":"identity of substance","why":"Kaviratna's rendering of tulyārthatā (Su.1.45); the Sanskrit says sameness of artha (purpose/effect), not identity of substance."},{"rendering":"'like cures like' (homoeopathic reading)","why":"Ca.Su.1.44 says like INCREASES like; treatment of excess is by viśeṣa (the dissimilar). The homoeopathic slogan inverts the therapeutic direction."},{"rendering":"similarity (unqualified)","why":"Correct for the Ayurvedic sense but hides the fact that Charaka also places sāmānya among six ontological terms (Su.1.28, Vi.8.27), where 'similarity' is an odd member of a list of categories."}],"openQuestions":["Chakrapāṇi's threefold sāmānya (dravya/guṇa/karma) that WHO ITA-1.9.1.2-4 and NIA presuppose was not retrieved from the commentary; only the WHO/NIA statements were read.","Whether Kaviratna's 'identity of substance' reflects a commentarial gloss on tulyārthatā was not checked."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/samanya/","canary":"a76833d39f003e7f"},{"slug":"samavaya","page":"/lexicon/samavaya/","iast":"samavāya","devanagari":"समवाय","alternates":["samavāyaḥ","samavāyi (adj., inherent)","samavāyi-kāraṇa (inherent cause)","apṛthagbhāva (Charaka's defining phrase)"],"category":"padartha","family":"foundations","renderings":[{"english":"Inherence","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"ITA-1.9.6.1","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO's description mixes the Vaiśeṣika whole/part relation with Charaka's bhūta/guṇa relation (Su.1.50 names only the latter).","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":null,"sourceName":"National Institute of Ayurveda, WHO-APW 'Standardization of Non-Clinical Terminologies of Ayurveda'","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"BP0243","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Tracks Ca.Su.1.50 (bhūmyādīnāṁ guṇaiḥ, nityaḥ) closely; 'proto-element' for mahābhūta.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"compositions (in the list); co-existence (in the definition): 'The co-existence of objects such as earth, &c., with their corresponding properties (of scent and the like) is styled samavaya'","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. A. C. Kaviratna, public domain","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Su.1 his printed 28 ('compositions') and 49 ('co-existence')","verbatim":true,"assessment":"'Compositions' in the verse list is idiosyncratic; 'co-existence' in the definition is the word WHO and NIA later adopt.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"Samavaya (combination)","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. A. C. Kaviratna, public domain","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Vi.8 his printed 28 (= standard 8.29)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"A third rendering by the same translator.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"inseparable inherence ... by way of cause and effect (Samavayi-Karana)","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita tr. K. L. Bhishagratna, public domain (wisdomlib.org)","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Su.Su.40 (Bhishagratna's chapter XL): 'these attributes have an inseparable inherence in and are intimately associated with the substance by way of cause and effect (Samavayi-Karana)'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Bhishagratna glosses the adjective samavāyi rather than the noun.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"Combination (as one of the 'Predicables')","sourceName":"Vaiśeṣika Sūtra 1.1.4 tr. Nandalal Sinha (1923), as presented on wisdomlib.org","sourceKind":"comparator (non-Ayurvedic philosophical text)","locator":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/vaisheshika-sutra-commentary/d/doc427557.html","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Sinha's 'Combination' matches Kaviratna's Vi.8 choice; modern Indology prefers 'inherence'.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"Sinha 1923, pre-1930 and probably clear, but outside the two translations this project has cleared and never confirmed by a human","downloadable":false},{"english":"inherence; 'the eternal, intimate relation of Dravya and Guna'","sourceName":"PubMed abstract, PMID 22408303 (Ayu 2011)","sourceKind":"modern paper","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":"Current Ayurvedic academic usage.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"PubMed abstract, PMID 22408303 (Ayu 2011)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"\"PubMed abstract, PMID 22408303 (Ayu 2011)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation"}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"Standard 1.50 (carakasamhitaonline numbering); Kaviratna prints 49","establishes":"The definition: samavāya is the non-separateness (apṛthagbhāva) of earth etc. from their gunas, and it is nitya because wherever the dravya is, the guna is not absent. Sanskrit as retrieved from https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Deerghanjiviteeya_Adhyaya&action=raw : समवायोऽपृथग्भावो भूम्यादीनां गुणैर्मतः| स नित्यो यत्र हि द्रव्यं न तत्रानियतो गुणः||५०||. '(of scent and the like)' is Kaviratna's gloss (gandha being the characteristic guna of pṛthvī).","quote":"The co-existence of objects such as earth, &c., with their corresponding properties (of scent and the like) is styled samavaya. That is permanent, since wherever the substance is, it cannot be that the property is not.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"Standard 1.51; Kaviratna prints 50","establishes":"Samavāya as the relation presupposed by the definitions of dravya (samavāyi-kāraṇa) and guna (samavāyī). Sanskrit: यत्राश्रिताः कर्मगुणाः कारणं समवायि यत्| तद्द्रव्यं समवायी तु निश्चेष्टः कारणं गुणः||५१||. Kaviratna renders 'samavāyi' once as 'inhere' and once as 'inherent' and drops it from 'the cause' for dravya.","quote":"That in which actions and attributes inhere, and that which is the cause, is called substance. That, on the other hand, which is inherent, and which is the passive cause, is called attribute.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"Standard 1.29; Kaviratna prints 28","establishes":"Samavāya ('compositions') closing the list of six. Sanskrit: समवायं च तज्ज्ञात्वा तन्त्रोक्तं विधिमास्थिताः| लेभिरे परमं शर्म जीवितं चाप्यनित्वरम्||२९||.","quote":"...as also compositions. Knowing these, and conforming to the ordinances of that Science, they obtained great felicity and even immortal life.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"40 (Bhishagratna's chapter XL)","verse":"Standard 40.3 region per siva.sh; Bhishagratna prints no verse numbers","establishes":"Sushruta's use of samavāyi-kāraṇa for the dravya-guna relation. The Sanskrit retrieved from siva.sh for 40.3 contains 'आश्रयत्वाच्च, द्रव्यमाश्रिता रसादयः' (because of being the substratum; rasa etc. depend on dravya); the compound samavāyi-kāraṇa itself was not located in the siva.sh Sanskrit of 40.3 and may be Bhishagratna's expansion or sit in an adjacent sentence; a human should check.","quote":null,"quoteWithheld":"nobody has yet read this quotation against its printed source, and an unchecked quotation is not published here","translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc141670.html"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"saṁyoga (conjunction)","why":"Saṁyoga is a guna in the parādi series (Kaviratna's 'union' at Su.1.49) and is separable; samavāya is nitya and apṛthagbhāva (Su.1.50). Kaviratna's 'combination' (Vi.8) and 'compositions' (Su.1.28) both sound like saṁyoga."},{"term":"samavāyi-kāraṇa","why":"The adjective applied to dravya (Ca.Su.1.51; Bhishagratna Su.40): the substratum-cause. Samavāya is the relation; samavāyi-kāraṇa is the relatum."},{"term":"Vaiśeṣika samavāya","why":"Vaiśeṣika extends the relation to whole/part, universal/particular, action/substance (WHO ITA-1.9.6.1 includes 'the whole and its parts'); Charaka Su.1.50 names only bhūta/guna."},{"term":"saṁsarga / sannipāta (dosha combinations)","why":"Kaviratna uses 'co-existence' for these in the dosha context too (e.g. 'Co-existence must be in the form of ... Sannipata'); a different notion of two doshas being deranged together."},{"term":"anubandha (co-existence of diseases)","why":"Kaviratna renders anubandha as 'co-existence of diseases' in Nidanasthana; same English word, unrelated concept."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"compositions / combination","why":"Kaviratna's words at Su.1.28 and Vi.8.29; Sinha's 'Combination'. Both suggest things put together (saṁyoga), whereas samavāya is the inseparable relation."},{"rendering":"co-existence (unqualified)","why":"Kaviratna, WHO and NIA all use it, but unqualified it covers saṁyoga too. Ca.Su.1.50's apṛthagbhāva and nitya are the distinguishing content."},{"rendering":"concomitance","why":"WHO ITA-1.9.6.1; in logic 'concomitance' translates vyāpti (invariable accompaniment), a different technical term."}],"openQuestions":["Whether Bhishagratna's '(Samavayi-Karana)' corresponds to an explicit compound in the Sanskrit of Su.Su.40 was not resolved.","Chakrapāṇi on 'apṛthagbhāva' not retrieved.","Whether Charaka elsewhere applies samavāya to relations other than bhūta/guna was not checked."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/samavaya/","canary":"e372c656b0bd8d8a"},{"slug":"samhanana","page":"/lexicon/samhanana/","iast":"saṃhanana","devanagari":"संहनन","alternates":["saṃhati","saṃyojana","saṅghāta"],"category":"prakriti","family":"daily-life","renderings":[{"english":"compactness of tissues or organs","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-4.7.5 item 4","verbatim":true,"assessment":"The ONLY place saṃhanana appears in the WHO standard. It has no headword of its own anywhere in the document; it exists only as a phrase inside the ten-domain gloss. That absence is the most useful fact about the term's standing.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false},{"english":"body : the words samhanana, sanghata, and samyojana are of the same import","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Vimanasthana 8","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna does not translate the headword; he reproduces the samhita's own three-way synonymy.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"firm or compact","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Vimanasthana 8","verbatim":true,"assessment":"His adjective for susaṃhata.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"compactness / body build","sourceName":"Indian Ayurvedic college usage","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"'Compactness' follows WHO and is near-universal; 'body build' is looser and imports somatotype.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"8","verse":"116","establishes":"The whole term in one verse. saṃhanana, saṃhati and saṃyojana are declared one in meaning. Three criteria only: bones evenly well distributed, joints well bound, flesh and blood well set. Tripartite grading by strength.","quote":"saṁhananataścēti saṁhananaṁ, saṁhatiḥ, saṁyōjanamityēkō'rthaḥ| tatra samasuvibhaktāsthi, subaddhasandhi, suniviṣṭamāṁsaśōṇitaṁ, susaṁhataṁ śarīramityucyatē| tatra susaṁhataśarīrāḥ puruṣā balavantaḥ, viparyayēṇālpabalāḥ, madhyatvāt saṁhananasya madhyabalā bhavanti||116||","translator":"","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Rogabhishagjitiya_Vimana","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"8","verse":"116","establishes":"Public-domain English for Vi 8/116. Kaviratna reads the second synonym as sanghata where the retrieved Sanskrit has saṃhati, a genuine textual variant, not OCR. 'symetrical' and 'bone.s' are scanning artefacts.","quote":"Next, as regards (examination of the patient by observation of his) body : the words samhanana, sanghata, and samyojana are of the same import. In respect of this, that body is said to be firm or compact which consists of symetrical and well-formed bone.s, well-knit joints, and well-placed flesh and blood. Those men who are possessed of firm and compact bodies become endued with strength.","translator":"Kaviraj Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"saṅghāta (asthisaṅghāta)","why":"WHO gives asthisaṅghātaḥ / saṅghātaḥ its own anatomical entry at ITA-3.13.64, 'Conglomeration of bones'. So the same word is a synonym of saṃhanana in Vimana 8 and a distinct structure in the śārīra vocabulary."},{"term":"pramāṇa","why":"The next examination item. Pramāṇa measures dimensions in aṅgulas; saṃhanana judges how well the parts are put together."},{"term":"sāra","why":"Sāra grades each tissue's quality; saṃhanana grades the assembly. A person may be māṃsa-sāra and still not susaṃhata."},{"term":"bala","why":"An indicator from which bala is inferred, not bala itself."},{"term":"śarīra-sampat","why":"WHO ITA-3.1.4, a functional state of all dhātus, not a structural grade."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"body build","why":"Imports somatotype. The three classical criteria are about articulation and distribution, not mass or shape."},{"rendering":"muscularity","why":"Only one criterion mentions māṃsa, and only that flesh and blood are well set."},{"rendering":"physique","why":"Too general; it swallows pramāṇa and sāra as well."},{"rendering":"bone density","why":"A modern medicalisation. samasuvibhaktāsthi is about even distribution of bone, with no claim about density."}],"openQuestions":["Is the saṃhati / saṅghāta variant at Vi 8/116 an editorial difference between recensions or a misreading? Not resolved."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/samhanana/","canary":"ff167e4edcbc9a27"},{"slug":"samprapti","page":"/lexicon/samprapti/","iast":"samprāpti","devanagari":"सम्प्राप्ति","alternates":["samprāptiḥ","jāti","āgati","samprapthi","sampraapti"],"category":"nidana","family":"disease","renderings":[{"english":"Evolution or natural course of disease","sourceName":"WHO international standard terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standards body","locator":"ITA-4.5.16","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO's head term, and it codes all three of Charaka's synonyms under it. Description: 'The sequence of events from etiology to manifestation of a disease, which is classified into six stages .' The trailing space before the full stop is in the extracted text. NOTE THE ERROR: 'six stages' describes ṣaṭ-kriyākāla (which WHO codes separately at ITA-4.6.6), whereas WHO's own samprāpti-bheda entries at ITA-4.5.18 to 4.5.23 are six SUBTYPES, not stages. The description conflates two different sixfold schemes.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Classification of pathogenesis","sourceName":"WHO international standard terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standards body","locator":"ITA-4.5.17","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Head term present, DESCRIPTION EMPTY in the 2022 PDF as extracted. Recorded as a defect in the source.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Number of subtypes of pathogenesis","sourceName":"WHO international standard terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standards body","locator":"ITA-4.5.18","verbatim":true,"assessment":"First of WHO's six bheda. The remaining five, verbatim: 'Significance-based pathogenesis' (ITA-4.5.19, prādhānya), 'Classification-based pathogenesis' (ITA-4.5.20, vidhi), 'Fraction-specific pathogenesis' (ITA-4.5.21, vikalpa), 'Intensity-specific pathogenesis' (ITA-4.5.22, bala), 'Time-specific pathogenesis' (ITA-4.5.23, kāla). These six map exactly onto Ca. Ni. 1.12, which is strong independent corroboration of that verse.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Stages of disease manifestation and management","sourceName":"WHO international standard terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standards body","locator":"ITA-4.6.6","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Recorded because WHO's samprāpti description borrows this entry's 'six stages'. Description: 'A comprehensive term for the six prominent stages in disease management indicating the stepwise progression of its pathogenesis.'","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"words of the same import","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (public domain)","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Nidana Sthanam, Lesson I, aphorism 5","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna does not render samprāpti at all, he transliterates it and says only that samprāpti, jāti and āgati are 'words of the same import'. His footnote glosses the other two: \"'Jati' is otherwise called 'janma' or birth. 'Agati' is coming in, as 'gati' means 'going out'.\" There is no public-domain English WORD for samprāpti.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"ascertainment of the strength or otherwise of the disease","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (public domain), translator's footnote","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Nidana Sthanam, Lesson I, footnote listing the five members","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna's only substantive gloss, and it is unlike every modern rendering: he reads samprāpti as an assessment of severity rather than as a process of formation. Recorded because it is public-domain and idiosyncratic.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"pathogenesis","sourceName":"Charak Samhita New Edition (carakasamhitaonline.com)","sourceKind":"modern scholarly edition","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":"CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 comparator. The dominant modern rendering.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"the CSRTSDC/Charak Samhita New Edition English, in copyright","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the CSRTSDC/Charak Samhita New Edition English, in copyright"},{"english":"mode of manifestation of the disease","sourceName":"easyayurveda.com rendering of Ashtanga Hridaya Ni. 1.2 and 1.8","sourceKind":"modern textbook website","locator":"AH Ni. 1.2","verbatim":true,"assessment":"In-copyright comparator. Its 1.8 gloss adds the mechanism: 'The genesis or process of manifestation of the disease by the vitiated Doshas which are constantly circulating'.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"easyayurveda.com rendering of Ashtanga Hridaya Ni. 1.2 and 1.8\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"\"easyayurveda.com rendering of Ashtanga Hridaya Ni. 1.2 and 1.8\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation"},{"english":null,"englishWithheld":"this project has not cleared that source for quotation","sourceName":"easyayurveda.com rendering of Madhava Nidana 1.10","sourceKind":"modern textbook website","locator":"MN 1.10","verbatim":true,"assessment":"In-copyright comparator, and the most explicit about the narrative character of the concept.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"easyayurveda.com rendering of Madhava Nidana 1.10\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Nidāna Sthāna","chapter":"1 (Jvara Nidāna)","verse":"11","establishes":"Charaka gives no definition, only three synonyms declared anarthāntara: samprāpti, jāti, āgati. Both alternatives are words of coming-into-being and arrival, which is the whole of the classical semantic content at this point. Retrieved and string-matched by me.","quote":"सम्प्राप्तिर्जातिरागतिरित्यनर्थान्तरं व्याधेः||११||","translator":"none (Sanskrit mūla)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Jwara_Nidana","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Nidāna Sthāna","chapter":"1 (Jvara Nidāna)","verse":"12","establishes":"SIX bheda in the Sanskrit compound: saṅkhyā, prādhānya, vidhi, vikalpa, bala, kāla. The retrieved page's own English renders these as five by fusing the last two into 'bala-kala vishesha', which is a live translation disagreement visible within a single source. The page then supplies worked examples at 12.1 (eight jvara, five gulma, seven kuṣṭha for saṅkhyā).","quote":"सा सङ्ख्याप्राधान्यविधिविकल्पबलकालविशेषैर्भिद्यते|१२|","translator":"none (Sanskrit mūla)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Jwara_Nidana","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Nidāna Sthāna","chapter":"1 (Jvara Nidāna)","verse":"11-12 (numbered 5 and 6 in Kaviratna's edition)","establishes":"Public-domain English for both verses, and it preserves SIX considerations. Note his rendering of vikalpa as 'solution of doubt', which is unlike the modern 'fractional predominance of dosha attributes'. The stray '1' before agati and the ']' in 'strength](or intensity)' are scan artifacts, preserved verbatim. Retrieved and string-matched by me.","quote":"Samprapti, ' jati', and 1 agati' of disease, are words of the same import 'Samprapti' is distinguished by these considerations, viz., number (or enumeration), predominance, kind (or order), solution of doubt, strength](or intensity), and Time.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"21 (running head 'Chap, xxi.] SUTRASTHANAM')","verse":"authoritative verse, not numbered in Bhishagratna's edition","establishes":"THE SIX KRIYĀKĀLA IN A LAWFULLY QUOTABLE ENGLISH TRANSLATION, naming all six with their Sanskrit: sañcaya, prakopa, prasara, sthāna-saṃśraya, vyakti, bheda. This is what modern writing usually means by 'samprāpti as six stages', but it is Sushruta's kriyākāla, a separate doctrine, and Sushruta does not call it samprāpti here. 'Sth3na' and the unclosed parentheses are OCR artifacts, preserved verbatim. Retrieved and string-matched by me.","quote":"The physician, who fully knows about the accumula- tion (Sanchaya), disturbance or aggravation (Prakopa , expansion (Prasaram), and differentiating traits of the deranged humours (Bheda), and is well conversant with the specific localities in which they are respectively confined in the course of their expansion (Sth3na- samshrayam), and with the symptoms which they respec- tively exhibit in connection with the incidental disease (Vyakti), is alone worthy of that epithet.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/b24758619_0001/b24758619_0001_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Ashtanga Hridaya","sthana":"Nidāna Sthāna","chapter":"1 (Sarvaroga Nidāna)","verse":"8, with subtypes at 9-11","establishes":"Vagbhata DOES define it where Charaka only gives synonyms: the nirvṛtti of the disease by the vitiated dosha as they circulate. And his subtypes number FIVE, not six, saṅkhyā, vikalpa, prādhānya, bala, kāla, omitting Charaka's vidhi. Devanagari mūla and verse numbers sighted on the retrieved page; not quoted per the rule for this text.","quote":null,"translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/2024/03/14/sarvaroga-nidana-general-disease-diagnosis-ashtanga-hridaya-nidanasthana-1/","checked":"address only, nothing quoted to check"},{"text":"Madhava Nidana","sthana":null,"chapter":"1 (Pañca Nidāna Lakṣaṇa)","verse":"10, with subtypes at 11-13","establishes":"Madhavakara follows Vagbhata's five subtypes, again without vidhi. So the count is six in Charaka and five in both Vagbhata and Madhavakara, while WHO codes six. Verse numbers from the modern English rendering on the retrieved page.","quote":null,"translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/2023/03/22/pancha-nidana-madhava-nidana-1/","checked":"address only, nothing quoted to check"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"ṣaṭ-kriyākāla","why":"THE CENTRAL CONFUSION, and WHO's own ITA-4.5.16 description commits it by saying samprāpti is 'classified into six stages'. Samprāpti is Charaka's member of the pentad, subdivided at Ni. 1.12 into six ASPECTS (number, predominance, kind, and so on). Kriyākāla is Sushruta's six-stage temporal sequence (sañcaya to bheda), quoted here from Bhishagratna. Different texts, different doctrines, different sixes. Modern writing routinely presents the kriyākāla stages AS the content of samprāpti."},{"term":"nidāna","why":"Cause versus process. WHO separates them into chapter 4.4 and chapter 4.5."},{"term":"samprāpti-ghaṭaka","why":"A modern analytic breakdown into named participant slots (dosha, dūṣya, srotas, agni, and so on). Not classical, and WHO has no entry for it. See that record."},{"term":"samprāpti-bheda","why":"The six aspects at Ca. Ni. 1.12, coded by WHO at ITA-4.5.18-4.5.23. Dimensions along which a samprāpti varies, not components of it and not stages in it."},{"term":"jāti and āgati","why":"Declared synonyms at Ni. 1.11 and coded under the same WHO ID, but Kaviratna's footnote treats them as differently-angled: jāti as birth, āgati as coming-in versus going-out. Recording them as bare synonyms loses that."},{"term":"pathogenesis (biomedical)","why":"The standard rendering, and it carries a mechanistic commitment the Sanskrit does not. Samprāpti as classically divided is about counting subtypes, judging dominance and timing severity, closer to a structured characterisation of a disease episode than to a causal mechanism."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"the six stages of disease","why":"Conflates samprāpti with ṣaṭ-kriyākāla. WHO's ITA-4.5.16 description makes exactly this error, which means the error now has standards-body authority."},{"rendering":"pathophysiology","why":"Implies a physiological mechanism specified at the level of function. Ca. Ni. 1.12's six divisions specify no mechanism at all."},{"rendering":"etiopathogenesis","why":"Folds nidāna back into samprāpti. The pentad separates them deliberately."},{"rendering":"disease progression","why":"Captures the kriyākāla sense and loses the bheda sense entirely, including saṅkhyā (how many types) and vidhi (curable, difficult, incurable), neither of which is about progression."},{"rendering":"ascertainment of the strength or otherwise of the disease","why":"Kaviratna's own gloss, recorded above as a rendering because it is public-domain and historically interesting, but it is wrong: it promotes one of six divisions (bala) into the meaning of the whole."}],"openQuestions":["Whether the six-versus-five subtype count is a genuine doctrinal difference or a textual variant. Charaka's compound at Ni. 1.12 contains vidhi; the Ashtanga Hridaya and Madhava Nidana lists as rendered on the retrieved pages do not. Someone with the Sanskrit of AH Ni. 1.9 should confirm.","Why the retrieved carakasamhitaonline English fuses bala and kāla into one item when its own Sanskrit gives six. Possibly following a commentary. Worth checking Chakrapani.","Whether any paper proposes a measurable correlate for any stage of kriyākāla. Across the three papers recorded here, none does; all three propose future work. PubMed returns 15 records for 'samprapti' and I read the abstracts of the three most relevant.","Whether WHO's ITA-4.5.17 blank description is an error or intentional."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/samprapti/","canary":"acf1c4c70ff0576c"},{"slug":"samprapti-ghataka","page":"/lexicon/samprapti-ghataka/","iast":"samprāpti-ghaṭaka","devanagari":null,"alternates":["samprāptighaṭaka","samprapti ghatak","samprapthi ghataka","vyādhi-ghaṭaka"],"category":"nidana","family":"disease","renderings":[{"english":"not covered","sourceName":"WHO international standard terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standards body","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"NEGATIVE FINDING, verified by me against the extracted full text of the 608-page PDF: neither 'ghataka' nor 'ghaṭaka' appears anywhere in the document. WHO codes samprāpti (ITA-4.5.16) and its six bheda (ITA-4.5.18 to 4.5.23) but has no entry for the components construct. Anyone crosswalking Ayurvedic case records to WHO terminology will find no target for this field.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true},{"english":"Stages of disease manifestation and management","sourceName":"WHO international standard terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standards body","locator":"ITA-4.6.6","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Recorded because although WHO has no entry for the compound, it does code several items that appear as slots in the modern list. Description: 'A comprehensive term for the six prominent stages in disease management indicating the stepwise progression of its pathogenesis.' Kriyākāla is routinely listed as one of the ghaṭaka in case write-ups.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Stage of a dosha localizing outside its location","sourceName":"WHO international standard terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standards body","locator":"ITA-4.6.10","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Component-level coverage: the adhiṣṭhāna / sthāna-saṃśraya element of a written samprāpti has a WHO code even though the parent construct does not.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Samprapti Ghataka","sourceName":"Raval HN, Thakar AB, Ayu 2012 (PMID 23049187)","sourceKind":"peer-reviewed journal","locator":null,"locatorWithheld":"\"Raval HN, Thakar AB, Ayu 2012 (PMID 23049187)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","verbatim":true,"assessment":"The ONLY PubMed-indexed use of the term I found, and it is used without definition, as assumed shared vocabulary. That is itself the most informative datum in this record.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Raval HN, Thakar AB, Ayu 2012 (PMID 23049187)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"not covered","sourceName":"ICD-11 Traditional Medicine Module 2","sourceKind":"classification","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"NEGATIVE, AND ONLY STRUCTURALLY ARGUED. TM2 codes Traditional Medicine Disorders and Patterns; a documentation template is neither. I could not query the browser: search URLs returned 404 and the browse root redirects.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"samprāpti","why":"Samprāpti is the process. Samprāpti-ghaṭaka is an analytic breakdown of it into named slots to be filled in. The ghaṭaka format is how a samprāpti is WRITTEN UP in modern case documentation and dissertations; it is not a second process."},{"term":"samprāpti-bheda","why":"The genuinely classical subdivision (Ca. Ni. 1.12: saṅkhyā, prādhānya, vidhi, vikalpa, bala, kāla, which I verified in the Sanskrit; WHO codes six at ITA-4.5.18-4.5.23). Those are dimensions along which a samprāpti varies. The ghaṭaka are the anatomical and physiological participants. Completely different lists, routinely confused because both are 'the parts of samprāpti'."},{"term":"nidāna / hetu","why":"The ghaṭaka list describes what is involved INSIDE the pathological process. The causes that set it going are nidāna and sit outside the list."},{"term":"ṣaṭ-kriyākāla","why":"A staging sequence, quotable from Bhishagratna's Sūtra 21. Kriyākāla is often listed AS ONE of the ghaṭaka slots, which makes the two easy to conflate; the ghaṭaka set is larger and is not temporally ordered."},{"term":"dūṣya","why":"One component of the list, not the list. WHO codes dūṣya independently."},{"term":"srotas / sroto-duṣṭi-prakāra","why":"Two separate slots in most component lists, the channel involved, and the manner of its vitiation. Frequently collapsed into one in write-ups."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"pathogenic factors","why":"Reads ghaṭaka as causal agents. They are participants in the pathology, not its causes; the causes are nidāna."},{"rendering":"components of pathogenesis","why":"The usual rendering and defensible, but it obscures that these are documentation slots in a modern template rather than a classical enumeration. A lexicon should say which it is."},{"rendering":"pathophysiological mechanism","why":"A ghaṭaka list names the participants; it does not by itself state a mechanism connecting them."},{"rendering":"disease components","why":"Too vague; loses the specific reference to the samprāpti process."}],"openQuestions":["Does the compound samprāpti-ghaṭaka occur in ANY classical or commentarial Sanskrit text? I could not find it, and my search was not exhaustive: I checked Charaka Nidana Sthana 1 and Vimana 8 (Sanskrit, retrieved and searched), Bhishagratna's Sushruta Sutrasthana volume (full-text search of the OCR), the full WHO 2022 terminology PDF (full-text search of the extraction), and general web search. I did NOT search a Sanskrit corpus such as GRETIL, and did not check Chakrapani, Madhukosha, Dalhana, Sharngadhara or Bhavaprakasha. The correct statement is 'not found', not 'does not exist'.","Which modern author first codified the list. The likeliest candidates are the mid-20th-century Roga Nidana / Vyadhi Vinishchaya teaching texts used in Indian BAMS and MD(Ay) curricula. A human should check Yogesh Chandra Mishra's and Ajay Kumar Sharma's Roga Nidana textbooks and the CCIM syllabus for Roga Nidana evam Vikriti Vigyana.","How many slots the canonical list has, and whether it is stable. Component sets I encountered in secondary sources ran to roughly ten items (doṣa, dūṣya, srotas, sroto-duṣṭi-prakāra, agni, ama, udbhava-sthāna, sañcāra-sthāna, vyakta-sthāna, roga-mārga, sometimes svabhāva and sādhya-asādhyatā), but I verified no single authoritative enumeration from a primary source and so record none here.","Whether NAMASTE codes the construct. namaste.ayush.gov.in answers at the root but its terminologies path 302-redirects and the machine-readable data was not reachable.","Devanagari is left empty deliberately: I did not sight सम्प्राप्तिघटक in any retrieved Sanskrit source."],"citationsChecked":null,"source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/samprapti-ghataka/","canary":"6990a819c505dfb4"},{"slug":"samsarjana-krama","page":"/lexicon/samsarjana-krama/","iast":"saṁsarjana-krama","devanagari":"संसर्जनक्रम","alternates":["saṁsarjanakramaḥ","samsarjana karma (common misspelling)","sansarjana krama","peyādi krama"],"category":"chikitsa","family":"clinic","renderings":[{"english":"Posttherapy dietary regimen for revival of digestion","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator-standard","locator":"ITA-9.2.110","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO treats it as a sub-item of cleansing therapy, adjacent to paścātkarma.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Rehabilitation diet after purification; 'Sansarjana karma (rehabilitation diet)'","sourceName":"carakasamhitaonline.com (Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre, 2020), Upakalpaniya Adhyaya section heading 2.13","sourceKind":"modern-translation (in copyright; term rendering only)","locator":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Upakalpaniya_Adhyaya","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Note the site writes 'karma' for 'krama' in its heading; the Sanskrit in verse 25 reads saṁsarjanakramaḥ.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"carakasamhitaonline.com (Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre, 2020), Upakalpaniya Adhyaya section heading 2.13\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"[no term; describes the regimen as successive 'acts of eating'] and in the chapter summary 'what the order is in which the corrective medicines should be administered'","sourceName":"Kaviratna, Charaka Samhita, Sutrasthana Lesson XV","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"archive.org OCR; his printed number 18 for the diet passage (standard Su. 15.16)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna does not transliterate the term; whether his summary phrase renders 'yaśca saṁsarjanakramaḥ' (Su. 15.25) is plausible but not established.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":null,"englishWithheld":"this project has not cleared that source for quotation","sourceName":"Mukta et al., J Ayurveda Integr Med 2021 (PMID 33648827) abstract","sourceKind":"peer-reviewed-usage","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":"Typical modern operational gloss.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Mukta et al., J Ayurveda Integr Med 2021 (PMID 33648827) abstract\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"graduated diet / post-panchakarma diet","sourceName":"Common textbook / web usage","sourceKind":"textbook-usage","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"Not traced to a quotable edition.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"15 (Upakalpanīya)","verse":"25 (carakasamhitaonline, Trikamji numbering; summary verse)","establishes":"The compound saṁsarjanakrama occurs in Charaka's own chapter summary; verifies Devanagari and the 'krama' (not 'karma') spelling.","quote":"यश्च संसर्जनक्रमः","translator":"Sanskrit text","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Upakalpaniya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"15","verse":"16 (carakasamhitaonline, Trikamji numbering; prose). Kaviratna prints 18 after his rendering of this passage. Both recorded; no conversion.","establishes":"Start of the post-vamana diet prescription (peyā from old red śāli rice); the full prose unit continues through the twelfth meal.","quote":"athainaṁ sāyāhnē parē vā'hni sukhōdakapariṣiktaṁ purāṇānāṁ lōhitaśālitaṇḍulānāṁ...","translator":"Sanskrit text (IAST as displayed; opening fragment only)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Upakalpaniya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"Lesson XV (Upakalpaniyam)","verse":"Kaviratna's printed 18 (standard 16)","establishes":"Kaviratna's rendering of the graduated diet: thin gruel for meals 1-3, thicker preparation for 4-6, then mudga gruel, then meat soup with rice from the tenth meal, a week of the same, then normal diet.","quote":"The patient should then, in the evening of that day, or on the next day, be caused to bathe in lukewarm water. Take then a little quantity of red Cali rice, boil it in water and make a manda of it. The Liquid portion that is to be obtained after the manda has settled down is the gruel that should be administered, while still agreeably warm, to the patient. Marking the strength of his appetite, similar food should be administered to him when the time comes for his second as also his thrid act of eating. When the time comes for the fourth act of eating, similar kind of Cali rice should be taken and boiling it well into a jelly-like substance, mixing it with warm water, and without using any ghee or salt, or using a very little of either, it should be administered to him. [...] On the expiry of a week, however, the patient may betake himself to his usual regimen.18","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (OCR text; 'Cali' = śāli, 'thrid' is an OCR/print error)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Siddhisthana","chapter":"1 (Kalpanā Siddhi)","verse":"11-12½ as displayed on carakasamhitaonline ('[11-11½]' for the peyā-vilepī sequence, '[12-12½]' for the fire simile)","establishes":"The simile of agni after śodhana as a small fire kindled gradually with grass and cow-dung, the rationale for the graduated diet.","quote":"yathā'ṇuragnistr̥ṇagōmayādyaiḥ sandhukṣyamāṇō bhavati kramēṇa","translator":"Sanskrit text (IAST fragment as displayed)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Kalpana_Siddhi","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"paścātkarma","why":"The whole post-procedure phase; saṁsarjana krama is its dietary component (WHO lists them as ITA-9.2.109 and 9.2.110)."},{"term":"parihāra kāla","why":"Period of restrictions after śodhana (WHO ITA-9.2.111); concerns conduct, not diet sequence."},{"term":"laṅghana / upavāsa","why":"Reduction and fasting; saṁsarjana is graded re-feeding, the opposite movement."},{"term":"peyā, vilepī, yūṣa, māṁsarasa","why":"The individual stages; often cited as if any one of them were the krama."},{"term":"saṁsarjana karma","why":"Spelling error that changes the meaning: krama = sequence/order; karma = action. Charaka Su. 15.25 reads kramaḥ."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"detox diet","why":"The regimen follows detoxifying procedures and aims to rebuild agni; it is not itself a cleansing diet."},{"rendering":"post-panchakarma fasting","why":"It is scheduled feeding from the first evening, not fasting."},{"rendering":"rehabilitation diet (unqualified)","why":"Acceptable shorthand but loses the defining idea of graded sequence (krama) and the agni rationale."}],"openQuestions":["Confirm Kaviratna's verse 22 footnote location and the standard number of his '22'.","Whether Sushruta describes an equivalent regimen (easyayurveda search results mention Sushruta's version); not verified in Bhishagratna.","Full Sanskrit of Charaka Su. 15.16 should be read in a numbered Sanskrit edition; only the opening clause was captured."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/samsarjana-krama/","canary":"0c244f18bfbd3b5a"},{"slug":"samskara","page":"/lexicon/samskara/","iast":"saṁskāra","devanagari":"संस्कार","alternates":["saṃskāra","samskara","sanskara","sanskar","karana (करण, Ca.Vi.1 synonym)","gunantaradhana / guṇāntarādhāna (the definition)"],"category":"dravyaguna-3","family":"pharmacology","renderings":[{"english":"Alteration of properties","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022), PDF mirror","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"ITA-1.9.4.4.10 description","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Pharmaceutical sense.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Medical sociospiritual rituals, ceremonies","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"ITA-9.4.24 description","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO carries both senses as separate headwords (note the IAST inconsistency saṃskāraḥ / saṁskāraḥ between the two).","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Sanskara; 'the production of other attributes by admixture'","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. A. C. Kaviratna, public domain","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Su.26 his 46 (list) and his 49 (definition)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"'by admixture' is not in the Sanskrit of Su.26.34 (संस्कारः करणं मतम्); Kaviratna imports the Vi.1.22 gloss and adds a mechanism.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"Karana (Transmutation); 'transmutation or improvement of the products of Nature'; 'the super-inducing of other attributes'","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. A. C. Kaviratna, public domain","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Vi.1 (standard 1.21-22); his footnote: 'By 'sanskara' is meant improvement of a natural product, i. e., the super-inducing of some attribute that does not belong to it in a natural state.' (translator's note)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"'Transmutation' is alchemical English; 'super-inducing of other attributes' is a close calque of guṇāntarādhāna.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"correction or improvement","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. A. C. Kaviratna, public domain (translator's notes)","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"footnotes at OCR lines 25547 ('Samskara' (correction or improvement) to which oil is...) and 63415 ('is called 'samskara' or correction')","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Translator's glosses, not text.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"preparations (Sanskara)","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita tr. K. L. Bhishagratna, public domain, via wisdomlib","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Su.Su.46: 'The maturity, preparations (Sanskara), and measures of corn from Shali rice to mustard seeds described in the present Chapter are as follows'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Culinary/pharmaceutical sense.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"processing (Sanskar Viruddha, processing incompatibility)","sourceName":"Sabnis, AYU 2012 (PMID 23723637)","sourceKind":"modern literature","locator":"abstract/table","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Standard modern research rendering.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Sabnis, AYU 2012 (PMID 23723637)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"\"Sabnis, AYU 2012 (PMID 23723637)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation"},{"english":"processing (karana)","sourceName":"carakasamhitaonline.com translation of Vi.1.21 (CC BY-NC-SA, in copyright)","sourceKind":"modern edition","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":"Recorded as a rendering only; the translation cannot be reused.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"carakasamhitaonline.com translation of Vi.1.21 (CC BY-NC-SA, in copyright)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"\"carakasamhitaonline.com translation of Vi.1.21 (CC BY-NC-SA, in copyright)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation"}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"Standard 1.21 (list) and 1.22 (definition); Kaviratna's printed numbers are OCR-damaged in the retrieved scan (prakriti clause prints 17)","establishes":"The canonical definition: karaṇa = abhisaṁskāra of natural substances; saṁskāra = guṇāntarādhāna (conferring other qualities), achieved by water, fire, cleansing, churning, place, time, perfuming, impregnation, duration, vessel. Sanskrit as retrieved: करणं पुनः स्वाभाविकानां द्रव्याणामभिसंस्कारः| संस्कारो हि गुणान्तराधानमुच्यते|| (within ||२२||, https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Rasa_Vimana). The eightfold list is 1.21: प्रकृतिकरणसंयोगराशिदेशकालोपयोगसंस्थोपयोक्त्रष्टमानि.","quote":"That, again, is called Karana which is a transmutation or improvement of the products of Nature. Verily, the super-inducing of other attributes is said to be Transmutation or Improvement. Those attributes are induced by the refinement brought about by contact with water and fire, by churning, by (virtue of) place and time, and perfuming, steeping, &c, as also by excellence through length of time, and (use of different kinds of) vessels and the rest.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"26","verse":"Standard 26.29-30 (list) and 26.34 (definition); Kaviratna prints 44-45 after the list paragraph (printed p. 305) and 49 after the Parimāna/Saṁskāra/Abhyāsa block (printed p. 306), Lesson XXVI. His 46 belongs to the Yukti definition, not to the list.","establishes":"Kaviratna's English for two things: (a) Charaka's list of the ten parādi guṇas (Su 26.29-30), in which 'Sanskara' is ninth, and (b) the one-line definition of saṁskāra in Su 26.34, whose Sanskrit is only संस्कारः करणं मतम् ('saṁskāra is held to be karaṇa, processing'). Membership in the parādi list rests on sentence (a), not on the definition. In (b), 'production of other attributes' follows the Vi.1.22 gloss and 'by admixture' is Kaviratna's own addition: it is his word for saṁyoga in the neighbouring definition ('Admixture or combination is Samyoga') and is not in the Sanskrit of 26.34.","quote":"They are Paratwa, Aparatwa, Yukti, Sankhyā, Samyoga, Vibhāga, Prithaktwa, Parimāna, Sanskāra, and Abhyāsa. These are regarded as means for the success of treatment. ... Samskāra is the production of other attributes by admixture.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/details/BIUSante_47357","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"karaṇa","why":"Ca.Vi.1.22 uses karaṇa as the āyatana and saṁskāra as its definition; Ca.Su.26.34 reverses the direction (saṁskāraḥ karaṇaṁ matam). The two are near-synonyms in Charaka, not two steps."},{"term":"saṁyoga","why":"Combination of two or more substances (Ca.Vi.1.22); saṁskāra changes one substance's qualities. Kaviratna's 'by admixture' blurs this line."},{"term":"śodhana","why":"Purification of a toxic drug is one kind of saṁskāra (modern literature: Datura, aconite, Nerium), not the whole concept."},{"term":"saṁskāra (rites of passage; jātakarma etc.)","why":"WHO ITA-9.4.24 and following; a social-ritual sense that shares the word."},{"term":"saṁskāra (mental impressions, 'tendencies')","why":"Kaviratna's note (OCR line 46592) glosses 'Samskaras in this life, meaning tendencies or inclinations', the yoga/darshana sense."},{"term":"bhāvanā","why":"Impregnation/levigation; listed in Ca.Vi.1.22 as one of the means by which saṁskāra works, not a synonym."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"purification","why":"Narrows saṁskāra to śodhana; the Vi.1.22 list includes cooking, churning, ageing, perfuming and vessel effects, which purify nothing."},{"rendering":"Transmutation","why":"Kaviratna's word; carries alchemical connotations of changing substance, whereas the text says only that qualities are conferred (guṇāntarādhāna)."},{"rendering":"production of other attributes by admixture","why":"Kaviratna at Su.26 his 49; 'by admixture' is absent from the Sanskrit and collapses saṁskāra into saṁyoga."}],"openQuestions":["Kaviratna's exact printed numbers in Vi.1 (OCR shows 'fls', '17', '1**', 't^'); a human should read the scan page 454-455.","Whether the parādi list in Su.26 is a later interpolation relative to Vi.1 (not investigated)."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/samskara/","canary":"790f85461327298b"},{"slug":"samyoga","page":"/lexicon/samyoga/","iast":"saṁyoga","devanagari":"संयोग","alternates":["saṃyoga","samyoga","sanyoga","saṁyoga viruddha (the incompatibility type)"],"category":"dravyaguna-3","family":"pharmacology","renderings":[{"english":"Combination","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022), PDF mirror","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"ITA-1.9.4.4.5 description","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Follows Ca.Vi.1.22 closely.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Artificial poison (kṛtrimaviṣam / saṁyogajaviṣam)","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"ITA-9.7.13 description","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Compound use; shows saṁyoga = combination in toxicology.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Admixture or combination; 'the state of union of two or more articles'","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. A. C. Kaviratna, public domain","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Su.26 his 47 'Admixture or combination is Samyoga'; Vi.1 'Samyoga is the state of union of two or more articles'; Vi.1 list 'Samyoga (combination)'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Stable. His Vi.1 footnote warns the English equivalents 'are not to be taken as exact renderings'.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"union","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. A. C. Kaviratna, public domain (translator's note)","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"footnote at OCR line 42422: 'is not 'samyoga' or union. It is only 'sannikarsha''","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Translator's note distinguishing saṁyoga from mere proximity (sannikarṣa).","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"combination (Samyoga Viruddha, combination incompatibility)","sourceName":"Sabnis, AYU 2012 (PMID 23723637); Sirdeshpande & Kashikar, AYU 2017 (PMID 30254386)","sourceKind":"modern literature","locator":"titles and abstracts","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Uniform in the research literature.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Sabnis, AYU 2012 (PMID 23723637); Sirdeshpande & Kashikar, AYU 2017 (PMID 30254386)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"combination","sourceName":"carakasamhitaonline.com translation of Vi.1.21-22 (CC BY-NC-SA, in copyright)","sourceKind":"modern edition","locator":null,"locatorWithheld":"\"carakasamhitaonline.com translation of Vi.1.21-22 (CC BY-NC-SA, in copyright)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Recorded as a rendering only.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"carakasamhitaonline.com translation of Vi.1.21-22 (CC BY-NC-SA, in copyright)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"Standard 1.22 (saṁyoga clause); Kaviratna's printed number OCR-damaged ('t^')","establishes":"Definition (saṁhatībhāva of two or more dravyas) plus the doctrine that combination produces a viśeṣa the components lack, with the honey-ghee and honey-fish-milk examples. Sanskrit as retrieved: संयोगः पुनर्द्वयोर्बहूनां वा द्रव्याणां संहतीभावः|| (within ||२२||, https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Rasa_Vimana). The examples' Sanskrit was not.","quote":"Samyoga is the state of union of two or more articles. This produces especial consequences which the articles, existing separately, do not produce. As examples may be cited the union of honey and ghee, or of honey, fish, and milk.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"26","verse":"Standard 26.32; Kaviratna prints 47","establishes":"Saṁyoga as a parādi guṇa, threefold (dvandva-, sarva-, eka-karmaja) and anitya (impermanent). Sanskrit as retrieved: सङ्ख्या स्याद्गणितं, योगः सह संयोग उच्यते| द्रव्याणां द्वन्द्वसर्वैककर्मजोऽनित्य एव च||३२|| (https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Atreyabhadrakapyiya_Adhyaya). Kaviratna's 'hostile' for dvandva and 'operation or effects' for karma are interpretive.","quote":"Admixture or combination is Samyoga. Samyoga may be of three kinds : the combination which arises from the union of the operation or effects of two hostile objects ; that which arises from the union of the operation or effects of many objects ; and that which arises from the union of the operation or effects of two separate objects (not particularly related to each other). Such combinations are not enduring.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"saṁskāra","why":"Processing of one substance vs combination of several (both are Vi.1 āyatanas and parādi guṇas)."},{"term":"sannikarṣa","why":"Mere proximity/contact; Kaviratna's note at OCR line 42422 says a case 'is not samyoga or union. It is only sannikarsha'."},{"term":"samavāya (inherence)","why":"WHO ITA-1.9.6.1 'Inherence ... an intimate and constant relation'; saṁyoga is by definition anitya (Ca.Su.26.32)."},{"term":"saṁyoga viruddha","why":"The harmful subtype in viruddha-āhāra doctrine; saṁyoga itself is neutral and can be beneficial (honey + ghee in unequal measure)."},{"term":"yoga / ayoga / atiyoga / mithyāyoga","why":"Kaviratna's note (OCR 44337-44339) on 'ashtmyarthasamyogah' shows saṁyoga also means sense-object contact in the trividha-hetu context (asātmyendriyārtha-saṁyoga)."},{"term":"vibhāga","why":"Division/disjunction, its listed counterpart in the parādi series (Ca.Su.26.33)."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"synergy","why":"Modern pharmacology term; Ca.Vi.1.22 says only that combination yields a viśeṣa, which may be harmful (fish + milk) as well as helpful."},{"rendering":"mixture","why":"Suggests a physical blend; saṁyoga covers co-ingestion and sense-object contact too (asātmyendriyārtha-saṁyoga)."},{"rendering":"hostile objects (for dvandva)","why":"Kaviratna at Su.26 his 47; dvandva is 'pair', not 'enemies'."}],"openQuestions":["Retrieve the Sanskrit of the honey-ghee and honey-fish-milk examples in Vi.1.22.","Kaviratna's printed verse numbers in Vi.1 need reading from the scan."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/samyoga/","canary":"4339219cb5eb86e1"},{"slug":"sanchaya","page":"/lexicon/sanchaya/","iast":"sañcaya","devanagari":"सञ्चय","alternates":["saṃcaya","संचय","caya","चय","chaya","sanchaya"],"category":"kriyakala","family":"disease","renderings":[{"english":"Stage of a dosha increasing in its own location","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","sourceKind":"who-ista","locator":"ITA-4.6.7","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO description, verbatim: 'The first stage of disease manifestation, when dosha increases in its own place or site.' Re-read from the PDF. WHO avoids the word 'accumulation' in the term name and puts the location constraint into the name itself.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Accumulation of vata / Accumulation of pitta / Accumulation of kapha","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","sourceKind":"who-ista","locator":"ITA-5.2.1.1","verbatim":true,"assessment":"All three re-read. Significant: in chapter 5 the dosha-specific sañcaya entries are classified as DISORDERS with symptom lists (kapha: 'A disorder characterized by heaviness; lethargy'; vata: 'impaired movements of vata in the gastrointestinal tract, reduced gastrointestinal motility; stagnated bowel movements; abdominal fullness'; pitta: 'yellowishness of body, hypothermia or mild warmth'), while ITA-4.6.7 treats sañcaya as a stage. WHO therefore renders the same Sanskrit word two different ways in two chapters.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"accumulation (Sancaya)","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, tr. Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907)","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"Sutrasthana ch. XXI, summary verse","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Bhishagratna's parenthetical gloss in the summary verse. In the prose he uses 'accumulated' / 'accumulation' and the phrase 'peculiar to their accumulation'.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":null,"englishWithheld":"this project has not cleared that source for quotation","sourceName":"easyayurveda.com (Dr Raghuram Y.S. / Dr J.V. Hebbar)","sourceKind":"practitioner-reference","locator":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/2016/06/13/shat-kriya-kala-stage-wise-disease-management/","verbatim":true,"assessment":"String-matched on the retrieved page, now with the page's curly apostrophe rather than the straight one an earlier draft used. Typical BAMS-textbook rendering; treats Sanchaya and Chaya as synonyms.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"easyayurveda.com (Dr Raghuram Y.S. / Dr J.V. Hebbar)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"accumulation","sourceName":"siva.sh (machine-generated English layer)","sourceKind":"machine-translation","locator":"https://www.siva.sh/sushruta-samhita/sutra-sthana/21/36","verbatim":true,"assessment":"LOW AUTHORITY. Recorded only because the same page's Sanskrit was used; siva.sh's English and Hindi layers are AI-generated and demonstrably unreliable, see the vyakti record for a documented failure.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"a machine-generated English layer","downloadable":false}],"classical":[{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"21","verse":"18","establishes":"Defines sañcaya as doshas accumulating IN THEIR OWN SEATS (doṣasthānāni), lists its signs, and marks it the first kriyākāla. Also attests the variant चय (caya) inside the compound चयकारणविद्वेष, aversion to the causes of accumulation.","quote":"एतानि खलु दोषस्थानानि; एषु सञ्चीयन्ते [१३] दोषाः । प्राक् सञ्चयहेतुरुक्तः । तत्र सञ्चितानां खलु दोषाणां स्तब्धपूर्णकोष्ठता पीतावभासता मन्दोष्मता चाङ्गानां गौरवमालस्यं चयकारणविद्वेषश्चेति लिङ्गानि भवन्ति । तत्र प्रथमः क्रियाकालः ॥१८॥","translator":null,"licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.siva.sh/sushruta-samhita/sutra-sthana/21/18","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"21","verse":"18","establishes":"Bhishagratna's English for the sañcaya passage, including the unmatched parentheses that are in the retrieved text. Verse number assigned by content match to the Sanskrit; not printed on the page.","quote":"These are the locations of the deranged humours, which are respectively accumulated in them on account of the aforesaid causes. The deranged humours exhibit such symptoms as, fullness and stuffedness of the abdomen, or of any of the viscera (due to the action of the deranged Vayu); yellowness of the affected part (due to the action of the deranged Pitta, and diminution of the bodily heat, heaviness of the limbs, and a sense of languor (due to the action of the diseased Kapha), and a natural repugnance for causes (factors) which lead to their respective aggravations or accumulations. The medical treatment should be commenced as soon as the symptoms, peculiar to their accumulation, would become manifest.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122917.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"21","verse":"37","establishes":"The therapeutic rationale for the stage: doshas removed at sañcaya do not reach the later stages; if they do, they become stronger. This is the verse that makes sañcaya the highest-value intervention window.","quote":"सञ्चयेऽपहृता दोषा लभन्ते नोत्तरा गतीः । ते तूत्तरासु गतिषु भवन्ति बलवत्तराः ॥३७॥","translator":null,"licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.siva.sh/sushruta-samhita/sutra-sthana/21/37","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Chikitsasthana","chapter":"Lesson III (Jwara / Treatment of Fever), as numbered in Kaviratna's translation","verse":"40","establishes":"Charaka uses accumulation-then-provocation as a SEASONAL sequence, not as a six-stage schema. Re-verified: the sentence sits inside LESSON III with the inline aphorism number 40 immediately following, and the boundary 'Thus ends Lesson Third, named Treatment of Fever' is present in the same document. Kaviratna's lesson/verse numbering may not match Chaukhamba editions.","quote":"The  phlegm,  accumulating  in  winter,  becomes  greatly  excited  in  the  season  of  spring  (coming  after  winter).  40","translator":"Kaviraj Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sharirasthana","chapter":"Lesson II ('disparity of race' / Atulyagotriya), as numbered in Kaviratna's translation","verse":"44","establishes":"Charaka prescribes seasonal shodhana aimed precisely at accumulated doshas, the Charaka-side parallel to intervening at sañcaya, but framed by season rather than by stage. The inline number 44 is confirmed adjacent in the retrieved text, and the boundary 'Thus ends the second Lesson, called disparity of race' is present in the same document.","quote":"By 'removing  effectively  and  without  delay,  in  the  spring, the^faults  accumulated  in  winter,  in  the  ante-rainy  season  the faults  accumulated  in  summer,  and  in  the  autumn  the  faults accumulated  in  the  rainy  season,  one  never  gets  the  diseases that  are  especial  to  the  several  seasons.44","translator":"Kaviraj Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"vṛddhi","why":"Vṛddhi is quantitative increase of a dosha or dhatu generally, with no implication about location or about being a stage in a sequence. Sañcaya is specifically increase WITHIN the dosha's own seat, at a stage where it has not yet overflowed. WHO builds the location constraint into its rendering of sañcaya (ITA-4.6.7) but not into vṛddhi."},{"term":"āma","why":"Āma is undigested or immature metabolic residue from impaired agni; WHO gives it its own staging entry at ITA-4.6.2. Sañcaya is dosha piling up in its own seat. They can co-occur but are different entities, and 'accumulation of toxins' silently swaps one for the other."},{"term":"caya","why":"Usually treated as a synonym, Su.Su. 21.18 uses चयकारण- alongside सञ्चीयन्ते, and easyayurveda writes 'Sanchaya or Chaya'. But caya is also the first member of Vagbhata's three-fold caya-kopa-praśama cycle, where it carries seasonal rather than six-stage meaning. Do not assume the two usages are interchangeable without checking context."},{"term":"upacaya","why":"A general word for build-up or development of form; in Charaka's Indriyasthana it appears in the sense of bodily development, not dosha pathology."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"'accumulation of toxins' / 'ama accumulation'","why":"Imports āma, which is a different concept with its own WHO term ID. The mula text says doshas accumulate in their own seats; it says nothing about toxins."},{"rendering":"'stage 1 of disease'","why":"At sañcaya there is no disease. The text gives only non-specific signs (fullness, heaviness, languor, aversion to the causes) and the whole therapeutic point of the stage is that no disease has formed yet."},{"rendering":"'congestion'","why":"Borrows a Western pathological mechanism (vascular engorgement) that the source does not assert."}],"openQuestions":["Whether any modern paper offers operational, measurable criteria for identifying sañcaya in a live patient.","Whether Charaka anywhere uses sañcaya as a named stage rather than as a seasonal descriptor, the Kaviratna volume retrieved does not contain the Sutrasthana or Nidanasthana, so absence there proves nothing.","Whether WHO intends ITA-4.6.7 (stage) and ITA-5.2.x (disorder) to be the same referent under two headings, or two distinct entities."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/sanchaya/","canary":"bd2194a2524c6361"},{"slug":"sandra","page":"/lexicon/sandra/","iast":"sāndra","devanagari":"सान्द्र","alternates":["sandra","sāndraḥ","sandra guna","ghana (घन, often treated as synonym; see distinguishFrom)"],"category":"dravyaguna-3","family":"pharmacology","renderings":[{"english":"Density, viscidity","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022), PDF mirror","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"ITA-1.9.4.2.12 description","verbatim":true,"assessment":"'viscidity' is WHO's addition; the description uses only 'density'.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"thick","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. A. C. Kaviratna, public domain","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Su.26 his 22 (pārthiva dravya list): 'heavy, sharp or pungent, hard, mild, immobile, clear, thick, gross, and possessed of scent'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Positional match to सान्द्र in गुरुखरकठिनमन्दस्थिरविशदसान्द्रस्थूलगन्ध; 'thick' then 'gross' = sāndra then sthūla.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"condensed","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. A. C. Kaviratna, public domain (translator's note on Sāndra-meha)","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"footnote at OCR line 65112: ''Sandra' is condensed, 'prasada,' liquid or watery. Hence, 'sandraprasada' implies...'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Translator's gloss in the prameha context, not a guna definition.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"Compactness","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita tr. K. L. Bhishagratna, public domain (archive.org OCR vol. 1 pp. 568)","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Su.Su.46 guna-karma: 'Compactness is thickening and obstructive.'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Positional match to सान्द्रः स्थूलः स्याद्बन्धकारकः (46.520). 'compact' also appears in his Su.Su.41 pārthiva list ('thick, pithy, compact, dull, immobile, rough, heavy') but there the word-to-word mapping was not established.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"Sandra (dense)","sourceName":"Mithun & Singh, IJHSR 2026 review (DOI 10.52403/ijhsr.20260119)","sourceKind":"modern literature","locator":"'Sandra-Drava","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Textbook rendering.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Mithun & Singh, IJHSR 2026 review (DOI 10.52403/ijhsr.20260119)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"\"Mithun & Singh, IJHSR 2026 review (DOI 10.52403/ijhsr.20260119)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation"},{"english":"thickness","sourceName":"easyayurveda.com Su.Su.46 translation (Hebbar), modern, in copyright","sourceKind":"modern web textbook","locator":null,"locatorWithheld":"\"easyayurveda.com Su.Su.46 translation (Hebbar), modern, in copyright\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Recorded as a rendering only; closest modern gloss to the Sanskrit of 46.520.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"easyayurveda.com Su.Su.46 translation (Hebbar), modern, in copyright\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"26","verse":"Standard 26.11 (pārthiva clause); Kaviratna prints 22","establishes":"Sāndra ('thick') is a quality of earth-dominant substances, whose karma is upacaya, kāṭhinya, gaurava, sthairya. Sanskrit as retrieved: तत्र द्रव्याणि गुरुखरकठिनमन्दस्थिरविशदसान्द्रस्थूलगन्धगुणबहुलानि पार्थिवानि (within ||११||, https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Atreyabhadrakapyiya_Adhyaya). Note Kaviratna's 'sharp or pungent' stands where the Sanskrit has khara (rough).","quote":"Amongst objects those that are principally heavy, sharp or pungent, hard, mild, immobile, clear, thick, gross, and possessed of scent, are regarded as appertaining to Earth. These objects promote the growth, hardness, heaviness, and consistency of the body.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"25","verse":"Standard 25.36 (prose)","establishes":"Charaka's enumeration of the twenty gunas of food, with sāndra paired last against drava.","quote":"विंशतिगुणः, गुरुलघुशीतोष्णस्निग्धरूक्षमन्दतीक्ष्णस्थिरसरमृदुकठिनविशदपिच्छिलश्लक्ष्णखरसूक्ष्मस्थूलसान्द्रद्रवानुगमात्","translator":"none (Sanskrit only; Kaviratna's rendering of this passage not retrieved)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Yajjah_Purushiya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"46","verse":"Sanskrit 46.520 per the numbered text on easyayurveda.com; Bhishagratna prints no verse number (vol. 1 p. 568)","establishes":"Sushruta's karma of sāndra: sthūla-making and bandhakāraka. Sanskrit as retrieved: दशैवान्यान् प्रवक्ष्यामि द्रवादींस्तान्निबोध मे| द्रवः प्रक्लेदनः, सान्द्रः स्थूलः स्याद्बन्धकारकः||५२०|| (https://www.easyayurveda.com/sushruta-samhitha-sutrasthana-46-annapana-vidhi-adhyaya-regimen-of-food-and-drinks/).","quote":"Now hear me describe the other ten properties of matter with their specific actions. Fluidity is moistening. Compactness is thickening and obstructive.","translator":"K. L. Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/englishtranslati01susruoft/englishtranslati01susruoft_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"drava","why":"Paired opposite (Ca.Su.25.36 सान्द्रद्रव; Su.Su.46.520)."},{"term":"ghana","why":"WHO ITA-7.1.11 'ghanaḥ' is a pharmaceutical form (solid extract), not the guna; textbooks sometimes use ghana as a synonym of sāndra."},{"term":"sthūla (gross/bulky)","why":"Adjacent in the pārthiva list and in Kaviratna ('thick, gross'); Su.Su.46.520 says sāndra makes a thing sthūla, so they are cause and effect, not synonyms."},{"term":"picchila (slimy, viscous)","why":"WHO's 'viscidity' for sāndra invites confusion with picchila (WHO 'Sliminess, murkiness')."},{"term":"sāndra-meha / sāndra-prasāda-meha","why":"Prameha subtypes (WHO ITA-5.41.5-6; Kaviratna's note 'Sandra is condensed'); the urine quality, not the drug guna."},{"term":"bahala","why":"In Ca.Su.22.13 the bṛṁhaṇa list has bahala ('dense, abundant') rather than sāndra; Kaviratna renders it 'exceedingly'."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"solid","why":"Sāndra is a quality on a continuum with drava (Ca.Su.25.36), applied to thick liquids such as condensed urine; 'solid' is kaṭhina's territory."},{"rendering":"viscous / viscid","why":"WHO's secondary word; viscosity is closer to picchila. Sushruta defines sāndra by bulk-making and binding, not by flow resistance."}],"openQuestions":["Whether Bhishagratna's 'compact' in Su.Su.41 corresponds to sāndra or ghana in the Sanskrit (word order not checked against a Sanskrit Su.41).","Any measured density/specific-gravity study linking to sāndra (a Zenodo record 11044307 surfaced in search; not retrieved)."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/sandra/","canary":"12e84a1c0d7ebb37"},{"slug":"sanga","page":"/lexicon/sanga/","iast":"saṅga","devanagari":"सङ्ग","alternates":["saṅgaḥ","sanga","sangha (incorrect)","srotoroda / srotorodha (related but distinct, see distinguishFrom)"],"category":"srotas-concept","family":"body","renderings":[{"english":"Body channel dysfunction involving obstruction","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standards-body","locator":"Entry ITA-4.8.6","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO's description is notably richer than the usual textbook one: it explicitly adds the collateral-pathway consequence, which links saṅga causally to vimārgagamana. Worth surfacing, because most textbook treatments present the four signs as unrelated.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"stoppage or attenuation","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (public domain)","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"Vimana Sthana Lesson V, aphorism 31 (= Ca.Vi.5/24)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna's two-word rendering for what the vulgate has as the single word saṅga. 'Attenuation' has no counterpart in the received Sanskrit; see the srotodushti record for the recension issue.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"obstruction in their natural passage","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, tr. Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (public domain)","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"Sutrasthana ch. XXIV, authoritative verse (= Su.Su.24/10), rendering 'yatra saṅgaḥ khavaiguṇyāt'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Bhishagratna folds saṅga and khavaiguṇya together into one phrase, so his English does not separate the two terms. Useful as a public-domain rendering of saṅga, but it cannot be used to gloss khavaiguṇya.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"obstructive pathology occurring in channels","sourceName":"Otta SP et al., J Complement Integr Med 19(1):155-160 (2021)","sourceKind":"modern-journal-case-report","locator":"PMID 33984885","verbatim":true,"assessment":"One of the few PubMed-indexed English glosses of the term.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Otta SP et al., J Complement Integr Med 19(1):155-160 (2021)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"\"Otta SP et al., J Complement Integr Med 19(1):155-160 (2021)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation"},{"english":"Sanga denotes retention or blockage or standing","sourceName":"Sharma S et al., Int. Res. J. Ayurveda & Yoga 6(12):98-102 (2023)","sourceKind":"modern-journal-review","locator":"DOI 10.47223/IRJAY.2023.61218","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Standard textbook rendering. Its worked example is mutrakrichra (dysuria) with dribbling micturition.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"a modern translator, in copyright","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"a modern translator, in copyright"},{"english":"not verified","sourceName":"NAMASTE portal / ICD-11 TM2","sourceKind":"standards-body","locator":"registration wall","verbatim":false,"assessment":"Unretrieved.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimana Sthana","chapter":"5","verse":"24","establishes":"saṅga as the second of the four signs of srotodushti, in the nominative singular saṅgaḥ (sandhi form saṅgo before vā).","quote":"अतिप्रवृत्तिः सङ्गो वा सिराणां ग्रन्थयोऽपि वा| विमार्गगमनं चापि स्रोतसां दुष्टिलक्षणम्||२४||","translator":"none (Sanskrit mula text)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Sroto_Vimana&action=raw","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"24 (Vyadhi-samuddeshiya)","verse":"10","establishes":"The independent Sushrutan locus for saṅga, and the single most important verse in this whole term-set: aggravated doshas coursing through the body produce disease AT THE PLACE WHERE THEY ARE ARRESTED (yatra saṅgaḥ) BECAUSE OF A DEFECT IN THE CHANNEL (khavaiguṇyāt). This verse links saṅga and khavaiguṇya in one sentence and is the only verified mula occurrence of khavaiguṇya I found.","quote":"कुपितानां हि दोषाणां शरीरे परिधावताम् | यत्र सङ्गः खवैगुण्याद्व्याधिस्तत्रोपजायते ||१०||","translator":"none (Sanskrit mula text)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/2023/07/05/sushruta-24-vyadhi-samuddesheeya-adhyaya/","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"24","verse":"10 ('Authoritative verse on the Subject')","establishes":"The lawfully quotable English of Su.Su.24/10. 'Incarcerated' renders saṅgaḥ; 'owing to an obstruction in their natural passage' is his rendering of khavaiguṇyāt, which is a paraphrase rather than a translation of that word.","quote":"The deranged and aggravated humours, freely coursing through the body, give rise to a disease at the place in which they are incarcerated owing to an obstruction in their natural passage.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122921.html","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"srotorodha (स्रोतोरोध)","why":"WHO ISTA ITA-4.8.1 lists srotorodhaḥ as its own entry, 'Obstructive pathology', described as complete or partial obstruction leading to malfunction. saṅga is the sign-name within Charaka's four-fold scheme; srotorodha is the general pathological state. They are used interchangeably in practice and WHO's own descriptions barely differ, which is worth flagging rather than resolving."},{"term":"āvaraṇa (आवरण)","why":"Occlusion of vata's pathway by another dosha or dhatu, a vata-vyadhi mechanism. It is a cause of obstruction from OUTSIDE the channel's contents, whereas saṅga names the arrest of flow itself. Secondary literature routinely lists them side by side as if parallel."},{"term":"grahaṇī / vibandha / anāha","why":"Clinical entities characterised by retention. They are diseases; saṅga is a pathophysiological sign that may underlie several of them."},{"term":"saṅga in its ordinary Sanskrit sense","why":"Outside medicine saṅga means attachment, clinging, association (a central term in the Gita and in Yoga). A naive dictionary lookup will return that sense. The medical sense is 'sticking, arrest, stasis of flow'."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"stagnation","why":"Common and defensible in some contexts but imports a Chinese-medicine flavour (qi/blood stagnation) with different diagnostic criteria and different treatment logic. WHO's 'obstruction with restriction of movement' is more faithful."},{"rendering":"attenuation","why":"Appears in Kaviratna's own rendering but has no counterpart in the received Sanskrit of Ca.Vi.5/24. Attenuation (narrowing/thinning) is close to the opposite of the sirā-granthi sign. Do not carry it forward as a gloss without resolving the recension question."},{"rendering":"constipation","why":"A single clinical instance (purishavaha saṅga), frequently offered as though it were the definition. Saṅga applies to any of the thirteen channels."},{"rendering":"attachment / clinging","why":"The non-medical Sanskrit sense, wrong here."}],"openQuestions":["Whether Charaka or his commentators anywhere distinguish saṅga from srotorodha, or whether srotorodha is a later coinage.","Whether the 'collateral pathway' consequence WHO attaches to saṅga has a classical source or is an editorial gloss.","The Kaviratna 'attenuation' variant, as above."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/sanga/","canary":"a7ad1121425394c9"},{"slug":"saptadhatu","page":"/lexicon/saptadhatu/","iast":"saptadhātu","devanagari":"सप्तधातु","alternates":["sapta dhatu","sapta dhatavah","saptadhātavaḥ","the seven dhatus"],"category":"dhatu","family":"body","renderings":[{"english":"(no headword)","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"searched; the compound saptadhātu is not a headword","verbatim":false,"assessment":"Significant negative finding. WHO ISTA has no entry for the compound. The number is carried inside the definition of dhātuḥ at ITA-2.2.1, whose first sentence begins 'The seven fundamental structural components of the body'. So WHO treats sevenness as part of the definition of dhātu rather than as a term.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true},{"english":"the seven fundamental structural components","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-2.2.1","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Not a headword, a phrase inside a definition. Recorded because it is the nearest thing WHO offers and because the sub-entries ITA-2.2.4 to ITA-2.2.18 are each numbered 'the first/second/.../seventh of the seven fundamental structural components'.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"their seven respective fires / the seven 'dhatus'","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Chikitsasthana XV; Chikitsasthana (phthisis chapter)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna never compounds the term. He writes 'the seven dhatus', and his two parenthetical enumerations of what those seven are do not agree with each other.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"the six remaining fundamental principles of the body","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, tr. Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907-1916)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sutrasthana XIV, rendering Su.Su.14.14","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Bhishagratna counts from rasa outward: rasa plus six others. He too never uses a compound.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"the seven bodily tissues","sourceName":"Common English-language textbook usage","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"The standard modern rendering. Carries the same 'tissue' problem as dhātu itself, plus a count the sources do not consistently support.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true},{"english":"seven metals (saptadhātu in Rasashastra)","sourceName":"Rasashastra usage","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"An entirely separate referent for the same compound: gold, silver, copper, tin, lead, iron and a seventh variously given. WHO ISTA's metals list (7.2.5) covers these individually. Recorded here as a disambiguation, not as a verified WHO rendering of the compound.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Chikitsasthana","chapter":"15","verse":"15","establishes":"The count of seven, tied to seven fires. Also the clearest evidence of translator drift: this parenthetical lists adeps and marrow before bones, while the chain Kaviratna translates two lines later runs flesh-adeps-bone-marrow-seed.","quote":"They who sustain the body, viz., the 'dhatus' (i. e., 'Rasa' or juice, blood, flesh, adeps, marrow, bones, and vital seed), are cooked by their seven respective fires.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita (Sanskrit mula)","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"14","verse":"10","establishes":"The canonical order of the seven in the Sanskrit, with its verse number: rasa, rakta, mamsa, medas, asthi, majja, shukra. This is the single most citable verse for the sequence.","quote":"रसाद्रक्तं ततो मांसं मांसान्मेदः प्रजायते । मेदसोऽस्थि ततो मज्जा मज्ज्ञः शुक्रं तु जायते ॥१०॥","translator":null,"licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.siva.sh/sushruta-samhita/sutra-sthana/14/10","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"14","verse":"corresponds to mula verse 10","establishes":"The lawfully quotable English of the same verse. Note Bhishagratna renders medas as 'fat' and does not name rasa as the first member, beginning instead with 'chyle'.","quote":"The chyle produces blood. From blood is formed flesh. From flesh originates fat which gives rise to bones. From bones originate marrow, which, in its turn, germinates semen.","translator":"Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907-1916)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/b24758619_0001/b24758619_0001_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"28","verse":"not asserted","establishes":"That the count is not uniformly seven. Here Charaka's list runs to eight, closing with ojas. Kaviratna's own footnote at Sutrasthana Lesson XXVII states the order as 'fluids, blood, flesh, fat, bone, marrow, vital seed, and Ojas' - eight again.","quote":"From, however, that juice which springs from food grow the fluids, blood, flesh, fat, bones, marrow, vital seed, and that which has been called Ojas","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Chikitsasthana","chapter":"chapter on phthisis (rajayakshma)","verse":"163 in Kaviratna's marginal numbering","establishes":"A third, internally inconsistent enumeration in the same translation: seven members, but medas is dropped and ojas included. Strong evidence that Kaviratna's parenthetical lists are his own gloss and not reliable as the text's enumeration.","quote":"the seven 'dhatus' (juice, blood, flesh, bones, marrow, semen, and ojas), grow.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"saptadhātu (Rasashastra)","why":"The same compound names the seven medicinal metals. Any index keyed on the Sanskrit will collide. WHO ISTA flags the ambiguity on dhātuḥ but has no entry for the compound at all, in either sense."},{"term":"tridoṣa","why":"Three regulatory factors, not seven structural constituents. Paired with saptadhātu and trimala in the standard triad of body constituents but categorically different."},{"term":"trimala","why":"The three excreta. Formed as the kiṭṭa fraction of dhātu formation, so downstream of the seven rather than parallel to them."},{"term":"pañcamahābhūta","why":"Five ontological elements. The dhātus are said to be pāñcabhautika (made of the five), so the two are levels of description, not alternatives."},{"term":"aṣṭadhātu","why":"The eight-member enumeration that appears when ojas is counted. Attested in Kaviratna's Charaka as quoted above and in Bhishagratna's footnote to Su.Su.14. Modern teaching almost never mentions it."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"the seven tissues","why":"Two problems compounded. 'Tissue' imports histology, and 'seven' is stated as settled when the retrieved public-domain translations give eight at least three times."},{"rendering":"the seven dhatus, as though the compound were a technical term in the samhitas","why":"Searched in full text: the strings 'saptadhatu', 'sapta-dhatu' and 'sapta dhatu' occur zero times across Kaviratna's Charaka and both Bhishagratna Sushruta volumes. The texts say 'seven dhatus'; the compound is later usage. Citing saptadhātu to a samhita verse would be a fabrication."},{"rendering":"the seven metals","why":"Correct for the Rasashastra homonym only."}],"openQuestions":["Where and when the compound saptadhātu first appears as a fixed technical term is not established. It is absent from both public-domain samhita translations; the commentaries and the Laghu Trayi were not searched.","Whether the eight-member lists in Charaka Sutrasthana 28 and the phthisis chapter reflect the mula or Kaviratna's glossing could not be settled without a Sanskrit Charaka. Both possibilities are live and they have different consequences for the lexicon.","Why the phthisis-chapter list omits medas is unexplained by anything retrieved."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/saptadhatu/","canary":"2c28f35517070175"},{"slug":"sara","page":"/lexicon/sara/","iast":"sāra","devanagari":"सार","alternates":["sāraḥ","dhātusāra","saara"],"category":"prakriti","family":"daily-life","renderings":[{"english":"Predominance of a particular fundamental structural component in a person","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-2.8.1.1","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO publishes this headword with an EMPTY description field; the English term is the whole entry. Subordinate entries 2.8.1.2 to 2.8.1.10 all read 'Person with predominance or essence of …'.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"excellence of structural components","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-4.7.5 item 3","verbatim":true,"assessment":"A different and better English: 'excellence' catches the qualitative sense that 'predominance' does not.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false},{"english":"Person with predominance or essence of all seven fundamental structural components","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-2.8.1.10","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO treats sarva-sāra and oja-sāra as synonyms, a merger the retrieved Charaka text does not make.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"predominance of (constituting) element","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Vimanasthana 8, translator's footnote","verbatim":true,"assessment":"His footnote is unusually candid: 'This long periphrasis becomes inconvenient in rendering such short compounds as \"Twak-sara\", \"Rakta-sara,\" &c.'","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"pith","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Vimanasthana 8","verbatim":true,"assessment":"His working solution: 'Twak-sara' becomes 'Skin-pithed' and asāra 'having no pith'. Idiosyncratic but transparent, and it preserves the compound structure.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"Physical temperament (Sara)","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, tr. Bhishagratna (1907-1916)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sutrasthana XXXV","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Bhishagratna reuses 'temperament', the same word he uses for prakṛti, collapsing two of the ten examination items into one English word.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"tissue excellence","sourceName":"Indian Ayurvedic college usage","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"The commonest modern classroom rendering; not a WHO term.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"8","verse":"102","establishes":"Eight sāras in order: tvak, rakta, māṁsa, medas, asthi, majjā, śukra, sattva. The stated purpose is knowing the measure of strength.","quote":"sārataścēti sārāṇyaṣṭau puruṣāṇāṁ balamānaviśēṣajñānārthamupadiśyantē; tadyathā- tvagraktamāṁsamēdō'sthimajjaśukrasattvānīti||102||","translator":"","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Rogabhishagjitiya_Vimana","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"8","verse":"102","establishes":"Public-domain English for Vi 8/102. 'i.' is an OCR artefact of '1.'.","quote":"Next, as to examination according to Sara (predominating essence or element) : there are eight Saras of human beings. We shall lay down instructions about them for exact knowledge of the measure of one's strength. They are i. skin, 2. blood, 3. flesh, 4. fat, 5. bones, 6. marrow, 7. vital seed, and 8. mind,","translator":"Kaviraj Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"8","verse":"115","establishes":"Why sāra is examined at all: a physician must not infer strength from body size, the proof being the ant that carries loads far beyond its bulk. The classical warning against exactly the somatotype reading that dominates popular prakṛti writing.","quote":"dr̥śyantē hyalpaśarīrāḥ kr̥śāścaikē balavantaḥ; tatra pipīlikābhāraharaṇavat siddhiḥ| ataśca sārataḥ parīkṣētētyuktam||115||","translator":"","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Rogabhishagjitiya_Vimana","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"8","verse":"115","establishes":"Public-domain English for the ant argument. 'btearing' is an OCR artefact.","quote":"It is, indeed, seen that men whose bodies are of small dimensions or whose bodies are lean are still possessed of strength. In this connection, a proof is offered by ants (which are very diminutive creatures) btearing away large weights.","translator":"Kaviraj Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"35","verse":"","establishes":"Sushruta treats sāra in the clinical-examination chapter, runs the list in reverse of Charaka's order, and adds a ranking Charaka does not make: 'In respect of worldly success and longevity, men of each of the aforesaid types should be successively judged inferior to men belonging to the one preceding it'. No verse numbers on the retrieved page.","quote":"Now we shall describe the characteristic traits of the different preponderant principles ( Sara ) or temperaments of the human organism.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122935.html","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"sāra as a guṇa (mobile, flowing)","why":"Among the twenty gurvādi guṇas, sara means mobile, the opposite of sthira. A dravyaguṇa passage using sara means this."},{"term":"sāra as extract or essence of a drug","why":"Standard in rasaśāstra and bhaiṣajya-kalpanā; WHO carries sāra-viṣaḥ as a separate poison headword on the same stem."},{"term":"sāra as laxative action","why":"A further pharmacological sense (sāraka, sraṁsana family), distinct from all the above."},{"term":"dhātu","why":"The sāras are named after the dhātus, but sāra grades a dhātu's excellence, not its presence. A person can have all seven dhātus and be asāra."},{"term":"prakṛti","why":"Consecutive, separate items in Vi 8; prakṛti sorts by doṣa, sāra by tissue."},{"term":"bala","why":"Vi 8/102 says sāra is taught in order to know bala. It is an indicator of strength, not strength itself."},{"term":"ojas","why":"WHO makes sarva-sāra and oja-sāra synonyms, but ojas has its own entry as a substance; equating them goes beyond the retrieved Charaka text."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"essence","why":"Not wrong, but it loses the gradable character of sāra, which the text grades pravara, madhya and asāra."},{"rendering":"sara (the mobile quality)","why":"A different Ayurvedic term with the same spelling once diacritics are dropped; a search of an unmarked corpus returns both."},{"rendering":"body type","why":"The eight sāras are not a typology of body shape, and Vi 8/115 is an explicit argument against reading strength from shape."},{"rendering":"temperament","why":"Bhishagratna's choice; it makes sāra indistinguishable from prakṛti in English, which is what the examination sequence exists to keep apart."}],"openQuestions":["Is there any modern instrument for sāra assessment? None found.","Sushruta ranks the sāras hierarchically and Charaka does not. Which commentators discuss that?"],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/sara/","canary":"5e14f857b0d35279"},{"slug":"satmya","page":"/lexicon/satmya/","iast":"sātmya","devanagari":"सात्म्य","alternates":["sātmyam","okasātmya","satmyata"],"category":"prakriti","family":"daily-life","renderings":[{"english":"Agreeable to nature or natural constitution","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-10.2.7","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Full description continues: 'excellence or abundance of suitable qualities: food that is fully compatible with the individual and which is completely digested and accepted by the body.' WHO places sātmya in the DIETETICS chapter and defines it as a property of food, narrowing a term the samhitas also apply to conduct, place and season.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"homologation","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-4.7.5 item 6","verbatim":true,"assessment":"An extraordinary choice. In ordinary English 'homologation' means official certification of a product; it appears to be reaching for 'homologous'. The most opaque rendering in the WHO ten-domain list, and it should not be reproduced without comment.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false},{"english":"power of assimilation … assimilable (i. e., suitable to the constitution)","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Vimanasthana 8","verbatim":true,"assessment":"His heading for Vi 8/118.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"assimilability or suitability","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Vimanasthana 8, translator's footnote","verbatim":true,"assessment":"The clearest exposition in any public-domain English: 'A certain article is said to be \"satmya\" with regard to one, and \"asatmya\" with regard to another. Continued or habitual use without injury is the basis of \"satmyata.\" … Habitual use may make even a virulent poison \"satmya\" or agreeable to a person.'","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"wholesome / suitable / habituated","sourceName":"Indian Ayurvedic college usage","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"'Wholesome' is the standard rendering of hita, not of sātmya, a conflation, not a translation.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"8","verse":"118","establishes":"The definition: sātmya is that which, used continuously, agrees. The prognostic grading is by breadth of tolerance, those to whom ghee, milk, oil, meat juice and all rasas are sātmya are strong and long-lived; those habituated to dry food and a single rasa are weak and short-lived. The criterion is variety tolerated, not any particular food.","quote":"sātmyataścēti sātmyaṁ nāma tadyat sātatyēnōpasēvyamānamupaśētē| tatra yē ghr̥takṣīratailamāṁsarasasātmyāḥ sarvarasasātmyāśca tē balavantaḥ klēśasahāścirajīvinaśca bhavanti, rūkṣasātmyāḥ punarēkarasasātmyāśca yē tē prāyēṇālpabalā alpaklēśasahā alpāyuṣō'lpasādhanāśca bhavanti||118||","translator":"","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Rogabhishagjitiya_Vimana","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"8","verse":"118","establishes":"Public-domain English for Vi 8/118. Kaviratna writes 'all the five tastes' where the Sanskrit has sarvarasa; whether his exemplar read five or he erred is not established, and the discrepancy is recorded rather than smoothed.","quote":"Next, as to examination (of the patient) as regards power of assimilation. That is called assimilable (i. e., suitable to the constitution) which, indulged habitually, agrees with the constitution. In this connection, (it should be said that) those persons with whom ghee, milk, oil, juice of flesh, and all the five tastes, agree in consequence of habitual use, are endued with strength, capable of bearing hardship, and long-lived.","translator":"Kaviraj Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"20","verse":"","establishes":"The relativity-of-wholesomeness argument underlying sātmya. Recorded as adjacent and relevant, NOT as a definition: the chapter's own term is hita and the retrieved page does not use sātmya in this passage.","quote":null,"quoteWithheld":"nobody has yet read this quotation against its printed source, and an unchecked quotation is not published here","translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122915.html"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"hita","why":"Hita is what is beneficial, an objective property. Sātmya is what agrees with THIS person through habituation. A thing can be sātmya and not hita, Kaviratna makes the point with poison."},{"term":"pathya","why":"What is prescribed as suiting the disease pathway. Sātmya precedes and constrains it: a physician cannot prescribe against long-established sātmya without consequence."},{"term":"oka-sātmya","why":"The habituation subtype, often used loosely as though it were the whole of sātmya."},{"term":"deśa-sātmya and ṛtu-sātmya","why":"Sātmya of place and season, both silently dropped by WHO's food-only definition."},{"term":"asātmya","why":"Not merely the negation. At Vimana 6/6 the vitiating cause is asātmyendriyārthasaṁyoga, unsuitable contact of sense with object, asātmya operating outside diet altogether."},{"term":"prakṛti","why":"Both individual-specific baselines, but prakṛti is fixed at conception while sātmya is acquired and can be deliberately changed, which is the point of the pādāṃśika krama (WHO ITA-10.2.5)."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"homologation","why":"WHO's own word at ITA-4.7.5. In English it denotes regulatory certification; nothing in Vi 8/118 concerns approval."},{"rendering":"wholesome","why":"That is hita. Using it for sātmya erases the individual-and-habit dependence that is the term's entire content."},{"rendering":"tolerance","why":"Closer, but modern 'tolerance' suggests merely enduring. Vi 8/118 grades people by how WIDE their sātmya is and treats breadth as a marker of strength and longevity."},{"rendering":"allergy or intolerance (for asātmya)","why":"An immunological reading with no classical warrant; asātmya includes unsuitable sensory contact and season."}],"openQuestions":["Does Kaviratna's exemplar really read 'five tastes' at Vi 8/118 where the Trikamji text reads sarvarasa, or is it a translator's slip?","Why does WHO confine sātmya to food when the samhitas apply it to place, season and sense-contact?"],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/satmya/","canary":"409584acbdba052c"},{"slug":"sattva","page":"/lexicon/sattva/","iast":"sattva","devanagari":"सत्त्व","alternates":["satva","sattvam","manas","satwa"],"category":"prakriti","family":"daily-life","renderings":[{"english":"Tranquillity, harmony","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-1.9.4.3","verbatim":true,"assessment":"The guṇa sense: 'Characterized by lightness, knowledge and enlightenment, it is a stable state of mind and does not vitiate the same.'","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false},{"english":"psychic condition","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-4.7.5 item 7","verbatim":true,"assessment":"The examination sense. WHO carries sattva in two chapters with unrelated English, as it does prakṛti.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false},{"english":"Person with predominance or essence of strong willpower","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-2.8.1.9","verbatim":true,"assessment":"A third sense: sattva as the eighth sāra, glossed as willpower, neither mind nor tranquillity.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Person with tranquil, harmonious temperament","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-2.8.11","verbatim":true,"assessment":"A fourth: sattva as a personality type. Four WHO entries, four Englishes.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"sattwa or mind (or mental energy) … the mind is known by the name of sattwa","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Vimanasthana 8","verbatim":true,"assessment":"The clinical sense, the one the ten-fold examination actually uses.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"Goodness","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sutrasthana, translator's footnote","verbatim":true,"assessment":"His footnote: 'There are three attributes, called Sattwa, Rajas , and Tamas, i. e.. Goodness, Passion, and Darkness.' A Victorian moral gloss.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"Sattvika temperament","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, tr. Bhishagratna (1907-1916)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sharirasthana I v.19","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Keeps the Sanskrit as an adjective and supplies a trait list rather than a single English word.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"8","verse":"119","establishes":"In the ten-fold examination sattva IS manas, graded only pravara/madhya/avara by strength. Not the guṇa, not a personality type. The most load-bearing quote in this term group.","quote":"sattvataścēti sattvamucyatē manaḥ| taccharīrasya tantrakamātmasaṁyōgāt| tat trividhaṁ balabhēdēna- pravaraṁ, madhyam, avaraṁ cēti||119||","translator":"","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Rogabhishagjitiya_Vimana","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"8","verse":"119","establishes":"Public-domain English for Vi 8/119. The clinical criterion follows: the avara-sattva patient cannot be steadied by himself or others and collapses at the sight of blood or flesh.","quote":"Next, as to examination (of the patient) in respect of sattwa or mind (or mental energy) : the mind is known by the name of sattwa. It is the ruler of the body, owing to its connection with the soul (or self). It is of three kinds, according to difference of strength, viz., superior, middling, and inferior.","translator":"Kaviraj Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"8","verse":"102","establishes":"sattva is the eighth of the eight sāras, alongside the seven dhātus, a third technical use of the word inside one chapter.","quote":"sārataścēti sārāṇyaṣṭau puruṣāṇāṁ balamānaviśēṣajñānārthamupadiśyantē; tadyathā- tvagraktamāṁsamēdō'sthimajjaśukrasattvānīti||102||","translator":"","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Rogabhishagjitiya_Vimana","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sharirasthana","chapter":"4","verse":"36","establishes":"Opens the sixteen sattva-bheda at Sharirasthana 4/36 with the mutual-dependence formula.","quote":"शरीरं ह्यपि सत्त्वमनुविधीयते, सत्त्वं च शरीरम्||३६||","translator":"","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Mahatigarbhavakranti_Sharira","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sharirasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"19","establishes":"The guṇa/temperament sense in Sushruta with its trait list; verse 19 as printed on the retrieved page.","quote":"An absence of all killing or hostile propensities, a judicious regimen of diet, forbearance, truthfulness, piety, a belief in God, spiritual knowledge, intellect, a good retentive memory, comprehension, and the doing of good deeds irrespective of consequences, are the qualities which grace the mind of a person of a Sattvika temperament .","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-3-sharirasthana/d/doc142879.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"35","verse":"","establishes":"Sushruta's sattva-sāra description, and Bhishagratna's parenthetical 'psychic or illumined', a Theosophy-era gloss worth flagging. No verse numbers on the retrieved page. Ellipsis marks omitted text present at the URL.","quote":"A man, who is possessed of a good retentive memory, and is intelligent, valorous and cleanly in his habits … should be regarded as a man of Satvasara (psychic or illumined) temperament.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122935.html","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"sattva as guṇa","why":"The core disambiguation. At Vi 8/119 sattva means manas and is graded by strength; as a guṇa it means tranquillity. A reader importing the guṇa sense will think the text is grading how virtuous a patient is. It is grading how much pain he can take."},{"term":"sattva-sāra","why":"The eighth sāra (Vi 8/102), rendered by WHO as 'strong willpower'. Vi 8/119 says the pravara-sattva persons ARE the sattva-sāra persons, so they overlap, but sāra grades tissue excellence."},{"term":"manas","why":"Vi 8/119 says they are the same word here, but manas carries its own philosophical apparatus that sattva-as-examination-item does not."},{"term":"ojas","why":"Both invoked for resilience; ojas is a substance (WHO ITA-2.2.25), sattva here a faculty graded by observed behaviour under pain."},{"term":"sattva as 'living being'","why":"A standard Sanskrit sense, present in Sushruta's type names such as Yamya-Sattva and Rishi-Sattva, closer to 'nature of a being' than to mind or guṇa."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"purity / goodness in a clinical passage","why":"Fine for the guṇa, catastrophic at Vi 8/119, where it turns an assessment of mental stamina into a moral verdict on the patient."},{"rendering":"essence / vital essence","why":"Borrowed from the sāra sense; not available at Vi 8/119."},{"rendering":"consciousness","why":"Overreach. Vi 8/119 says sattva governs the body owing to its connection with the soul, i.e. it is precisely not the conscious principle itself."}],"openQuestions":["Vi 8/119 grades sattva in three degrees while Sharirasthana 4 gives sixteen types. Do the commentators reconcile these? Chakrapani and Gangadhara were not consulted directly."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/sattva/","canary":"d7e3759a20c3e967"},{"slug":"sattvavajaya","page":"/lexicon/sattvavajaya/","iast":"sattvāvajaya","devanagari":"सत्त्वावजय","alternates":["satvāvajaya","satvavajaya","sattvāvajaya-cikitsā","satwavajaya"],"category":"chikitsa","family":"clinic","renderings":[{"english":"Counselling and self-empowerment","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator-standard","locator":"ITA-9.3.1 satvāvajayacikitsā","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO spells it satvāvajaya (single t) and glosses with 'talking therapy', which is an interpretive addition absent from Charaka.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"those that appertain to the subjugation of the mind","sourceName":"Kaviratna, Charaka Samhita, Sutrasthana Lesson XI","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"archive.org OCR; his printed number 56 (standard Su. 11.54 per carakasamhitaonline)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"'subjugation of the mind' is literal for sattva-avajaya; his footnote adds 'otherwise called penances or asceticism', which is the translator's view.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"satwavajaya (psychotherapy); 'withdrawal of mind from harmful objects'","sourceName":"carakasamhitaonline.com (2020), Tistraishaniya Adhyaya","sourceKind":"modern-translation (in copyright; term rendering only)","locator":"verse 54","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Standard modern equation with psychotherapy.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"carakasamhitaonline.com (2020), Tistraishaniya Adhyaya\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"Satvavajaya (psychotherapy)","sourceName":"Murthy & Singh, Anc Sci Life 1987 (PMID 22557578) abstract","sourceKind":"peer-reviewed-usage","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":"The 1987 BHU paper that fixed 'psychotherapy' as the standard English in Indian academic Ayurveda.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"a modern translator, in copyright","downloadable":false},{"english":"Trance therapy","sourceName":"Title of PMID 23049189 (Ayu 2012)","sourceKind":"peer-reviewed-usage","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":"Idiosyncratic; not supported by the Sanskrit.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Title of PMID 23049189 (Ayu 2012)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"treatment by Self Control; mind controlling therapy","sourceName":"Amin & Sharma, Int J Yoga 2015 (PMID 26170589) abstract","sourceKind":"peer-reviewed-usage","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":"Closer to manonigraha.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"a modern translator, in copyright","downloadable":false}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"11 (Tisraiṣaṇīya)","verse":"54 (carakasamhitaonline, Trikamji numbering). Kaviratna prints 56 after the corresponding passage. Both recorded; no conversion.","establishes":"The threefold auṣadha and the definition of sattvāvajaya as restraint of the mind from unwholesome objects. Verifies the Devanagari सत्त्वावजय.","quote":"त्रिविधमौषधमिति- दैवव्यपाश्रयं, युक्तिव्यपाश्रयं, सत्त्वावजयश्च| [...] sattvāvajayaḥ- punarahitēbhyō'rthēbhyō manōnigrahaḥ","translator":"Sanskrit text (Devanagari and IAST as displayed)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Tistraishaniya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"Lesson XI","verse":"Kaviratna's printed 56 (standard 54)","establishes":"Kaviratna's rendering of Su. 11.54 including the definition; note 'acts and' is his expansion of arthebhyaḥ (objects).","quote":"Medicines are of three kinds; those that depend for their action upon the deities and invisible influences; those that depend for their application and action upon knowledge and reason; and those that appertain to the subjugation of the mind. [...] The subjugation of the mind by withdrawing it from every kind of injurious or harmful acts and objects of the senses, constitutes medicine of the third kind.*56","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (OCR text; spacing normalized)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"daivavyapāśraya cikitsā","why":"First of the three auṣadha (mantra, gems, rites, fasting, pilgrimage); WHO ITA-9.1.14 'Therapeutic rituals'. Kaviratna: medicines that 'depend upon the deities and invisible influences'."},{"term":"yuktivyapāśraya cikitsā","why":"Rational therapy by diet and drugs; WHO ITA-9.1.26 'Structured therapy'. Kaviratna: 'knowledge and reason'."},{"term":"manonigraha","why":"The method (restraint of mind) by which sattvāvajaya is defined in Su. 11.54, not a synonym for the category."},{"term":"yoga / dhyāna","why":"Modern trials operationalize sattvāvajaya as yogic practice or relaxation; Charaka's definition does not name these."},{"term":"psychotherapy (biomedical)","why":"The standard gloss since 1987, but Western psychotherapy is a dialogic professional practice; the Sanskrit defines a self-directed restraint of mind from unwholesome objects."},{"term":"sattva (guṇa / mind)","why":"sattva here means mind (manas), not the Sāṁkhya guṇa; avajaya = conquest/subjugation."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"trance therapy / hypnosis","why":"No textual basis; the definition is restraint from unwholesome objects, not induced altered states."},{"rendering":"talking therapy (WHO 2022 gloss)","why":"Interpretive addition; Charaka's one-line definition says nothing about speech or a therapist."},{"rendering":"penances or asceticism (Kaviratna footnote)","why":"Translator's equation, not the text."},{"rendering":"victory of the mind","why":"Literal but inverts the sense: it is conquest OF the mind (mind as object), not by the mind."}],"openQuestions":["Whether Charaka elaborates sattvāvajaya methods elsewhere (Vimāna/Śārīra); commonly cited passages (jñāna, vijñāna, dhairya, smṛti, samādhi) were not verified here.","Spelling policy: WHO uses satvāvajaya; Charaka Su. 11.54 reads सत्त्वावजय with double t."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/sattvavajaya/","canary":"10cbc1dcd49b4453"},{"slug":"shabda-pariksha","page":"/lexicon/shabda-pariksha/","iast":"śabdaparīkṣā","devanagari":"शब्दपरीक्षा","alternates":["shabda pariksha","sabda pariksha","svara pariksha"],"category":"pariksha","family":"clinic","renderings":[{"english":null,"sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator-standard","locator":"ITA-4.7.4","verbatim":true,"assessment":"No standalone śabdaparīkṣā headword found in my grep; śabda appears as ITA-1.9.4.1.6 'Sound: Trait of space element' and in śabdavahasrotas / śabdavahādhamanī (channels of hearing).","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Noise of the bowels, cracking of joints, as also of the finger-joints, the peculiarities of voice, all other sounds pertaining to the body, should all be examined by the ear.","sourceName":"Kaviratna, Charaka Samhita Vi 4, his aphorism 7 (= standard 4/7)","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"p. 497","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Charaka has no noun 'śabdaparīkṣā'; he lists sounds examined by the ear (śrotra).","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"Shabda Pariksha (Voice Examination)","sourceName":"Yadav & Singh, JAIMS 2022;7(8)","sourceKind":"journal-review","locator":"ashtasthana list","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Narrows śabda to voice; Charaka's list and WHO's description are broader (bowel sounds, joint cracking, breathing, heart).","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Yadav & Singh, JAIMS 2022;7(8)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"शब्दं (as a site of examination; no English)","sourceName":"Yogaratnakara ASS 1889","sourceKind":"sanskrit-edition","locator":"aṣṭasthāna verse 1","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Fifth of the eight sites.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Yogaratnakara ASS 1889\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"4","verse":"standard 4/7; Kaviratna 7","establishes":"Auditory examination content. Sanskrit (siva.sh 4/7): 'अन्त्रकूजनं, सन्धिस्फुटनमङ्गुलीपर्वणां च, स्वरविशेषांश्च, ये चान्येऽपि केचिच्छरीरोपगताः शब्दाः स्युस्ताञ्छ्रोत्रेण परीक्षेत' at https://www.siva.sh/caraka-samhita/vimana-sthana/4/6-10","quote":"Noise of the bowels, cracking of joints, as also of the finger-joints, the peculiarities of voice, all other sounds pertaining to the body, should all be examined by the ear.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"10","verse":"Sanskrit verse number not established","establishes":"Sushruta's example of what the sense of hearing contributes to examination.","quote":"The wind (Vayu), making the blood ebullient, forces it up with a distinctly audible report and thus affects the sense of hearing.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122899.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Yogaratnakara","sthana":"Pūrvārdha","chapter":"अथ रोगिणां अष्टस्थानानि लक्षयेत्","verse":"1 (ASS 1889 leaf n40; verse marker printed १, the OCR's ९ is a misread)","establishes":"śabda as the fifth of the eight sites of examination (nāḍī, mūtra, mala, jihvā, śabda, sparśa, dṛk, ākṛti).","quote":"रोगाक्रान्तशरीरस्य स्थानान्यष्टौ निरीक्षयेत् । नाडीं मूत्रं मलं जिह्वां शब्दं स्पर्शं दृगाकृती ॥ १ ॥","translator":"none (Sanskrit OCR, garbled; 'शब्दं' legible)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/ASS004YogaratnakaraAnnaMoresvarKunte1889/ASS_004_Yogaratnakara_-_Anna_Moresvar_Kunte_1889__djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"śabda pramāṇa","why":"Verbal testimony as a means of knowledge (Nyaya); in Charaka this role is āptopadeśa, not śabdaparīkṣā."},{"term":"śabda as guṇa of ākāśa (WHO ITA-1.9.4.1.6)","why":"Ontological quality 'sound', not an examination."},{"term":"śabdavahasrotas / śabdavahā dhamanī","why":"Channels of hearing (anatomy), not examination."},{"term":"svara-parīkṣā (voice)","why":"Voice is one item; Charaka's śabda includes bowel sounds and joint crepitus."},{"term":"auscultation","why":"Instrument-mediated listening to internal sounds; the classical act is unaided hearing."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"voice examination","why":"Too narrow (see Charaka Vi 4/7 and WHO description)."},{"rendering":"auscultation","why":"Implies stethoscope and specific technique."}],"openQuestions":[],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/shabda-pariksha/","canary":"da165598a085fe54"},{"slug":"shad-padartha","page":"/lexicon/shad-padartha/","iast":"ṣaṭpadārtha","devanagari":"षट्पदार्थ","alternates":["ṣaṭpadārthāḥ","ṣaṭ padārtha","sāmānya, viśeṣa, guṇa, dravya, karma, samavāya (the six)"],"category":"philosophy-epistemology (categories of being)","family":"foundations","renderings":[{"english":"Six ontological categories of an object","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"who-ista","locator":"ITA-1.9.1","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Note WHO's ORDER: sāmānya and viśeṣa first, then dravya/guṇa/karma, then samavāya. That is Charaka's order (Sū. 1.28-29), NOT the Vaiśeṣika order (dravya, guṇa, karma, sāmānya, viśeṣa, samavāya). WHO has silently followed the medical text over the philosophical one.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"The Six Matters : Samanya, Vishesha, Guna, Dravya, Karma and Samavaya.","sourceName":"National Institute of Ayurveda / WHO-APW non-clinical terminologies glossary","sourceKind":"glossary","locator":"BP0265","verbatim":true,"assessment":"'Matters' is an awkward calque and the entry supplies no definition at all, it simply lists the six. Also Charaka-ordered.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":null,"sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"who-ista","locator":"ITA-1.8.3.5","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO's entry for the SIMPLEX padārtha, which is the etymological sense and is a different technical use from the six-fold ontological one.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"similarities, dissimilarities, properties, objects, and operations, ... as also compositions","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"Sūtrasthāna ch. 1, his verses 27-28 (= CS Sū. 1.28-29): 'Those great Rishis (then) beheld duly, with the eye of knowledge, similarities, dissimilarities, properties, objects, and operations, as also compositions.'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"The oldest quotable English. sāmānya='similarities', viśeṣa='dissimilarities', guṇa='properties', dravya='objects', karma='operations', samavāya='compositions'. Every one of those six differs from WHO's choice. This pair of renderings is the single best illustration of why the lexicon exists.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"The co-existence of objects such as earth, &c., with their corresponding properties (of scent and the like) is styled samavaya. That is permanent, since wherever the substance is, it cannot be that the property is not.","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Kaviratna","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"Sūtrasthāna ch. 1, his verse 49 (= CS Sū. 1.50 region)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna's definitional rendering of samavāya, shifting from 'compositions' in the verse list to 'co-existence' in the definition, he is not internally consistent either.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"six categories / six predicables / six categories of reality","sourceName":"Indological and Vaiśeṣika scholarship, standard usage","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":"general","verbatim":false,"assessment":"The philosophical literature's default; 'predicables' is older (19th-century Nyāya scholarship), 'categories' now dominant.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"1 (Dīrghañjīvitīya)","verse":"1.28-29","establishes":"The six categories as Charaka gives them, in Charaka's order (sāmānya, viśeṣa, guṇa, dravya, karma, samavāya), and, crucially, framed as what the sages SAW with the eye of knowledge, i.e. as the content of medical insight, not as an imported metaphysics. Note the word ṣaṭpadārtha does not occur in the verse.","quote":"maharṣayaste dadṛśuryathāvajjñānacakṣuṣā / sāmānyaṃ ca viśeṣaṃ ca guṇān dravyāṇi karma ca // car_1,1.28 // samavāyaṃ ca tajjñātvā tantroktaṃ vidhimāsthitāḥ / lebhire paramaṃ śarma jīvitaṃ cāpyanitvaram // car_1,1.29","translator":"none (Sanskrit mūla)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/corpustei/transformations/plaintext/sa_agniveza-carakasaMhitA-parts-comm.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Cakrapāṇidatta, Āyurvedadīpikā on Charaka Samhita Sūtrasthāna 1.28","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"1","verse":"commentary gloss no. 4 on 1.28","establishes":"That the commentator explicitly counts them as SIX PADĀRTHAS ('ṣaṇṇāṃ padārthānāṃ') and defers their definition to the later passage. This is the textual warrant for treating ṣaṭpadārtha as a term at all, since the mūla verse does not use the word.","quote":"eṣāṃ cottaratra lakṣaṇaṃ ṣaṇṇāṃ padārthānāṃ viśvarūpāṇāṃ bhaviṣyati tenaitat tatraiva vyākaraṇīyam","translator":"none (Sanskrit commentary)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/corpustei/transformations/plaintext/sa_agniveza-carakasaMhitA-parts-comm.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Kaviratna (public domain)","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"1","verse":"Kaviratna's verses 27-28 (= CS Sū. 1.28-29)","establishes":"A complete, lawful English rendering of the six that shares not one word with WHO's rendering of the same six.","quote":"Those great Rishis (then) beheld duly, with the eye of knowledge, similarities, dissimilarities, properties, objects, and operations, as also compositions. Knowing these, and conforming to the ordinances of that Science, they obtained great felicity and even immortal life.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"Vaiśeṣika's six categories","why":"Same six members, DIFFERENT ORDER and different doctrinal role. Kaṇāda enumerates dravya, guṇa, karma, sāmānya, viśeṣa, samavāya; Charaka leads with sāmānya and viśeṣa because his use of them is therapeutic (like increases like), not ontological. Calling Charaka's list 'the Vaiśeṣika categories' obscures exactly the thing that makes it medical."},{"term":"abhāva (non-existence)","why":"Later Vaiśeṣika adds abhāva as a seventh category. Charaka has six. A reader meeting 'the seven padārthas' in a Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika text and 'the six' in Ayurveda is not meeting a contradiction but two historical stages."},{"term":"padārtha in the tantra-yukti sense","why":"Su. Uttara 65 lists Padārtha as the THIRD of the 32 tantrayuktis, defined by Bhishagratna as 'the meaning implied by a word or an aphorism', a hermeneutic device, not an ontological category. Two entirely different technical uses of one word, both inside Ayurveda."},{"term":"prameya","why":"WHO ITA-1.8.3.4, 'Object of knowledge, the object of investigation'. Overlapping but distinct: prameya is what enquiry is ABOUT, padārtha is what exists and is nameable."},{"term":"pañcamahābhūta","why":"Five elements, not six categories. The bhūtas are members of dravya, one of the six; the two schemes are constantly conflated in popular writing."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"six substances","why":"Dravya (substance) is ONE of the six. Rendering the whole set as 'substances' makes the list incoherent, sāmānya is not a substance."},{"rendering":"six elements","why":"Confuses ṣaṭpadārtha with pañcamahābhūta, and there are six of one and five of the other."},{"rendering":"six basic principles","why":"Vague to the point of uselessness, and it hides the fact that the list is an ontology with a specific therapeutic payoff (sāmānya increases, viśeṣa decreases)."},{"rendering":"the six senses","why":"Seen in low-quality secondary sources; no relation whatever."}],"openQuestions":["Whether Charaka's ordering (sāmānya/viśeṣa first) is deliberate doctrine or inherited from a pre-Vaiśeṣika source, worth checking Chakrapāṇi's fuller comment at Sū. 1.44-52.","Whether any classical Ayurvedic text uses the compound ṣaṭpadārtha itself, as opposed to the count 'ṣaṇṇāṃ padārthānām' in the commentary. Not established.","The relation of Charaka's samavāya definition (co-inherence of dravya and guṇa) to Vaiśeṣika samavāya, which is a broader relation covering whole/part and universal/particular."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/shad-padartha/","canary":"081284a150cf21ba"},{"slug":"shakha","page":"/lexicon/shakha/","iast":"śākhā","devanagari":"शाखा","alternates":["bāhya rogamārga","śākhā-gata","śākhāśrita"],"category":"anatomy-pathology (peripheral compartment)","family":"body","renderings":[{"english":"Upper and lower limbs","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"who-ista","locator":"ITA-3.1.23","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO standardises śākhā ONLY in its gross-anatomical sense. It does not record the CS Sū. 11.48 sense (rakta and the other dhātus plus skin), which is the sense the term carries in pathology.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Branch of knowledge","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"who-ista","locator":"ITA-1.5.3","verbatim":true,"assessment":"A wholly different homonym (śākhā = Vedic recension/branch). Its presence in the same standard alongside ITA-3.1.23 shows WHO treats śākhā as two unrelated words and neither is the pathological one.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Marma located in the limbs (Śākhāmarma)","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"who-ista","locator":"ITA-3.16.5","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Third WHO use, again limb-anatomical.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"[left untranslated] — 'As the words śākhā and koshtha are both technical, I do not endeavour to render them into English.'","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Kaviratna — translator's footnote","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"footnote marked '†' at Sūtrasthāna ch. 11, his verse 47 (OCR renders the two words as 'fdkhd' and 'koshtha')","verbatim":true,"assessment":"A deliberate refusal to translate, in 1900, on the ground that the terms are technical. The strongest single argument in this record against any confident single English equivalent.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"Amongst these, Śākhā includes blood and the like, the humours known by the name of Dhatu, and skin. These constitute the External seat of disease.","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Kaviratna","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"Sūtrasthāna ch. 11, his verse 47 (= CS Sū. 11.48); OCR renders Śākhā as '£akha'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Where he must convey it, he glosses rather than translates.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"'Cakha' literally means branch. As a technical word in medical science, it implies, as explained in the text, blood and the like, the humours and the skin. Of course, it includes flesh, marrow, fat, bones, and seminal fluid.","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Kaviratna — translator's footnote","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"footnote '*' following his verse 49, Sūtrasthāna ch. 11 (OCR: 'Cakha', '9akha')","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna reports the commentator's reason (analogy with the branches of a plant) and then adds 'The analogy, however, is not obvious', a translator openly recording that he does not find the etymology convincing.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"periphery / peripheral tissues / external pathway","sourceName":"Standard Indian BAMS textbook and journal usage","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":"ubiquitous; e.g. 'shakha (peripheral path)' in the CSRTSDC online edition's gloss on Sū. 11.48 (paraphrased, not quoted — that translation is in copyright)","verbatim":false,"assessment":"The dominant modern rendering. It captures the rogamārga sense and loses the limb sense; WHO does the reverse.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"11 (Tistraiṣaṇīya)","verse":"11.48","establishes":"The defining statement: śākhā = rakta and the remaining dhātus, plus the skin; and it is the EXTERNAL disease-pathway. Note it is defined by tissue class, not by body region.","quote":"तत्र शाखा रक्तादयो धातवस्त्वक् च, स बाह्यो रोगमार्गः","translator":"none (Sanskrit mūla)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Tistraishaniya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"28 (Vividhāśitapītīya)","verse":"28.31","establishes":"Five causes by which malas move FROM koṣṭha TO śākhā: exercise, sharpness of heat, non-observance of the wholesome, and the swiftness of vāyu. Establishes śākhā and koṣṭha as a functional pair, not merely two of three sites.","quote":null,"quoteWithheld":"nobody has yet read this quotation against its printed source, and an unchecked quotation is not published here","translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/corpustei/transformations/plaintext/sa_agniveza-carakasaMhitA-parts-comm.txt"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"28 (Vividhāśitapītīya)","verse":"28.33","establishes":"The return movement: by increase, liquefaction, ripening, clearing of the channel-mouths and restraint of vāyu, malas leave śākhā and go to koṣṭha. This is the verse that underwrites the whole of pre-purificatory therapy, and it is why śākhā cannot be translated as 'limbs'.","quote":"vṛddhyā viṣyandanāt pākāt srotomukhaviśodhanāt / śākhā muktvā malāḥ koṣṭhaṃ yānti vāyośca nigrahāt","translator":"none (Sanskrit mūla)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/corpustei/transformations/plaintext/sa_agniveza-carakasaMhitA-parts-comm.txt","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"śākhā as limb/extremity","why":"The same word, and the sense WHO ISTA standardises (ITA-3.1.23). In CS Sū. 11.48 it denotes a tissue class (rakta onward plus tvak), which is present throughout the body including the trunk. Using the limb sense in a pathology context makes nonsense of śākhāgata doṣa."},{"term":"koṣṭha","why":"Its paired opposite. Doṣas move between them in both directions (CS Sū. 28.31 and 28.33); a therapy that works on one is chosen precisely because the doṣa is in the other."},{"term":"dhātu","why":"Śākhā in the rogamārga sense is a COLLECTION of dhātus plus skin, considered as a site. A dhātu is a constituent. Saying 'the disease is in rasa dhātu' and 'the disease is in śākhā' are claims at different levels."},{"term":"tvak / bahiḥ","why":"Skin is one member of śākhā, not a synonym for it; bāhya ('external') is the rogamārga's epithet, not the compartment's name."},{"term":"śākhā as Vedic recension","why":"Unrelated homonym, separately standardised by WHO at ITA-1.5.3. Text searches for 'śākhā' will return both."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"limbs / extremities","why":"Correct for the anatomical homonym, wrong for the rogamārga. CS Sū. 11.48 defines śākhā by tissue (rakta and other dhātus, skin), and disorders Charaka assigns to it include skin lesions and swellings that are not limb-confined."},{"rendering":"branch","why":"The literal etymology. Kaviratna reports the commentator's plant analogy and then records that 'The analogy, however, is not obvious', a translated 'branch' conveys nothing clinical."},{"rendering":"superficial tissues","why":"Śākhā includes asthi and majjā per Kaviratna's own footnote gloss ('it includes flesh, marrow, fat, bones, and seminal fluid'), so 'superficial' is wrong on its face, though note asthi also figures in the madhyama mārga, which is a real tension in the text."},{"rendering":"skin","why":"Tvak is one item in the list, mentioned last and with 'ca'."}],"openQuestions":["The apparent overlap: asthi appears within śākhā (as one of 'rakta and the rest of the dhātus') and also within the madhyama rogamārga as asthi-sandhi. How the commentators resolve this was not checked.","Whether any classical text uses śākhā in the rogamārga sense outside Charaka.","Whether WHO ISTA's omission of the pathological sense of śākhā was deliberate."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/shakha/","canary":"9adde785be4f7e52"},{"slug":"shamana","page":"/lexicon/shamana/","iast":"śamana","devanagari":"शमन","alternates":["saṁśamana","praśamana","śamana-cikitsā","shaman chikitsa"],"category":"chikitsa","family":"clinic","renderings":[{"english":"Restoring normalcy or pacifying action","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator-standard","locator":"ITA-6.2.6.5 śamanam [vāta-śamanam","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO uses three different English heads (pacifying action / palliative action / conservative therapy) for śamana, saṁśamana-karma and saṁśamana respectively; a lexicon should surface this spread.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Pacification of vitiated Doṣas; Palliative therapy.","sourceName":"NIA Jaipur / WHO-APW draft terminology (2011)","sourceKind":"comparator-draft","locator":"entries śamana","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Draft; code-to-entry assignment ambiguous in the PDF layout.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"soothing effects (Samshamaniya); 'Purificatory and Palliative Drugs' (wisdomlib chapter title)","sourceName":"Bhishagratna, Sushruta Samhita vol. 1, Sutrasthana ch. XXXIX (Saṁśodhana-saṁśamanīya)","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"wisdomlib doc141669; opening: 'medicinal drugs possessed of cleansing (cathartic; or soothing effects (Samshodhana-Samsha-maniya-adhyaya)'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"'soothing' is Bhishagratna; 'palliative' in the chapter heading may be wisdomlib's editorial title, verify before attributing to him.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"'Praçamanam' is alleviation or the means of alleviation","sourceName":"Kaviratna, Charaka Samhita, Chikitsasthana Lesson I, translator's footnote","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation (footnote)","locator":"archive.org OCR, footnote to his aphorisms 2-3","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Footnote gloss of praśamana (a chikitsā synonym), not a translation of the Samhita text.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"[contrast rendered as] 'fasts and Pachanas' vs 'correctives'","sourceName":"Kaviratna, Charaka Samhita, Sutrasthana Lesson XVI","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"his printed 17 (standard Su. 16.20)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna does not use the word śamana here because the Sanskrit (laṅghana-pācana) does not; a reminder that Su. 16.20 is often cited for śamana though the word is absent.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"palliative therapy / pacification therapy / conservative management; Shamana Chikitsa","sourceName":"Common textbook and PubMed usage (e.g. PMID 24049408, 23559796)","sourceKind":"textbook-usage","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"Dominant modern rendering.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"16 (Cikitsāprābhṛtīya)","verse":"20 (carakasamhitaonline, Trikamji numbering). Kaviratna prints 17 after the corresponding sentence. Both recorded; no conversion.","establishes":"Doṣas subdued by laṅghana and pācana may flare again; those removed by saṁśodhana do not recur. The verse contrasts śodhana with laṅghana-pācana, NOT with the word śamana, though it is universally cited for the śodhana/śamana distinction.","quote":"dōṣāḥ kadācit kupyanti jitā laṅghanapācanaiḥ| jitāḥ saṁśōdhanairyē tu na tēṣāṁ punarudbhavaḥ","translator":"Sanskrit text (IAST as displayed)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Chikitsaprabhritiya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"Lesson XVI","verse":"Kaviratna's printed 17 (standard 20)","establishes":"Kaviratna's rendering: 'faults' = doṣa, 'correctives' = saṁśodhana.","quote":"The faults of the system, if subjugated by fasts and Pachanas, may reappear. If subjugated by correctives, they cannot reappear.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (OCR text; spacing normalized)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Ashtanga Hridaya","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"14 (Dvividhopakramaṇīya)","verse":"4-6 per easyayurveda's display (verse 4: śodhanaṁ śamanaṁ ceti dvidhā tatrāpi laṅghanam; verse 6 defines śamana as what neither expels nor provokes doṣas but equalizes them, sevenfold: pācana, dīpana, kṣut, tṛṭ, vyāyāma, ātapa, māruta). No public-domain English exists; Sanskrit seen but not quoted here.","establishes":"Vāgbhaṭa's formal definition of śamana and its seven kinds, and its placement as a subtype of laṅghana.","quote":null,"translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/two-types-of-ayurveda-treatments-ashtanga-hrudaya-sutrasthana-14/","checked":"address only, nothing quoted to check"},{"text":"Ashtanga Hridaya","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1 (Āyuṣkāmīya)","verse":"Not displayed on the page read (commonly cited as 1.25); the line 'śodhanaṁ śamanaṁ ceti samāsād auṣadhaṁ dvidhā' was seen under the heading 'Aushadha Bheda'.","establishes":"Medicine is twofold in brief: śodhana and śamana.","quote":null,"translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/2012/08/31/ashtanga-hrudaya-sutra-sthana-chapter-1-basic-principles-of-ayurveda/","checked":"address only, nothing quoted to check"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"śodhana","why":"Expels doṣas from the body (AH Su. 14.5); śamana settles them in place. Charaka Su. 16.20 makes the recurrence claim that underlies the contrast."},{"term":"laṅghana","why":"In AH Su. 14.4 both śodhana and śamana are subtypes of laṅghana; in Charaka Su. 22 laṅghana is itself one of six upakramas, so the hierarchy differs between the two texts."},{"term":"praśamana","why":"Synonym in Charaka's chikitsā-synonym list (Chi. 1.1, Kaviratna footnote 'alleviation'); NIA 2011 lists it separately as 'palliative therapeutics'."},{"term":"palliative care (biomedical)","why":"Modern palliation implies non-curative, end-of-life care; śamana is a curative strategy for doṣas without expulsion."},{"term":"pācana / dīpana","why":"Two of the seven śamana methods in AH Su. 14.6; not synonyms for śamana."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"palliative therapy","why":"The most common rendering, but 'palliative' in English medicine means symptom relief without cure; śamana is held to resolve the doṣic state."},{"rendering":"suppressive therapy","why":"Implies suppression of symptoms with later rebound; the Sanskrit (śama = calming/equalizing) does not."},{"rendering":"conservative therapy (WHO ITA-9.1.38)","why":"Imports surgical vs conservative dichotomy; serviceable, but 'conservative' can also mean 'watchful waiting'."}],"openQuestions":["Verse numbers for AH Su. 14.4-6 and 1.25 should be confirmed in a printed Sanskrit edition; the web pages used do not name their edition.","Whether Bhishagratna himself uses 'palliative' in Su.Su. 39 body text or only 'soothing'; the wisdomlib chapter heading may be editorial."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/shamana/","canary":"4bd02e148fb3f4e2"},{"slug":"sharirika-roga","page":"/lexicon/sharirika-roga/","iast":"śārīrika-roga","devanagari":"शारीररोगः","alternates":["sharira roga","śārīra-roga","sharirika vyadhi","sharira vyadhi","kayika roga"],"category":"disease-kinds","family":"disease","renderings":[{"english":"Three types of somatic disease","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-4.2.7","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO's entry is for the threefold division, not for the bare class term, and its content maps directly onto Cha.Ni.1/4 (agneya, saumya, vayavya). 'Somatic' is WHO's English.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Somatic cause","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-4.4.7","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Confirms WHO's gloss of the element sharirika as 'somatic' outside the disease-class context.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Bodily (Sharira)","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, trans. Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","sourceKind":"translation (public domain)","locator":"Sutrasthana ch. I, 'Disease:—its Definition'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Bhishagratna's rendering in the fourfold list.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"Diseases due to irregularities in food or drink, or incidental to a deranged state of the blood, or of the bodily humours acting either singly or in concert, are called Sharira.","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, trans. Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","sourceKind":"translation (public domain)","locator":"Sutrasthana ch. I, explanation of the four types","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Important: Bhishagratna's sharira is defined by CAUSE (food, drink, deranged humours and blood), not by seat. So Sushruta's sharira overlaps Charaka's nija far more than the English words 'bodily' and 'endogenous' suggest.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"Physical ailments, as regards their nature, are of three kinds, viz., 'Agneya', 'Saumya,' and 'Vayavya' ; in other words, these relate to bile, phlegm and wind.","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, trans. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","sourceKind":"translation (public domain)","locator":"translator's footnote to Nidana Sthana ch. 1 (his aphorism 2, = Ni.1/4 modern)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna's English for the somatic triad is 'Physical ailments'. This is his own note, not the text, and is labelled as such.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"somatic disease","sourceName":"common BAMS/textbook rendering","sourceKind":"textbook usage","locator":"","verbatim":false,"assessment":"The dominant modern rendering, and the one WHO adopted.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"24","establishes":"śārīra as the second of Sushruta's four classes of vyadhi, with printed verse number.","quote":"ते चतुर्विधाः- आगन्तवः, शारीराः, मानसाः, स्वाभाविकाश्चेति ||२४||","translator":"","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/2023/05/04/sushruta-samhita-sutrasthanam-chapter-1-vedotpatti-adhyaya-origin-of-the-science-of-life/","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"25","establishes":"Sushruta defines śārīra as anna-pāna-mūla and caused by vaiṣamya of vata, pitta, kapha and śoṇita. A cause-based, not seat-based, definition.","quote":"तेषामागन्तवोऽभिघातनिमित्ताः शारीरास्त्वन्नपानमूला वातापित्तकफशोणितसन्निपातवैषम्यनिमित्ताः","translator":"","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/2023/05/04/sushruta-samhita-sutrasthanam-chapter-1-vedotpatti-adhyaya-origin-of-the-science-of-life/","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"26","establishes":"All four classes have manas and sharira as their adhishthana (seat). This is the verse that makes sharira function as a SEAT in Sushruta as well as a class name, and it is the root of the ambiguity the lexicon has to flag.","quote":"त एते मनःशरीराधिष्ठानाः ||२६||","translator":"","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/2023/05/04/sushruta-samhita-sutrasthanam-chapter-1-vedotpatti-adhyaya-origin-of-the-science-of-life/","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"","establishes":"Quotable English for Su.Su.1/26. Verse number not printed on this page.","quote":"The Mind and the Body are the seats of the abovesaid distempers according as they are restricted to either of them, or affect both of them in unison.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122887.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"55","establishes":"Charaka's two ashrayas of disease: sharira and sattva (mind). Together with Su.55's preceding verse (dvayāśrayāṇāṃ vyādhīnāṃ, Su.1/54) this is the Charaka anchor for the sharira/manas division of disease by seat.","quote":"शरीरं सत्त्वसञ्ज्ञं च व्याधीनामाश्रयो मतः| तथा सुखानां, योगस्तु सुखानां कारणं समः||५५|| / śarīraṁ sattvasañjñaṁ ca vyādhīnāmāśrayō mataḥ| tathā sukhānāṁ, yōgastu sukhānāṁ kāraṇaṁ samaḥ||55||","translator":"","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Deerghanjiviteeya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Nidana Sthana","chapter":"1","verse":"4","establishes":"The threefold somatic (agneya/saumya/vayavya) and twofold psychic (rajasa/tamasa) division. This is the verse behind WHO ISTA ITA-4.2.7 trividha-śārīrika-rogaḥ, although the verse itself does not use the word śārīrika.","quote":"अतस्त्रिविधा व्याधयः प्रादुर्भवन्ति- आग्नेयाः, सौम्याः,वायव्याश्च;-द्विविधाश्चापरे- राजसाः, तामसाश्च||४|| / atastrividhā vyādhayaḥ prādurbhavanti- āgnēyāḥ, saumyāḥ, vāyavyāśca; dvividhāścāparē- rājasāḥ, tāmasāśca||4||","translator":"","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Jwara_Nidana","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Nidana Sthana","chapter":"1","verse":"4","establishes":"Quotable English for Cha.Ni.1/4. Kaviratna prints this as his aphorism 2; the verse number 4 is the modern one carried over from the verified Sanskrit.","quote":"From these arise three kinds of diseases, viz., those relating to Agni (heat), those relating to moon, and those relating to the wind. There are two other kinds of diseases, viz., those arising from the attribute of 'Rajas', and those from the attribute of 'Tamas.'","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/details/BIUSante_47357","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"manasika-roga","why":"The complementary class by seat. Su.Su.1/26 and Cha.Su.1/55 both make sharira and manas the two seats, so this is the cleanest opposition of the seven terms. But Sushruta lists sharira and manasa as two of FOUR classes at 1/24 while also making both of them seats at 1/26, which is not a contradiction the texts resolve."},{"term":"nija-roga","why":"Charaka defines nija as śārīra-doṣa-samuttha, so nija is defined via sharira. Sushruta's sharira is defined by dosha-vaishamya, which is Charaka's nija. The two terms are close to coextensive in practice but belong to different classifications (cause vs seat) and should not be recorded as synonyms."},{"term":"kayika","why":"'Bodily' in the sense used in ethics and in kaya-chikitsa. Kaya in Ayurveda also carries the specific sense of agni/metabolism, so 'kayika roga' is not a safe substitute for sharirika roga."},{"term":"sharirika-dosha (vata, pitta, kapha)","why":"WHO ISTA ITA-2.1.2 gives śārīrikadoṣa as a synonym of tridosha, i.e. sharirika there qualifies the DOSHAS, not the disease. The same adjective doing two jobs is a genuine retrieval hazard in any term index."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"physical disease","why":"Reads in modern English as 'not psychological', importing a body/mind dualism that Su.Su.1/26 and Cha.Su.1/55 explicitly reject by allowing diseases that affect both seats 'in unison'. It is also the word Kaviratna used for nija, so it double-books."},{"rendering":"organic disease","why":"A clinical term of art in Western psychiatry meaning 'with demonstrable physical pathology', opposed to 'functional'. Sharirika carries no such implication and the import smuggles in a contested Western distinction."},{"rendering":"somatoform / psychosomatic","why":"Sharirika is precisely NOT the psychosomatic category. Confusingly, WHO ISTA attaches 'including all psychosomatic diseases' to a different term, ādhyātmikarogaḥ (ITA-4.2.11), which increases the risk of this slip."}],"openQuestions":["Is śārīrika (with the -ika suffix) attested as a disease-class term in the samhitas, or only śārīra? Every classical instance I retrieved uses śārīra (शारीराः, शारीरदोषसमुत्थः); śārīrika appears in WHO ISTA and modern usage. The headword form may be post-classical.","How do the commentators handle Sushruta listing sharira as a class at 1/24 and as one of two seats at 1/26?"],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/sharirika-roga/","canary":"8406254e69fe4a53"},{"slug":"shat-kriyakala","page":"/lexicon/shat-kriyakala/","iast":"ṣaṭkriyākāla","devanagari":"षट्क्रियाकाल","alternates":["kriyākāla","क्रियाकाल","shat kriya kala","shad kriyakala","shatkriyakala"],"category":"kriyakala","family":"disease","renderings":[{"english":"Stages of disease manifestation and management","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","sourceKind":"who-ista","locator":"ITA-4.6.6","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO's own description, verbatim: 'A comprehensive term for the six prominent stages in disease management indicating the stepwise progression of its pathogenesis.' Re-read from the PDF. Recorded as a fact about WHO, not adopted as this entry's definition. WHO puts the simplex kriyākāla and the compound ṣaṭkriyākāla under ONE term ID, i.e. it does not distinguish them.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"occasion for medical treatment / occasion which calls for medical aid ('the first ... the sixth occasion')","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, tr. Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907)","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"Sutrasthana ch. XXI (Vrana-prashna-adhyaya)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Bhishagratna coins no collective noun; he renders each kriyākāla as an 'occasion for medical treatment' or 'occasion which calls for medical aid'. All six occasion-phrases were located on the retrieved page. This is the only public-domain English rendering found, and it preserves the kriyā (action/treatment) element that most modern renderings drop.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"Shatkriyakala (six stages of progress of a disease)","sourceName":"Chauhan A et al., J Integr Med 2017 (PMID 28285613)","sourceKind":"peer-reviewed-paper","locator":"abstract","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Abstract re-read from NCBI eutils; wording is verbatim including the lower-case 'six'. An earlier version of this record printed it as 'Six stages of progress of a disease', which is not what the abstract says. The same abstract glosses the simplex as 'the recognition of the stage of a disease's progress', with Kriya = 'the choice to treatment (medicine, food and daily-routine)' and Kala = 'the stage of progress of a disease', all three phrases string-matched.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Chauhan A et al., J Integr Med 2017 (PMID 28285613)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"Shad Kriyakala (six stages of Dosha imbalance)","sourceName":"Menon M, Shukla A, J Ayurveda Integr Med 2018 (PMID 29153383)","sourceKind":"peer-reviewed-paper","locator":"abstract","verbatim":true,"assessment":"String-matched in the retrieved abstract. Note 'Dosha imbalance', not 'disease', a different scope claim from the WHO and Chauhan renderings, and the disagreement is real.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Menon M, Shukla A, J Ayurveda Integr Med 2018 (PMID 29153383)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":null,"englishWithheld":"this project has not cleared that source for quotation","sourceName":"easyayurveda.com (Dr Raghuram Y.S. / Dr J.V. Hebbar), 'Shat Kriya Kala – Stage-Wise Disease Management'","sourceKind":"practitioner-reference","locator":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/2016/06/13/shat-kriya-kala-stage-wise-disease-management/","verbatim":true,"assessment":"String-matched on the retrieved page. Widely used non-academic practitioner reference; representative of Indian BAMS teaching usage. The same page splits the six into 'Dosha Kriyakala' (sanchaya, prakopa, prasara) and 'Vyadhi Kriyakala' (sthana samshraya, vyakta, bheda), a subdivision not found in the mula text.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"easyayurveda.com (Dr Raghuram Y.S. / Dr J.V. Hebbar), 'Shat Kriya Kala – Stage-Wise Disease Management'\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false}],"classical":[{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"21 (Vrana-prashna-adhyaya)","verse":"36","establishes":"The locus classicus listing all six members in order: sañcaya, prakopa, prasara, sthānasaṃśraya, vyakti, bheda. Note the verse does not use the word kriyākāla at all; it names the six and says one who knows them is a physician.","quote":"भवन्ति चात्र- सञ्चयं च प्रकोपं च प्रसरं स्थानसंश्रयम् । व्यक्तिं भेदं च यो वेत्ति दोषाणां स भवेद्भिषक् ॥३६॥","translator":null,"licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.siva.sh/sushruta-samhita/sutra-sthana/21/36","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"21","verse":"36","establishes":"Bhishagratna's English for the six-member list. Verse number 36 is assigned by matching content to the verse-numbered Sanskrit at siva.sh; the wisdomlib page itself carries no verse numbers.","quote":"The physician, who fully knows about the accumulation ( Sancaya ) , disturbance or aggravation ( Prakopa ), expansion (Prasara), and differentiating traits of the deranged humours ( Bheda ), and is well conversant with the specific localities in which they are respectively confined in the course of their expansion (Sthana-samshrayam), and with the symptoms which they respectively exhibit in connection with the incidental disease ( Vyakti ), is alone worthy of that epithet.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122917.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"21","verse":"18, 27, 32, 33, 34, 35","establishes":"The text numbers the six intervention points serially (first... sixth kriyākāla) across verses 18-35. Each fragment was retrieved from its own siva.sh verse page (/21/18, /21/27, /21/32, /21/33, /21/34, /21/35) and string-matched against that page individually; they are concatenated here with ellipses. Crucially, in the verses retrieved (21.16-21.38) the compound ṣaṭkriyākāla does NOT occur, the mula text uses only the simplex kriyākāla with ordinals.","quote":"तत्र प्रथमः क्रियाकालः ॥१८॥ ... तत्र द्वितीयः क्रियाकालः ॥२७॥ ... तत्र तृतीयः क्रियाकालः ॥३२॥ ... तत्र पूर्वरूपगतेषु चतुर्थः क्रियाकालः ॥३३॥ ... तत्र पञ्चमः क्रियाकालः ॥३४॥ ... षष्ठः क्रियाकालः ॥३५॥","translator":null,"licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.siva.sh/sushruta-samhita/sutra-sthana/21/18","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Ashtanga Hridaya","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"12 (doṣabhedīya-adhyāya)","verse":"","establishes":"Vagbhata treats dosha caya / kopa / praśama, a three-fold, largely seasonal scheme, in this chapter, not the six-fold kriyākāla. CHAPTER IDENTIFICATION ONLY, and weakly held: the wisdomlib Sanskrit chapter page is titled 'Chapter 12: doṣabhedīya-adhyāya', but that page returned HTTP 403 to both curl and the fetch tool, so the chapter title is known only from the search result and from secondary sources. No verse number is claimed and no quotation is given.","quote":null,"translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/ashtanga-hridaya-samhita-sanskrit/d/doc411543.html","checked":"address only, nothing quoted to check"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"samprāpti","why":"WHO ITA-4.5.16 gives the English term 'Evolution or natural course of disease' and describes it as 'The sequence of events from etiology to manifestation of a disease, which is classified into six stages .' (Sanskrit column: samprāptiḥ, jātiḥ, āgatiḥ.) Same sequence, but named as pathogenesis. Kriyākāla names that sequence as a series of treatment opportunities. Treating the two as synonyms erases the kriyā (action) element, which is the whole point of Sushruta's term. WHO keeps them as separate term IDs."},{"term":"nidāna-pañcaka","why":"The five-fold diagnostic set (nidana, purvarupa, rupa, upashaya, samprapti). Kriyakala is one axis inside it, it expands samprapti, not a parallel diagnostic pentad."},{"term":"doṣa-caya / kopa / praśama (Vagbhata's three-fold seasonal scheme)","why":"A three-member cycle tied to seasons, ending in spontaneous subsidence (praśama). The six-fold kriyakala has no praśama member and is not seasonal. Charaka and Vagbhata work mainly with the three-fold scheme; the six-fold list is Sushruta's."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"'Six stages of disease'","why":"Drops kriyā entirely. The compound names six times for ACTION, not six phases of an illness. Bhishagratna's 'occasion for medical treatment' is the rendering that keeps this; almost every modern source loses it."},{"rendering":"'Six stages of pathogenesis' used interchangeably with samprapti","why":"Conflates the diagnostic description (samprapti) with the therapeutic-window framing (kriyakala). WHO ISTA keeps these as separate term IDs (ITA-4.5.16 vs ITA-4.6.6)."},{"rendering":"Presenting ṣaṭkriyākāla as a term used by Sushruta","why":"In the retrieved Sanskrit of Sutrasthana 21.16-21.38 the text uses only kriyākāla with ordinals (prathamaḥ ... ṣaṣṭhaḥ). The compound ṣaṭkriyākāla appears in later usage, in WHO ISTA and in modern literature, but was not found in any mula verse retrieved."}],"openQuestions":["Whether ṣaṭkriyākāla occurs anywhere in the Sushruta mula text or only in Dalhana's Nibandhasangraha and later works, still open.","Whether NAMASTE's Ayurveda Standardized Terminologies module carries kriyakala, and under what code. The portal is reachable but every path resolves to the same 60,493-byte homepage and the one form action found (ayurveda_morb_code_downexcel) returns a 302 with no body to an unauthenticated POST. Needs a logged-in human.","Whether ICD-11 TM2 represents kriyakala stages. TM2 (Chapter 26, Module 2, Ayurveda/Siddha/Unani) exists, but the ICD-11 browser serves only an SPA shell and its search endpoint 404s without a token. Since TM2 is a morbidity classification, stage entities are a priori unlikely, but this is unverified either way.","Whether the Devanagari orthography of the compound षट्क्रियाकाल can be confirmed from a clean source, see gathering notes."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/shat-kriyakala/","canary":"29a9a166b8ce3667"},{"slug":"shita","page":"/lexicon/shita/","iast":"śīta","devanagari":"शीत","alternates":["sheeta","shita","sita","śītaḥ","hima (हिम, synonym in Ca.Su.25.36 variant lists and WHO ITA-7.1.9)","śītala (शीतल, Ca.Su.22.15)","sheeta virya (the potency sense)"],"category":"dravyaguna-3","family":"pharmacology","renderings":[{"english":"Coldness","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022), PDF mirror","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"ITA-1.9.4.2.6 description","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Defines by effect (stambhana), matching Su.Su.46.515.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Cold infusion","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"ITA-7.1.9","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Second WHO sense: śīta as a dosage form (śīta-kaṣāya).","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"cold; cooling","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. A. C. Kaviratna, public domain","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Su.1 his 58 vata 'cold', his 60 kapha 'cold'; Su.22 his 11 bṛṁhaṇa 'cooling', his 13 snehana 'cooling'; Su.26 his 11 Varyovida 'cold', his 23 water objects 'cold'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Stable. But at Su.1 his 59 he also writes 'Bile, which may be cold, hot, keen, soft...' where the Sanskrit has sasneha (unctuous), not śīta; see snigdha record.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"such things as produce the sensation of cold (stambhana list)","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. A. C. Kaviratna, public domain","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Su.22 his 30","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Paraphrase of śīta in the stambhana drug list.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"cold; Coldness","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita tr. K. L. Bhishagratna, public domain","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Su.Su.42 'sweet, bitter and astringent are cold in their properties'; 'The watery (Saumya) tastes are cold'; Su.Su.46 guna-karma 'Coldness — is pleasurable, exercises styptic virtues...' (archive.org OCR vol. 1 p. 567); Su.Su.41 āpya 'cold, moist, glossy'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Consistent; 'cooling in its potency' is his usual phrase for śīta-vīrya in food lists.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"Sheeta (cold)","sourceName":"Mane et al., AYU 2010 (PMID 22131702); Nair et al., AYU 2021 (PMID 37347083)","sourceKind":"modern literature","locator":"titles","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Research transliteration 'Sheeta' dominates; 'cool property' also used.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Mane et al., AYU 2010 (PMID 22131702); Nair et al., AYU 2021 (PMID 37347083)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"\"Mane et al., AYU 2010 (PMID 22131702); Nair et al., AYU 2021 (PMID 37347083)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation"}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"Standard 1.59 and 1.61; Kaviratna prints 58 and 60","establishes":"Śīta is a quality of both Vata and Kapha (and absent from Pitta). Sanskrit as retrieved: रूक्षः शीतो लघुः सूक्ष्मश्चलोऽथ विशदः खरः|...||५९|| and गुरुशीतमृदुस्निग्धमधुरस्थिरपिच्छिलाः| श्लेष्मणः प्रशमं यान्ति विपरीतगुणैर्गुणाः||६१|| (https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Deerghanjiviteeya_Adhyaya). The bracket marks the omitted Pitta verse (1.60).","quote":"Wind, which may be dry, cold, light, subtile, unstable, clear, keen, is cured by objects which have adverse attributes. [...] Heavy, cold, mild, watery, sweet, stable, and slimy, these attributes of phlegm are cured by objects having adverse attributes.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"22","verse":"Standard 22.13 (second half) to 22.14 (first half); Kaviratna prints 11","establishes":"Śīta ('cooling') as a bṛṁhaṇa quality. Sanskrit as retrieved: गुरु शीतं मृदु स्निग्धं बहलं स्थूलपिच्छिलम्||१३|| प्रायो मन्दं स्थिरं श्लक्ष्णं द्रव्यं बृंहणमुच्यते| (https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Langhanabrimhaniya_Adhyaya). 'Vringhana' is OCR of Vrimhana.","quote":"Such things as are heavy, cooling, soft, exceedingly oily, gross, slimy, mild stable, and smooth, are generally said to be Vringhana.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"46","verse":"Sanskrit 46.515 per the numbered text on easyayurveda.com; Bhishagratna prints no verse number (vol. 1 p. 567, 'Specific properties of matter')","establishes":"Sushruta's karma of śīta per the Sanskrit of Su Su 46.515: hlādana (pleasing), stambhana (styptic), and relieving mūrcchā (fainting), tṛṭ (thirst), sveda (sweating) and dāha (burning); uṣṇa is the reverse and especially pācana. Sanskrit as retrieved: ह्लादनः स्तम्भनः शीतो मूर्च्छातृट्स्वेददाहजित्| उष्णस्तद्विपरीतः स्यात्पाचनश्च विशेषतः||५१५|| (siva.sh 46/515; easyayurveda Su 46). The quoted English is Bhishagratna's rendering: his 'epileptic fits' stands where the Sanskrit has mūrcchā (fainting), and his 'suppuration in boils' is not in the verse, which says uṣṇa is pācana. The English is evidence of how Bhishagratna read the verse, not of a Sushruta claim about epilepsy.","quote":"Coldness — is pleasurable, exercises styptic virtues, alleviates epileptic fits, thirst and a burning sensation of the body, and arrests perspiration. Heat is the reverse in its action to coldness.","translator":"K. L. Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/englishtranslati01susruoft/englishtranslati01susruoft_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"42","verse":"Sūtrasthāna 42.7, printed ॥ ७ ॥ in Suśrutasaṃhitā with Dalhaṇa's Nibandhasaṅgraha, ed. Jādavji Trikamji Ācārya, 2nd edn 1931, p. 166; Bhishagratna vol. 1 ch. XLII prints the same passage as an unnumbered paragraph beginning 'According to certain authorities'.","establishes":"A view Sushruta reports (kecid āhuḥ, 'some say'), not his own statement: that rasas are two-fold by the agnīṣomīya nature of the world, with madhura, tikta and kaṣāya saumya and therefore śīta, and kaṭu, amla and lavaṇa āgneya and therefore uṣṇa. Sanskrit: केचिदाहुः- अग्नीषोमीयत्वाज्जगतो रसा द्विविधाः- सौम्या आग्नेयाश्च । मधुरतिक्तकषायाः सौम्याः; कट्वम्ललवणा आग्नेयाः । ... सौम्याः शीताः, आग्नेया उष्णाः ॥७॥ (siva.sh Su Su 42.7).","quote":"According to certain authorities, there are only two kinds of tastes, owing to the two-fold (hot and cold) nature of the temperament of the world. Of these the tastes such as sweet, bitter and astringent are cold in their properties, while the pungent, acid and saline ones exercise fiery or heat making virtues.","translator":"K. L. Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.327618","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"uṣṇa","why":"Paired opposite; Su.Su.46.515 'tadviparītaḥ'."},{"term":"śīta-vīrya (cold potency)","why":"The dvividha-vīrya doctrine uses the same word for a drug's overall potency; the guna is one of twenty, the vīrya is a verdict on the whole drug."},{"term":"hima","why":"Synonym used for the guna in some lists and for the cold infusion (WHO ITA-7.1.9 himaḥ)."},{"term":"śīta-kaṣāya / hima-kaṣāya","why":"A dosage form (cold infusion), WHO ITA-7.1.9, not the quality."},{"term":"stambhana","why":"The therapeutic action śīta produces (Ca.Su.22.17 stambhana list begins शीतं; WHO's definition cites staṃbhana); not identical with the quality."},{"term":"śītapitta, śītapūtanā, śītameha","why":"Disease names (WHO ITA-5.x) where śīta describes a symptom or urine character."},{"term":"'cold' Pitta in Kaviratna Su.1 his 59","why":"A mistranslation of sasneha; Pitta is uṣṇa (see snigdha record)."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"cold temperature (thermometric)","why":"The texts define śīta by action (hlādana, stambhana, relief of thirst and burning); ice-cold food and a śīta-vīrya herb at room temperature are both śīta."},{"rendering":"cool / cooling (as a mild synonym)","why":"Not wrong, but 'cooling' is also used for śīta-vīrya; the lexicon should keep guna and vīrya apart."},{"rendering":"epileptic fits (for mūrcchā in the śīta karma)","why":"Bhishagratna's Su.Su.46 wording; mūrcchā is fainting/syncope."}],"openQuestions":["Verse-number the Su.Su.42 passage.","Whether Kaviratna's Su.22 his 30 stambhana list corresponds exactly to standard 22.17 (not checked word by word)."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/shita/","canary":"878af8d6cf72abf9"},{"slug":"shlakshna","page":"/lexicon/shlakshna/","iast":"ślakṣṇa","devanagari":"श्लक्ष्ण","alternates":["slakshna","shlakshna","ślakṣṇaḥ","slakshma (Kaviratna's spelling in a footnote)"],"category":"dravyaguna-3","family":"pharmacology","renderings":[{"english":"Smoothness, slipperiness","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022), PDF mirror","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"ITA-1.9.4.2.10 description","verbatim":true,"assessment":"'slipperiness' is WHO's addition; the description uses only 'smoothness'.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"smooth","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. A. C. Kaviratna, public domain","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Su.22 his 11 bṛṁhaṇa list '...mild stable, and smooth'; Su.26 his 26 ākāśa objects 'mild, light, subtile, smooth'; Su.22 footnote 'Khara in Slakshma' (translator's note)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Consistent 'smooth'; positional match to श्लक्ष्ण in both Sanskrit lists.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"Humidity","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita tr. K. L. Bhishagratna, public domain (archive.org OCR vol. 1 p. 568)","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Su.Su.46 guna-karma: 'Humidity is like sliminess. Roughness is like absorption.'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Positional match to श्लक्ष्णः पिच्छिलवज्ज्ञेयः कर्कशो विशदो यथा (46.521). 'Humidity' for ślakṣṇa is doctrinally odd and should be treated as a translator's error.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"smooth (Akashiyam list)","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita tr. K. L. Bhishagratna, public domain, via wisdomlib","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Su.Su.41: 'A thing or substance, which is smooth, unctuous, and is subtle in its nature, soft or pliant in its consistency...is called a substance of the dominant principle of sky (Akashiyam)'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Word-to-word mapping to a Sanskrit Su.41 not established, but 'smooth' heads the list as ślakṣṇa does in Charaka's ākāśa list.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"Shlakshna (smooth) / Slakshna","sourceName":"Mithun & Singh, IJHSR 2026 review (DOI 10.52403/ijhsr.20260119)","sourceKind":"modern literature","locator":"'Shlakshna-Khara","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Textbook rendering; the review itself uses two spellings.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Mithun & Singh, IJHSR 2026 review (DOI 10.52403/ijhsr.20260119)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"\"Mithun & Singh, IJHSR 2026 review (DOI 10.52403/ijhsr.20260119)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation"},{"english":"smoothness","sourceName":"easyayurveda.com Su.Su.46 translation (Hebbar), modern, in copyright","sourceKind":"modern web textbook","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":"Recorded as a rendering only.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"easyayurveda.com Su.Su.46 translation (Hebbar), modern, in copyright\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"\"easyayurveda.com Su.Su.46 translation (Hebbar), modern, in copyright\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation"}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"22","verse":"Standard 22.13 (second half) to 22.14 (first half); Kaviratna prints 11","establishes":"Ślakṣṇa ('smooth') closes the bṛṁhaṇa quality list. Sanskrit as retrieved: गुरु शीतं मृदु स्निग्धं बहलं स्थूलपिच्छिलम्||१३|| प्रायो मन्दं स्थिरं श्लक्ष्णं द्रव्यं बृंहणमुच्यते| (https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Langhanabrimhaniya_Adhyaya).","quote":"Such things as are heavy, cooling, soft, exceedingly oily, gross, slimy, mild stable, and smooth, are generally said to be Vringhana.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"26","verse":"Standard 26.11 (ākāśa clause); Kaviratna prints 26","establishes":"Ślakṣṇa as a quality of ākāśa-dominant substances (alongside mṛdu, laghu, sūkṣma, śabda). Sanskrit as retrieved: मृदुलघुसूक्ष्मश्लक्ष्णशब्दगुणबहुलान्याकाशात्मकानि (within ||११||, https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Atreyabhadrakapyiya_Adhyaya).","quote":"Those that are mild, light, subtile, smooth, and largely endued with the property of sound, are regarded as having Ether for their essence.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"25","verse":"Standard 25.36 (prose)","establishes":"Ślakṣṇa paired with khara in Charaka's twenty.","quote":"विंशतिगुणः, गुरुलघुशीतोष्णस्निग्धरूक्षमन्दतीक्ष्णस्थिरसरमृदुकठिनविशदपिच्छिलश्लक्ष्णखरसूक्ष्मस्थूलसान्द्रद्रवानुगमात्","translator":"none (Sanskrit only)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Yajjah_Purushiya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"46","verse":"Sushruta Sutrasthana 41.4, fifth sub-clause ((५) within ॥४॥, the ākāśīya classification); Bhishagratna prints no verse number, vol. 1 pp. 376-377","establishes":"Ślakṣṇa heads Sushruta's list of qualities marking ākāśa-dominant substances (Su.Su. 41.4, fifth clause: ślakṣṇa, sūkṣma, mṛdu, vyavāyi, viśada, vivikta, avyaktarasa, śabdabahula), paralleling Charaka's ākāśa list at Ca.Su. 26.11. Ḍalhaṇa glosses ślakṣṇaṃ masṛṇam. Bhishagratna's 'smooth' at the head of his Akashiyam list therefore does render ślakṣṇa; his following 'unctuous' answers to nothing in the Sanskrit and must not be read as snigdha, which belongs to the āpya clause of the same sūtra.","quote":"श्लक्ष्णसूक्ष्ममृदुव्यवायिविशदविविक्तमव्यक्तरसं शब्दबहुलमाकाशीयं, तन्मार्दवशौषिर्यलाघवकरमिति ॥ (५) ॥ ४ ॥","translator":"K. L. Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/in.ernet.dli.2015.327618/page/n224_w800.jpg","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"khara / karkaśa","why":"Paired opposite (Charaka uses khara, Ca.Su.25.36; Sushruta uses karkaśa, Su.Su.46.521). Kaviratna's footnote: 'Khara in Slakshma'."},{"term":"picchila","why":"Su.Su.46.521 says ślakṣṇa is 'picchilavat' (like slimy), similar, not identical; WHO keeps separate headwords (ITA-1.9.4.2.10 vs.21)."},{"term":"snigdha","why":"Unctuousness; WHO's snigdha definition includes 'smoothness', which invites confusion. Snigdha is oily; ślakṣṇa is smooth to touch and may be dry (ākāśa substances are ślakṣṇa but not snigdha in Ca.Su.26.11)."},{"term":"mṛdu","why":"Softness, a separate guna that co-occurs in the ākāśa list."},{"term":"sūkṣma","why":"Subtlety, also co-occurring in the ākāśa list and the bṛṁhaṇa list."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"Humidity","why":"Bhishagratna's rendering at Su.Su.46.521; ślakṣṇa has nothing to do with moisture. Probably a slip induced by the picchila comparison."},{"rendering":"slippery / slimy","why":"WHO's 'slipperiness' and Sushruta's 'like picchila' push towards sliminess; Charaka's ākāśa list shows ślakṣṇa can be dry smoothness."},{"rendering":"soft","why":"Confuses ślakṣṇa with mṛdu; both appear separately in Ca.Su.26.11."}],"openQuestions":["Whether 'smooth' in Bhishagratna's Su.Su.41 Akashiyam list is ślakṣṇa in the Sanskrit (needs a Sanskrit Su.41).","Is Bhishagratna's 'Humidity' an OCR or typesetting error rather than his word? A human should check the printed page 568 of vol. 1."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/shlakshna/","canary":"7624e933a1d2960c"},{"slug":"shleshaka-kapha","page":"/lexicon/shleshaka-kapha/","iast":"śleṣaka-kapha","devanagari":"श्लेषककफ","alternates":["śleṣaka-śleṣmā","Shleshmaka","Shimeshakam (OCR artifact)","Sleshaka Kapha","Shleshak Kapha"],"category":"kapha-subtype","family":"dosha","renderings":[{"english":"Lubricating kapha","sourceName":"WHO international standard terminologies on Ayurveda (2022), term ID ITA-2.1.3.6","sourceKind":"standards-body","locator":"ITA-2.1.3.6","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO records ONLY lubrication. Both mūlas make the primary function SAṂŚLEṢA, binding/holding the joints together, with Suśruta explicitly adding that it opposes their separation. Cohesion, not lubrication, is the root sense of śliṣ-. WHO's gloss keeps the mechanical convenience and drops the structural claim.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Shimeshakam","sourceName":"Suśruta Saṃhitā tr. Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (public domain)","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"Sūtrasthāna ch. 21, Wikisource text: 'The Shimeshakam:—The Kapham, situated in the joints, keeps them firmly united, protects their articulation and opposes their separation and disunion.'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"'Shimeshakam' is an OCR corruption in the Wikisource text; Bhishagratna's own footnote at ch. 15 reads 'Shleshmaka'. Recorded verbatim as retrieved, with the corruption flagged, do not propagate this spelling. Substantively his rendering is BETTER than WHO's: 'keeps them firmly united... opposes their separation' captures saṃśleṣa exactly.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"Shleshmaka","sourceName":"Suśruta Saṃhitā tr. Bhishagratna, footnote at Sūtrasthāna ch. 15","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"'They are known as Shleshmaka, Kledaka, Vodhaka, Tarpaka, Avalamvaka.'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Bhishagratna's actual spelling is 'Shleshmaka', not 'Shleshaka'. Note this form is identical to a general word for kapha (śleṣmaka), which is itself a source of confusion, the standard modern form is śleṣaka.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"holds the joints firmly and enables easy movement of the joints","sourceName":"EasyAyurveda, Suśruta Sūtrasthāna 21 study page","sourceKind":"modern-textbook-website","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":"Keeps BOTH senses, holding and easy movement, and is therefore more complete than WHO. 'Enables easy movement' is an interpretive addition; the Suśrutan mūla stresses cohesion and anugraha of all joints, not motion.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"EasyAyurveda, Suśruta Sūtrasthāna 21 study page\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"\"EasyAyurveda, Suśruta Sūtrasthāna 21 study page\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation"},{"english":null,"englishWithheld":"this project has not cleared that source for quotation","sourceName":"J Ayurveda Integr Med (2025), osteoarthritis knee study","sourceKind":"peer-reviewed-journal","locator":"PMID 40215578","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Uses śleṣaka as a treatment-rationale construct in a clinical trial discussion. Shifts the function toward nourishment/stabilisation of periarticular tissue, which is broader than either mūla.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"J Ayurveda Integr Med (2025), osteoarthritis knee study\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"\"J Ayurveda Integr Med (2025), osteoarthritis knee study\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation"}],"classical":[{"text":"Suśruta Saṃhitā","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"21 (Vraṇapraśna Adhyāya)","verse":"","establishes":"Seat = the joints (sandhi); function = holding them united, favouring the articulation, opposing separation. Cohesion is primary; lubrication is not mentioned.","quote":"The Shimeshakam:—The Kapham, situated in the joints, keeps them firmly united, protects their articulation and opposes their separation and disunion.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita,_Volume_1/Chapter_21","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Suśruta Saṃhitā (Sanskrit mūla)","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"21","verse":"14","establishes":"The NAME 'śleṣaka' does not appear, the text says 'sandhi-sthaḥ śleṣmā' (the kapha situated in the joints) and gives the function as 'sarva-sandhi-saṃśleṣāt sarva-sandhi-anugrahaṃ karoti': by the binding-together of all joints it favours all joints. Saṃśleṣa (cohesion, adhesion), not lubrication. This sentence carries the ||१४|| verse marker, fixing the verse number for the whole kapha passage.","quote":"सन्धिस्थः श्लेष्मा सर्वसन्धिसंश्लेषात् सर्वसन्ध्यनुग्रहं करोति ||१४||","translator":"","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/sushruta-samhita-sutrasthana-21-vranaprashna-adhyaya-question-concerning-wounds/","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Suśruta Saṃhitā (Sanskrit mūla)","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"15","verse":"4","establishes":"Sandhi-saṃśleṣaṇa heads the list of kapha's six functions at Su.Sū. 15.4, confirming that joint-binding is treated as a primary kapha action. The five are not named here.","quote":"सन्धिसंश्लेषणस्नेहनरोपणपूरणबलस्थैर्यकृच्छ्लेष्मा पञ्चधा प्रविभक्त उदककर्मणाऽनुग्रहं करोति ||४||","translator":"","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/2023/05/29/sushruta-15-doshadhatumala-kshayavruddhi-vijnaninya-adhyaya/","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Aṣṭāṅga Hṛdaya (Sanskrit mūla; no public-domain English translation exists, so no translation is quoted)","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"12 (Doṣabhedīya)","verse":"17b-18a","establishes":"Vāgbhaṭa supplies the NAME with its etymology, called śleṣaka FROM sandhi-saṃśleṣa, and agrees with Suśruta on seat and function. Confirms the standard form is ŚLEṢAKA (not śleṣmaka, which is Bhishagratna's spelling).","quote":null,"quoteWithheld":"nobody has yet read this quotation against its printed source, and an unchecked quotation is not published here","translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/2013/04/16/dosha-types-increase-and-decrease/"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"sandhi (the joint) and the sandhi-gata doṣa concept","why":"Sandhi is the anatomical site; śleṣaka is the kapha acting there. 'Sandhigata vāta' (the classical osteoarthritis analogue) is a vāta pathology AT the joint, not a śleṣaka disorder, though the two are constantly discussed together and conflated in clinical writing."},{"term":"kledaka-kapha","why":"Kledana (moistening) and saṃśleṣa (binding) are distinct actions, but English 'lubricating'/'moistening' are near-synonyms and collapse them. PMID 42492167 glosses KLEDAKA as 'food lubrication', which is śleṣaka's English label in WHO ISTA. A real, published crossover."},{"term":"avalambaka-kapha","why":"Suśruta gives avalambaka the job of trika-sandhāraṇa, holding the trika joint complex. That overlaps śleṣaka's general joint remit. The division is regional versus universal (sarva-sandhi)."},{"term":"snehana / sneha","why":"Unctuousness is a general kapha quality and a therapeutic procedure. It is listed separately from sandhi-saṃśleṣaṇa in Su.Sū. 15.4, so oiliness is not the same as śleṣaka's binding action."},{"term":"asthi dhātu and majjā","why":"Joint pathology in Ayurveda is usually routed through asthi-dhātu-kṣaya and vāta, not primarily through śleṣaka. Attributing all joint disease to śleṣaka depletion is a modern simplification."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"\"synovial fluid\"","why":"The near-universal modern equation and purely a hypothesis. Synovial fluid lubricates and nourishes cartilage; śleṣaka's stated action is to BIND the joint and oppose its separation, which is ligamentous/capsular work, not fluid work. No study measures synovial parameters against any śleṣaka assessment."},{"rendering":"\"Lubricating kapha\" as a complete definition","why":"This is WHO ISTA's own English term and it silently drops the cohesion sense that both mūlas make primary. Bhishagratna's much older rendering ('keeps them firmly united... opposes their separation') is more faithful than the 2022 standard."},{"rendering":"\"Shleshmaka\" used as the term's standard form","why":"Bhishagratna's spelling. It is confusable with śleṣmaka as a general word for kapha. Vāgbhaṭa's AH 12.17b-18a gives śleṣaka, which is the standard form and what WHO records."},{"rendering":"\"Shimeshakam\"","why":"Not a word. An OCR corruption in the Wikisource transcription of Bhishagratna's chapter 21. Recorded here only so that anyone who encounters it in a digitised corpus can identify it."}],"openQuestions":["Does Dalhaṇa name this kapha in his gloss on Su.Sū. 21.14, and does he spell it śleṣaka or śleṣmaka?","Is the Wikisource 'Shimeshakam' present in the printed Bhishagratna edition or introduced in transcription? Check the archive.org scan.","Is there any imaging or biomechanical study that has attempted to operationalise śleṣaka kapha? PMID 22048545 and PMID 40215578 both invoke it without measuring it.","Whether NAMASTE or ICD-11 TM2 carries any śleṣaka-kapha entry, ICD-11 TM2 does have a 'Bone, joint and muscle disorders (SP00-SP4Z)' block, so this is the most likely of the ten to surface there."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/shleshaka-kapha/","canary":"78239a7b02fdbd25"},{"slug":"shodhana","page":"/lexicon/shodhana/","iast":"śodhana","devanagari":"शोधन","alternates":["saṁśodhana","saṁśuddhi","śodhana-karma","śodhana-cikitsā","shodhan"],"category":"chikitsa","family":"clinic","renderings":[{"english":"Cleansing therapy","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator-standard","locator":"ITA-9.2.1 saṁśodhanakarma","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO head-term is 'cleansing', with 'purifying' in running text; the pharmaceutical śodhana is a separate entry under chapter 7.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":null,"sourceName":"NIA Jaipur / WHO-APW draft terminology (2011)","sourceKind":"comparator-draft","locator":"entries saṁśodhana","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Shows the three distinct senses (therapeutic, pharmaceutical, surgical) side by side.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"cleansing (cathartic); purifying remedies; 'cleansed (Sodhana)'","sourceName":"Bhishagratna, Sushruta Samhita, Su. ch. XXXIX title and Chi. ch. XXVII","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"wisdomlib doc141669 and doc142939","verbatim":true,"assessment":"'cathartic' narrows to purgation; 'cleansing/purifying' are his general terms.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"correctives; corrective processes; 'Sançodhanam' or correction; purifying or corrective medicines; cleansers of all impurities","sourceName":"Kaviratna, Charaka Samhita, Sutrasthana Lessons XV, XVI, XXII","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"archive.org OCR (his 17 in Lesson XVI; his 18 in Lesson XXII; footnote in Lesson XV)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"'correction/correctives' is Kaviratna's consistent and now-obsolete rendering.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"purification therapy / bio-purification / detoxification / elimination therapy","sourceName":"Common textbook and PubMed usage (e.g. PMID 23049187 'Shodhana therapy'; PMID 19412555 'cleansing retreat program, Panchakarma')","sourceKind":"textbook-usage","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"'Detoxification' dominates popular usage; see mistranslations.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"16 (Cikitsāprābhṛtīya)","verse":"20 (carakasamhitaonline, Trikamji numbering); Kaviratna 17","establishes":"Doṣas removed by saṁśodhana do not recur; the core claim distinguishing śodhana from reductive/pacifying measures.","quote":"dōṣāḥ kadācit kupyanti jitā laṅghanapācanaiḥ| jitāḥ saṁśōdhanairyē tu na tēṣāṁ punarudbhavaḥ","translator":"Sanskrit text (IAST as displayed)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Chikitsaprabhritiya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"Lesson XVI","verse":"Kaviratna's printed 17 (standard 20)","establishes":"Kaviratna renders saṁśodhana as 'correctives'.","quote":"The faults of the system, if subjugated by fasts and Pachanas, may reappear. If subjugated by correctives, they cannot reappear.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (OCR text; spacing normalized)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"22 (Laṅghanabṛṁhaṇīya)","verse":"18 (carakasamhitaonline, Trikamji numbering ||१८||); Kaviratna prints 16 (printed '§16' after the passage on his p. 245, Lesson XXII, archive.org leaf 347), two behind the standard numbers across that page (his 10-16 = Trikamji 12-18)","establishes":"Charaka counts a fourfold saṁśuddhi (purification) among the ten laṅghanas; the Sanskrit does not name the four, so any list of them is gloss.","quote":"चतुष्प्रकारा संशुद्धिः पिपासा मारुतातपौ। पाचनान्युपवासश्च व्यायामश्चेति लङ्घनम्॥१८॥","translator":"Sanskrit text","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Langhanabrimhaniya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"Lesson XXII","verse":"Kaviratna's printed aphorism 16 (number printed after the passage, '§16', on his p. 245, archive.org leaf 347) = standard Sutrasthana 22/18 (Trikamji). He runs two behind across this page: his 10-16 = Trikamji 12-18.","establishes":"Kaviratna's rendering; the parenthetical naming of the four (emetics, purgatives, errhines, 'dry enemata' = niruha) is his gloss, not in the Sanskrit of 22.18.","quote":"The four kinds of corrective processes (viz., administration of emetics, of purgatives, of errhines or cerebral purgatives, and dry enemata), as also bearing thirst and wind and the heat of the Sun, drinking the medicines called Pāchana, fast, and physical exercise,—these are all included under Langhana.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (OCR text; spacing normalized)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Chikitsasthana","chapter":"XXVII","verse":"Unnumbered in Bhishagratna","establishes":"Śodhana as prerequisite to rasāyana; Bhishagratna's 'cleansed (Sodhana)'.","quote":"A person whose system has not been (previously) cleansed (Sodhana) with the proper purifying remedies (emetics and purgatives) should not, in any case, have recourse to such tonics inasmuch as they would fail to produce the wished-for result, just as the application of a dye to a piece of dirty cloth will prove non-effective.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1911)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-4-cikitsasthana/d/doc142939.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"XXXIX (Saṁśodhana-saṁśamanīya)","verse":"Chapter opening, unnumbered","establishes":"Bhishagratna pairs saṁśodhana/saṁśamana as cleansing (cathartic) vs soothing; the chapter's śodhana sections are emetics, purgatives and errhines.","quote":"Now we shall discourse on the Chapter which treats of medicinal drugs possessed of cleansing (cathartic; or soothing effects (Samshodhana-Samsha-maniya-adhyaya).","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc141669.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Ashtanga Hridaya","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"14","verse":"4-5 per easyayurveda display (verse 5: yadīrayed bahir doṣān pañcadhā śodhanaṁ ca tat). Sanskrit seen; no quotable English.","establishes":"Vāgbhaṭa's definition: śodhana expels doṣas outward and is fivefold.","quote":null,"translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/two-types-of-ayurveda-treatments-ashtanga-hrudaya-sutrasthana-14/","checked":"address only, nothing quoted to check"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"śamana","why":"Pacifies doṣas without expelling them; the standard contrast (AH Su. 1 and 14; Charaka Su. 16.20 for the recurrence argument)."},{"term":"pañcakarma","why":"The five named śodhana procedures; śodhana is the principle (WHO ITA-9.2.1), pañcakarma one enumeration (WHO ITA-9.2.2 lists two enemas and no bloodletting; Charaka Su. 22.18 counts four saṁśuddhi; Sushruta's tradition counts raktamokṣaṇa)."},{"term":"śodhana (rasaśāstra, pharmaceutical)","why":"Purification/processing of drugs and minerals (WHO ITA-7.2.1.3; NIA RS0211); same word, different domain."},{"term":"vraṇa-śodhana","why":"Wound cleansing (NIA DG0306 'cleansing of the wound'); surgical sense."},{"term":"laṅghana","why":"Charaka makes saṁśuddhi a subtype of laṅghana (Su. 22.18); Vāgbhaṭa makes śodhana and śamana both subtypes of laṅghana (AH Su. 14.4)."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"detoxification / detox","why":"Imports a biomedical/pop-wellness toxin model; the Sanskrit concept is removal of vitiated doṣa and mala, and the pharmaceutical śodhana is a different process again."},{"rendering":"correction / correctives (Kaviratna)","why":"Obsolete and opaque to modern readers; reflects his reading of doṣa as 'faults'."},{"rendering":"purification (unqualified)","why":"Carries ritual-purity connotations and fails to distinguish therapeutic, pharmaceutical and surgical śodhana."}],"openQuestions":["Charaka Kalpa/Siddhi formal definition of saṁśodhana by route (ūrdhva/adho) was not verified; carakasamhitaonline Kalpana Siddhi fetch did not return it.","Systematic reviews of Vamana/Panchakarma appeared as titles (JISM 2024, IJAM 2023) but were not PubMed-verified."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/shodhana/","canary":"a63a95df2b527b4f"},{"slug":"shukra-dhatu","page":"/lexicon/shukra-dhatu/","iast":"śukra-dhātu","devanagari":"शुक्रधातु","alternates":["shukra","sukra","śukra","shukradhatu","retas (related, not synonymous)","bija"],"category":"dhatu","family":"body","renderings":[{"english":"Reproductive fluids; semen","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-2.2.18","verbatim":true,"assessment":"A double headword, and WHO's description is unusually explicit about the tension: 'generally equated with reproductive cells (semen, ovum)' and 'It occurs in two forms: the first which pervades the entire body and the second which fertilizes the ovum.' WHO thus records both the whole-body sense and the ejaculate sense.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Semen","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-2.2.19","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO gives retas its own entry, 'Part of seminal tissue ... generally refers to the ejaculate and carries the male seed'. So in WHO's scheme 'semen' proper is retas, and śukra is wider. Anyone translating śukra as 'semen' is using WHO's word for a different term.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"vital seed","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Chikitsasthana XV; Vimanasthana VIII; Sutrasthana XXVIII","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna's uniform rendering, and a better one than it looks: 'seed' keeps the generative sense without committing to the ejaculate, and 'vital' marks it as a bodily principle.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"semen","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, tr. Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907-1916)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sutrasthana XIV and XV","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Bhishagratna commits to the ejaculate reading throughout, though the passages he is translating speak of shukra existing latently in children and of its conversion from rasa over a month.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"semen","sourceName":"Wikipedia, Dhātu (ayurveda)","sourceKind":"encyclopaedia","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":"Recorded as a fact about a widely-read source.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Wikipedia, Dhātu (ayurveda)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"reproductive tissue","sourceName":"Modern Ayurvedic teaching and journal usage","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"The hedged modern form, adopted to accommodate the fact that women are also said to have shukra.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"15","verse":"corresponds to mula verse 5","establishes":"Shukra's functions run from courage and strength through to impregnation. The first two are constitutional, not reproductive, and are the reason the term cannot simply be read as 'semen'.","quote":"The semen gives rise to valour and courageousness, makes a man amorously disposed towards the female sex, increases his strength and amativeness, is the sole impregnating principle in the male organism, and is possessed of the virtue of being quickly emitted.","translator":"Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907-1916)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/b24758619_0001/b24758619_0001_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita (Sanskrit mula)","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"14","verse":"14","establishes":"Crucially, that rasa becomes śukra in men AND ārtava in women over one month (स्त्रीणां चार्तवं भवति). The mula parallels shukra with menstrual fluid rather than positing a female shukra here. Verified Sanskrit with verse number.","quote":"स खलु त्रीणि त्रीणि कलासहस्राणि पञ्चदश च कला एकैकस्मिन् धाताववतिष्ठते; एवं मासेन रसः शुक्रं स्त्रीणां चार्तवं भवति ॥१४॥","translator":null,"licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.siva.sh/sushruta-samhita/sutra-sthana/14/14","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"14","verse":"corresponds to mula verse 14","establishes":"The quotable English of the same verse, with Bhishagratna's bracketed gloss equating menstrual blood with the ovum - a nineteenth-century identification that should be flagged, not adopted.","quote":"The Rasa is successively transformed into each of the six remaining fundamental principles of the body, and continues in the shape of each for the period of three thousand and fifteen kalas [five days according to our modern computation]. Thus the Rasa is converted into semen, or into the menstrual blood (ovum) in women, in the course of a month.","translator":"Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907-1916)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/b24758619_0001/b24758619_0001_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"14","verse":"prose section","establishes":"That shukra is held to be present potentially from childhood and to become manifest at puberty. Answers the text's own objection 'how is it that semen is not found in an infant?' and is decisive against reading shukra as simply the ejaculate.","quote":"As the perfume in a flower-bud lies latent in its early stage of growth but becomes patent only with the growth of its seed organs, so semen or catamenial blood lies in a potential state in a male or a female child, and appears with the growth of beards and mustaches, or with the enlargement of the breasts, uterus and vaginal canal and the appearance of pubic hair.","translator":"Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907-1916)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/b24758619_0001/b24758619_0001_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"15","verse":"kshaya and vriddhi prose sections","establishes":"The clinical presentations of śukra-kṣaya and śukra-vṛddhi, including the named entity shukrashmari (seminal calculus).","quote":"The loss or waste of semen is marked by pain in the penis and the testes, and by incapacity for sexual intercourse. In such cases the emission of semen but rarely happens, and is then perceptibly deficient in its quantity, the emitted matter consisting of a small quantity of semen marked with shreds of blood. ... An excess of semen in the body is marked by an excessive flow of that fluid and gives rise to the formation of gravels (concretions) in the bladder which are known as Shukrashmari.","translator":"Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907-1916)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/b24758619_0001/b24758619_0001_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Chikitsasthana","chapter":"15","verse":"15 in Kaviratna's marginal numbering","establishes":"Shukra as terminal member of the chain and source of the foetus. Charaka's chain runs one step further than Sushruta's, to garbha.","quote":"from marrow is vital seed : from the vital seed arises the foetus.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"8","verse":"122 in Kaviratna's marginal numbering; sara section cited as Vi 8/102 ff by carakasamhitaonline","establishes":"Śukra-sāra as a constitutional type recognised by disposition and appearance, notably the 'milky' eyes that WHO ISTA also records at ITA-2.8.1.8 ('milky-looking eyes').","quote":"They who have the vital seed for the predominating element in their constitution become possessed of an amiable disposition, and amiable (or agreeable) looks. Their eyes seem to be full of milk.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"14","verse":"translator's footnote to the prose section","establishes":"That shukra alone among the dhātus is held to produce no waste fraction, and that its subtle residue is taken by some authorities to be ojas as an eighth principle. Recorded as the translator's footnote, not as mula.","quote":"Semen, like gold a thousand times purified, casts off no dregs. Hence certain authorities hold albumen (protoplasmic matter) to be the eighth or the culminating principle of the body.","translator":"Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907-1916), translator's footnote","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/b24758619_0001/b24758619_0001_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"retas","why":"WHO ISTA gives retas its own headword, 'Semen' (ITA-2.2.19), describing it as 'Part of seminal tissue' that 'generally refers to the ejaculate'. So in the standard's own scheme retas is the ejaculate and śukra is the wider dhātu. Translating śukra as 'semen' collides directly with this."},{"term":"bīja / puṃbīja / strībīja","why":"WHO gives 'Seed' (ITA-2.2.20), 'Male seed' (ITA-2.2.21) and 'Female seed' (ITA-2.2.22) as separate headwords. The generative factors are terminologically distinct from the dhātu."},{"term":"ārtava","why":"Sushruta 14.14 parallels shukra in men with ārtava in women, and WHO classes ārtava as an upadhātu of rasa (ITA-2.3.3), not as a female shukra. Modern teaching often posits a female śukra; the mula verse retrieved here does not."},{"term":"ojas","why":"Bhishagratna's footnote derives the eighth principle from shukra's thin fraction. Ojas is the sāra of all seven dhātus per Sushruta Sutrasthana 15; whether it is also specifically shukra's product is the open question."},{"term":"vṛṣatā / vājīkaraṇa","why":"Virility (WHO ITA-2.2.23) and the therapeutic class that promotes it. Properties and treatments, not the dhātu."},{"term":"śukrāśmarī","why":"A named disease of śukra excess (seminal calculus), not the dhātu."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"semen","why":"WHO ISTA assigns 'Semen' to retas, a different headword. Śukra is said to exist latently in children of both sexes, to be formed from rasa over a month, to produce courage and strength, and to pervade the whole body in one of its two forms. None of that is semen."},{"rendering":"sperm","why":"Narrower still. Sperm is a cell type; śukra in the sources is a bodily principle with constitutional and affective functions. The equation is nonetheless how śukra disorders are measured in practice (PMID 32741654, 39157286)."},{"rendering":"reproductive fluids","why":"WHO's own first headword, and better, but it still fixes on fluidity and reproduction and drops the pervasive whole-body form that WHO's description mentions in the same entry."},{"rendering":"'catamenial blood (ovum)'","why":"Bhishagratna's bracketed gloss equating menstrual blood with the ovum. A nineteenth-century error about reproductive biology embedded inside a quotable translation. Quote the sentence if needed; never adopt the gloss."}],"openQuestions":["Whether women have śukra, or whether the female counterpart is ārtava, is stated differently by the sources retrieved here: Su.Su.14.14 parallels shukra with ārtava, WHO calls śukra 'reproductive fluids ... (semen, ovum)', and modern teaching posits a female śukra. Unresolved.","The relationship between śukra and ojas: Bhishagratna's footnote derives the eighth principle from shukra's thin fraction, Sushruta's chapter XV makes ojas the essence of all seven. Not reconciled anywhere retrieved.","No study operationalises śukra as anything other than semen parameters, and no study asks whether the classical śukra-kṣaya presentation (penile and testicular pain, blood-flecked ejaculate) identifies the same patients as oligospermia.","What the 'first form which pervades the entire body' in WHO's description corresponds to, and where WHO drew it from, could not be determined; WHO gives no source references per entry."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/shukra-dhatu/","canary":"047eda1cb602d101"},{"slug":"shukravaha-srotas","page":"/lexicon/shukravaha-srotas/","iast":"śukravaha srotas","devanagari":"शुक्रवहस्रोतस्","alternates":["śukravahāni srotāṃsi","śukravāhīni srotāṃsi (Ca.Vi.5/19)","śukravahasrotaḥ"],"category":"srotas (body channel) — anatomy/physiology","family":"body","renderings":[{"english":"Channel carrying structural components of reproduction","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standards-body comparator","locator":"ITA-2.5.17","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO deliberately avoids 'semen': 'The pathway for structural components of reproduction. Entities related to this channel are the testicles and penis.' This is the most cautious rendering of any source here.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false},{"english":"Vitiation of channels carrying semen","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standards-body comparator (disorder term)","locator":"ITA-5.5.11 shukravahasrotoduṣṭiḥ","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO reverts to 'semen' in the disorder term while avoiding it in the anatomy term, an internal inconsistency.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false},{"english":"channels carrying reproductive tissues","sourceName":"NAMASTE Portal, Standardised Ayurveda Terminologies","sourceKind":"national terminology comparator","locator":"SAT-B.485","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Definition: 'originates from vṛṣaṇa and śepha and is associated with diseases such as klaibya.'","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology","downloadable":false},{"english":"derangement of shukravahasrotas","sourceName":"NAMASTE National Ayurveda Morbidity Codes","sourceKind":"morbidity-code comparator","locator":"NAMC EI-1","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology"},{"english":"injury to shukravahasrotas","sourceName":"NAMASTE National Ayurveda Morbidity Codes","sourceKind":"morbidity-code comparator","locator":"NAMC LH-4.9","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology"},{"english":"The two semen-carrying Srotas (ducts)","sourceName":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna, Sushruta Samhita (1911)","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Śārīrasthāna IX (Sanskrit 9.12)","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"shukra dhatu i.e. reproductive elements","sourceName":"carakasamhitaonline.com (CSRTSL), 2020","sourceKind":"modern translation (in copyright; rendering recorded as comparator only)","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"the CSRTSDC/Charak Samhita New Edition English, in copyright","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the CSRTSDC/Charak Samhita New Edition English, in copyright"}],"classical":[{"text":"Caraka Saṃhitā","sthana":"Vimāna Sthāna","chapter":"5","verse":"5/8","establishes":"Root = the two vṛṣaṇa (testes) and śepha (penis). Purely male anatomy.","quote":"शुक्रवहानां स्रोतसां वृषणौ मूलं शेफश्च|","translator":null,"licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Sroto_Vimana","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Caraka Saṃhitā","sthana":"Vimāna Sthāna","chapter":"5","verse":"5/19","establishes":"Causes: untimely coitus, suppression of the urge, excessive coitus, and injury by instruments, alkali and fire.","quote":"अकालयोनिगमनान्निग्रहादतिमैथुनात्| शुक्रवाहीनि दुष्यन्ति शस्त्रक्षाराग्निभिस्तथा||१९||","translator":null,"licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Sroto_Vimana","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Suśruta Saṃhitā","sthana":"Śārīra Sthāna","chapter":"9","verse":"12 (Sanskrit numbering)","establishes":"Suśruta's root = BREASTS and testes, not penis. This is the textual hinge that connects śukravaha and stanyavaha (see that record): at Śā.9 Suśruta says the same pair of dhamanīs carries milk in women and śukra in men.","quote":"The two semen-carrying Srotas (ducts) have their roots in the breasts and the testes. An injury to any of them leads to loss of manhood, delayed emission of semen, or blood-streaked character of that fluid.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1911)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-3-sharirasthana/d/doc142889.html","checked":"corrected against the source"},{"text":"Suśruta Saṃhitā","sthana":"Śārīra Sthāna","chapter":"9","verse":"5 (Sanskrit numbering)","establishes":"Explains Suśruta's otherwise baffling 'roots in the breasts': one pair of upward-coursing dhamanīs is milk-carrying in women and śukra-carrying in men.","quote":"two of them (ducts), attached to the breasts of a woman, carry milk of her breasts, which, coursing through the breast of a man, convey his seminal fluid.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1911)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-3-sharirasthana/d/doc142889.html","checked":"corrected against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"śukra dhātu vs retas/bīja","why":"śukra is the seventh dhātu, present in both sexes in classical physiology; retas/semen is the ejaculate. WHO's 'structural components of reproduction' is an attempt to preserve this."},{"term":"ārtavavaha srotas","why":"Suśruta enumerates both, giving the female reproductive channel separately; śukravaha in Suśruta is nevertheless rooted partly in the breasts, so the two are not simply male/female counterparts."},{"term":"stanyavaha srotas","why":"Su.Śā.9 makes them share a dhamanī pair, sex-differentiated function of one structure, not two structures."},{"term":"mūtravaha srotas","why":"Caraka roots śukravaha in vṛṣaṇa+śepha and mūtravaha in basti+vaṅkṣaṇa; the shared urethra tempts conflation."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"the male reproductive system","why":"Caraka's roots are male, but Suśruta's are breasts and testes, and śukra is classically present in both sexes. The gendered reading is Caraka-only."},{"rendering":"'semen'","why":"WHO explicitly avoids it in the anatomy term. śukra is a dhātu, not an ejaculate."},{"rendering":"'roots in the breasts' as a scribal error","why":"It is not an error; Su.Śā.9/5 gives the rationale explicitly. Editors who 'correct' it to 'penis' are emending the text to match Caraka."}],"openQuestions":["Is śukravaha srotas in Caraka intended as male-only, given that śukra is elsewhere said to pervade the whole body in both sexes?"],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/shukravaha-srotas/","canary":"b9308d28cd1c53f9"},{"slug":"sira-granthi","page":"/lexicon/sira-granthi/","iast":"sirāgranthi","devanagari":"सिराग्रन्थि","alternates":["sirāgranthiḥ","sirā-granthi","sirājagranthi (सिराजग्रन्थि, the disease entity)","sirāṇāṃ granthayaḥ (सिराणां ग्रन्थयः, Charaka's actual phrasing)","siragranthi / siraj granthi / siraja granthi"],"category":"srotas-concept","family":"body","renderings":[{"english":"Body channel dysfunction involving bulging or growth","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standards-body","locator":"Entry ITA-4.8.8","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Note WHO places the growth IN THE LUMEN. That is a specific reading and it conflicts with the Sushrutan disease picture, where the whole vein is drawn up into a raised knot rather than something growing inside it.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Nodular swelling, cyst of vascular origin","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standards-body","locator":"Entry ITA-5.49.6","verbatim":true,"assessment":"CRITICAL: WHO carries TWO separate entries. ITA-4.8.8 sirāgranthiḥ is a channel-pathology sign; ITA-5.49.6 sirājagranthiḥ is a disease entity under Granthi. They are not the same headword and a lexicon must keep them apart. (The 'painless micturition' in WHO's description of 5.49.6 looks like an editorial error for 'painless' as an attribute of the swelling; flagging, not correcting.)","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"cystic tumours","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (public domain)","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"Vimana Sthana Lesson V, aphorism 31 (= Ca.Vi.5/24)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna's rendering of sirāṇāṃ granthayaḥ. 'Cystic' has no warrant in the Sanskrit and is his own anatomical guess.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"Sira-Granthi— (aneurism or varicose veins)","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, tr. Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (public domain)","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"Nidana Sthana ch. XI, section heading for verse 7 in Bhishagratna's numbering","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Bhishagratna's own section heading. His parenthetical identification with aneurysm or varicose veins is a 1907 interpretive equation, and both cannot be right, aneurysm is arterial, varicosity venous.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"Sira-Granthi (Reduction of the Lumen of the System)","sourceName":"Sharma S et al., Int. Res. J. Ayurveda & Yoga 6(12):98-102 (2023)","sourceKind":"modern-journal-review","locator":"DOI 10.47223/IRJAY.2023.61218","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Recorded because it is in print and is representative of a widespread confusion. 'Reduction of the lumen' is the opposite of what granthi means; the paper's own next sentence says 'It denotes vein enlargement'. The heading and the body of that section contradict each other.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"a modern translator, in copyright","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"a modern translator, in copyright"},{"english":"dilatation or nodule formation","sourceName":"Standard BAMS-textbook usage","sourceKind":"textbook-convention","locator":"ubiquitous","verbatim":false,"assessment":"The commonest teaching gloss.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true},{"english":"not verified","sourceName":"NAMASTE portal / ICD-11 TM2","sourceKind":"standards-body","locator":"registration wall; ICD-11 browser not queried directly","verbatim":false,"assessment":"Unretrieved. Of all eight terms in this batch, sirājagranthi is the one most likely to carry a NAMC code and an ICD-11 TM2 entity, since it is a named disease. This gap should be closed first. ICD-11 MMS carries BD74.1 Lower limb varicose veins as the biomedical counterpart, but I did not verify any TM2 linkage.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimana Sthana","chapter":"5","verse":"24","establishes":"Charaka does NOT use the compound sirāgranthi. He writes 'sirāṇāṃ granthayaḥ', knots OF the siras, genitive plural plus plural noun. The single-word term sirāgranthi that WHO and every textbook use is a later compression. This is the single most important philological point in this record.","quote":"अतिप्रवृत्तिः सङ्गो वा सिराणां ग्रन्थयोऽपि वा|","translator":"none (Sanskrit mula text)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Sroto_Vimana&action=raw","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimana Sthana","chapter":"5","verse":"Kaviratna's aphorism 31 (= Ca.Vi.5/24)","establishes":"Kaviratna's English for sirāṇāṃ granthayaḥ. Recorded verbatim; the word 'cystic' is his addition.","quote":"or cystic tumours,","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Nidana Sthana","chapter":"11 (Granthi-Apachi-Arbuda-Galaganda Nidana)","verse":"8-9","establishes":"The disease entity. Note the Sanskrit reads 'granthiḥ sirājaḥ', the granthi BORN OF the siras, not 'sirāgranthi'. Vata, deranged by exertion in a weak person, seizes the network of siras (sirā-pratāna), compresses, contracts and dries them, and quickly makes a raised round knot. Prognosis: painful and mobile = curable with difficulty; painless, fixed, large, or arising at a marma = to be rejected.","quote":"व्यायामजातैरबलस्य तैस्तैराक्षिप्य वायुर्हि सिराप्रतानम् | सम्पीड्य सङ्कोच्य विशोष्य चापि ग्रन्थिं करोत्युन्नतमाशु वृत्तम् ||८|| ग्रन्थिः सिराजः स तु कृच्छ्रसाध्यो भवेद्यदि स्यात् सरुजश्चलश्च | अरुक् स एवाप्यचलो महांश्च मर्मोत्थितश्चापि विवर्जनीयः ||९||","translator":"none (Sanskrit mula text)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/sushruta-samhita-nidanasthana-chapter-11-granthi-apaci-arbudam-galaganda-nidanam-benign-tumor-cervical-metastasis-malignant-tumor-and-cervical-lymphadenitis/","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Nidana Sthana","chapter":"XI","verse":"7 (Bhishagratna's numbering; = 8-9 in the Sanskrit editions cited above)","establishes":"The lawfully quotable English of the disease description. NUMBERING WARNING: Bhishagratna prints this as verse 7 of Nidana XI; the Sanskrit editions number it 8-9. Do not assume the two numbering systems agree. Also note Bhishagratna hedges 'veins (Sira) or arteries', undoing his own usual sirā=vein equation.","quote":"The bodily Vayu in weak and enfeebled persons, deranged by over-fatiguing physical exercises, straining or exertion or by pressure, presses on, contracts, dries or draws up the ramifications of veins (Sira) or arteries (of the affected locality), and speedily gives rise to a raised knotty formation which is called a Sira-Granthi, In the event of its being shifting and slightly painful, it can be cured only with the greatest difficulty. Whereas a case in which the knotty formation is painless, fixed, large and situated at any of the vital parts of the body (Marmas), should be deemed incurable.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/englishtranslati00susruoft/englishtranslati00susruoft_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Nidana Sthana","chapter":"XI","verse":"2 (Bhishagratna)","establishes":"The genus under which sirāja granthi sits. Sushruta's granthi series is vataja, pittaja, kaphaja, medaja, sirāja, raktaja, so the vascular one is one of six, not a category of its own.","quote":null,"quoteWithheld":"nobody has yet read this quotation against its printed source, and an unchecked quotation is not published here","translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/englishtranslati00susruoft/englishtranslati00susruoft_djvu.txt"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"sirāja granthi (सिराजग्रन्थि)","why":"The disease entity of Sushruta Nidana 11 and WHO ITA-5.49.6. sirāgranthi as used in Ca.Vi.5/24 and WHO ITA-4.8.8 is a channel-pathology SIGN. Same root, two different levels of the system, and WHO deliberately gives them separate codes. Most English writing merges them."},{"term":"granthi (ग्रन्थि)","why":"The genus: any round knotty elevated swelling, of which Sushruta names six types by causative dosha or dhatu. WHO ITA-5.49.1 'Nodular swelling, cyst'. Calling sirāgranthi simply 'granthi' loses the vascular specification."},{"term":"arbuda (अर्बुद)","why":"Treated in the same Sushruta chapter but distinguished from granthi by being deep-rooted, slow-growing and non-suppurating (WHO ITA-5.50.1 'Tumour'). Granthi and arbuda are not interchangeable."},{"term":"apachi (अपची)","why":"Also in Sushruta Nidana 11: a chain or crop of hard glossy painless nodules about the jaw, neck and axilla from meda and kapha. A string of granthis, not a sirā lesion."},{"term":"sirā vs dhamanī","why":"Bhishagratna renders the Sushrutan text as 'veins (Sira) or arteries', leaving it open. Anyone building a vascular correlate must decide whether sirā here means veins specifically; Bhishagratna himself would not commit."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"reduction of the lumen of the system","why":"In print (IRJAY 2023, section heading) and flatly wrong, granthi is a knot or nodular enlargement, and the same paper's next sentence says 'vein enlargement'. Also incompatible with WHO's own description ('bulging or growth')."},{"rendering":"aneurysm","why":"Bhishagratna's own parenthesis, but the Sushrutan mechanism is vata compressing, contracting and drying the sirā network, and the prognosis rules (painless, fixed, large, at a marma = incurable) do not match aneurysm's natural history. Aneurysm and varicosity cannot both be the referent."},{"rendering":"atherosclerosis","why":"Widely offered as the modern example (IRJAY 2023 uses exactly this). Atherosclerosis is arterial intimal plaque; sirāja granthi is described as a raised round knot of the sirā network arising from exertion in a weak person. The equation is an analogy, not a translation."},{"rendering":"cystic tumour","why":"Kaviratna's gloss. Nothing in the Sanskrit implies a cyst."},{"rendering":"sira granthi as a synonym for all four srotodushti signs' 'growth' category","why":"Charaka's phrase is sirāṇāṃ granthayaḥ, plural knots of the siras. It is specifically vascular. Using it as a general term for any nodular channel lesion goes beyond the text."}],"openQuestions":["Whether NAMASTE assigns a NAMC code to Sirajagranthi and whether that code is mapped into ICD-11 TM2. This is the most answerable and most valuable open item in the batch.","Why Bhishagratna numbers the sirāgranthi passage as Nidana XI.7 while the Sanskrit editions give 8-9. Likely a difference in how the preceding medaja granthi verses are counted.","Whether Ashtanga Hridaya's treatment of sirāgranthi (referred to by PMID 41404578 as recommending sirāvyadha) can be given a chapter-and-verse reference. I did not verify one, and Ashtanga Hridaya has no public-domain English translation, so no quotation could be recorded in any case."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/sira-granthi/","canary":"4c37d1b99d6b59dd"},{"slug":"snehana","page":"/lexicon/snehana/","iast":"snehana","devanagari":"स्नेहन","alternates":["snehanam","snehana-karma","sneha-karma","snehapana (internal mode)","oleation"],"category":"chikitsa-3","family":"clinic","renderings":[{"english":"Therapeutic oleation","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"ITA-9.1.44 snehanam/snehanakarma","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Comparator only. Correctly keeps both internal and external modes; 'oleation' is the dominant modern English.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Snehana (left untranslated in the running text of Su.22); elsewhere glossed 'snehanas (emollients)' and 'Snehana (application of ghees and oils as emollients)'","sourceName":"Kaviratna, Charaka-Samhita (1890-1908)","sourceKind":"public-domain translator","locator":"Lesson XXII (Sutrasthana), printed pp.244-249; gloss 'snehanas (emollients)' in Vimanasthana Lesson VIII region p.405; 'Snehana (application of ghees and oils as emollients)' in Chikitsa Grahani chapter","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna transliterates the six upakramas rather than translating them. His glosses vary by context.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"'Snehana means the application of medicated oils over the surface of the body.' (translator's footnote)","sourceName":"Kaviratna, Charaka-Samhita, translator's note (marked '— T.')","sourceKind":"public-domain translator (footnote)","locator":"footnote in Chikitsasthana fever/pitta section, printed p.523-524 of the archive scan","verbatim":true,"assessment":"A translator's note, not the text. It restricts snehana to external application, which contradicts Charaka's own usage (snehapana) and Sushruta Chi.31.2 which lists food, drink, enemas, errhines as modes.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"'Sneha or an oleaginous substance'; chapter title 'The medicinal use of Sneha (oleaginous substances)'","sourceName":"Bhishagratna, Sushruta Samhita vol. 4 Chikitsasthana ch. XXXI (via wisdomlib)","sourceKind":"public-domain translator","locator":"Su.Chi.31, Bhishagratna sections 1-3","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Bhishagratna renders the substance (sneha), not the procedure noun snehana; he never uses 'oleation'.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":null,"sourceName":"NIA/WHO-APW draft 'Standardization of Non-Clinical Terminologies of Ayurveda' (hosted at rvpganagpur.com, mis-titled online as WHO ISTA)","sourceKind":"comparator (draft)","locator":"SK0123 meda dhātu","verbatim":true,"assessment":"This draft has no standalone snehana entry in the extraction I searched; it is not the 2022 WHO publication and should not be cited as such.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"oleation / oleation therapy / lubrication therapy","sourceName":"textbook and web usage (e.g. easyayurveda chapter title 'Lubrication / Oleation Therapy'; carakasamhitaonline 'Snehana (oleation)')","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/sushruta-samhita-chikitsasthana-chapter-31-snehopayogika-cikitsitam-lubrication-oleation-therapy/","verbatim":false,"assessment":"'Oleation' is standard in Indian Ayurvedic English; 'lubrication' is a loose synonym.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true},{"english":"'Snehana (oleation)'; 'vardhamana snehapana or shodhana sneha'","sourceName":"PubMed literature (PMID 42748372; PMID 32732172)","sourceKind":"modern literature","locator":"abstracts","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Research English follows 'oleation'; 'snehapana' is used for the internal escalating-dose mode.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"PubMed literature (PMID 42748372; PMID 32732172)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"22 (Langhanabrimhaniya)","verse":"Standard (Trikamji, per carakasamhitaonline) 22.11 first half; Kaviratna prints '7-9' AFTER the block covering all six definitions","establishes":"Charaka's operational definition of snehana as the therapy producing unctuousness (sneha), liquefaction/flow (vishyanda), softness (mardava) and moistening (kleda). Kaviratna's number 7-9 and the standard 11 are both recorded; no arithmetic conversion applied.","quote":"Kaviratna: \"That which leads to secretions of oily matter, softness of the body, and increase of impurities, is said to be Snehana.\" Sanskrit (carakasamhitaonline): \"स्नेहनं स्नेहविष्यन्दमार्दवक्लेदकारकम् | स्तम्भगौरवशीतघ्नं स्वेदनं स्वेदकारकम्||११||\"","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (English); Sanskrit from carakasamhitaonline.com","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt ; https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Langhanabrimhaniya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"22","verse":"Standard 22.15 (carakasamhitaonline, Trikamji numbering); Kaviratna prints '13' after the sentence, p. 245, Lesson XXII (archive.org BIUSante_47357 leaf 347, read from the page image)","establishes":"The nine gunas Caraka assigns to snehana substances at Su 22.15, 'as a rule' (prayah): drava, suksma, sara, snigdha, picchila, guru, sitala, manda, mrdu. Kaviratna's English (his aphorism 13, p. 245) renders these as liquid, subtile, stable, oily, slimy, heavy, cooling, not pungent or mild, and soft. His 'stable' for saram is a slip: on the same page he renders saram as 'unstable' in the Langhana (his 10) and Swedana (his 14) aphorisms, where sthiram is 'stable', and his footnote glosses 'Sara' as 'moving or unstable'. Sthira does not occur in 22.15. Use the Sanskrit for the guna list; the English is evidence of Kaviratna's rendering only.","quote":"Kaviratna: \"Such things as are liquid, subtile, stable, oily, slimy, heavy, cooling, not pungent or mild, and soft, are generally regarded as Snehana.\" Sanskrit: \"द्रवं सूक्ष्मं सरं स्निग्धं पिच्छिलं गुरु शीतलम्| प्रायो मन्दं मृदु च यद्द्रव्यं तत्स्नेहनं मतम्||१५||\"","translator":"Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt ; https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Langhanabrimhaniya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Chikitsasthana","chapter":"31 (Snehopayaugika)","verse":"Bhishagratna sections 2-3 (his own numbering); Sanskrit verses 31.3-4 per siva.sh edition","establishes":"Sushruta's rationale (the person is sneha-sara) and the full list of routes: drink, enema, head-basti, uttara-basti, nasya, ear filling, body massage, food. Shows snehana is not restricted to external massage.","quote":"Bhishagratna: \"A Sneha or an oleaginous substance forms the essential factor of the physical organism, and the self- conscious animated element (which contributes directly to its vitality and makes life possible) abounds in oleaginous principles; both are consequently in constant want of a Sneha. Snehas or oleaginous substances are enjoined to be administered in food and drinks as well as in Anuvasana, Mastikya-shiro-vasti and Uttara-vasti (urethral or vaginal enemas), errhines (Nasya), ear-drops (Karna-purana) and unguents (Abhyanga). 2.\" and \"There are four kinds of Snehas which, however, are divided into two classes according to their origin: viz., vegetable and animal. Clarified butter prepared from cow's milk is the best of the animal Snehas, while Sesamum oil is the best of the vegetable ones, 3.\" Sanskrit 31.3: \"स्नेहसारोऽयं पुरुषः, प्राणाश्च स्नेहभूयिष्ठाः स्नेहसाध्याश्च भवन्ति । स्नेहो हि पानानुवासनमस्तिष्कशिरोबस्त्युत्तरबस्तिनस्यकर्णपूरणगात्राभ्यङ्गभोजनेषूपयोज्यः ॥३॥\"","translator":"Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-4-cikitsasthana/d/doc142947.html ; https://www.siva.sh/sushruta-samhita/chikitsa-sthana/31/1-5","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"13 (Snehadhyaya)","verse":"whole chapter","establishes":"Location of Charaka's dedicated snehana chapter. Not quoted in detail here; a human should extract the 24 modes / 64 sub-modes and the samyak-snigdha signs from Kaviratna Lesson XIII against the Sanskrit of Su.13.","quote":null,"quoteWithheld":"nobody has yet read this quotation against its printed source, and an unchecked quotation is not published here","translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt ; https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Snehadhyaya"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"sneha","why":"The substance (ghee, oil, fat, marrow); snehana is the procedure/effect produced with it. Bhishagratna translates sneha, not snehana."},{"term":"abhyanga","why":"External oil massage is one route of snehana (bahya), listed by Sushruta Chi.31.3 alongside drink, enema, nasya; equating snehana with massage is a reduction."},{"term":"snehapana","why":"Internal drinking of sneha; one mode (abhyantara) of snehana, especially the escalating shodhana-sneha before panchakarma."},{"term":"brimhana","why":"Nourishing/bulk-promoting therapy; Charaka Su.22 lists it as a separate upakrama with its own definition and qualities even though many snehas are also brimhana."},{"term":"rukshana","why":"The opposite upakrama (drying); Charaka pairs them as contraries in Su.22."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"massage / oil massage","why":"Collapses snehana into abhyanga; omits internal snehapana and the enema/nasya routes (Su.Chi.31.3)."},{"rendering":"lubrication","why":"A mechanical metaphor; the Charaka definition specifies vishyanda (liquefaction/flow of dosha), mardava and kleda, not lubrication of joints."},{"rendering":"'application of medicated oils over the surface of the body' (Kaviratna's note)","why":"Translator's footnote, not the text; contradicted by Charaka's own internal snehapana."}],"openQuestions":["Charaka Su.13's enumeration of 24 modes and 64 sub-modes of sneha use, and the samyak-snigdha / atisnigdha signs, were located (Kaviratna Lesson XIII) but not extracted and verified against Sanskrit.","Whether NAMASTE codes snehana as a procedure could not be checked (portal requires login)."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/snehana/","canary":"38ac313ae9c2c0a9"},{"slug":"snigdha","page":"/lexicon/snigdha/","iast":"snigdha","devanagari":"स्निग्ध","alternates":["snigdha guna","snigdhaḥ","sneha (स्नेह, the noun: unctuousness / fat)","sasneha (सस्नेह, Ca.Su.1.60)","snehana (स्नेहन, the therapy)"],"category":"dravyaguna-3","family":"pharmacology","renderings":[{"english":"Unctuousness, oiliness","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022), PDF mirror","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"ITA-1.9.4.2.8 description","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Standard; the description's 'smoothness' overlaps WHO's own ślakṣṇa entry.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"watery","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. A. C. Kaviratna, public domain","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Su.1 his 60 (Kapha qualities): 'Heavy, cold, mild, watery, sweet, stable, and slimy'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Positional match to स्निग्ध in गुरुशीतमृदुस्निग्धमधुरस्थिरपिच्छिलाः; 'watery' is wrong for snigdha.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"cold (for sasneha)","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. A. C. Kaviratna, public domain","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Su.1 his 59 (Pitta qualities): 'Bile, which may be cold, hot, keen, soft, sour, liquid, and bitter'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"The Sanskrit is सस्नेहमुष्णं तीक्ष्णं च द्रवमम्लं सरं कटु (1.60): sasneha, not śīta. This is the exact 'cold Pitta' trap named in the task brief; Kaviratna's 'cold' is a mistranslation of snigdha/sasneha.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"oily","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. A. C. Kaviratna, public domain","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Su.22 his 11 'exceedingly oily', his 13 'oily', his 14 'oily'; Su.26 his 11 Varyovida 'oily'; Su.26 his 23 water objects 'oily'; Su.26 footnote ''Ruksha' is dry, being the reverse of oily.'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"His usual rendering from Su.22 onward.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"emollient; Oleaginousness","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita tr. K. L. Bhishagratna, public domain","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Su.Su.42 'sweet, acid and saline are heavy and emollient in their character' (wisdomlib); Su.Su.46 guna-karma 'Oleaginousness imparts a gloss or oiliness, and acts as an emollient tonic, and cosmetic.' (archive.org OCR vol. 1 p. 567); Kaviratna also uses 'emollients' for the Snigdha drug group (OCR line 73664)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"'emollient' is a pharmacy-of-the-period word; 'oleaginousness' is his noun for the guna.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"glossy; moist","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita tr. K. L. Bhishagratna, public domain, via wisdomlib","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Su.Su.41 āpya list 'cold, moist, glossy'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Word-to-word mapping to a Sanskrit Su.41 not established.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"Snigdha (unctuous)","sourceName":"Mishra et al., AYU 2011 (PMID 22408303); Mithun & Singh, IJHSR 2026","sourceKind":"modern literature","locator":null,"locatorWithheld":"\"Mishra et al., AYU 2011 (PMID 22408303); Mithun & Singh, IJHSR 2026\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","verbatim":true,"assessment":"'unctuous' is the settled research rendering.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Mishra et al., AYU 2011 (PMID 22408303); Mithun & Singh, IJHSR 2026\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"Standard 1.60-61 (carakasamhitaonline Deerghanjiviteeya); Kaviratna prints 59 and 60 after the two sentences, p. 6, Lesson I (archive.org BIUSante_47357 leaf 15, read from the page image; the djvu OCR gives 69 and 80)","establishes":"Kaviratna's 'cold' in the pitta list at his Su.1.59 is a translator's error, not a variant reading. The printed 1921 Āyurvedadīpikā edition, whose verse numbering matches Kaviratna's exactly (58 vāta / 59 pitta / 60 kapha / 61), reads सस्नेहमुष्णं तीक्ष्णं च द्रवमम्लं सरं कटु and Cakrapāṇi glosses सस्नेहमिति ईषत्स्नेहं, building the doctrine that ghee is a pitta remedy on that very word. No retrievable witness reads śīta, and Kaviratna prints no variant footnote.","quote":"Sanskrit (carakasamhitaonline, Trikamji numbering): \"सस्नेहमुष्णं तीक्ष्णं च द्रवमम्लं सरं कटु| विपरीतगुणैः पित्तं द्रव्यैराशु प्रशाम्यति||६०|| गुरुशीतमृदुस्निग्धमधुरस्थिरपिच्छिलाः| श्लेष्मणः प्रशमं यान्ति विपरीतगुणैर्गुणाः||६१||\" Kaviratna (his 59-60): \"Bile, which may be cold, hot, keen, soft, sour, liquid, and bitter, is speedily cured by objects having adverse attributes. Heavy, cold, mild, watery, sweet, stable, and slimy, these attributes of phlegm are cured by objects having adverse attributes.\"","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"22","verse":"Standard 22.11 (first half, definition) and 22.15 (snehana list); Kaviratna prints 7-9 and 13","establishes":"Snehana defined as producing sneha-viṣyanda, mārdava, kleda; snigdha ('oily') among snehana qualities. Sanskrit as retrieved: स्नेहनं स्नेहविष्यन्दमार्दवक्लेदकारकम्| (11a) and द्रवं सूक्ष्मं सरं स्निग्धं पिच्छिलं गुरु शीतलम्| प्रायो मन्दं मृदु च यद्द्रव्यं तत्स्नेहनं मतम्||१५|| (https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Langhanabrimhaniya_Adhyaya). Note Kaviratna's 'stable' where the retrieved Sanskrit has saram (mobile).","quote":"That which leads to secretions of oily matter, softness of the body, and increase of impurities, is said to be Snehana. [...] Such things as are liquid, subtile, stable, oily, slimy, heavy, cooling, not pungent or mild, and soft, are generally regarded as Snehana.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"46","verse":"Sanskrit 46.516 per the numbered text on easyayurveda.com; Bhishagratna prints no verse number (vol. 1 p. 567)","establishes":"Sushruta's karma of snigdha: sneha, mārdava, bala, varṇa. Sanskrit as retrieved: स्नेहमार्दवकृत् स्निग्धो बलवर्णकरस्तथा| रूक्षस्तद्विपरीतः स्याद्विशेषात् स्तम्भनः खरः||५१६|| (https://www.easyayurveda.com/sushruta-samhitha-sutrasthana-46-annapana-vidhi-adhyaya-regimen-of-food-and-drinks/). 'tonic' = bala-kara, 'cosmetic' = varṇa-kara.","quote":"Oleaginousness imparts a gloss or oiliness, and acts as an emollient tonic, and cosmetic.","translator":"K. L. Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/englishtranslati01susruoft/englishtranslati01susruoft_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"42","verse":"Sushruta Sutrasthana 42.8, third sub-clause (the ślesma/madhura samāna-yoni clause)","establishes":"Ḍalhaṇa's Nibandhasaṅgraha on Su.Su. 42.7 passes no judgement on whether Sushruta accepts the kecit two-fold saumya/āgneya division of rasas: he glosses agnīṣomīyatva and reads the two ca-s as implying a further twofold division by sneha/rūkṣa and guru/laghu, and records no dissent. Sushruta's mūla at 42.7 also lacks the rejection marker he uses elsewhere (Su.Su. 36, 'tat tu na samyak'). A Sushruta-voice link between sneha and madhura rasa is available instead at Su.Su. 42.8, third sub-clause, where kapha is characterised by mādhurya, sneha, gaurava, śaitya and paicchilya and madhura is named its samāna-yoni rasa.","quote":"माधुर्यस्नेहगौरवशैत्यपैच्छिल्यगुणलक्षणः श्लेष्मा, तस्य समानयोनिर्मधुरो रसः, सोऽस्य माधुर्यान्माधुर्यं वर्धयति, स्नेहात्स्नेहं, गौरवाद्गौरवं, शैत्याच्छैत्यं, पैच्छिल्यात्पैच्छिल्यमिति ॥ (३) ॥","translator":"K. L. Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/in.ernet.dli.2015.327618/page/n226_w800.jpg","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"rūkṣa","why":"Paired opposite (Su.Su.46.516; Kaviratna's footnote 'Ruksha in Snigdha')."},{"term":"sneha","why":"The noun: both the quality (unctuousness) and the substance class (ghee, oil, fat, marrow). Snigdha is the adjective/guna."},{"term":"snehana","why":"The therapy (Ca.Su.22.11); WHO ITA-9.1.44 'snehanam' separate."},{"term":"picchila (slimy)","why":"Distinct guna, co-listed with snigdha in Kapha and snehana lists; Kaviratna 'slimy'."},{"term":"drava (liquid)","why":"Kaviratna's 'watery' and 'liquid' blur snigdha into drava; the Sanskrit lists both separately in Ca.Su.22.15."},{"term":"ślakṣṇa","why":"Smoothness; WHO's snigdha description mentions 'smoothness' but the texts keep them apart (ākāśa substances are ślakṣṇa, not snigdha)."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"cold (Kaviratna, Pitta verse Ca.Su.1.60)","why":"The Sanskrit is sasneha; Pitta is uṣṇa. This is a translator's slip, not a doctrine."},{"rendering":"watery (Kaviratna, Kapha verse Ca.Su.1.61)","why":"Snigdha is unctuous, not aqueous; 'watery' is drava's territory."},{"rendering":"moist / wet","why":"Confuses unctuousness with kleda/ārdratā, which are its effects (Ca.Su.22.11)."},{"rendering":"greasy / fatty (as a food-composition claim)","why":"Snigdha is defined by effect (sneha, mārdava, bala, varṇa; Su.Su.46.516); milk is snigdha without being 'greasy'."}],"openQuestions":["Kaviratna's 'stable' at Su.22 his 13 vs saram in the retrieved Sanskrit: variant reading (Gangadhara?) or slip.","Sanskrit word mapping for Bhishagratna's 'glossy, moist' in Su.Su.41."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/snigdha/","canary":"95bd308711184df9"},{"slug":"sparsha-pariksha","page":"/lexicon/sparsha-pariksha/","iast":"sparśaparīkṣā","devanagari":"स्पर्शपरीक्षा","alternates":["sparsha pariksha","sparsa pariksha","twak pariksha"],"category":"pariksha","family":"clinic","renderings":[{"english":"tactile examination (item 6 of aṣṭasthānaparīkṣā)","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator-standard","locator":"ITA-4.7.4","verbatim":true,"assessment":"No standalone sparśaparīkṣā headword found; sparśaḥ appears as ITA-1.9.4.1.5 'Touch: Trait of air element'.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false},{"english":"The touch, normal or abnormal (of the patient's body), should be examined by the (physician's) hand.","sourceName":"Kaviratna, Charaka Samhita Vi 4, his aphorism 10 (= standard 4/7)","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"p. 498","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Charaka's sparśa is the felt quality of the patient's body, examined by the hand (pāṇi).","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"perceptible by the sense of touch","sourceName":"Bhishagratna, Sushruta Samhita Su 10","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"wisdomlib doc122899","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Lists heat/coldness, gloss, roughness, hardness, softness of the skin.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"Sparsha Pariksha (Skin Examination)","sourceName":"Yadav & Singh, JAIMS 2022;7(8)","sourceKind":"journal-review","locator":"ashtasthana list","verbatim":true,"assessment":"'Skin examination' is a common textbook gloss because the qualities felt (temperature, texture) are at the skin, but it drifts toward visual dermatology.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Yadav & Singh, JAIMS 2022;7(8)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"4","verse":"standard 4/7; Kaviratna 10","establishes":"Sanskrit (siva.sh 4/7): 'स्पर्शं च पाणिना प्रकृतिविकृतियुक्तम्' at https://www.siva.sh/caraka-samhita/vimana-sthana/4/6-10","quote":"The touch, normal or abnormal (of the patient's body), should be examined by the (physician's) hand.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"10","verse":"Sanskrit verse number not established","establishes":"The content of tactile examination in Sushruta.","quote":"The heat and coldness of the body, or the gloss, roughness, hardness, or softness of the skin of the affected part as in fever, or in an edematous swelling of the body, are perceptible by the sense of touch.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122899.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Yogaratnakara","sthana":"Pūrvārdha","chapter":"अथ रोगिणां अष्टस्थानानि लक्षयेत्","verse":"1 (ASS 1889 leaf n40; verse marker printed १, the OCR's ९ is a misread)","establishes":"sparśa as the sixth of the eight sites of examination (nāḍī, mūtra, mala, jihvā, śabda, sparśa, dṛk, ākṛti).","quote":"रोगाक्रान्तशरीरस्य स्थानान्यष्टौ निरीक्षयेत् । नाडीं मूत्रं मलं जिह्वां शब्दं स्पर्शं दृगाकृती ॥ १ ॥","translator":"none (Sanskrit OCR; 'स्पर्शं' garbled to 'स्प')","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/ASS004YogaratnakaraAnnaMoresvarKunte1889/ASS_004_Yogaratnakara_-_Anna_Moresvar_Kunte_1889__djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"sparśana","why":"sparśana is the examiner's act/method (AH Su 1/22; WHO ITA-4.7.2 'palpation'); sparśa in aṣṭasthāna is the examined site/quality (temperature, texture of the patient's body)."},{"term":"sparśaḥ (guṇa of vāyu, WHO ITA-1.9.4.1.5)","why":"Ontological quality, not an examination."},{"term":"tvak-parīkṣā / dermatological inspection","why":"Looking at the skin is darśana; sparśa is what is felt."},{"term":"nāḍīparīkṣā","why":"A specialised tactile examination; in Yogaratnakara nāḍī and sparśa are separate sites."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"skin examination","why":"Shifts to visual dermatology; the classical content is temperature, texture, hardness/softness felt by hand."},{"rendering":"palpation","why":"Better reserved for sparśana (the act); using it for both hides the act/site distinction."}],"openQuestions":[],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/sparsha-pariksha/","canary":"c814234f6314c22c"},{"slug":"sparshana","page":"/lexicon/sparshana/","iast":"sparśana","devanagari":"स्पर्शन","alternates":["sparshana pariksha","sparsana","sparshanendriya (homonym)"],"category":"pariksha","family":"clinic","renderings":[{"english":"palpation (sparshana)","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator-standard","locator":"ITA-4.7.2 trividhaparīkṣā","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO gives sparśana no headword of its own. Separately ITA-3.10.9 'Tactile sense faculty' = tvagindriyam, sparśanendriyam.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"examined by the (physician's) hand","sourceName":"Kaviratna, Charaka Samhita Vi 4, aphorism 10 (= standard 4/7)","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"p. 498","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Charaka's verb phrase (sparśaṃ ca pāṇinā) rather than the noun sparśana.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"perceptible by the sense of touch","sourceName":"Bhishagratna, Sushruta Samhita Su 10","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"wisdomlib doc122899","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Sense-based framing.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"touching, percussion, palpation / tactile examination","sourceName":"common textbook renderings (also the WebSearch summary of easyayurveda AH Su 1 glossing 'Sparshana (touching, percussion, palpation)')","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":"n/a","verbatim":false,"assessment":"'Percussion' is a biomedical addition not in the Sanskrit.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Ashtanga Hridaya","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"22","establishes":"sparśana as the second of the three methods of patient examination; this is the locus of the term as a method-name.","quote":"दर्शनस्पर्शनप्रश्नैः परीक्षेत च रोगिणम्| रोगं निदानप्राग्रूपलक्षणोपशयाप्तिभिः||२२||","translator":"none (Sanskrit only; no public-domain English)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://easyayurveda.com/2012/08/31/ashtanga-hrudaya-sutra-sthana-chapter-1-basic-principles-of-ayurveda/","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"4","verse":"standard 4/7; Kaviratna 10","establishes":"Touch is one of the five sense-channels of pratyakṣa in Charaka, not a separate named method. Sanskrit: 'स्पर्शं च पाणिना प्रकृतिविकृतियुक्तम्। इति प्रत्यक्षतोऽनुमानादुपदेशतश्च परीक्षणमुक्तम् ॥७॥' (siva.sh).","quote":"The touch, normal or abnormal (of the patient's body), should be examined by the (physician's) hand. Thus is explained the examination (of patients) by Observation, and by Inference as partially treated.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"10","verse":"Sanskrit verse number not established","establishes":"Content of tactile examination.","quote":"The heat and coldness of the body, or the gloss, roughness, hardness, or softness of the skin of the affected part as in fever, or in an edematous swelling of the body, are perceptible by the sense of touch.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122899.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sharngadhara Samhita","sthana":"Pūrvakhaṇḍa","chapter":"3","verse":"1","establishes":"Pulse examination, the most elaborated post-classical application of sparśana.","quote":"करस्याङ्गुष्ठमूले या धमनी जीवसाक्षिणी| तच्चेष्टया सुखं दुःखं ज्ञेयं कायस्य पण्डितैः ||१||","translator":"none (Sanskrit OCR)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/sharngadhara_samhita_madhya_202001/sharngadhara_samhita_purva_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"sparśa-parīkṣā (aṣṭasthāna item)","why":"Site/quality examined versus the method; Yogaratnakara's sparśa is one of eight sites, Vagbhata's sparśana is one of three methods."},{"term":"sparśanendriya (WHO ITA-3.10.9)","why":"The tactile sense faculty (= tvagindriya), a homonym of the method."},{"term":"nāḍīparīkṣā","why":"A specialised sparśana; not present in Charaka/Sushruta."},{"term":"darśana","why":"Inspection; in AH the two are coordinate methods, but Charaka folds both into pratyakṣa."},{"term":"percussion","why":"Biomedical technique often added in textbook glosses; the classical descriptions (Charaka, Sushruta) list only felt qualities."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"percussion","why":"Not in the Sanskrit; added by analogy with biomedical examination."},{"rendering":"massage / touch therapy","why":"sparśana here is diagnostic, not therapeutic."}],"openQuestions":[],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/sparshana/","canary":"39d4c6413c81b730"},{"slug":"srotamsi","page":"/lexicon/srotamsi/","iast":"srotāṃsi","devanagari":"स्रोतांसि","alternates":["srotāṃsi","srotansi","srotamsi","sroto-","srotasāṃ (gen. pl., स्रोतसां)"],"category":"srotas-concept","family":"body","renderings":[{"english":"channels (plural)","sourceName":"Grammatical fact, not a source rendering","sourceKind":"lexical","locator":"nominative/accusative plural of the neuter s-stem srotas","verbatim":false,"assessment":"srotāṃsi is NOT a separate concept from srotas. It is the plural. It has acquired the look of a technical term in English-language Ayurveda writing only because the two most-quoted sentences in the corpus happen to use the plural form (Ca.Vi.5/3 'srotāṃsi khalu pariṇāmam āpadyamānānāṃ dhātūnām abhivāhīni bhavanti' and the gloss 'sravaṇāt srotāṃsi'). A lexicon should hold this entry as a cross-reference to srotas, not as a definition.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true},{"english":"the ducts (plural, throughout)","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (public domain)","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"Vimana Sthana Lesson V","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna makes no lexical distinction between the singular and plural; he translates both as 'the ducts'.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"no separate entry","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standards-body","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":"Verified by full-text search of the WHO ISTA PDF. WHO lemmatises to the singular. This is itself the useful finding for this record.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"no separate entry expected","sourceName":"NAMASTE / ICD-11","sourceKind":"standards-body","locator":"not verified","verbatim":false,"assessment":"Not checked; NAMASTE is behind registration. Given WHO lemmatises to srotaḥ, a separate plural headword would be unusual.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true},{"english":null,"englishWithheld":"it is a modern translation and still in copyright","sourceName":"Sharma S et al., Int. Res. J. Ayurveda & Yoga 6(12):98-102 (2023)","sourceKind":"modern-journal-review","locator":"DOI 10.47223/IRJAY.2023.61218","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Typical of how the plural gets reified in secondary literature. The underlying claim (that some sages hold the person to be nothing but the sum of the srotas) is Ca.Vi.5/4, where Charaka records the view and then REJECTS it.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"a modern translator, in copyright","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"a modern translator, in copyright"}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimana Sthana","chapter":"5","verse":"3","establishes":"The sentence in which the plural srotāṃsi appears in its most-quoted form. Grammatically the plural is unremarkable; the sentence is the definition of srotas, not of a distinct thing called srotāṃsi.","quote":"स्रोतांसि खलु परिणाममापद्यमानानां धातूनामभिवाहीनि भवन्त्ययनार्थेन||३||","translator":"none (Sanskrit mula text)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Sroto_Vimana&action=raw","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimana Sthana","chapter":"5","verse":"4-5","establishes":"Charaka records the view that the person IS simply the aggregate of the srotas, and rejects it ('na tvetadevam'): the one whose srotas they are, what they carry, and where they are situated are all other than the srotas. He then records the dispute over whether they are countable or uncountable. Directly relevant because the reified plural 'srotamsi' is usually deployed in support of the view Charaka rejects.","quote":"अपि चैके स्रोतसामेव समुदयंपुरुषमिच्छन्ति, सर्वगतत्वात् सर्वसरत्वाच्च दोषप्रकोपणप्रशमनानाम्| न त्वेतदेवं, यस्य हि स्रोतांसि, यच्च वहन्ति, यच्चावहन्ति,यत्र चावस्थितानि, सर्वं तदन्यत्तेभ्यः||४|| अतिबहुत्वात् खलु केचिदपरिसङ्ख्येयान्याचक्षते स्रोतांसि, परिसङ्ख्येयानि पुनरन्ये||५||","translator":"none (Sanskrit mula text)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Sroto_Vimana&action=raw","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimana Sthana","chapter":"5","verse":"4","establishes":"Kaviratna's English of the rejection. OCR artifacts ('duets' for 'ducts') are in the archive.org text as retrieved and are reproduced unaltered.","quote":"Then, again, some sages say that a person is only the sum total- of the ducts, because of the ducts being present in every part of the body,, and because also of the duets being the conduits of both the excitements and the alleviations- of the faults. This, however, is not so. Since he whose ducts they are, that which they develop ( or nourish ), and that in which they are located, — all these are differ- ent from them.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"corrected against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimana Sthana","chapter":"5","verse":"7","establishes":"Charaka's enumeration of the thirteen srotāṃsi: prāṇa, udaka, anna, rasa, rudhira, māṃsa, medas, asthi, majjā, śukra, mūtra, purīṣa, sveda, all as -vahāni compounds. The same verse adds that vata, pitta and kapha move through ALL the channels and have none of their own.","quote":"तद्यथा प्राणोदकान्नरसरुधिरमांसमेदोस्थिमज्जशुक्रमूत्रपुरीषस्वेदवहानीति","translator":"none (Sanskrit mula text)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Sroto_Vimana&action=raw","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"srotas","why":"Not a different concept. srotāṃsi is the plural of srotas. Treating it as a separate headword with its own definition is a category error that a lexicon should actively correct."},{"term":"srotasāṃ (स्रोतसां)","why":"The genitive plural, as in 'srotasāṃ vimāna' (the title of Ca.Vi.5) and 'srotasāṃ duṣṭilakṣaṇam' (Ca.Vi.5/24). Another inflected form that occasionally gets quoted as though it were a term."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"the Srotamsi (as a proper noun / a named system)","why":"Capitalising and treating the plural as the name of a system implies a technical distinction from srotas that does not exist in Sanskrit."},{"rendering":"the body is nothing but srotamsi","why":"Frequently offered as Charaka's doctrine. Charaka Vi.5/4 states this as the opinion of 'some' and then explicitly denies it ('na tvetadevam')."}],"openQuestions":["Whether any classical commentator draws a substantive distinction between the singular and plural uses. I found no evidence of one, but I did not read Chakrapani on Vi.5."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/srotamsi/","canary":"a6b3bcd1a9a4767b"},{"slug":"srotas","page":"/lexicon/srotas/","iast":"srotas","devanagari":"स्रोतस्","alternates":["srotaḥ (nom. sg.)","srotāṃsi (nom./acc. pl.)","sroto- (in compound)","strotas (common Anglo-Indian misspelling)"],"category":"srotas-concept","family":"body","renderings":[{"english":"Channel, conduit","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standards-body","locator":"Entry ITA-2.5.1","verbatim":true,"assessment":"This is the WHO's own English term, recorded here as a factual statement about that source. Note WHO glosses srotas at the level of a generic transport conduit and does not attempt to capture the transformative (pariṇāma) function Charaka assigns it.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"ducts","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (public domain)","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"Vimana Sthana, Lesson V, p. 502 ff. of the Kaviratna translation (archive.org item BIUSante_47357). Chapter title rendered \"the Vimanam about the ducts (of the body)\".","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna renders srotas uniformly as 'ducts' throughout Vimana V. In a translator's footnote (marked '—T.') on the same page he adds: \"By 'Srotas' is meant the ducts or channels, that is, the arterial and V'errous [venous] system of the body. It probably includes also the nervous system.\" That gloss is Kaviratna's 1890s anatomical interpretation, not the text.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"Srotas (lit. channels or currents)","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, tr. Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (public domain)","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"Sharira Sthana ch. IX, metrical text, verse 13","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Bhishagratna is not consistent. Elsewhere he renders the same word \"Srotas (internal passages or ducts)\" (Sharira Sthana ch. V.4), \"the interior channels (Srotas) of the body\" (Sharira V.3), and \"other Srotas (channels)\" (Sharira IV, Mansadhara-kala). The variability is itself evidence that no single English word was felt adequate.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"body channels / channels of circulation / transport and transformation channels","sourceName":"Charak Samhita New Edition (CSRTDC, carakasamhitaonline.com)","sourceKind":"modern-scholarly-edition","locator":"Sroto Vimana article; the Kha vaigunya article glosses srotas as \"body channels of transport and transformation\"","verbatim":false,"assessment":"Recorded as a comparator rendering only. This edition's English is in copyright (CC-licensed, CSNE DOI series) and is not quoted here.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true},{"english":null,"englishWithheld":"it is a modern translation and still in copyright","sourceName":"Sharma S et al., 'Concept of Srotas, Srotodushti, and its Applied Clinical Aspects', Int. Res. J. Ayurveda & Yoga 6(12):98-102 (2023)","sourceKind":"modern-journal-review","locator":"DOI 10.47223/IRJAY.2023.61218","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Representative of the standard Indian BAMS-textbook rendering. Note it also reports the derivation \"Sravanata Srotamsi\" and attributes it to Acharya Charaka; other reviews attribute the same gloss to Chakrapani's commentary, not the mula text. I could not verify which.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"a modern translator, in copyright","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"a modern translator, in copyright"},{"english":null,"sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standards-body","locator":"ITA-2.5.4","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Shows that WHO treats srotas-compounds as distinct lexical entries rather than as instances of one abstract concept. mahāsrotas is placed under Viscera (anatomy), not under Body channels.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"no ICD-11 entry found","sourceName":"ICD-11","sourceKind":"standards-body","locator":"not located","verbatim":false,"assessment":"srotas is a physiological/anatomical concept, not a morbidity entity; ICD-11 Traditional Medicine Module 2 (Ayurveda/Siddha/Unani, released Feb 2025) classifies disorders, so a srotas entry would not be expected. I did not verify this by direct search of the ICD-11 browser.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true},{"english":"not verified","sourceName":"NAMASTE portal (Ministry of Ayush / CCRAS)","sourceKind":"standards-body","locator":"namaste.ayush.gov.in — terminology lists behind registration","verbatim":false,"assessment":"The portal publishes both Standardized Ayurveda Terminologies and National Ayurveda Morbidity Codes (NAMC, 2888 codes), but the term lists require sign-up as Alumni or Practitioner. I could not retrieve NAMASTE's rendering of srotas. This gap applies to every term in this batch.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimana Sthana","chapter":"5 (Srotasam Vimana)","verse":"3","establishes":"There are as many kinds of srotas as there are embodied entities in a person; nothing in the person comes into being or wastes away except through the srotas; and the srotas carry (abhivāhīni) the dhatus that are undergoing transformation (pariṇāma), by way of being their pathway (ayanārthena). This is the single most-cited definitional verse for srotas.","quote":"यावन्तः पुरुषे मूर्तिमन्तो भावविशेषास्तावन्त एवास्मिन् स्रोतसां प्रकारविशेषाः| सर्वे हि भावा पुरुषे नान्तरेण स्रोतांस्यभिनिर्वर्तन्ते, क्षयं वाऽप्यभिगच्छन्ति| स्रोतांसि खलु परिणाममापद्यमानानां धातूनामभिवाहीनि भवन्त्ययनार्थेन||३||","translator":"none (Sanskrit mula text)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Sroto_Vimana&action=raw","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimana Sthana","chapter":"5 (Vimanam of the ducts)","verse":"3","establishes":"The only lawfully quotable English rendering of the core srotas definition. Kaviratna = 'ducts'; 'ingredients of the body' = dhatu; 'development or transformation' = pariṇāma. Retrieved text is OCR of the archive.org scan; spacing and punctuation artifacts are reproduced as found.","quote":"Verily, the ducts are the conduits of the ingredients of the body, for bearing them (from one place to another), during the process of their development ( or transformation ),","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimana Sthana","chapter":"5","verse":"9","establishes":"The canonical list of synonyms/near-synonyms for srotas: sirā, dhamanī, rasāyanī, rasavāhinī, nāḍī, panthā, mārga, śarīracchidra, saṃvṛta-asaṃvṛta, sthāna, āśaya, niketa. Charaka treats these as names for the perceptible and imperceptible spaces of the bodily dhatus, which is why lexicons that treat sirā/dhamanī/srotas as strictly separate structures are importing a Sushrutan distinction into Charaka.","quote":"स्रोतांसि, सिराः, धमन्यः,रसायन्यः, रसवाहिन्यः, नाड्यः, पन्थानः,मार्गाः, शरीरच्छिद्राणि, संवृतासंवृतानि, स्थानानि, आशयाः, निकेताश्चेति शरीरधात्ववकाशानां लक्ष्यालक्ष्याणां नामानि भवन्ति|","translator":"none (Sanskrit mula text)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Sroto_Vimana&action=raw","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimana Sthana","chapter":"5","verse":"Kaviratna's aphorism 13 (= Ca.Vi.5/9)","establishes":"Kaviratna's English of the synonym list, rendered collectively as 'the passages or conduits, visible and invisible'. OCR errors are in the source ('Srolas' for Srotas, 'Cariracchidra' for Sharira-cchidra, 'dliatus' for dhatus); his list also carries 'Ayaya' and 'Kshaya' where the Yadavji text has āśayāḥ, so his Sanskrit base text differed.","quote":"Srolas, Siras, Dhamani, Rasavahini, Nadi, Pantha Marga, Cariracchidra, covered and uncovered Sthana, Ayaya, Kshaya, and Niketa, — these are the names by which are known the passages or conduits, visible and invisible, of the dliatus ( or constituent elements ) of the body.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimana Sthana","chapter":"5","verse":"25","establishes":"Morphology of srotas: long in form and resembling a creeping/spreading network (pratāna). The immediately preceding half-verse (which I did not capture verbatim) supplies the colour, roundness and gross/subtle attributes.","quote":"स्रोतांसि दीर्घाण्याकृत्या प्रतानसदृशानि च||२५||","translator":"none (Sanskrit mula text)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Sroto_Vimana&action=raw","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sharira Sthana","chapter":"9 (Dhamani-vyakarana Sharira)","verse":"13 (metrical text)","establishes":"Sushruta's definition, which is materially different from Charaka's: for Sushruta srotas is a third category, expressly distinguished from sirā and dhamanī, originating from the heart cavity. This is the root of the Charaka/Sushruta divergence that most English lexicon entries silently flatten. Also confirmed against the wisdomlib page for the same chapter (https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-3-sharirasthana/d/doc142889.html), which carries the identical sentence.","quote":"The ducts emanating from the cavity of the heart, other than the Siras (veins), Dhaman is (arteries), and found to course through the whole body, are called Srotas (lit. channels or currents).","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/englishtranslati00susruoft/englishtranslati00susruoft_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sharira Sthana","chapter":"9","verse":"11-12","establishes":"Sushruta enumerates ELEVEN PAIRS of srotas (prana, anna, udaka, rasa, rakta, mamsa, meda, mutra, purisha, shukra, artava) as surgically relevant, against Charaka's THIRTEEN. Sushruta has no asthi-vaha or majja-vaha or sveda-vaha srotas and does have an artava-vaha srotas; Charaka has the reverse. Any lexicon that gives 'the thirteen srotas' as the definition is reporting Charaka only.","quote":null,"quoteWithheld":"nobody has yet read this quotation against its printed source, and an unchecked quotation is not published here","translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/englishtranslati00susruoft/englishtranslati00susruoft_djvu.txt"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"sirā","why":"In Charaka Vi.5/9 sirā is listed as one of the names for srotas, i.e. effectively a synonym. In Sushruta Sharira 9/13 srotas is expressly defined as the ducts OTHER THAN sirā and dhamanī. The two texts are not reconcilable on this point and a lexicon must say which one it is following."},{"term":"dhamanī","why":"Same divergence as sirā. Bhishagratna glosses dhamanī as 'arteries' and sirā as 'veins', which is his 1907 anatomical overlay, not a translation. Sushruta himself records and then rejects the view that dhamanī and srotas are merely modifications of sirā."},{"term":"nāḍī","why":"nāḍī appears in Charaka's synonym list for srotas as an anatomical conduit. It is NOT the yogic/tantric nāḍī (iḍā, piṅgalā, suṣumṇā) of the haṭha-yoga corpus, which belongs to a different textual tradition. Conflating them is the single most common error in English-language popular writing."},{"term":"mahāsrotas","why":"WHO ISTA files mahāsrotas under Viscera (ITA.3.11.1) as the major inner cavity from mouth to anus, i.e. the gut lumen / koṣṭha, not as a member of the srotas series. It is not 'the great channel' in an abstract sense."},{"term":"khavaiguṇya","why":"kha is a synonym for srotas in the compound khavaiguṇya, but khavaiguṇya names a DEFECT in the channel, not the channel. See the khavaigunya record."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"arteries and veins / the arterial and venous system","why":"This is Kaviratna's own 1890s translator's footnote, not the text, and he hedges it himself ('It probably includes also the nervous system'). Charaka's srotas include annavaha (gut), mutravaha (urinary), purishavaha (colorectal) and svedavaha (sweat) channels, none of which is vascular."},{"rendering":"microchannels / micro-circulatory channels","why":"A modern coinage. Charaka Vi.5/25 describes srotas as both sthūla (gross) and aṇu (subtle); restricting the word to the micro scale drops half the definition and imports a capillary-bed reading that the text does not make."},{"rendering":"meridians","why":"Imports a Chinese-medicine concept with a different anatomy, a different enumeration and a different clinical use. No classical Ayurvedic text supports the equation."},{"rendering":"strotas","why":"A misspelling, not a translation, but it is endemic in Indian journal literature and in web sources and will defeat a naive search. The correct transliteration is srotas (स्रोतस्), from √sru, to flow."}],"openQuestions":["The derivation 'sravaṇāt srotāṃsi' is attributed by some papers to Charaka himself and by others to Chakrapani's commentary on Ca.Su.30/12. I could not retrieve the commentary text to settle it.","Whether Charaka's thirteen and Sushruta's eleven were ever harmonised in the classical commentarial literature, or whether the discrepancy was simply left standing.","NAMASTE's official English rendering is unretrieved (portal requires registration)."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/srotas/","canary":"01bf1101f9308894"},{"slug":"srotodushti","page":"/lexicon/srotodushti/","iast":"srotoduṣṭi","devanagari":"स्रोतोदुष्टि","alternates":["sroto-duṣṭi","srotasāṃ duṣṭiḥ","srotoduṣṭiḥ","srotovaiguṇya (near-synonym, see khavaigunya record)","srotodushti / srotodusti / sroto dushti (common Romanisations)"],"category":"srotas-concept","family":"body","renderings":[{"english":"Types of body channel deformities","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standards-body","locator":"Entry ITA-4.8.4","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Important finding: WHO ISTA has NO bare srotoduṣṭi headword. It carries only the compound forms srotoduṣṭiprakāraḥ (ITA-4.8.4) and srotoduṣṭihetuḥ (ITA-4.8.3). So the term the tradition uses most is not itself standardised by WHO.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Functional alteration of body channels","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standards-body","locator":"Entry ITA-4.8.3","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Note the mismatch: the Sanskrit is srotoduṣṭi-HETU (the CAUSE of channel vitiation) but the English term and description describe the alteration itself, not its cause. WHO also assigns the identical English term 'Functional alteration of body channels' to ITA-4.8.2 (srotovaiguṇyam). Two different Sanskrit terms, one English label. This is a defect in the standard and the lexicon should say so.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"vitiation of the ducts","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (public domain)","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"Vimana Sthana Lesson V, aphorism 31 (= Ca.Vi.5/24): \"...are regarded as indications of the vitiation of the ducts.\"","verbatim":true,"assessment":"The only public-domain English rendering. Kaviratna uses 'vitiation' throughout for duṣṭi/pradoṣa and 'excitement' for prakopa.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"channel vitiation / vitiation of the body channels","sourceName":"Standard BAMS-textbook usage","sourceKind":"textbook-convention","locator":"ubiquitous","verbatim":false,"assessment":"The dominant convention. 'Vitiation' is itself an archaism inherited from the Victorian translators and is opaque to a modern reader.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true},{"english":"obstructive pathology occurring in channels","sourceName":"Otta SP et al., J Complement Integr Med 19(1):155-160 (2021)","sourceKind":"modern-journal-case-report","locator":null,"locatorWithheld":"\"Otta SP et al., J Complement Integr Med 19(1):155-160 (2021)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","verbatim":true,"assessment":"This glosses SANGA-srotodushti specifically, not srotodushti generally. Cited here because it is a rare instance of a PubMed-indexed paper supplying an explicit English gloss.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Otta SP et al., J Complement Integr Med 19(1):155-160 (2021)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"histopathology","sourceName":"Sharma S et al., Int. Res. J. Ayurveda & Yoga 6(12):98-102 (2023)","sourceKind":"modern-journal-review","locator":"DOI 10.47223/IRJAY.2023.61218","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Recorded because it is in print, not because it is defensible. Equating srotodushti with histopathology is an overreach; see mistranslations.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"a modern translator, in copyright","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"a modern translator, in copyright"},{"english":"not verified","sourceName":"NAMASTE portal / ICD-11 TM2","sourceKind":"standards-body","locator":"namaste.ayush.gov.in requires registration","verbatim":false,"assessment":"Unretrieved.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimana Sthana","chapter":"5","verse":"24","establishes":"THE defining verse. The four signs of srotoduṣṭi are atipravṛtti, saṅga, sirāṇāṃ granthayaḥ, and vimārgagamana. Note the text says 'sirāṇāṃ granthayaḥ' (knots OF the siras, genitive plural), NOT the single compound 'sirāgranthi'. The compound is a later textbook and WHO form. Also note the verse says duṣṭi-LAKṢAṆAM, the SIGNS of vitiation, not the types; the widespread phrase 'four types of srotodushti' is an interpretive step beyond the wording.","quote":"अतिप्रवृत्तिः सङ्गो वा सिराणां ग्रन्थयोऽपि वा| विमार्गगमनं चापि स्रोतसां दुष्टिलक्षणम्||२४||","translator":"none (Sanskrit mula text)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Sroto_Vimana&action=raw","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimana Sthana","chapter":"5","verse":"Kaviratna's aphorism 31 (= Ca.Vi.5/24)","establishes":"The only lawfully quotable English of the defining verse. CRITICAL CAVEAT: Kaviratna's rendering does not map cleanly onto the received Sanskrit. He has FOUR items but adds 'or attenuation' alongside 'stoppage' for saṅga, and renders sirāṇāṃ granthayaḥ as 'cystic tumours'. 'diviations' is an OCR artifact for 'deviations'. Kaviratna worked from a Gangadhara-influenced Bengal recension (he repeatedly contrasts 'Gangadhara's reading' with 'the vicious Bengal texts' in this very chapter), so a variant reading is the likely explanation.","quote":"Excessive generation (or flow, of food-juice, blood, and other ingredients of the body), or stoppage or attenuation (of these), or cystic tumours, or diviations (of the elements from their own into other channels), are regarded as indications of the vitiation of the ducts.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimana Sthana","chapter":"5","verse":"9","establishes":"The propagation rule: vitiated srotas vitiate other srotas, vitiated dhatus vitiate other dhatus, and the vitiators of all of them are the vitiated vata, pitta and kapha 'by the very nature of dosha'. This is the mechanism clause that most English definitions of srotodushti omit.","quote":"तेषां प्रकोपात् स्थानस्थाश्चैव मार्गगाश्च शरीरधातवःप्रकोपमापद्यन्ते, इतरेषां प्रकोपादितराणि च| स्रोतांसि स्रोतांस्येव, धातवश्च धातूनेव प्रदूषयन्ति प्रदुष्टाः| तेषां सर्वेषामेव वातपित्तश्लेष्माणः प्रदुष्टा दूषयितारो भवन्ति, दोषस्वभावादिति||९||","translator":"none (Sanskrit mula text)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Sroto_Vimana&action=raw","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimana Sthana","chapter":"5","verse":"Kaviratna's aphorisms 15-16 (= Ca.Vi.5/9)","establishes":"Kaviratna's English of the propagation rule. He renders dosha as 'faults' and vata/pitta/kapha as 'wind, bile, and phlegm' throughout.","quote":"After the same manner, the ducts that become vitiated, vitiate other ducts. Similarly, those constituent elements that become vitiated, vitiate other constituents ( of the body ) Of all those ducts and constituent elements vitiated wind, bile, and phlegm become vitiators in consequence of their very nature as faults.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimana Sthana","chapter":"5","verse":"23","establishes":"The general srotodushti-hetu rule (the passage WHO ISTA labels srotoduṣṭihetuḥ at ITA-4.8.3): whatever is dosha-like in quality and dhatu-hostile vitiates the channels. Preceded in Kaviratna by channel-specific causes for each of the thirteen.","quote":"Such food, and such practices, as correspond with the qualities of the faults, and as are hostile to the ingredients (dhdtus) of the body, are vitiators of the ducts.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"corrected against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"khavaiguṇya / srotovaiguṇya","why":"The tradition orders them: khavaiguṇya is the pre-existing susceptibility or defect in the channel; srotodushti is what happens when dosha and dushya then combine there. The CSNE Kha vaigunya article states the distinction explicitly ('it is different from the vitiation of body channels (srotodushti)... This process of vitiation takes place at the site where Khavaigunya already exists'). WHO ISTA blurs it by giving srotovaiguṇyam and srotoduṣṭihetuḥ the SAME English term."},{"term":"srotorodha (स्रोतोरोध)","why":"WHO ISTA ITA-4.8.1 defines srotorodhaḥ as 'Obstructive pathology: a complete or partial obstruction in the body channels leading to their malfunctioning'. That is one mode of srotodushti (overlapping saṅga), not a synonym for the whole category."},{"term":"dhatu-pradoṣaja vikāra","why":"Ca.Vi.5/8 says that the signs of vitiation of the rasa-and-later channels have already been stated in Vividhashitapitiya (Ca.Su.28) as the signs of vitiation of the DHATUS themselves. Charaka deliberately does not give separate channel signs for those. So dhatu-pradoshaja vikara and the corresponding srotodushti are, for Charaka, the same sign set read two ways, not two independent findings."},{"term":"srotoviddha","why":"Sushruta Sharira 9/11-12 deals with a channel PIERCED by a weapon and the symptoms that follow. That is traumatic injury, a surgical category, not the dosha-mediated vitiation Charaka means by srotodushti."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"histopathology","why":"In print (IRJAY 2023) but wrong. Histopathology is a tissue-level microscopic diagnostic method; srotodushti is a functional-pathological category defined by four flow behaviours, three of which (excess flow, obstruction, wrong-route flow) are not histological findings at all."},{"rendering":"the four TYPES of srotodushti","why":"Ca.Vi.5/24 says duṣṭi-LAKṢAṆAM, signs. Charaka does not say they are mutually exclusive types, and clinically more than one is routinely present. WHO's own entry ITA-4.8.4 (srotoduṣṭiprakāraḥ, 'types') is the standards-body version of the same interpretive slide."},{"rendering":"channel blockage","why":"Collapses the whole four-fold scheme into its saṅga member. Atipravṛtti is the opposite of blockage and vimārgagamana is orthogonal to it."},{"rendering":"inflammation of the channels","why":"No inflammatory sense in duṣṭi; the word is 'spoiling, corruption, vitiation'. Nothing in Ca.Vi.5/24 corresponds to the cardinal signs of inflammation."}],"openQuestions":["Why Kaviratna's text yields 'stoppage or attenuation' where the vulgate has only saṅga, is this a Gangadhara-recension variant, and does any printed edition carry a fifth item?","Whether WHO's duplicate English term across ITA-4.8.2 and ITA-4.8.3 is an editorial error or deliberate.","NAMASTE's rendering, unretrieved."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/srotodushti/","canary":"eb33c334748e00fc"},{"slug":"stambhana","page":"/lexicon/stambhana/","iast":"stambhana","devanagari":"स्तम्भन","alternates":["stambhanam","stambhana-karma","sthambhana","stambhaniya (drug class)"],"category":"chikitsa-3","family":"clinic","renderings":[{"english":"Astringent therapy","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"ITA-9.1.45 stambhanam/stambhanakarma","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Comparator. 'Astringent' imports a taste/pharmacology word for a therapeutic aim (arrest of flow).","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Inhibition of excess flow or secretions","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"ITA-6.2.6.19 stambhanam","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO gives two entries: a drug-action sense (6.2.6.19) and a therapy sense (9.1.45). Useful split.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"substances used to check any flow through or out of the body","sourceName":"NIA/WHO-APW draft 'Standardization of Non-Clinical Terminologies of Ayurveda' (rvpganagpur.com PDF)","sourceKind":"comparator (draft)","locator":"DG0324 stambhanaṁ","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Draft, drug-class sense only.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false},{"english":"Stambhana (untranslated); defined in text as 'That which constipates or stops the motion of such constituents of the body as are liquid, restless, and endued with motion'","sourceName":"Kaviratna, Charaka-Samhita","sourceKind":"public-domain translator","locator":"Lesson XXII, printed p.244 (his vv.7-9)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"'Constipates' is a narrowing; the Sanskrit stambhayati = arrests/holds.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"'Stambhana or constipators are medicines which, from their drying, astringent, and cooling qualities, and from their easy digestibility, increase the air and retain the secretions.' (quoted by Kaviratna from U. C. Dutt, Materia Medica of the Hindus)","sourceName":"Kaviratna footnote citing U. C. Dutt","sourceKind":"public-domain translator (footnote)","locator":"Sutrasthana Lesson XXVI/XXVII region, printed pp.315 and 348","verbatim":true,"assessment":"A footnote quoting a 19th-century materia medica; records the Victorian rendering 'constipators'. Not the Samhita's wording.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"astringent/styptic","sourceName":"carakasamhitaonline.com section headings (Su.22)","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":"Modern Indian academic usage; translation body is copyrighted and not quoted.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"carakasamhitaonline.com section headings (Su.22)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"\"carakasamhitaonline.com section headings (Su.22)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation"},{"english":"Stambhana (astringent therapy)","sourceName":"PubMed PMID 23723649 (Ayu 2012)","sourceKind":"modern literature","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":"Follows the WHO/textbook rendering.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"PubMed PMID 23723649 (Ayu 2012)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"\"PubMed PMID 23723649 (Ayu 2012)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation"}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"22","verse":"Standard 22.12 first half; Kaviratna prints '7-9' after the six-definition block","establishes":"Charaka's definition: stambhana arrests what is mobile, moving and (ordinarily) steady-flowing. Both numbering systems recorded.","quote":"Kaviratna: \"That which constipates or stops the motion of such constituents of the body as are liquid, restless, and endued with motion, is said to be Stamhhana.7-9\" [sic: 'Stamhhana' is an OCR artefact of 'Stambhana']. Sanskrit: \"स्तम्भनं स्तम्भयति यद्गतिमन्तं चलं ध्रुवम्|\"","translator":"Kaviratna; Sanskrit carakasamhitaonline","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt ; https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Langhanabrimhaniya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"22","verse":"Standard 22.17; Kaviratna's printed number read as '16' in OCR (uncertain; may be 15)","establishes":"Qualities of stambhana substances. Note Kaviratna renders sthira as 'unstable' here (and 'stable' elsewhere); the Sanskrit has sthira (stable). Translator's inconsistency, not doctrine.","quote":"Kaviratna: \"Such things as are regarded to be cooling, mild, soft, smooth, dry, subtile, liquid, unstable, and light, are generally said to be Stambhana.\" Sanskrit: \"शीतं मन्दं मृदु श्लक्ष्णं रूक्षं सूक्ष्मं द्रवं स्थिरम्| यद्द्रव्यं लघु चोद्दिष्टं प्रायस्तत् स्तम्भनं स्मृतम्||१७||\"","translator":"Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt ; https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Langhanabrimhaniya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"22","verse":"Standard 22.32; Kaviratna prints '30'","establishes":"Sweet, bitter and astringent tastes are all stambhana; Kaviratna's 'unstable (moving)' for asara (non-flowing) is a mistranslation to flag.","quote":"Kaviratna: \"Such things as are liquid, minute, unstable (moving), such things as produce the sensation of cold, and such as are agreeable or bitter or astringent to the taste, are all called Stambharra.f30\" [sic OCR]. Sanskrit: \"द्रवं तन्वसरं यावच्छीतीकरणमौषधम्| स्वादु तिक्तं कषायं च स्तम्भनं सर्वमेव तत्||३२||\"","translator":"Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt ; https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Langhanabrimhaniya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"22","verse":"Standard 22.40 (excess signs); Kaviratna prints '38'","establishes":"Signs of over-stambhana. The preceding sentence (his '37', standard 39) gives the adequate-stambhana sign of regained strength.","quote":"Kaviratna: \"Paleness of complexion, paralytic state of the limbs, lockjaw, suppression of stools and of the free action of the heart, are the indications of one who has undergone excessive Stambhana;38\" Sanskrit second half: \"हृद्वर्चोनिग्रहश्च स्यादतिस्तम्भितलक्षणम्||४०||\"","translator":"Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt ; https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Langhanabrimhaniya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"grahi","why":"WHO ITA-6.2.6.18 'Absorptive action': hot, appetising, absorbent. Stambhana (6.2.6.19) is cold and checks flow; textbooks keep them apart by virya."},{"term":"kashaya rasa (astringent taste)","why":"A taste; Charaka Su.22.32 says sweet, bitter AND astringent are all stambhana, so 'astringent therapy' is narrower than the concept."},{"term":"rukshana","why":"Drying therapy; a separate upakrama in Su.22 though both are cold/dry-leaning."},{"term":"raktastambhana / sangrahi","why":"Haemostasis or anti-diarrhoeal action is one application; stambhana in Su.22 is the general arrest of any mobile fluid including sweat (used after excess svedana)."},{"term":"stambha (as a symptom)","why":"Stiffness/rigidity as a morbidity term (WHO AF2151 'stambha: Fixedness, stiffness...'); stambhana is the therapy, and svedana is defined as stambha-destroying (Su.22.11)."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"astringent therapy","why":"Confuses a taste/pharmacological quality with the therapeutic aim; Charaka explicitly includes sweet and bitter stambhana substances (Su.22.32)."},{"rendering":"constipating / constipators","why":"Victorian materia-medica English (U. C. Dutt via Kaviratna); the Sanskrit covers arresting any flow (bleeding, diarrhoea, vomiting, sweating), not only stool."},{"rendering":"styptic","why":"Narrows to bleeding; acceptable only for raktastambhana."}],"openQuestions":["Kaviratna's printed number for the quality verse (OCR '16') should be checked against the scan image; standard is 17.","Whether Sushruta uses stambhana as an upakrama term at all was not checked."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/stambhana/","canary":"c0e13383ff770cc5"},{"slug":"stanyavaha-srotas","page":"/lexicon/stanyavaha-srotas/","iast":"stanyavaha srotas","devanagari":"स्तन्यवहस्रोतस्","alternates":["stanyavaha-srotas (NAMASTE hyphenated form)","kṣīravahā sirāḥ (क्षीरवहाः सिराः), the term Caraka actually uses","stanya-vahā dhamanyaḥ (implied at Su.Śā.9)"],"category":"srotas (body channel) — anatomy/physiology; post-classical / reconstructed","family":"body","renderings":[{"english":"derangement of stanyavahasrotas","sourceName":"NAMASTE National Ayurveda Morbidity Codes","sourceKind":"morbidity-code comparator","locator":"NAMC EC-4.5","verbatim":true,"assessment":"NAMASTE codes the DISORDER only. It has NO SAT-B anatomical entry for stanyavaha srotas, I searched the complete SAT combined table. And see classical below: the Caraka verses it cites do not contain the word.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology"},{"english":"Breast milk","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standards-body comparator (for the substance stanya, NOT the channel)","locator":"ITA-2.3.2 stanyam","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO description: 'Supportive structural component of primary circulating nutrient fluid. It is composed predominantly of the basic element water and nourishes the baby.' WHO has NO entry for stanyavaha srotas anywhere, not in the body-channel block (2.5) and not in the channel-disorder block (5.5). I verified both by reading them in full. WHO does code stanyavaiṣamyam, stanyakṣayaḥ and stanyavṛddhiḥ as breast-milk disorders.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false},{"english":"two of them (ducts), attached to the breasts of a woman, carry milk of her breasts","sourceName":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna, Sushruta Samhita (1911)","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Śārīrasthāna IX.4 (Bhishagratna) = 9/5 in the Sanskrit","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Suśruta describes milk-carrying DHAMANĪS, not a stanyavaha SROTAS.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Suśruta Saṃhitā","sthana":"Śārīra Sthāna","chapter":"9","verse":"4 (Bhishagratna's numbering; Sanskrit ॥५॥)","establishes":"The closest classical warrant for a milk-carrying channel: a pair of upward-coursing DHAMANĪS, milk-bearing in women and śukra-bearing in men. Suśruta does NOT call this a srotas and does not include it in his eleven pairs of srotas later in the same chapter.","quote":"Two of the Dhamanis (ducts) carry the fluid of lachrymation, two of them (ducts), attached to the breasts of a woman, carry milk of her breasts, which, coursing through the breast of a man, convey his seminal fluid.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1911)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-3-sharirasthana/d/doc142889.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Suśruta Saṃhitā","sthana":"Śārīra Sthāna","chapter":"9","verse":"5 (Sanskrit numbering ॥५॥)","establishes":"The Sanskrit behind the Bhishagratna passage above: 'two carry tears; two, situated in the breasts, carry stanya in a woman; those same two carry a man's śukra from the breasts.' Confirms the word used is a dhamanī description, and that stanya is the object carried, not a compounded channel-name.","quote":"द्वे चाश्रुवाहिन्यौ, द्वे स्तन्यं स्त्रिया वहतः स्तनसंश्रिते, ते एव शुक्रं नरस्य स्तनाभ्यामभिवहतः","translator":null,"licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.siva.sh/sushruta-samhita/sharira-sthana/9","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Caraka Saṃhitā","sthana":"Cikitsā Sthāna","chapter":"30 (Yonivyāpat Cikitsā)","verse":"236","establishes":"DECISIVE NEGATIVE: this is the verse NAMASTE cites for 'stanyavaha-srotoduṣṭi', and the word it uses is kṣīravahāḥ SIRĀḤ (milk-carrying veins/vessels), not stanyavaha srotas. The doṣas reach the milk-carrying sirās, vitiate the stanya, and produce eightfold stanya-duṣṭi. I string-searched the whole retrieved chapter: neither 'स्तन्यवह' nor 'आर्तववह' occurs anywhere in Ca.Ci.30.","quote":"दोषाः क्षीरवहाः प्राप्य सिराः स्तन्यं प्रदूष्य च| कुर्युरष्टविधं भूयो दोषतस्तन्निबोध मे ||२३६||","translator":null,"licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Yonivyapat_Chikitsa","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Caraka Saṃhitā","sthana":"Vimāna Sthāna","chapter":"5","verse":"5/7","establishes":"Negative evidence, quoted: stanya-vaha is absent from Caraka's thirteen, as it is from Suśruta's eleven.","quote":"तद्यथा प्राणोदकान्नरसरुधिरमांसमेदोस्थिमज्जशुक्रमूत्रपुरीषस्वेदवहानीति","translator":null,"licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Sroto_Vimana","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"kṣīravahā sirā","why":"This is Caraka's actual term (Ci.30/236). Anyone citing Ca.Ci.30 under the head-word 'stanyavaha srotas' is substituting a later coinage for the text's own word."},{"term":"śukravaha srotas","why":"Su.Śā.9 gives both Suśruta's śukravaha srotas roots in the BREASTS and a breast dhamanī pair that is milk-bearing in women and śukra-bearing in men, so in Suśruta these are one structure with two sex-specific outputs, not two channels."},{"term":"stanya (the substance)","why":"WHO codes stanyam as an upadhātu of rasa (ITA-2.3.2). The milk exists in the standards; its channel does not."},{"term":"rasavaha srotas","why":"stanya is classically an upadhātu of rasa, so milk disorders are often routed through rasavaha pathology, NAMASTE in fact files stanyavaha-srotodushti as EC-4.5, i.e. INSIDE its rasavaha (EC) code block."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"'the lactiferous ducts'","why":"No classical text names such a channel. The Suśruta passage describes systemic dhamanīs running to the breast, explicitly shared with male śukra transport, not intramammary ducts."},{"rendering":"'the 14th srotas' / 'one of the two extra srotas in women'","why":"A textbook convention, not a textual fact. Caraka lists thirteen (no stanya, no ārtava); Suśruta lists eleven pairs (ārtava yes, stanya no). No enumeration in either text contains stanyavaha."},{"rendering":"citing Ca.Ci.30/236-238 for 'stanyavaha srotas'","why":"The verses say kṣīravahāḥ sirāḥ. The citation is real but the term is not in it, exactly the kind of inherited reference that looks verified and is not."}],"openQuestions":["Does any pre-modern text actually use the compound stanyavaha srotas, or is it entirely a modern textbook coinage back-formed from stanya + srotas?","If Suśruta's breast dhamanīs are shared between milk and śukra, should stanyavaha be an entry at all, or a cross-reference under śukravaha?"],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/stanyavaha-srotas/","canary":"8949016e13ba4dfe"},{"slug":"sthanasamshraya","page":"/lexicon/sthanasamshraya/","iast":"sthānasaṃśraya","devanagari":"स्थानसंश्रय","alternates":["sthānasamśraya","sthanasamsraya","sthana samshraya","स्थानसंश्रयः","sthānasaṃśrayaḥ"],"category":"kriyakala","family":"disease","renderings":[{"english":"Stage of a dosha localizing outside its location","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","sourceKind":"who-ista","locator":"ITA-4.6.10","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO description, verbatim: 'The fourth stage of disease manifestation, when aggravated and migrant dosha lodges in a different location from its original one and gives rise to prodromal symptoms.' Re-read from the PDF. WHO is the only comparator located that builds the prodrome into the definition. WHO's printed IAST is 'sthānasamśrayaḥ' (with m, not ṃ).","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"the specific localities in which they are respectively confined in the course of their expansion (Sthana-samshrayam)","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, tr. Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907)","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"Sutrasthana ch. XXI, summary verse","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Bhishagratna does not give a noun; he paraphrases. Elsewhere in the same chapter he uses 'incarcerated', 'confined' and 'firmly ensconced'. The section heading on the retrieved page reads 'Stharna-Samshrayam:—', an OCR corruption of Sthana-Samshrayam, re-confirmed on the page and worth knowing if anyone searches that page by string.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":null,"englishWithheld":"this project has not cleared that source for quotation","sourceName":"easyayurveda.com (Dr Raghuram Y.S. / Dr J.V. Hebbar)","sourceKind":"practitioner-reference","locator":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/2016/06/13/shat-kriya-kala-stage-wise-disease-management/","verbatim":true,"assessment":"String-matched on the retrieved page, with the page's curly apostrophes. Adds 'invasion' and names dhatu as the target, neither of which is in the compound. Typical of BAMS teaching, which pairs sthanasamshraya with khavaigunya.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"easyayurveda.com (Dr Raghuram Y.S. / Dr J.V. Hebbar)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"localization","sourceName":"siva.sh (machine-generated English layer)","sourceKind":"machine-translation","locator":"https://www.siva.sh/sushruta-samhita/sutra-sthana/21/36","verbatim":true,"assessment":"LOW AUTHORITY, AI-generated.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"a machine-generated English layer","downloadable":false}],"classical":[{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"21","verse":"33","establishes":"Defines the stage as doshas reaching particular bodily regions and generating the diseases proper to each, and expressly ties the fourth kriyākāla to the APPEARANCE OF PRODROMES (pūrvarūpaprādurbhāvaḥ ... pūrvarūpagateṣu caturthaḥ kriyākālaḥ). This is the verse behind WHO's inclusion of prodromes in ITA-4.6.10.","quote":"अत ऊर्ध्वं स्थानसंश्रयं वक्ष्यामः । एवं प्रकुपितातांस्ताञ् शरीरप्रदेशानागम्य तांस्तान् व्याधीन् जनयन्ति । ते यदोदरसन्निवेशं कुर्वन्ति तदा गुल्म विद्रध्युदराग्निसङ्गानाहविसूचिकातिसारप्रभृतीञ्जनयन्ति; बस्तिगताः प्रमेहाश्मरीमूत्राघातमूत्रदोषप्रभृतीन्; ... तेषामेवमभिसन्निविष्टानां पूर्वरूपप्रादुर्भावः ; तं प्रतिरोगं वक्ष्यामः । तत्र पूर्वरूपगतेषु चतुर्थः क्रियाकालः ॥३३॥","translator":null,"licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.siva.sh/sushruta-samhita/sutra-sthana/21/33","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"21","verse":"33","establishes":"Bhishagratna's opening of the sthanasamshraya section. His disease equivalents here (cholera for Visuchika, dropsy, and syphilis later in the same passage) are 1907 colonial-medicine glosses and must not be carried into a modern lexicon.","quote":"Now we shall enumerate the names of the peculiar diseases, which are originated by the deranged and expanded humours, incarcerated in the different parts of the body. These humours, confined in the abdomen, give rise to Gulma (abdominal glands) tumours, internal abscesses ( Vidradhi ), abdominal dropsy, impaired digestion in the bowels, constipation (anaha), cholera (Visuchika) and dysentery.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122917.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"21","verse":"33","establishes":"The stage-marker in English, confirming that the fourth occasion is defined by the appearance of premonitory symptoms, not by lodgement as such.","quote":"The aggravated and expanded humours, thus firmly ensconced in the different parts of the body, exhibit the premonitory symptoms of diseases which will be fully dealt with under their respective heads. The manifestation of these premonitory symptoms should be considered as the fourth occasion for medical treatment.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122917.html","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"pūrvarūpa","why":"WHO ITA-4.5.1's English term is 'Prodrome, premonitory symptoms', described as 'Recognition of the prodrome or set of premonitory, precursory symptoms, treatment of which can forestall manifestation of the disease; they are classified into two types depending on their nature.' (Sanskrit column: pūrvarūpam / पूर्वरूपम्, printed p. 109.) Sthānasaṃśraya is the dosha-side event, the lodgement; pūrvarūpa is the clinical output of that event. Su.Su. 21.33 links them (pūrvarūpaprādurbhāvaḥ) but does not equate them."},{"term":"khavaiguṇya","why":"The pre-existing defect or weakness in a srotas or dhatu that lets the dosha lodge there. It is the enabling condition, not the stage. It is absent from the retrieved verses of Su.Su. 21 and is supplied by commentators and by teaching tradition."},{"term":"dosha-dūṣya-sammūrchana","why":"The interaction of dosha with the tissue, often taught as what happens at this stage. It is a separate technical term and is not the compound sthānasaṃśraya."},{"term":"prasara","why":"Migration versus settling. WHO's own wording, 'migrates outside its own location' (ITA-4.6.9) versus 'lodges in a different location... and gives rise to prodromal symptoms' (ITA-4.6.10), is the cleanest available statement of the difference."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"'infection' or 'colonization'","why":"Imports an infectious-disease mechanism. Nothing in the compound or the verse involves an external organism; sthāna is a bodily site and saṃśraya is taking refuge in it."},{"rendering":"'localization' used alone","why":"Not wrong, but incomplete in a way that matters: it omits the prodrome, which is the criterion the text itself uses to mark the fourth kriyākāla (pūrvarūpagateṣu caturthaḥ kriyākālaḥ). WHO includes the prodrome; most short glosses do not."},{"rendering":"'manifestation' or 'onset of disease'","why":"Collides with vyakti, the fifth stage. At sthānasaṃśraya the disease is not yet manifest, only heralded."},{"rendering":"Reading Bhishagratna's disease equivalents as the referents","why":"He renders Visuchika as 'cholera' and gives 'syphilis' in the penile-lodgement list. Those are 1907 identifications, not translations of the Sanskrit, and repeating them would put false modern diagnoses into the lexicon."}],"openQuestions":["Whether khavaiguṇya appears anywhere in Su.Su. 21 itself or only in Dalhana, I could not verify either way from the verses retrieved (21.16-21.38).","Whether NAMASTE or ICD-11 TM2 codes the pūrvarūpa/sthānasaṃśraya stage at all, see the shat-kriyakala record for why both lookups failed again.","Whether any source offers a way to tell lodgement from mere presence in a site, clinically."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/sthanasamshraya/","canary":"049853615e16aefd"},{"slug":"sthira","page":"/lexicon/sthira/","iast":"sthira","devanagari":"स्थिर","alternates":["sthira guna","sthiraḥ","sthairya (स्थैर्य, the abstract noun)","Sthira = śālaparṇī / Desmodium gangeticum (plant-name homonym)"],"category":"dravyaguna-3","family":"pharmacology","renderings":[{"english":"Stability, immobility","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022), PDF mirror","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"ITA-1.9.4.2.18 description","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO pairs sthira with sara (not cala).","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"stable","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. A. C. Kaviratna, public domain","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Su.1 his 60 Kapha 'stable'; Su.22 his 11 bṛṁhaṇa 'mild stable', his 12 rūkṣaṇa 'stable', his 14 svedana 'stable'; Su.22 footnote 'Sara in Sthira' (translator's note)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Consistent 'stable'; but at Su.22 his 13 (snehana) he prints 'stable' where the retrieved Sanskrit has saram.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"immobile","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. A. C. Kaviratna, public domain","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Su.26 his 22 pārthiva list 'heavy, sharp or pungent, hard, mild, immobile, clear, thick, gross'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Positional match to स्थिर in गुरुखरकठिनमन्दस्थिरविशदसान्द्रस्थूल.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"unstable (for cala, Vata verse)","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. A. C. Kaviratna, public domain","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Su.1 his 58 'dry, cold, light, subtile, unstable, clear, keen'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Shows his 'stable/unstable' axis covers both sthira/cala (Su.1.59) and sthira/sara (Su.22).","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"immobile (Parthiva list)","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita tr. K. L. Bhishagratna, public domain, via wisdomlib","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Su.Su.41: 'thick, pithy, compact, dull, immobile, rough, heavy (hard to digest)'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Word-to-word mapping to a Sanskrit Su.41 not established; Sushruta's own twenty (Su.Su.46.514-525) do not include sthira at all.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"Sthira (stable)","sourceName":"Mithun & Singh, IJHSR 2026 review (DOI 10.52403/ijhsr.20260119)","sourceKind":"modern literature","locator":"'Sthira-Sara","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Textbook rendering.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Mithun & Singh, IJHSR 2026 review (DOI 10.52403/ijhsr.20260119)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"\"Mithun & Singh, IJHSR 2026 review (DOI 10.52403/ijhsr.20260119)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation"},{"english":"Sthira (Hedysarum Gangeticum)","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. A. C. Kaviratna, public domain","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"many drug lists, e.g. OCR lines 69341, 76489 'Sthira (otherwise called Salaparni, Desmodium Gangeticum)'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"The plant-name homonym, far more frequent in Kaviratna than the guna.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"Standard 1.61; Kaviratna prints 60","establishes":"Sthira ('stable') as a Kapha quality. Sanskrit as retrieved: गुरुशीतमृदुस्निग्धमधुरस्थिरपिच्छिलाः| श्लेष्मणः प्रशमं यान्ति विपरीतगुणैर्गुणाः||६१|| (https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Deerghanjiviteeya_Adhyaya). Vata's opposite quality in 1.59 is cala (Kaviratna 'unstable').","quote":"Heavy, cold, mild, watery, sweet, stable, and slimy, these attributes of phlegm are cured by objects having adverse attributes.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"22","verse":"Standard 22.13-14 (bṛṁhaṇa) and 22.14-15 (rūkṣaṇa); Kaviratna prints 11 and 12","establishes":"Sthira belongs to BOTH the bṛṁhaṇa and the rūkṣaṇa quality lists, so it is not simply a Kapha-building quality. Sanskrit as retrieved: ...प्रायो मन्दं स्थिरं श्लक्ष्णं द्रव्यं बृंहणमुच्यते| रूक्षं लघु खरं तीक्ष्णमुष्णं स्थिरमपिच्छिलम्||१४|| (https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Langhanabrimhaniya_Adhyaya).","quote":"Such things as are heavy, cooling, soft, exceedingly oily, gross, slimy, mild stable, and smooth, are generally said to be Vringhana. Such things as are dry, productive of lightness, pungent, warm, stable, not slimy, and hard, are generally Rukshana.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"26","verse":"Standard 26.11 (pārthiva clause); Kaviratna prints 22","establishes":"Sthira ('immobile') as an earth-dominant quality; the karma list ends in sthairya ('consistency' in Kaviratna). Sanskrit as retrieved: तत्र द्रव्याणि गुरुखरकठिनमन्दस्थिरविशदसान्द्रस्थूलगन्धगुणबहुलानि पार्थिवानि (within ||११||, https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Atreyabhadrakapyiya_Adhyaya).","quote":"Amongst objects those that are principally heavy, sharp or pungent, hard, mild, immobile, clear, thick, gross, and possessed of scent, are regarded as appertaining to Earth. These objects promote the growth, hardness, heaviness, and consistency of the body.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"25","verse":"Standard 25.36 (prose)","establishes":"Charaka pairs sthira with sara in the twenty (स्थिरसर), whereas the Vata verse 1.59 uses cala as Vata's mobility quality.","quote":"विंशतिगुणः, गुरुलघुशीतोष्णस्निग्धरूक्षमन्दतीक्ष्णस्थिरसरमृदुकठिनविशदपिच्छिलश्लक्ष्णखरसूक्ष्मस्थूलसान्द्रद्रवानुगमात्","translator":"none (Sanskrit only)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Yajjah_Purushiya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"sara","why":"Paired opposite in Charaka's twenty (Ca.Su.25.36) and WHO (ITA-1.9.4.2.19 'Instability, mobility'); Kaviratna 'unstable'."},{"term":"cala","why":"Vata's mobility quality in Ca.Su.1.59 (चल); textbooks treat cala and sara as interchangeable opposites of sthira, but Charaka uses different words in the two places."},{"term":"sthairya","why":"The abstract noun and karma ('consistency' in Kaviratna at Su.26 his 22); the effect sthira produces."},{"term":"kaṭhina (hard)","why":"Separate guna, co-listed in the pārthiva set; firmness vs immobility."},{"term":"guru (heavy)","why":"Co-listed with sthira in Kapha and pārthiva lists; different pair (guru/laghu)."},{"term":"Sthira = śālaparṇī (Desmodium gangeticum)","why":"A plant name that dominates Kaviratna's uses of the word; WHO lists the plant under its own synonyms, not as sthira."},{"term":"sthira in Sushruta's twenty","why":"Sushruta's enumeration at Su.Su.46.514-525 (as retrieved) lists drava, sāndra, ślakṣṇa, karkaśa, sugandha, durgandha, sara, manda, vyavāyī, vikāsī, āśukārī, sūkṣma in the second ten and names no sthira, a real inter-text difference to flag."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"static / inert","why":"Sthira sits in the rūkṣaṇa and svedana lists as well as bṛṁhaṇa (Ca.Su.22.14-16); it is not 'inert' or 'no action'."},{"rendering":"stable (as chemically stable / shelf-stable)","why":"Modern pharmacy sense; the texts mean position-keeping, firmness, resistance to movement (WHO 'maintaining stability and position')."},{"rendering":"'stable' for saram (Kaviratna Su.22 his 13)","why":"Where the retrieved Sanskrit of 22.15 reads सरं, Kaviratna prints 'stable'; sthira and sara are opposites, so this is either a variant reading or an error and must not be cited as the text calling snehana dravyas sthira."}],"openQuestions":["Confirm from a Sanskrit Sushruta that sthira is genuinely absent from Su.Su.46.514-525 (my reading of the easyayurveda Devanagari).","Whether Bhishagratna's 'immobile' in Su.Su.41 corresponds to sthira or to another word (needs a Sanskrit Su.41).","Kaviratna's 'stable' at Su.22 his 13 vs saram: check Gangadhara's reading."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/sthira/","canary":"857561cdc37d3a59"},{"slug":"sthula","page":"/lexicon/sthula/","iast":"sthūla","devanagari":"स्थूल","alternates":["sthula guna","sthoola","sthaulya (the state)","gross","bulky"],"category":"dravyaguna-4","family":"pharmacology","renderings":[{"english":null,"sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"code DG0329","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Only comparator entry for the guna. WHO also has 'atisthūla' SV0045 'Overweight; Obese' (the clinical sense) and uses 'Sthūla (macro) and Aṇu (micro)' for srotas size under DG0322-area text.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"gross","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. A. C. Kaviratna, public domain","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Su.22 his 11 (brimhana list: 'heavy, cooling, soft, exceedingly oily, gross, slimy, mild stable, and smooth'); Su.26 his 22 (parthiva: 'hard, mild, immobile, clear, thick, gross'); footnote to Su.22 his 10: 'Sukshma in Sthula'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Stable rendering 'gross'; in the Su.26 list 'thick' sits beside it, which from the Sanskrit order (सान्द्र, स्थूल) is sāndra.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"thick","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita tr. K. L. Bhishagratna, public domain, via wisdomlib","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Su.41 (parthiva substance 'thick, pithy, compact, dull, immobile, rough, heavy (hard to digest)')","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Which English word maps to sthūla here is not established without a Sanskrit Sushruta; recorded as the list containing the term's likely slot.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"Sthula Guna means 'bulkiness / stoutness' quality","sourceName":"easyayurveda.com 'Gurvadi Gunas' (Hebbar), modern","sourceKind":"modern web textbook","locator":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/2019/06/12/gurvadi-gunas/","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Typical textbook; pairs it with sukshma and assigns earth element.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"easyayurveda.com 'Gurvadi Gunas' (Hebbar), modern\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"gross (as opposite of subtle, sukshma)","sourceName":"common textbook usage","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"Not verbatim from a single source; recorded as the prevailing classroom gloss.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"22","verse":"Standard 22.13 (per carakasamhitaonline danda placement; the unit runs into the first line after ||13||); Kaviratna prints 11","establishes":"Sthūla as a bṛṁhaṇa (bulk-promoting) quality. Sanskrit as retrieved: गुरु शीतं मृदु स्निग्धं बहलं स्थूलपिच्छिलम्||१३|| प्रायो मन्दं स्थिरं श्लक्ष्णं द्रव्यं बृंहणमुच्यते| (https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Langhanabrimhaniya_Adhyaya). 'Vringhana' is OCR of Vrimhana.","quote":"Such things as are heavy, cooling, soft, exceedingly oily, gross, slimy, mild stable, and smooth, are generally said to be Vringhana.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"26","verse":"Standard 26.11 (one prose unit ending ||११||); Kaviratna splits it and prints 22, 23, 24, 25, 26 after its five sentences","establishes":"Sthūla as a pārthiva (earth-dominant) quality. Sanskrit as retrieved: तत्र द्रव्याणि गुरुखरकठिनमन्दस्थिरविशदसान्द्रस्थूलगन्धगुणबहुलानि पार्थिवानि, तान्युपचयसङ्घातगौरवस्थैर्यकराणि (https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Atreyabhadrakapyiya_Adhyaya). Kaviratna's 'sharp or pungent' is khara (rough), not tīkṣṇa.","quote":"Amongst objects those that are principally heavy, sharp or pungent, hard, mild, immobile, clear, thick, gross, and possessed of scent, are regarded as appertaining to Earth. These objects promote the growth, hardness, heaviness, and consistency of the body.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Ashtanga Hridaya","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"18 (Das and Emmerick edition numbering as given in the GRETIL e-text)","establishes":"The twenty gunas are enumerated as ten named (guru, manda, hima, snigdha, ślakṣṇa, sāndra, mṛdu, sthira, sūkṣma, viśada) 'with their opposites'; sthūla is therefore present only as the unnamed opposite of sūkṣma. Reference only; no English quotation permitted.","quote":"guru-manda-hima-snigdha-ślakṣṇa-sāndra-mṛdu-sthirāḥ | guṇāḥ sa-sūkṣma-viśadā viṃśatiḥ sa-viparyayāḥ || 18 ||","translator":"none; Sanskrit only. No public-domain English translation exists","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/1_sanskr/6_sastra/7_ayur/vagaah_u.htm","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"sūkṣma","why":"Opposite member of the pair (Kaviratna's note 'Sukshma in Sthula'; AH Su.1.18 names only sūkṣma 'with its opposite')."},{"term":"guru","why":"Heavy (digestive load) is a different gurvadi pair; both appear together in the bṛṁhaṇa list, so textbooks blur them."},{"term":"sāndra","why":"Dense/solid; sits beside sthūla in Ca.Su.26.11 and Kaviratna renders the pair 'thick, gross'."},{"term":"sthaulya / atisthūla","why":"The clinical state of obesity (WHO SV0045 'Overweight; Obese'; Ca.Su.21 'ati-sthūla'), not the drug quality."},{"term":"sthūla srotas","why":"'Sthūla (macro)' as channel size in WHO's srotas text, an anatomical not pharmacological use."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"fat / obese (for the guna)","why":"Confuses the gurvadi quality with the sthaulya/atisthūla clinical state."},{"rendering":"heavy","why":"Collapses sthūla into guru; the texts list both separately in the same verse (Ca.Su.22.13)."}],"openQuestions":["Which English word in Bhishagratna's Su.41 parthiva list corresponds to sthūla (needs a Sanskrit Sushruta).","Whether Trikamji numbers the Ca.Su.26 rasa-karma prose as 26.42 or 26.43 (carakasamhitaonline places ||43|| after it)."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/sthula/","canary":"53783ba0d95fb9e1"},{"slug":"sukhayu","page":"/lexicon/sukhayu/","iast":"sukhāyu / sukhāyuḥ","devanagari":"सुखायुः","alternates":["sukhayu","sukha ayu","sukham ayuh"],"category":"foundational","family":"foundations","renderings":[{"english":"High quality of life","sourceName":"WHO international standard terminologies on Ayurveda (WHO, 2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"Term ID ITA-1.2.4","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO's description: 'A lifestyle characterized by a high quotient of happiness.' Recorded as a fact about WHO. Notable that WHO chose the modern health-services term 'quality of life', which imports an entire measurement literature (WHOQOL) that the classical definition does not support.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"happy","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sutrasthana Lesson XXX, aphorism 19: 'Life is called happy'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Public domain. Kaviratna's English term is 'happy Life'. He uses the same word at Su 1.41 ('Good, evil, happy and unhappy is Life'), so unlike hitāyu his rendering of this term is internally consistent.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"blissful life","sourceName":"common Indian journal and textbook usage","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"Widespread in Indian Ayurvedic writing, often paired with 'useful life' for hitāyu. Stronger than sukha warrants; sukha in this verse is defined by the absence of disease and the presence of youth, strength, wealth and freedom of action, not by an inner state of bliss.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"30 (Arthedaśamahāmūlīya Adhyāya)","verse":"24","establishes":"Defines sukham āyuḥ by: freedom from bodily and mental disease, youth in particular, strength/vigour/fame/manliness/prowess proportionate to capacity, command of knowledge, science, senses and sense-objects, great affluence and varied enjoyments, success in all undertakings, and moving as one wishes. Then defines its opposite as asukham, by reverse. This is an excerpt of the first portion of verse 24; the hitāyu portion follows in the same verse.","quote":"तत्र शारीरमानसाभ्यां रोगाभ्यामनभिद्रुतस्य विशेषेण यौवनवतः समर्थानुगतबलवीर्ययशःपौरुषपराक्रमस्यज्ञानविज्ञानेन्द्रियेन्द्रियार्थबलसमुदये वर्तमानस्य परमर्द्धिरुचिरविविधोपभोगस्य समृद्धसर्वारम्भस्य यथेष्टविचारिणःसुखमायुरुच्यते; असुखमतो विपर्ययेण","translator":"none - Sanskrit mūla only","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.siva.sh/caraka-samhita/sutra-sthana/30/24","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"Lesson XXX (Arthedaśamahāmūlīya)","verse":"19 in Kaviratna's numbering","establishes":"The lawfully quotable English of the sukhāyu definition, matching the Sanskrit above clause for clause and in the same order. Note how much of it is circumstantial - wealth, success, freedom of action - which is what makes WHO's 'quotient of happiness' gloss a narrowing.","quote":"who  is  not  afflicted  by  any  disease  physical  or  mental,  who  is,  particularly,  possessed  of  youth,  who  is  endued  with  strength,  energy,  manliness,  and  prowess,  proportioned  to  the  capacity  of  his  frame,  who  rests  on  strength  of  knowledge,  of  science,  and  of  the  senses,  as  also  on  all  the  objects  of  the  senses,  who  is  endued  with  great  affluence  and  diverse  agreeable  objects  of  enjoyment,  who  is  crowned  with  success  in  respect  of  all  his  essays,  and  who  moves  and  acts  as  he  pleases,  Life  is  called  happy.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1 (Dīrghañjīvitīya Adhyāya)","verse":"41","establishes":"The first occurrence of sukha as a division of āyu, here as a bare adjective with no content.","quote":"हिताहितं सुखं दुःखमायुस्तस्य हिताहितम्| मानं च तच्च यत्रोक्तमायुर्वेदः स उच्यते||४१||","translator":"none - Sanskrit mūla only","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Deerghanjiviteeya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"hitāyu","why":"Sukhāyu is about condition and circumstance (health, youth, wealth, success, freedom); hitāyu is about conduct (truthfulness, restraint, giving, reverence). They are independent axes, and the fourfold scheme exists precisely so that a life can be classified on both."},{"term":"sukha (as the counterpart of duḥkha in doṣa/health contexts)","why":"Sukha is used throughout the Samhitas for pleasant sensation and for the comfortable state of the body. In sukhāyu it qualifies a whole life, assessed by a checklist, not a sensation."},{"term":"svastha","why":"Freedom from disease is only the first item in the sukhāyu list; svastha is the technical term for that item alone. Sukhāyu is broader and includes wealth and success, which svastha does not."},{"term":"ānanda / moksha","why":"Sukhāyu is worldly and enumerable. Rendering it as bliss slides it toward a soteriological category the verse does not invoke."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"quality of life","why":"WHO uses it, so it must be recorded, but it is an import: it carries the apparatus of QoL instruments and a self-report methodology alien to a verse that lists objective circumstances such as affluence and success in undertakings. Recording it as WHO's rendering is correct; adopting it as the definition is not."},{"rendering":"healthy life","why":"Freedom from disease is one of nine or so items in the list."},{"rendering":"pleasant life","why":"Understates. The list includes strength, prowess, fame and command of the senses, not merely pleasantness."}],"openQuestions":["Why Su 30.24 uses asukham rather than duḥkham for the negative limb, when Su 1.41 uses duḥkham. This is a real lexical inconsistency in the source and I could not establish whether any commentator addresses it.","Whether NAMASTE codes sukhāyu and whether it followed WHO into 'quality of life'."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/sukhayu/","canary":"cbde0da858066fb2"},{"slug":"sukshma","page":"/lexicon/sukshma/","iast":"sūkṣma","devanagari":"सूक्ष्म","alternates":["sukshma guna","sookshma","saukshmya","subtle","minute","penetrating"],"category":"dravyaguna-4","family":"pharmacology","renderings":[{"english":null,"sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"code DG0333","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Main comparator entry; entry text ends with a semicolon (incomplete as printed).","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"the property of the substance which causes minuteness and decrease body mass","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"code BP0275","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Second WHO entry, in the basic-principles series; 'decrease body mass' is not supported by the Charaka passages retrieved.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":null,"sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"code AT0324","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Shows WHO's own vocabulary oscillating between 'minute' and 'subtle'.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"subtile","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. A. C. Kaviratna, public domain","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Su.1 his 58 (vata 'dry, cold, light, subtile, unstable, clear, keen'); Su.22 his 10 langhana list; Su.26 his 24, 25, 26 (agneya, vayavya, akashiya lists)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Archaic spelling of 'subtle', used consistently; his Su.22 footnote defines it: 'implying that the drug itself is minute and has its operation on the minuter parts of the physical organism'.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"subtle in its essence","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita tr. K. L. Bhishagratna, public domain, via wisdomlib","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Su.41 (taijasa: 'subtle in its essence, permeates the minutest capillaries'; vayaviya: 'subtle in its essence'; akashiya: 'subtle in its nature')","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Consistent 'subtle'; the gloss 'permeates the minutest capillaries' appears to be the translator's expansion.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"Sukshma Guna means 'fineness' quality","sourceName":"easyayurveda.com 'Gurvadi Gunas' (Hebbar), modern","sourceKind":"modern web textbook","locator":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/2019/06/12/gurvadi-gunas/","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Assigns fire, air and space; pairs with sthula.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"easyayurveda.com 'Gurvadi Gunas' (Hebbar), modern\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"Standard 1.59; Kaviratna prints 58","establishes":"Sūkṣma as the fourth quality of Vāta. Sanskrit as retrieved: रूक्षः शीतो लघुः सूक्ष्मश्चलोऽथ विशदः खरः| विपरीतगुणैर्द्रव्यैर्मारुतः सम्प्रशाम्यति||५९|| (https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Deerghanjiviteeya_Adhyaya). Kaviratna's 'keen' here is khara (rough), by position in the seven-item list.","quote":"Wind, which may be dry, cold, light, subtile, unstable, clear, keen, is cured by objects which have adverse attributes.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"22","verse":"Standard 22.12 (plus first line after ||12|| per carakasamhitaonline danda placement); Kaviratna prints 10","establishes":"Sūkṣma as a laṅghana (lightening) quality. Sanskrit as retrieved: लघूष्णतीक्ष्णविशदं रूक्षं सूक्ष्मं खरं सरम्||१२|| कठिनं चैव यद्द्रव्यं प्रायस्तल्लङ्घनं स्मृतम्| (https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Langhanabrimhaniya_Adhyaya).","quote":"Such things as are light, warm, pungent, not slimy, dry, subtile, rough, unstable, and hard, are generally Langhana.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"22","verse":"Kaviratna's footnote to his 10 (standard 22.12)","establishes":"TRANSLATOR'S NOTE, not the text: Kaviratna's operational gloss of sūkṣma (minute substance acting on minute parts). Useful as the earliest English definition found, but editorial.","quote":"'Sukshma' is subtile, implying that the drug itself is minute and has its operation on the minuter parts of the physical organism.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"26","verse":"Standard 26.11 (single prose unit); Kaviratna prints 24, 25, 26 after the fire, wind and ether sentences","establishes":"Sūkṣma attributed to fire-, air- and space-dominant substances (the basis of WHO's 'akash, agni & vayu'). Sanskrit as retrieved: उष्णतीक्ष्णसूक्ष्मलघुरूक्षविशदरूपगुणबहुलान्याग्नेयानि ... लघुशीतरूक्षखरविशदसूक्ष्मस्पर्शगुणबहुलानि वायव्यानि ... मृदुलघुसूक्ष्मश्लक्ष्णशब्दगुणबहुलान्याकाशात्मकानि ... ||११|| (https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Atreyabhadrakapyiya_Adhyaya). Kaviratna's 'sharp' in the Wind list is khara.","quote":"Those that are principally hot, keen, subtile, light, dry, and clear, and largely endued with the attribute of form, are regarded as appertaining to Fire. Those that are principally light, cold, dry, sharp, clear, subtile, and largely endued with the attribute of touch, are regarded as appertaining to Wind. Those that are mild, light, subtile, smooth, and largely endued with the property of sound, are regarded as having Ether for their essence.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"41","verse":"Sanskrit verse number not established (Bhishagratna prints none)","establishes":"Sūkṣma ('subtle in its essence') as a quality of fire-dominant substance in Sushruta, paralleling Ca.Su.26.11; 'permeates the minutest capillaries' is likely translator's expansion and should not be read as the Sanskrit.","quote":"A thing or substance, which is heat-making, pungent and keen, subtle in its essence, permeates the minutest capillaries, and is dry, rough, light, and non-slimy in its character and has strong properties and a taste which is largely pungent marked by a shade of saline, is called a substance of the dominant principle of fire (Taijasam).","translator":"K. L. Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc141671.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Ashtanga Hridaya","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"18 (GRETIL, Das and Emmerick numbering)","establishes":"Sūkṣma named explicitly among the ten gunas whose opposites complete the twenty. Reference only.","quote":"guru-manda-hima-snigdha-ślakṣṇa-sāndra-mṛdu-sthirāḥ | guṇāḥ sa-sūkṣma-viśadā viṃśatiḥ sa-viparyayāḥ || 18 ||","translator":"none; Sanskrit only","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/1_sanskr/6_sastra/7_ayur/vagaah_u.htm","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"sthūla","why":"Opposite member of the pair."},{"term":"laghu","why":"Light (easy to digest) is a separate pair; both appear in the Vāta and laṅghana lists, so renderings like 'fine/light' merge them."},{"term":"aṇu","why":"Also 'minute'; used of srotas size (WHO 'Sthūla (macro) and Aṇu (micro)') and of manas; not the gurvadi guna."},{"term":"sūkṣma śarīra","why":"'Subtle body' (WHO BP0274), a Sankhya-derived philosophical term unrelated to the drug quality."},{"term":"tīkṣṇa","why":"Both are glossed 'penetrating'; tīkṣṇa is speed/sharpness of action, sūkṣma is fineness of substance (Kaviratna's note)."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"subtle (in the philosophical/spiritual sense)","why":"Imports the sūkṣma-śarīra sense into pharmacology; the Charaka passages describe a physical quality of substances and of Vāta."},{"rendering":"decrease body mass","why":"WHO BP0275's gloss; the retrieved Charaka passages attribute no mass-reducing karma to sūkṣma specifically (that is laṅghana as a whole)."}],"openQuestions":["Chakrapani's gloss on sūkṣma (srotas-penetrating) was not retrieved; Kaviratna's footnote may derive from it.","Sanskrit verse numbers for the Sushruta Su.41 element lists."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/sukshma/","canary":"28196749b5fad418"},{"slug":"sveda","page":"/lexicon/sveda/","iast":"sveda","devanagari":"स्वेद","alternates":["svedaḥ","sweda","prasveda (AH Sha 3/63 'prasvedo')","sweat","perspiration"],"category":"mala","family":"body","renderings":[{"english":"Sweat","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-2.4.5 svedaḥ","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO classes sweat as the mala of FAT (dhātumala), following Ca.Chi.15/18 'malaḥ svēdastu mēdasaḥ', not as an āhāramala; the function clause follows AH Su 11/5 kleda-vidhṛti.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Fomentation","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-9.2.36 svedana","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Recorded to separate the mala (svedaḥ) from the therapy (svedana), which share a stem and are routinely confused in English.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Derangement of sweat; Diminution of sweat; Morbid increase of sweat","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-5.4.9 svedavaiṣamyam","verbatim":true,"assessment":"","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"sweat","sourceName":"NAMASTE Portal, Standardised Ayurveda Terminologies","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"SAT-B.462 svedaḥ","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Same as WHO, retaining kleda.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology"},{"english":"disorders of perspiration (CC); hypohidrosis/anhidrosis (CC-1); hyperhidrosis (CC-2)","sourceName":"NAMASTE National Ayurveda Morbidity Codes","sourceKind":"classification","locator":"NAMC CC svedavaiṣamyam","verbatim":true,"assessment":"NAMC switches from 'sweat' (SAT) to 'perspiration' and then to biomedical sign-terms.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology"},{"english":"sweat","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sutrasthana Lesson XXVIII; Chikitsa Lesson XV his 17 (printed as 'sweet', a misprint/OCR error)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"perspiration","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, tr. Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sutrasthana XV","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Bhishagratna consistently prefers 'perspiration'; Kaviratna 'sweat'. A pure register difference.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"perspiration (from fat)","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-2.4.1 malaḥ description","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO itself uses 'perspiration' inside the mala definition and 'Sweat' as the headword.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"28","verse":"4 (standard)","establishes":"Sweat is the FIRST mala Charaka names as nourished from kiṭṭa (sveda-mūtra-purīṣa).","quote":"किट्टात् स्वेदमूत्रपुरीषवातपित्तश्लेष्माणः ... पुष्यन्ति| / kiṭṭāt svēdamūtrapurīṣavātaPittaślēṣmāṇaḥ ... puṣyanti| — Kaviratna: 'From the Refuse arise urine, sweat, faeces* wind, bile, and phlegm'","translator":"Sanskrit from carakasamhitaonline; English by Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Vividhashitapitiya_Adhyaya ; https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Chikitsasthana","chapter":"15","verse":"18 (standard); Kaviratna's printed 17","establishes":"Sweat is the mala of medas (fat). This is why WHO and NAMASTE class sweat as dhātumala, not āhāramala. Kaviratna's 'sweet' is a misprint for 'sweat' and 'adeps' = medas.","quote":"मलः स्वेदस्तु मेदसः / malaḥ svēdastu mēdasaḥ — Kaviratna: 'while sweet forms the ‘Kitta’ of adeps'","translator":"Sanskrit from carakasamhitaonline; English by Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Grahani_Chikitsa ; https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"15","verse":"5 (siva.sh numbering); Bhishagratna prints no verse numbers","establishes":"Two statements in one sūtra: medas produces sneha and sveda; and sveda's function is kleda and softness (saukumārya) of the skin. Bhishagratna compresses this to 'moisten the skin' and drops saukumārya.","quote":"मेदः स्नेहस्वेदौ दृढत्वं पुष्टिमस्थ्नां च ... स्वेदः क्लेदत्वक्सौकुमार्यकृत् / mēdaḥ snēhasvēdau dr̥ḍhatvaṁ puṣṭim asthnāṁ ca ... svēdaḥ klēdatvaksaukumāryakr̥t — Bhishagratna: 'whereas perspiration tends to moisten the skin.'","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (English); Sanskrit from siva.sh","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122907.html ; https://www.siva.sh/sushruta-samhita/sutra-sthana/15/","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"15","verse":"11 and 15 (siva.sh numbering)","establishes":"Sveda-kṣaya signs (stiff hair follicles, dry skin, altered touch, cessation of sweating) with treatment by abhyaṅga and svedana; sveda-vṛddhi signs (bad odour, itching). Note the Sanskrit itself prescribes sveda(na) therapy for sveda(mala)-kṣaya, which is the root of the English confusion between the two words. Charaka Su 17 has NO sveda-kṣaya verse; Sushruta supplies it.","quote":"स्वेदक्षये स्तब्धरोमकूपता त्वक्शोषः स्पर्शवैगुण्यं स्वेदनाशश्च; तत्राभ्यङ्गः स्वेदोपयोगश्च [11] ... स्वेदस्त्वचो दौर्गन्ध्यं कण्डूं च [15] — Bhishagratna: 'Similarly the waste, absence or scanty formation of perspiration is followed by such symptoms as numbness about the pores of the hair, and dryness of the epidermis (skin). The sense of touch is perceptibly affected, and perspiration is entirely stopped. The medical treatment in such a case consists in the application of medicated unguents, lubrications, diaphoretics, and adoption of measures (that tend to produce a copious perspiration).' ... 'Similarly, an increased secretion of perspiration is attended with an itching of the skin which emits a bad odour.'","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (English); Sanskrit from siva.sh","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122907.html ; https://www.siva.sh/sushruta-samhita/sutra-sthana/15/11-15","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Ashtanga Hridaya","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"11","verse":"5 (GRETIL numbering; GRETIL records a variant 11.5c 'svedasya keśa-vidhṛtir')","establishes":"Sweat's function is kleda-vidhṛti (holding moisture in), the direct source of WHO 2.4.5 'withhold moisture in the skin' and NAMASTE SAT-B.462. The GRETIL variant 'keśa-vidhṛti' (holding the hair) is noted; a human should check which reading Arunadatta adopts.","quote":"avaṣṭambhaḥ purīṣasya mūtrasya kleda-vāhanam | svedasya kleda-vidhṛtir vṛddhas tu kurute 'nilaḥ || 5 ||","translator":"none (no public-domain English exists)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/1_sanskr/6_sastra/7_ayur/vagaah_u.htm","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Ashtanga Hridaya","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"11","verse":"14 and 22 (GRETIL numbering)","establishes":"Vāgbhaṭa's sveda-vṛddhi (excess sweating, bad odour, itching) and sveda-kṣaya (hair fall, stiff hair, cracking skin) signs; NAMC CC-1/CC-2 cite these verses.","quote":"svedo 'ti-sveda-daurgandhya-kaṇḍūr evaṃ ca lakṣayet | ... || 14 || ... svede roma-cyutiḥ stabdha-roma-tā sphuṭanaṃ tvacaḥ || 22 ||","translator":"none (no public-domain English exists)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/1_sanskr/6_sastra/7_ayur/vagaah_u.htm","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Ashtanga Hridaya","sthana":"Sharirasthana","chapter":"3","verse":"63 (GRETIL numbering)","establishes":"Vāgbhaṭa's dhātu-mala list uses prasveda for sweat, in the same position (after the orifice-malas, i.e. mala of medas) as Charaka Chi 15/18.","quote":"kaphaḥ pittaṃ malāḥ kheṣu prasvedo nakha-roma ca || 63 ||","translator":"none (no public-domain English exists)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/1_sanskr/6_sastra/7_ayur/vagaah_u.htm","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"svedana (therapy)","why":"Induced sweating / fomentation (WHO ITA-9.2.36; one of the pūrvakarma). Same stem, different category. Sushruta Su 15/11 prescribes svedana FOR sveda-kṣaya, so the two co-occur in one sentence. Over-sudation has its own code (WHO ITA-5.76.8 svedana-atiyogaḥ) distinct from svedavṛddhiḥ (ITA-5.4.11)."},{"term":"svedavaha srotas","why":"The channel (Ca.Vi.5/8); separate record. The earlier record in this corpus found that neither WHO's body-channel block nor NAMASTE SAT-B lists the channel, though both code its disorder."},{"term":"sveda as a symptom","why":"In Charaka Su 17/23 and 17/33 'svēdaḥ' appears as a SIGN (sweating in pitta-type head and heart disease); PubMed hits for 'sveda ayurveda' are all case reports using the word in this sign sense. Not the mala entry."},{"term":"kleda","why":"The moisture that sweat holds in the skin (AH 11/5 kleda-vidhṛti) and urine carries away (kleda-vāhana); sveda is the agent, kleda the substance."},{"term":"āhāramala vs dhātumala","why":"The textbook 'trimala' (stool, urine, sweat) groups sweat with the food-wastes, but Charaka Chi 15/18, AH Sha 3/63, WHO 2.4.1/2.4.5 and NAMASTE SAT-B.457/462 all make sweat the mala of medas (dhātumala). The grouping and the derivation do not agree."},{"term":"Charaka's eighteen kṣayas","why":"Kaviratna's footnote at Su 17/63 counts stools, urine and five orifice-secretions as the seven mala-kṣayas; sweat is not among them, and Su 17 has no sveda-kṣaya verse. 'Charaka describes sveda-kṣaya' would be unsupported."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"'detoxification through sweat' / sweat removes toxins","why":"No retrieved classical source assigns sweat an eliminative function; Su.Su.15/5 (kleda, saukumārya) and AH Su 11/5 (kleda-vidhṛti) make sweat RETAIN moisture in the skin. Elimination of kleda is assigned to urine, not sweat."},{"rendering":"sveda = svedana ('sweating therapy')","why":"Category error between mala and karma; see distinguishFrom."},{"rendering":"'moisten the skin' as the whole function (Bhishagratna)","why":"Drops tvak-saukumārya (softness of skin) from Su.Su.15/5, and inverts the direction of AH 11/5 (holding moisture in vs applying moisture)."}],"openQuestions":["Textual variant at AH Su 11/5c: kleda-vidhṛti vs keśa-vidhṛti (GRETIL records both). Which commentators prefer which was not checked.","Why the 'trimala' grouping (stool, urine, sweat) became standard in teaching when the Bṛhattrayī derive sweat from medas; no primary-text source for 'trimala' as a term was located (PubMed 'trimala' 0 records; WHO and NAMASTE have no trimala headword).","Whether Charaka anywhere states sweat's function (as opposed to origin) was not established."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/sveda/","canary":"a0f4d0633f73101a"},{"slug":"svedana","page":"/lexicon/svedana/","iast":"svedana","devanagari":"स्वेदन","alternates":["svedanam","svedana-karma","swedana","sveda","sveda-karma","sudation"],"category":"chikitsa-3","family":"clinic","renderings":[{"english":"Fomentation","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"ITA-9.2.36 svedana","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Comparator. 'Fomentation' is the English chosen; WHO's own entry carries no definition. I did not find a dedicated 9.1 'svedanam' therapy entry in my text extraction.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Sudation of mercury","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"ITA-7.2.5 svedanam","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Homonym: the same word names a mercury-processing step. Relevant for disambiguation.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":null,"sourceName":"NIA/WHO-APW draft 'Standardization of Non-Clinical Terminologies of Ayurveda' (rvpganagpur.com PDF)","sourceKind":"comparator (draft)","locator":"DG0342","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Draft; shows the three senses (therapy, rasashastra process, sweat-as-mala).","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Swedana (untranslated); 'Swedana (fomentation, &c., for promoting perspiration)'; 'swedyas (diaphoretics)'","sourceName":"Kaviratna, Charaka-Samhita","sourceKind":"public-domain translator","locator":"Lesson XXII pp.244-249; Chikitsa Grahani chapter; Vimanasthana Lesson VIII p.405","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna transliterates; his glosses lean on 'perspiration'.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"'Sveda (calorification, fomentation, diaphoretic measures, etc.)'; chapter title 'Description of Sveda (fomentation, calorification, etc.)'","sourceName":"Bhishagratna, Sushruta Samhita Chikitsasthana ch. XXXII","sourceKind":"public-domain translator","locator":"Su.Chi.32 section 2 and title","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Bhishagratna hedges with three words and explains why in a footnote (see classical).","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"sudation / sudation therapy / steam therapy","sourceName":"textbook and web usage (Wikipedia 'Svedana'; PubMed PMIDs 23723649, 38361501 'sudation')","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svedana ; PubMed abstracts","verbatim":false,"assessment":"'Sudation' is the dominant Indian academic rendering; 'steam therapy' is a popular narrowing.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true},{"english":"'poultice (Upanaha Sweda)'; 'Swedana (fomentation)'","sourceName":"PubMed PMID 33281392; PMID 42748372","sourceKind":"modern literature","locator":"titles/abstracts","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Research English uses sub-type names with English glosses.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"PubMed PMID 33281392; PMID 42748372\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"22","verse":"Standard 22.11 second half; Kaviratna prints '7-9' after the six-definition block","establishes":"Charaka's definition: svedana produces sveda and removes stambha (stiffness), gaurava (heaviness) and shita (cold).","quote":"Kaviratna: \"Anything that produces perspiration and destroys stiffness and heaviness and sensation of cold is said to be Swedana.\" Sanskrit: \"स्तम्भगौरवशीतघ्नं स्वेदनं स्वेदकारकम्||११||\"","translator":"Kaviratna; Sanskrit carakasamhitaonline","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt ; https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Langhanabrimhaniya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"22","verse":"Standard 22.16; Kaviratna's printed number OCR'd as 'f1*' (footnote mark plus number, presumably 14)","establishes":"Qualities of svedana substances (hot, sharp, mobile, unctuous, dry, subtle, liquid, stable, heavy). Kaviratna's number not legible in OCR; standard number verified.","quote":"Kaviratna: \"Such things as are warm, pungent, unstable, oily, dry, subtile, liquid, stable and heavy, are generally said to be Swedana.\" Sanskrit: \"उष्णं तीक्ष्णं सरं स्निग्धं रूक्षं सूक्ष्मं द्रवं स्थिरम्| द्रव्यं गुरु च यत् प्रायस्तद्धि स्वेदनमुच्यते||१६||\"","translator":"Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt ; https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Langhanabrimhaniya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Chikitsasthana","chapter":"32 (Svedavacharaniya)","verse":"Bhishagratna section 2; Sanskrit verse 32.3 per siva.sh edition","establishes":"Sushruta's fourfold classification (tapa, ushma, upanaha, drava).","quote":"Bhishagratna: \"Sveda (calorification, fomentation, diaphoretic measures, etc.) may be divided into four groups such as, the application of direct heat (Tapa-sveda), fomentation (Ushma-sveda), poulticing (Upanaha sveda) and the application of heated fluids (Drava-sveda). All kinds of diaphoretic measures (Sveda) belong to one or the other of these groups. 2.\" Sanskrit 32.3: \"चतुर्विधः स्वेदः; तद्यथा- तापस्वेद, ऊष्मस्वेद, उपनाहस्वेदो, द्रवस्वेद इति; अत्र सर्वस्वेदविकल्पावरोधः ॥३॥\"","translator":"Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-4-cikitsasthana/d/doc142949.html ; https://www.siva.sh/sushruta-samhita/chikitsa-sthana/32/1-5","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"14 (Svedadhyaya)","verse":"whole chapter","establishes":"Location of Charaka's dedicated svedana chapter (Kaviratna Lesson XIV; carakasamhitaonline 'Swedadhyaya'). Content (types, contraindications, signs) not extracted here.","quote":null,"quoteWithheld":"nobody has yet read this quotation against its printed source, and an unchecked quotation is not published here","translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt ; https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Swedadhyaya"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"sveda (sweat)","why":"The mala of meda dhatu (NIA draft SK0194); svedana is the procedure that induces/applies heat. Same stem, different referent."},{"term":"svedana of mercury (rasashastra)","why":"WHO ITA-7.2.5 'Sudation of mercury' is a pharmaceutical processing step, not a therapy on a patient."},{"term":"diaphoresis","why":"Bhishagratna's note: sveda 'may be to cause or not to cause perspiration'; sweating is a common sign, not the definition."},{"term":"snehana","why":"The preceding upakrama; classically paired (snigdha-svinna) before shodhana, but distinct in definition and qualities (Su.22.11, 15-16)."},{"term":"stambhana","why":"Defined as its contrary in Su.22: svedana destroys stambha; stambhana arrests flow and is used after excess sveda."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"steam therapy / steam bath","why":"Only one sub-type (ushma/bashpa); Sushruta's tapa, upanaha and drava sveda involve no steam."},{"rendering":"diaphoretic therapy","why":"Makes sweating the aim; Bhishagratna's own note and the Charaka definition make stambha-gaurava-shita removal the aim, with sweat as marker."},{"rendering":"fomentation","why":"In English medical usage fomentation is a local warm compress; svedana includes whole-body chambers and heated beds (Su.Chi.32.5)."}],"openQuestions":["Charaka Su.14's list of sveda types (commonly said to be thirteen) and its contraindication list were located but not verified against Sanskrit here.","The WHO ISTA chapter 9.1 may contain a separate 'svedanam' therapy entry that my text extraction missed; only 9.2.36 'Fomentation' was found."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/svedana/","canary":"c83f60decd3644ff"},{"slug":"svedavaha-srotas","page":"/lexicon/svedavaha-srotas/","iast":"svedavaha srotas","devanagari":"स्वेदवहस्रोतस्","alternates":["svedavahāni srotāṃsi","svedavāhīni srotāṃsi (Ca.Vi.5/22)","swedavaha srotas (common transliteration)"],"category":"srotas (body channel) — anatomy/physiology","family":"body","renderings":[{"english":"Vitiation of channels carrying sweat","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standards-body comparator (disorder term ONLY)","locator":"ITA-5.5.15 svedavahasrotoduṣṭiḥ","verbatim":true,"assessment":"CRITICAL: WHO codes the DISORDER but has NO anatomical entry for svedavaha srotas. Its body-channel block (ITA-2.5.1 to 2.5.20) runs prāṇa, udaka, anna, rasa, rakta, māṃsa, medas, asthi, majjā, śukra, ārtava, mūtra, purīṣa, and stops. Sweat is omitted from the anatomy while being coded in the pathology. I verified this by reading the whole 2.5 block.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false},{"english":"derangement of svedavaha srotas","sourceName":"NAMASTE National Ayurveda Morbidity Codes","sourceKind":"morbidity-code comparator","locator":"NAMC EF-5","verbatim":true,"assessment":"NAMASTE likewise has NO SAT-B anatomical entry for svedavaha srotas; I searched the full combined SAT table for every 'vaha'/'srotas' string and svedavaha appears only as a disorder. Both international and national standards treat it as a pathology without an anatomy.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology"},{"english":"sweda or sweat","sourceName":"carakasamhitaonline.com (CSRTSL), 2020","sourceKind":"modern translation (in copyright; rendering recorded as comparator only)","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"the CSRTSDC/Charak Samhita New Edition English, in copyright","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the CSRTSDC/Charak Samhita New Edition English, in copyright"},{"english":"swedavaha (one of three channels performing gross excretory functions, with purishavaha and mutravaha)","sourceName":"carakasamhitaonline.com (CSRTSL), 2020","sourceKind":"modern translation (in copyright; paraphrase of the source's framing, recorded as comparator)","locator":"Sroto Vimana, abstract","verbatim":false,"assessment":null,"licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Caraka Saṃhitā","sthana":"Vimāna Sthāna","chapter":"5","verse":"5/8","establishes":"Root = medas (fat) and lomakūpa (hair follicles); vitiation signs = absence of sweating, excessive sweating, roughness, excessive smoothness of the limbs, burning, horripilation. This is the closing clause of Ca.Vi.5/8.","quote":"स्वेदवहानां स्रोतसां मेदो मूलं लोमकूपाश्च, प्रदुष्टानां तु खल्वेषामिदं विशेषविज्ञानं भवति; तद्यथा-अस्वेदनमतिस्वेदनं पारुष्यमतिश्लक्ष्णतामङ्गस्य परिदाहं लोमहर्षं च दृष्ट्वा स्वेदवहान्यस्य स्रोतांसि प्रदुष्टानीति विद्यात्||८||","translator":null,"licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Sroto_Vimana","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Caraka Saṃhitā","sthana":"Vimāna Sthāna","chapter":"5","verse":"5/22","establishes":"Causes: exercise, excessive heat, irregular use of cold and hot, and anger, grief and fear. Notably the only srotas in the Caraka list whose causes of vitiation are explicitly emotional as well as physical.","quote":null,"quoteWithheld":"nobody has yet read this quotation against its printed source, and an unchecked quotation is not published here","translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Sroto_Vimana"},{"text":"Caraka Saṃhitā","sthana":"Vimāna Sthāna","chapter":"5","verse":"5/7","establishes":"sveda-vaha closes Caraka's enumeration of thirteen. It is absent from Suśruta's eleven pairs at Śā.9, which I verified by reading that passage in full.","quote":"तद्यथा प्राणोदकान्नरसरुधिरमांसमेदोस्थिमज्जशुक्रमूत्रपुरीषस्वेदवहानीति","translator":null,"licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Sroto_Vimana","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"svedana (sudation therapy)","why":"A therapeutic procedure, not a channel. The English 'sweating channels' invites the confusion."},{"term":"medovaha srotas","why":"Caraka gives BOTH a root in medas, medovaha at vṛkka + vapāvahana, svedavaha at medas + lomakūpa. sveda is classically a mala of medas, which is why they share territory."},{"term":"udakavaha srotas","why":"Both concern body water; udakavaha is rooted in palate and kloma and governs thirst, svedavaha is rooted in fat and hair follicles and governs perspiration."},{"term":"tvak / romakūpa","why":"Skin and hair follicle are the peripheral root, not the channel; svedavaha is not a synonym for 'the skin'."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"the sweat glands","why":"lomakūpa is the hair follicle; sweat glands are not named in the Sanskrit, and the primary root is medas, not skin."},{"rendering":"'the integumentary system'","why":"Imports a system boundary the text does not draw, and drops the medas root entirely."},{"rendering":"treating sveda purely as a waste product","why":"Caraka places svedavaha among the srotas whose vitiation is triggered by anger, grief and fear, i.e. it carries a psychophysiological load that 'excretory channel' erases."}],"openQuestions":["Why do WHO and NAMASTE code the disorder without coding the anatomy? Editorial oversight or a deliberate decision that sweat has no channel?","Does 'medas' as the root here mean subcutaneous fat specifically, given the pairing with hair follicles?"],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/svedavaha-srotas/","canary":"8213ce82fac1faaf"},{"slug":"swastha","page":"/lexicon/swastha/","iast":"svastha","devanagari":"स्वस्थ","alternates":[],"category":"swasthavritta","family":"daily-life","renderings":[{"english":"a healthy person","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita tr. Bhishagratna, Sutrasthana XV (closing)","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"wisdomlib doc122907, final paragraph","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Bhishagratna's rendering of the famous samadoṣa definition; he renders dhātu as 'fundamental vital fluids' and prasannātmendriyamanāḥ as 'normal processes of ... intellection', losing the 'contented/serene soul, senses and mind' sense.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"the hale ('protection of the health of the hale')","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna, Lesson XXX","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"archive.org BIUSante_47357 OCR ~line 27981","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Archaic 'hale' for svastha.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":null,"sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022), SV0274","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"PDF p.321","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO gives the etymological 'established in oneself' reading alongside 'healthy'.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"healthy individual; 'one who is established in the self'","sourceName":"Common textbook usage","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"The etymological gloss is ubiquitous in modern Ayurvedic writing.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"XV (Doshadhatumala-kshaya-vriddhi-vijnaniya)","verse":"Sanskrit 15/41 per easyayurveda.com numbering (chapter ends at 41 there); Bhishagratna prints no verse number","establishes":"The canonical definition of svastha. Sanskrit as printed on easyayurveda.com: समदोषः समाग्निश्च समधातुमलक्रियः | प्रसन्नात्मेन्द्रियमनाः स्वस्थ इत्यभिधीयते ||४१||. Other editions number this 15/48; the number was NOT cross-checked against a second Sanskrit edition.","quote":"A person with an uniformly healthy digestion, and whose bodily humours are in a state of equilibrium, and in whom the fundamental vital fluids course in their normal state and quantity, accompanied by the normal processes of secretion, organic function, and intellection, is said to be a healthy person.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122907.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"30 (Arthedashamahamuliya)","verse":"Standard 30/26; Kaviratna's printed number OCRs as '®1' and was not established","establishes":"svastha as the subject of Ayurveda's first aim. Sanskrit seen at carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Arthedashmahamooliya_Adhyaya: प्रयोजनं चास्य स्वस्थस्य स्वास्थ्यरक्षणमातुरस्य विकारप्रशमनं च||२६||.","quote":"The purpose of the Science of Life is protection of the health of the hale and alleviation of disease of one that is ailing.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"svāsthya","why":"The abstract noun 'health' (Cha.Su.30/26 svāsthya-rakṣaṇam); svastha is the adjective/person."},{"term":"ātura","why":"The diseased person, the explicit contrast in Cha.Su.30/26 and WHO BP0279 svasthāturaparāyaṇa."},{"term":"prākṛta / prakṛti","why":"WHO glosses svastha as being in one's prākṛtika state; prakṛti (constitution) is a different technical term."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"'normal processes of ... intellection' for prasannātmendriyamanāḥ (Bhishagratna)","why":"The Sanskrit says soul, senses and mind are prasanna (clear/contented); 'intellection' drops ātman and the affective sense. Edwardian physiology, not the text."},{"rendering":"'bodily humours' for doṣa","why":"Galenic frame; recorded as Bhishagratna's choice, not a doctrine."}],"openQuestions":["Confirm Su.Su.15/41 vs 15/48 numbering in a critical Sanskrit edition (Trikamji/Dalhana)."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/swastha/","canary":"70f01787f68d872e"},{"slug":"swasthavritta","page":"/lexicon/swasthavritta/","iast":"svasthavṛtta","devanagari":"स्वस्थवृत्त","alternates":[],"category":"swasthavritta","family":"daily-life","renderings":[{"english":"purposing the keeping up of health","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna, Lesson V","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"archive.org BIUSante_47357 OCR ~line 4093 (his aphorism 8)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Renders svasthavṛttim abhipretya (Cha.Su.5/14) periphrastically; no fixed English term.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"that course of good conduct which has been indicated (in this Lesson)","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. Kaviratna, Lesson VIII closing","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"OCR ~line 7720 (his closing-block number 2)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Here the Sanskrit is svasthavṛttaṃ yathoddiṣṭam; Kaviratna renders it as 'good conduct', merging it with sadvṛtta.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":null,"sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022), SV0275 svasthavṛttaṁ","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"PDF p.321","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO's definition is the syllabus definition (dinacharya + ratricharya + ritucharya).","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Preventive and Promotive Health (124 terms)","sourceName":"NAMASTE portal, SAT-J (per Thrigulla & Narayanam 2023)","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"PMC10410508","verbatim":true,"assessment":"NAMASTE's section name for the Swasthavritta domain; the portal itself was not retrieved.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology"},{"english":null,"englishWithheld":"this project has not cleared that source for quotation","sourceName":"Institutional / textbook usage","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":"In India svasthavṛtta names an academic department equated with preventive and social medicine.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Institutional / textbook usage\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"5 (Matrashitiya)","verse":"Standard 5/14 (the form there is स्वस्थवृत्ति, svasthavṛtti); Kaviratna prints his number 8 after this passage","establishes":"The term introducing the daily-regimen procedures (añjana, dhūma, nasya etc.). Sanskrit seen at carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Matrashiteeya_Adhyaya: अत ऊर्ध्वं शरीरस्य कार्यमक्ष्यञ्जनादिकम्| स्वस्थवृत्तिमभिप्रेत्य गुणतः सम्प्रवक्ष्यते||१४||. That page reported no occurrence of the exact form स्वस्थवृत्त in chapter 5.","quote":"After this, purposing the keeping up of health, we shall speak, according to their qualities, of collyria and such other things which should certainly be used for the body.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"8 (Indriyopakramaniya)","verse":"Standard 8/31; Kaviratna prints '2' after it (closing block restarts numbering)","establishes":"The exact word svasthavṛttam occurs here: स्वस्थवृत्तं यथोद्दिष्टं यः सम्यगनुतिष्ठति| स समाः शतमव्याधिरायुषा न वियुज्यते|| [31] (carakasamhitaonline.com, which has a transcription typo 'सवस्थवृत्तं'). Kaviratna does not translate the word as a term.","quote":"That man who duly practises that course of good conduct which has been indicated (in this Lesson) remains hale for a hundred years and is never cut off before the allotted period of human life runs out.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Chikitsasthana","chapter":"XXIV (Anagatabadha-pratishedhaniya)","verse":"Sanskrit verse numbers not established","establishes":"Sushruta's equivalent chapter ('prevention of diseases not yet arisen'); the word svasthavṛtta was not seen in the translation.","quote":"Now we shall discourse on the rules of hygiene and the prophilactic measures in general. [...] A man should leave his bed early in the morning and brush his teeth.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-4-cikitsasthana/d/doc142934.html","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"sadvṛtta","why":"Conduct rules (Cha.Su.8/18-29) are one component; Cha.Su.8/31 calls the whole chapter's teaching svasthavṛtta."},{"term":"dinacaryā","why":"Daily regimen is a component; WHO SV0275 lists it under svasthavṛtta."},{"term":"svasthavṛtti (Cha.Su.5/14)","why":"Charaka's own form in 5/14 is -vṛtti ('mode of life'), not -vṛtta; textbooks cite 5/14 as the locus classicus of 'swasthavritta' without noting the form."},{"term":"Preventive and Social Medicine","why":"Institutional equation; the classical term has no 'social'/public-health component."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"'hygiene'","why":"Older English equation (cf. Bhishagratna 'rules of hygiene'); svasthavṛtta includes diet, conduct and seasonal regimen, not cleanliness alone."},{"rendering":"'Preventive and Social Medicine'","why":"Administrative label; nothing in Cha.Su.5/14 or 8/31 concerns populations or society."}],"openQuestions":["Whether svasthavṛtta occurs in Charaka beyond 5/14 (as -vṛtti) and 8/31: a Sanskrit full-text search (NIIMH e-Samhita) was not completed because chapter URLs could not be resolved.","Kaviratna's Lesson V numbering (his 8 vs standard 14) should be checked against the scan; prose units in 5/1-13 may be grouped differently."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/swasthavritta/","canary":"b8658153cf9fc4b0"},{"slug":"swasthya","page":"/lexicon/swasthya/","iast":"svāsthya","devanagari":"स्वास्थ्य","alternates":[],"category":"swasthavritta","family":"daily-life","renderings":[{"english":"health ('protection of the health of the hale')","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna, Lesson XXX","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"archive.org BIUSante_47357 OCR ~line 27981","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Plain 'health'.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":null,"sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022), SV0272","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"PDF p.319","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO's gloss adds 'ease, comfort, contentment' which echoes the dictionary sense of svāsthya (self-abiding ease).","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"no separate rendering seen; Su.Su.15 defines the healthy person (svastha) rather than the abstract noun","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita tr. Bhishagratna","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"See swastha record.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true},{"english":"health; positive health","sourceName":"Common textbook usage","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"Often paired with the WHO 1948 health definition in Indian textbooks; that pairing is a modern comparison, not a classical statement.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"30 (Arthedashamahamuliya)","verse":"Standard 30/26; Kaviratna's printed number OCRs as '®1' and was not established","establishes":"svāsthya-rakṣaṇa as the first prayojana of Ayurveda. Sanskrit seen at carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Arthedashmahamooliya_Adhyaya: प्रयोजनं चास्य स्वस्थस्य स्वास्थ्यरक्षणमातुरस्य विकारप्रशमनं च||२६||.","quote":"The purpose of the Science of Life is protection of the health of the hale and alleviation of disease of one that is ailing.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"5 (Matrashitiya)","verse":"Standard 5/13 contains स्वास्थ्यं per carakasamhitaonline.com's report; the verse itself was not displayed to me","establishes":"A second Sutrasthana occurrence of the noun svāsthya; verse text not verified.","quote":null,"translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Matrashiteeya_Adhyaya","checked":"address only, nothing quoted to check"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"XV","verse":"Sanskrit 15/41 (easyayurveda numbering)","establishes":"The operative classical description of the state of health, stated through the person (svastha) rather than the abstract noun.","quote":"A person with an uniformly healthy digestion, and whose bodily humours are in a state of equilibrium, and in whom the fundamental vital fluids course in their normal state and quantity, accompanied by the normal processes of secretion, organic function, and intellection, is said to be a healthy person.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122907.html","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"svastha","why":"Adjective/person 'healthy one'; svāsthya is the abstract noun 'health' (Cha.Su.30/26 uses both: svasthasya svāsthya-rakṣaṇam)."},{"term":"ārogya","why":"'Absence of disease' (Cha.Su.8/18 ārogyam as one aim of sadvṛtta); svāsthya in WHO's gloss carries the positive sense of ease and contentment."},{"term":"asvāsthya","why":"WHO AF0355 'Discomfort, Disease', the negation."},{"term":"WHO 1948 'health' definition","why":"Routinely juxtaposed with Su.Su.15/41 in textbooks; the Sushruta verse has no social dimension."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"'well-being' (alone)","why":"Acceptable as a gloss but hides that the classical definition (Su.Su.15/41) is a list of physiological equilibria plus prasanna ātman/indriya/manas."}],"openQuestions":["Kaviratna's printed aphorism number for Cha.Su.30/26 (OCR '®1'); read from the scan.","Verify Cha.Su.5/13 wording containing svāsthyam."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/swasthya/","canary":"d4a5c36ebe1cc53c"},{"slug":"tamas","page":"/lexicon/tamas/","iast":"tamas","devanagari":"तमस्","alternates":["tamaḥ","tamo"],"category":"prakriti","family":"daily-life","renderings":[{"english":"Inertia","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-1.9.4.5","verbatim":true,"assessment":"'Characterized by darkness, ignorance and laziness, it is capable of vitiating the mind.' WHO chooses a physics word over the older translators' moral vocabulary.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"inertia (tamas)","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-1.9.4.2","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Within the triguṇa entry.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Darkness","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Vimanasthana 6 and throughout","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Literal and therefore defensible, but in English it reads as metaphor where the Sanskrit is technical.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"Tamashika stamp","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, tr. Bhishagratna (1907-1916)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sharirasthana I v.19","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Adjective plus trait list rather than a noun translation.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"Tamasi-nidra","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, tr. Bhishagratna (1907-1916)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sharirasthana IV v.33-34","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Shows tamas doing physiological work, not only psychological.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"6","verse":"5","establishes":"Tamas is one of the two mental doṣas. Same locus as rajas; the two are never introduced separately here.","quote":"रजस्तमश्च मानसौ दोषौ| तयोर्विकाराः कामक्रोधलोभमोहेर्ष्यामानमदशोकचित्तोद्वेगभयहर्षादयः||५||","translator":"","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Roganika_Vimana","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sharirasthana","chapter":"4","verse":"39","establishes":"Three tāmasa sattva types characterised by moha, closing at verse 39; with 37 and 38 this completes the sixteen.","quote":"इत्येवं तामसस्य सत्त्वस्य त्रिविधं भेदांशं विद्यान्मोहांशत्वात्||३९||","translator":"","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Mahatigarbhavakranti_Sharira","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sharirasthana","chapter":"4","verse":"40","establishes":"Names the three tāmasa types after the natures of beasts, fish and plants.","quote":"तामसस्यत्रिविधः पशुमत्स्यवनस्पतिसत्त्वानुकारेण||४०||","translator":"","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Mahatigarbhavakranti_Sharira","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"6","verse":"","establishes":"Public-domain English for the mental-doṣa statement. Verse left blank deliberately: the Sanskrit number 5 is recorded on the Sanskrit entry, and Kaviratna's own marker is 7.","quote":"Rajas ( Passion ) and Tamas ( Darkness ) are the faults of the mind.","translator":"Kaviraj Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sharirasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"19","establishes":"Sushruta's tāmasa trait list, mixing cognitive, moral and somnolent features.","quote":"Despondency, stupidity, disbelief in the existence of God, impiety, stupification and perversity of intellect, lethargy in action and sleepiness are the qualities which mark a mind of a Tamashika stamp .","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-3-sharirasthana/d/doc142879.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sharirasthana","chapter":"4","verse":"33-34","establishes":"An observable criterion for guṇa dominance, sleep timing, which is rare in this material.","quote":"A man of Tamisika-temperament sleeps both in the day and night; one of the Rajasika-temperament sleeps either in the day or in the night; while sleep never visits the eyelids of a man of Sattvika -temperament before midnight.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-3-sharirasthana/d/doc142882.html","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"tamas = fainting or blackout","why":"Ayurvedic clinical Sanskrit uses tamaḥ-praveśa and related compounds for darkening of vision and syncope. A bare 'tamas' in a symptom list is very likely this, not the guṇa."},{"term":"tamas = darkness (literal)","why":"The ordinary sense, including the darkness of night relevant to dinacaryā and nidrā physiology."},{"term":"kapha","why":"Popular writing equates them on shared heaviness. Vi 6/5 keeps mental and bodily doṣas separate, and Sushruta Sharira 1/21 assigns tamas to pṛthvī and water."},{"term":"moha","why":"Sha 4/39 says the tāmasa types are so called from their moha portion. moha is a vikāra of the mental doṣas, not a synonym for tamas."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"Darkness","why":"Etymologically accurate, but in English it carries moral overtones that make Vi 6/5 read as theology rather than a classification of disease causes."},{"rendering":"the kapha guna","why":"Category error; guṇas and doṣas are parallel schemes, not levels of one."},{"rendering":"laziness","why":"One of WHO's listed characteristics, but the guṇa also covers ignorance, delusion and the physiology of sleep."}],"openQuestions":["Does any classical source state the tamas-kapha correspondence that modern writing assumes? None was found, and Sushruta Sharira 1/21 points the other way."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/tamas/","canary":"b23a18ba4784a653"},{"slug":"tantra-yukti","page":"/lexicon/tantra-yukti/","iast":"tantrayukti","devanagari":"तन्त्रयुक्ति","alternates":["tantrayuktiḥ","tantrayuktayaḥ","(Arthaśāstra) tantrayukti"],"category":"epistemology-methodology (canons of textual exposition)","family":"foundations","renderings":[{"english":"Devices for composition and analysis of technical treatises","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"who-ista","locator":"ITA-1.6.1","verbatim":true,"assessment":"The most careful rendering located: it keeps BOTH directions (composition and analysis) and adds criticism and evaluation. WHO also situates tantrayukti within śāstraguṇāḥ (ITA-1.5.9) alongside arthāśraya, kalpanā, tācchīlya and vyākhyā, a grouping most English writing omits.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"methodology of describing, analyzing and understanding the texts","sourceName":"National Institute of Ayurveda / WHO-APW non-clinical terminologies glossary","sourceKind":"glossary","locator":"BP0286","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Reader-side emphasis (understanding) over author-side (composition); WHO's is the more balanced.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false},{"english":"the technical terms used in this treatise","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, tr. Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"Uttara-tantra ch. LXV, opening: 'Now we shall discourse on the chapter which deals with the technical terms used in this treatise (Tantra-Yukti-Nama-Adhyaya).'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Bhishagratna renders tantrayukti as 'technical terms' throughout the chapter. This is a NARROWER reading than WHO's 'devices' and arguably a mistranslation, the items he lists (arthāpatti, pūrvapakṣa, nirṇaya, saṃśaya) are argumentative operations, not terms. It is nonetheless the only quotable English and must be recorded as such.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":null,"englishWithheld":"the CSRTSDC Charak Samhita New Edition English is still in copyright","sourceName":"Charak Samhita New Edition (CSRTSDC) online, 'Tantrayukti' article — its own compiled list of prior scholars' renderings","sourceKind":"modern-edition","locator":"Tantrayukti article","verbatim":true,"assessment":"SECOND-HAND: these are attributions made by that page to Vidyabhushana, Shamasastry, Solomon, Oberhammer and Mittal. I quoted the page's own wording verbatim but did NOT open any of those five works. Treat each attribution as unverified until checked at source. The spread itself, argument forms vs. plan of a treatise vs. interpretive maxims, is the finding.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"the CSRTSDC/Charak Samhita New Edition English, in copyright","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the CSRTSDC/Charak Samhita New Edition English, in copyright"},{"english":"canons of exposition / hermeneutic devices / literary devices","sourceName":"Contemporary Ayurvedic academic usage","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":"general; WHO ITA-1.5.9 uses 'literary devices to assist in comprehending the technical and hidden meanings of classical texts'","verbatim":false,"assessment":"'Canons of exposition' is the least misleading short English form found.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Sushruta Samhita, tr. Bhishagratna (public domain)","sthana":"Uttara-tantra","chapter":"LXV (Tantra-Yukti-Nāma-Adhyāya)","verse":"65.1-2","establishes":"Sushruta's THIRTY-TWO tantrayuktis, named and numbered, in lawful English. OCR artefacts corrected only where the scan's broken characters are unambiguous: the scan prints '{\\)' for (4), 'ri' for 11, 'Sva-sarajna' for Sva-samjna, 'Anigata' for Anagata, and 'deais' for 'deals'; apostrophes stand for the scan's rendering of ś.","quote":"Now we shall discourse on the chapter which deals with the technical terms used in this treatise (Tantra-Yukti-Nama-Adhyaya). 1. Names of the technical terms: — There are thirty-two technical terms in this Treatise. They are — (1) Adhikarana, (2) Yoga, (3) Padartha, (4) Hetvartha, (5) Uddes'a, (6) Nirdes'a, (7) Upades'a, (8) Apades'a, (9) Prades'a, (10) Atides'a, (11) Apavarga, (12) Vakya-s'esha, (13) Arthapatti, (14) Viparyaya, (15) Prasanga, (16) Ekanta, (17) Anekanta, (18) Purvapaksha, (19) Nirnaya, (20) Anumata, (21) Vidhana, (22) Anagata-vekshana, (23) Atikranta-vekshana, (24) Sams'aya, (25) Vyakhyana, (26) Sva-samjna, (27) Nirvachana, (28) Nidars'ana, (29) Niyoga, (30) Samuchchaya, (31) Vikalpa, and (32) Uhya. 2.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/b24758619_0003/b24758619_0003_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita, tr. Bhishagratna (public domain)","sthana":"Uttara-tantra","chapter":"LXV","verse":"65.3-4","establishes":"The stated PURPOSE: refuting opponents and establishing one's own position, plus the sun/lotus and lamp/room similes. The same similes appear in Charaka Si. 12.46, which is how the two texts are known to share a source.","quote":"What is the necessity of the use of these technical terms (Tantra-Yukti) ? The answer is — For connecting words together, i.e., making up sentences and giving a sense or meaning to them. 3. Memorable verses: — By the use of technical terms in a scientific treatise the points of argument of the opposite party are frustrated and the points of one's own argument are established. ... Just as the sun shows a cluster of lotus and a lighted lamp (the inside of) a room at their best, so the technical terms used in a treatise clearly show i.e., explain the intended meaning. 4.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/b24758619_0003/b24758619_0003_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Siddhi-sthāna","chapter":"12 (Uttarabasti Siddhi)","verse":"12.41-44","establishes":"Charaka's list, which counts 36 and includes six items Sushruta lacks (notably pratyutsāra, uddhāra, sambhava, prayojana, sanniyoga). QUOTED EXACTLY AS THE PAGE RENDERS IT, that page prints these verses with the inter-word spaces stripped; the run-together appearance is the source's, not a transcription error of mine.","quote":null,"quoteWithheld":"nobody has yet read this quotation against its printed source, and an unchecked quotation is not published here","translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Uttar_Basti_Siddhi"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Siddhi-sthāna","chapter":"12","verse":"12.40 (concluding half-verse)","establishes":"A TEXTUAL PROBLEM, recorded deliberately. As printed on the retrieved page the word is ṣaḍviṁśatā = TWENTY-SIX, while the same page's English says 'thirty six tantrayuktis' and the list at 12.41-44 enumerates thirty-six. Either the page has a typographic error for ṣaṭtriṁśatā, or there is a real variant reading. Anyone citing Ch.Si.12/40 for the number 36 should check a printed edition first.","quote":"षड्विंशताविचित्राभिर्भूषितंतन्त्रयुक्तिभिः|","translator":"none (Sanskrit mūla)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Uttar_Basti_Siddhi","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Aṣṭāṅga Saṅgraha Uttara-tantra 50; Aṣṭāṅga Hṛdaya Uttara-tantra 40; Kauṭilīya Arthaśāstra 15 (referenced, NOT quoted)","sthana":"Uttara-tantra / Book 15","chapter":"AS U.50, AH U.40, Arthaśāstra 15","verse":"whole chapters","establishes":"That tantrayukti is treated across the Bṛhattrayī and also outside medicine, in Kauṭilya's Arthaśāstra, which is why it cannot be described as an Ayurvedic invention. These locations are as listed on the retrieved page; I did not open any of the three texts.","quote":null,"translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Tantrayukti","checked":"address only, nothing quoted to check"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"vāda-mārga / the 44 debate terms of Charaka Vimāna 8","why":"A different list in a different sthāna, covering disputation (pratijñā, sthāpanā, hetu, dṛṣṭānta, upanaya, nigamana and so on). Kaviratna's translation of Vi. 8 contains items named Viśeṣa and Samavāya too, which makes keyword searching treacherous: the same Sanskrit words occur in the six-padārtha list, the debate list and the tantrayukti list with three different meanings."},{"term":"śāstraguṇāḥ","why":"WHO ITA-1.5.9 makes tantrayukti one of FIVE components of good technical writing, alongside arthāśraya, kalpanā, tācchīlya and vyākhyā. Treating tantrayukti as the whole of Ayurvedic textual method overstates it."},{"term":"tantra-doṣa","why":"The faults of a treatise, the complement of the yuktis. Charaka Si. 12.40 says the redacted text is 'free from textual blemishes' (tantradoṣavivarjitam) in the same breath as it counts the yuktis."},{"term":"padārtha (as tantrayukti no. 3)","why":"Inside this very list, Padārtha means 'the meaning implied by a word or an aphorism' (Bhishagratna, Su. U. 65). Do not cross-link it to the ṣaṭpadārtha entry as if the same concept."},{"term":"modern research methodology","why":"A widely asserted equivalence (e.g. 'adhikaraṇa = research topic', 'pūrvapakṣa = literature review'). It is a mapping proposed in the secondary literature, not an identity, and the primary purpose stated at Su. U. 65.4 is winning a textual argument, not generating new knowledge."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"technical terms","why":"Bhishagratna's own rendering, and the reason it persists, but the items are operations and relations (arthāpatti = implication, viparyaya = the contrary case, ūhya = what must be inferred), not vocabulary. WHO's 'devices' is better and the divergence should be flagged wherever Bhishagratna is quoted."},{"rendering":"tantric techniques","why":"Pure homonym error from 'tantra'. Here tantra means a systematic treatise (WHO ITA-1.5.6: 'a term that means literally to hold together on a thread')."},{"rendering":"research methodology","why":"An equation, not a translation. It projects a modern knowledge-production framework onto a set of exegetical and disputational devices."},{"rendering":"the 32 tantrayuktis","why":"Not wrong, but incomplete as a definite description: 32 is Sushruta's and the Arthaśāstra's count, 36 is Charaka's. Stating a single number without naming the text is the commonest factual slip on this topic."}],"openQuestions":["Whether Ch.Si.12/40 genuinely reads ṣaḍviṁśatā (26) in printed editions, or whether the retrieved page has a typo for ṣaṭtriṁśatā (36). This must be settled before any number is published.","Which of Charaka's 36 and Sushruta's 32 overlap exactly, and whether the four/six extra items are additions or subdivisions.","The five scholarly renderings attributed to Vidyabhushana, Shamasastry, Solomon, Oberhammer and Mittal, each needs checking against the original publication; I have only the attributing page's word for them.","Whether the Arthaśāstra's 32 and Sushruta's 32 are the same 32."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/tantra-yukti/","canary":"0f334ee9abc0ae4c"},{"slug":"tarpaka-kapha","page":"/lexicon/tarpaka-kapha/","iast":"tarpaka-kapha","devanagari":"तर्पककफ","alternates":["tarpaka-śleṣmā","Tarpakam","Tarpaka Kapha","Tarpak Kapha"],"category":"kapha-subtype","family":"dosha","renderings":[{"english":"Nourishing kapha","sourceName":"WHO international standard terminologies on Ayurveda (2022), term ID ITA-2.1.3.5","sourceKind":"standards-body","locator":"ITA-2.1.3.5","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Accurate and uncontroversial: both Suśruta and Vāgbhaṭa agree on head-seat and sense-organ nourishment. 'Nourishing' for tarpaṇa is defensible, though tarpaṇa carries a sense of satiating/contenting that 'nourishing' slightly flattens.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Tarpakam","sourceName":"Suśruta Saṃhitā tr. Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (public domain)","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"Sūtrasthāna ch. 21, Wikisource text: 'The Tarpakam:—The Kapham, situated in the head, cools and bathes the different sense organs with its own humid essence, in virtue of its natural humid attributes.'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"'Cools and bathes' is a vivid and quite literal rendering of the saumya/sneha-santarpaṇa sense. The NAME is Bhishagratna's supplied heading; the mūla at 21.14 does not contain it.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"Tarpaka","sourceName":"Suśruta Saṃhitā tr. Bhishagratna, footnote at Sūtrasthāna ch. 15","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"'They are known as Shleshmaka, Kledaka, Vodhaka, Tarpaka, Avalamvaka.'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"One of the few kapha names Bhishagratna spells the same way as modern convention.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":null,"englishWithheld":"this project has not cleared that source for quotation","sourceName":"EasyAyurveda, Suśruta Sūtrasthāna 21 study page","sourceKind":"modern-textbook-website","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":"Faithful; correctly keeps the enabling-of-perception consequence rather than reducing tarpaka to a passive substance.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"EasyAyurveda, Suśruta Sūtrasthāna 21 study page\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"\"EasyAyurveda, Suśruta Sūtrasthāna 21 study page\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation"},{"english":"Tarpaka Kapha Depletion → Reduction in Slow-Wave Sleep (SWS) & Delta Power","sourceName":"J Clin Med (2026), narrative review of Ayurveda treatments for insomnia","sourceKind":"peer-reviewed-journal","locator":"PMID 42739755","verbatim":true,"assessment":"The single most operationally specific modern proposal I found for ANY of these ten terms, it names a measurable polysomnographic outcome. But it is a proposed mapping in a review table, not a tested hypothesis.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"J Clin Med (2026), narrative review of Ayurveda treatments for insomnia\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"\"J Clin Med (2026), narrative review of Ayurveda treatments for insomnia\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation"}],"classical":[{"text":"Suśruta Saṃhitā","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"21 (Vraṇapraśna Adhyāya)","verse":"","establishes":"Seat = head (śiras); function = nourishing/satiating the sense organs by its own unctuous-watery potency. The heading name is the translator's.","quote":"The Tarpakam:—The Kapham, situated in the head, cools and bathes the different sense organs with its own humid essence, in virtue of its natural humid attributes.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita,_Volume_1/Chapter_21","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Suśruta Saṃhitā (Sanskrit mūla)","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"21","verse":"14","establishes":"The word 'tarpaka' as a NAME does not appear, but the function compound 'sneha-santarpaṇa-adhikṛtatvāt' (being appointed to unctuous satiation) is present and is the source of the later name. Seat śiraḥ-stha; it favours the indriyas by its own potency.","quote":"शिरःस्थः स्नेहसन्तर्पणाधिकृतत्वादिन्द्रियाणामात्मवीर्येणानुग्रहं करोत्;","translator":"","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/sushruta-samhita-sutrasthana-21-vranaprashna-adhyaya-question-concerning-wounds/","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Aṣṭāṅga Hṛdaya (Sanskrit mūla; no public-domain English translation exists, so no translation is quoted)","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"12 (Doṣabhedīya)","verse":"17","establishes":"Vāgbhaṭa supplies the NAME with etymology, śiraḥ-saṃstha, called tarpaka FROM akṣa-tarpaṇa (satiating the sense organs). Vāgbhaṭa's 'akṣa' is narrower than Suśruta's 'indriyāṇām' and is sometimes read as the eyes specifically.","quote":null,"quoteWithheld":"nobody has yet read this quotation against its printed source, and an unchecked quotation is not published here","translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/2013/04/16/dosha-types-increase-and-decrease/"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"majjā dhātu and mastiṣka","why":"Both are head/brain-region entities. Tarpaka is a kapha subtype performing a nourishing function for the sense organs; majjā is a tissue; mastiṣka is the organ. Modern texts frequently slide tarpaka into 'brain tissue', which is a category error."},{"term":"tarpaṇa (the eye therapy)","why":"A serious homonym trap. Netra-tarpaṇa is a well-known ophthalmic procedure in which medicated ghee is pooled over the eye. It shares the root but is a TREATMENT, not a doṣa subtype. Literature searches on 'tarpaka'/'tarpana' will return large numbers of procedure papers."},{"term":"ojas","why":"Both are nourishing/sustaining principles and both are invoked for resilience and sense function. Ojas is the essence of all dhātus, not a locational kapha subtype."},{"term":"bodhaka-kapha","why":"Both serve sense perception, bodhaka for taste at the tongue, tarpaka for the sense organs of the head generally. PMID 39114320 lumps them together, which blurs the distinction."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"\"cerebrospinal fluid\"","why":"The dominant modern equation and entirely a hypothesis. CSF does not satiate sense organs in any sense the texts would recognise, and neither mūla describes a fluid compartment. I found no study that tests the equation."},{"rendering":"\"myelin\" / \"white matter\" / \"brain tissue\"","why":"Substitutes an anatomical structure for a functional principle, and conflates tarpaka with majjā dhātu."},{"rendering":"\"the kapha of memory\" / \"memory kapha\"","why":"Memory (smṛti) is not assigned to tarpaka in either mūla. Vāgbhaṭa gives the cognitive functions (buddhi, medhā) to SĀDHAKA PITTA. Attaching memory to tarpaka crosses the doṣa boundary."},{"rendering":"\"nourishes the eyes\" cited to Suśruta","why":"Suśruta says 'indriyāṇām', the sense organs generally. The narrower 'akṣa' (eye) reading is Vāgbhaṭa's at AH 12.17."}],"openQuestions":["Does Vāgbhaṭa's 'akṣa' mean the eyes specifically or the sense organs generally? The commentaries would settle it, and it changes the term's scope.","The retrieved Suśruta page prints 'करोत्' where 'करोति' is expected, typographical or variant? Needs a critical edition.","Has anyone actually measured slow-wave sleep against a validated tarpaka-kapha assessment? PMID 42739755 proposes the link but I found no primary study.","Whether NAMASTE or ICD-11 TM2 carries any tarpaka-kapha entry."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/tarpaka-kapha/","canary":"edf121d7cfe27caf"},{"slug":"tejas","page":"/lexicon/tejas/","iast":"tejas","devanagari":"तेजस् (nominative तेजः)","alternates":["tejaḥ","agni (as bhūta name; WHO lists 'fire (tejas, agni)')","teja","anala","taijasa (adj., substance with tejas predominant)","āgneya (Caraka's adjective for tejas-predominant dravya)"],"category":"mahabhuta","family":"foundations","renderings":[{"english":"Fire element","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator standard","locator":"ITA-1.9.3.1.5","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO's group entry gives 'fire (tejas, agni)', treating agni as an alternate name of the bhūta.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"fire element","sourceName":"NAMASTE Standardized Ayurveda Terminologies","sourceKind":"comparator standard","locator":"SAT-A.181 tejaḥ","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology"},{"english":null,"sourceName":"NIA/WHO-APW draft (2011)","sourceKind":"comparator draft terminology","locator":"PDF p.324","verbatim":true,"assessment":"The draft writes 'Teja' in its mahābhūta lists (BP0151, DG0202) and uses 'Agni Mahābhūta' freely elsewhere (e.g. p.21, 217, 237).","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"fire (Teja)","sourceName":"Bhishagratna, Su.Sū. 41","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"wisdomlib doc141671","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"heat, (fire,); 'Teji (fire or heat)'","sourceName":"Bhishagratna, Su.Śā. 1","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"wisdomlib doc142879, sections 6 and 20: 'The properties of Teji (fire or heat) are form, the eyes, colours, heat, illumination, digestion, anger, generation of instantaneous energy and valour.'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"'Teji' is a misprint/variant on the wisdomlib page.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"Fire; fire (or light); Heat","sourceName":"Kaviratna, Caraka","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Sū. 26 'Fire'; Śā. 1 'fire (or light)'; Śā. 5 'Heat' with footnote: 'It should be noted that of the six ingredients, that which is called 'Tejas' is generally rendered either as 'light' or 'heat.' Properly speaking, 'Tejas' is 'energy.' The fact is, Light and Heat are convertible terms; in such a connection, what is meant is Fire— T.'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna himself flags the instability of 'light'/'heat'/'energy' and settles on 'Fire'.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"fire","sourceName":"Common textbook usage","sourceKind":"textbook usage","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":null,"licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Caraka Saṃhitā","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"26","verse":"Kaviratna prints '24' after this sentence; standard 26.11 (prose unit; Sanskrit clause उष्णतीक्ष्णसूक्ष्मलघुरूक्षविशदरूपगुणबहुलान्याग्नेयानि per carakasamhitaonline.com)","establishes":"Caraka's āgneya dravya profile: uṣṇa, tīkṣṇa, sūkṣma, laghu, rūkṣa, viśada, rūpa-guṇa-bahula. Note Caraka's adjective is āgneya (from agni), not taijasa.","quote":"Those that are principally hot, keen, subtile, light, dry, and clear, and largely endued with the attribute of form, are regarded as appertaining to Fire.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Suśruta Saṃhitā","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"41","verse":"Bhishagratna prints no verse numbers; Sanskrit at siva.sh places this in verse 4 (see caveat in pañcamahābhūta record)","establishes":"Suśruta's taijasa dravya profile; Sanskrit term here is तैजस (Su.Sū. 41.3 इदं तैजसम्).","quote":"A thing or substance, which is heat-making, pungent and keen, subtle in its essence, permeates the minutest capillaries, and is dry, rough, light, and non-slimy in its character and has strong properties and a taste which is largely pungent marked by a shade of saline, is called a substance of the dominant principle of fire (Taijasam).","translator":"Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc141671.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Suśruta Saṃhitā","sthana":"Śārīrasthāna","chapter":"1","verse":"Bhishagratna section 20; Sanskrit verse 19 per siva.sh","establishes":"Tejas-derived bodily features including digestion (pakti), anger and valour; this is where tejas and agni (digestive) functions meet in the text.","quote":"The properties of Teji (fire or heat) are form, the eyes, colours, heat, illumination, digestion, anger, generation of instantaneous energy and valour.","translator":"Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-3-sharirasthana/d/doc142879.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Caraka Saṃhitā","sthana":"Śārīrasthāna","chapter":"5","verse":"Kaviratna Sharirasthana Lesson V, his printed aphorism 4 (superscript 4 after '...and the Inner Self is Brahma.', vol. 1 p. 765); standard Trikamji Ca.Sa. 5.5, whose opening sentence Kaviratna folds into his 4 — तस्य पुरुषस्य पृथिवी मूर्तिः, आपः क्लेदः, तेजोऽभिसन्तापः, वायुः प्राणः, वियत् सुषिराणि, ब्रह्म अन्तरात्मा| ... ||५||. The six-dhatu list पृथिव्यापस्तेजो वायुराकाशं ब्रह्म चाव्यक्तमिति is standard 5.4, a separate sentence, and is NOT what this citation quotes.","establishes":"Caraka's loka-purusa correspondence gives tejas a bodily correlate: तेजोऽभिसन्तापः, 'tejas [in the body] is abhisantapa', scorching, bodily heat. The Sanskrit term is abhisantapa; usma does not occur in this passage. Kaviratna renders the clause 'the animal heat is Heat'. His footnote on the English for tejas is translator's voice and belongs in the renderings and mistranslations blocks rather than here; it is also keyed to the preceding six-ingredient sentence (standard 5.4), not to this clause, and what it says is that tejas is generally rendered 'light' or 'heat', that 'properly speaking, Tejas is energy', and that 'in such a connection, what is meant is Fire', he offers 'energy' as the proper sense and 'Fire' only as what is meant in this context, so 'argues the right English is Fire' overstated him.","quote":"the animal heat is Heat","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"agni (digestive/metabolic fire; jāṭharāgni, bhūtāgni, dhātvagni)","why":"Agni is the functional principle of digestion and transformation; tejas is the bhūta. WHO lists agni as an alternate name of the bhūta, which makes the distinction harder, not easier. NAMASTE SAT-D.118 'diminution of agni' is a clinical sign unrelated to the bhūta."},{"term":"pitta (doṣa)","why":"Pitta is the doṣa in which tejas predominates (NIA draft p.21 'dominant of Agni Mahābhūta'); not the bhūta itself."},{"term":"tejas as lustre/vitality (tejasvī, ojas-related usage)","why":"NAMASTE SAT-D.3674-3675 'fiery', 'person with radiant glow'; a descriptive/clinical sense distinct from the bhūta."},{"term":"light / energy","why":"Kaviratna's footnote shows translators oscillating between 'light', 'heat' and 'energy'; the bhūta's guṇa is rūpa (form/colour) and its liṅga uṣṇatva (heat), so neither 'light' nor 'energy' alone is adequate."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"energy","why":"Kaviratna's footnote ('Properly speaking, Tejas is energy') is a translator's opinion of 1890s physics; not a textual rendering."},{"rendering":"light","why":"Kaviratna 'fire (or light)'; tejas governs rūpa (visible form), so 'light' captures one guṇa but loses uṣṇatva and digestion."},{"rendering":"heat","why":"Bhishagratna 'heat, (fire,)'; Kaviratna 'Heat' in Śā. 5; a liṅga, not the bhūta."},{"rendering":"Teji","why":"Misprint on the wisdomlib Bhishagratna page; not a Sanskrit form."}],"openQuestions":["Whether the 2022 WHO ISTA has a separate 'agni' entry distinct from ITA-1.9.3.1.5 was not checked.","Why the 2011 NIA draft lacks a standalone tejas row while using 'Agni Mahābhūta' freely."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/tejas/","canary":"f43380df2da07638"},{"slug":"tikshna","page":"/lexicon/tikshna/","iast":"tīkṣṇa","devanagari":"तीक्ष्ण","alternates":["teekshna","tikshna guna","tikshna virya","taikshnya","sharp","keen"],"category":"dravyaguna-4","family":"pharmacology","renderings":[{"english":null,"sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"code DG0350","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Fullest comparator entry.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"the property of the substance which causes sharpness and quick penetration","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"code BP0288","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Second WHO entry (basic principles).","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false},{"english":"higher potency","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"code DG0351","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Shows tīkṣṇa used as a degree-of-potency grade, a distinct sense from the guna.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Tīkṣṇa (intense, due to the dominance of Pitta)","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"agni entry","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Third sense: a state of agni.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"keen","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. A. C. Kaviratna, public domain","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Su.1 his 59 (pitta 'hot, keen'); Su.26 his 24 (agneya 'hot, keen'); Su.26 saline taste 'It is keen'; Su.26 his 20 eight energies 'mild and keen'; footnote to Su.22 his 10: ''Tikshna' is pungent'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Mostly 'keen', but 'pungent' in the Su.22 langhana list, where 'pungent' elsewhere means kaṭu rasa; a real ambiguity in his usage.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"keen","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita tr. K. L. Bhishagratna, public domain, via wisdomlib","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Su.40 ('mild or keen' among eight potencies); Su.41 (taijasa 'pungent and keen'; 'keenness of a drug from the fact of its producing pain in the mouth'; apya 'devoid of keenness')","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Consistent 'keen/keenness'.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"Teekshna Guna means 'sharpness' quality","sourceName":"easyayurveda.com 'Gurvadi Gunas' (Hebbar), modern","sourceKind":"modern web textbook","locator":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/2019/06/12/gurvadi-gunas/","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Typical textbook; opposite manda, fire element.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"easyayurveda.com 'Gurvadi Gunas' (Hebbar), modern\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"Teekshna virya – sharp/quick acting potency","sourceName":"easyayurveda.com 'Veerya, Potency Of Herbs And Doshas' (Hebbar), modern","sourceKind":"modern web textbook","locator":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/2019/03/09/veerya-herb-potency/","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Textbook rendering in the eight-vīrya list.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"easyayurveda.com 'Veerya, Potency Of Herbs And Doshas' (Hebbar), modern\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"Standard 1.60; Kaviratna prints 59","establishes":"Tīkṣṇa ('keen') as a quality of Pitta. Sanskrit as retrieved: सस्नेहमुष्णं तीक्ष्णं च द्रवमम्लं सरं कटु| विपरीतगुणैः पित्तं द्रव्यैराशु प्रशाम्यति||६०|| (https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Deerghanjiviteeya_Adhyaya). WARNING: Kaviratna's 'cold ... soft ... bitter' do not correspond to the Sanskrit (sasneha, sara, kaṭu); only 'hot, keen, sour, liquid' are sound. Use for the rendering of tīkṣṇa only.","quote":"Bile, which may be cold, hot, keen, soft, sour, liquid, and bitter, is speedily cured by objects having adverse attributes.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"22","verse":"Standard 22.12 (plus first line after ||12||); Kaviratna prints 10","establishes":"Tīkṣṇa as a laṅghana quality; Kaviratna renders it 'pungent' here and says so in his footnote (''Tikshna' is pungent'). Sanskrit as retrieved: लघूष्णतीक्ष्णविशदं रूक्षं सूक्ष्मं खरं सरम्||१२|| (https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Langhanabrimhaniya_Adhyaya).","quote":"Such things as are light, warm, pungent, not slimy, dry, subtile, rough, unstable, and hard, are generally Langhana.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"26","verse":"Standard 26.64-65; Kaviratna prints 20-21 (his numbering restarts at 1 part-way through Lesson XXVI, at the 'Here occur some verses' block)","establishes":"Tīkṣṇa as one of the eight vīryas (Kaviratna's 'Energy'). Sanskrit as retrieved: मृदुतीक्ष्णगुरुलघुस्निग्धरूक्षोष्णशीतलम्| वीर्यमष्टविधं केचित्, केचिद्द्विविधमास्थिताः||६४|| (https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Atreyabhadrakapyiya_Adhyaya).","quote":"Some say that mild and keen, heavy and light, oily and dry, and hot and cooling, are the eight kinds of Energy which objects may have. Others are of opinion that objects have only two kinds of Energy, viz., cooling and hot.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"41","verse":"Suśruta Sūtrasthāna 40.5 — 'केचिदष्टविधमाहुः — शीतमुष्णं स्निग्धं रूक्षं विशदं पिच्छिलं मृदु तीक्ष्णं ... एतानि खलु वीर्याणि स्वबलगुणोत्कर्षाद्रसमभिभूयात्मकर्म कुर्वन्ति ... तदेतन्निदर्शनमात्रमुक्तम् ॥५॥' (Trikamji/Dalhaṇa ed. 1938, pp. 175-176). This closes the Su.40 half of the openQuestion 'Sanskrit verse numbers for Sushruta Su.40-41 eight-virya passages'; the Su.41 half was already at 41.11.","establishes":"A variant reading placing guru (with laghu, displacing picchila and viśada) in Suśruta's eight-vīrya list at Su.Su. 41.11 is attested: Jadavji Trikamji's apparatus to Dalhaṇa's edition records it as Hāraṇacandra's pāṭha, both in the list itself (fn. 2) and in the dosha-action clause of the same sūtra (fn. 6). Dalhaṇa's own gloss supports the printed list without guru. Bhishagratna's 'heavy' is therefore consistent with an attested variant tradition and should not be recorded as an error, though his exact eight-item sequence reproduces neither the printed text nor that variant. Separately, the Su.40 eight-vīrya passage is Su.Su. 40.5.","quote":"तत्र य इमे गुणा वीर्यसंज्ञकाः शीतोष्णस्निग्धरूक्षमृदुतीक्ष्णपिच्छिलविशदास्तेषां तीक्ष्णोष्णावाग्नेयौ, शीतपिच्छिलौ अम्बुगुणभूयिष्ठौ, पृथिव्यम्बुगुणभूयिष्ठः स्नेहः, तोयाकाशगुणभूयिष्ठं मृदुत्वं, वायुगुणभूयिष्ठं रौक्ष्यं, क्षितिसमीरणगुणभूयिष्ठं वैशद्यं; विपाकाद्गुरुलघुगुणौ ॥११॥ — Suśruta Sū. 41.11, mūla as printed in the Dalhaṇa edition (Trikamji, Pandurang Jawaji 1938), p. 183. Variant recorded there: 'गुरुलघुमृदुतीक्ष्णा' (Hāraṇacandra).","translator":"K. L. Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.30779","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"manda","why":"Opposite member (Kaviratna's note 'Tikshna in Manda'; WHO 'opposite to dullness')."},{"term":"kaṭu (pungent rasa)","why":"A taste, not a guna; Kaviratna's 'pungent' for tīkṣṇa in Su.22 collides with his 'pungent' for kaṭu."},{"term":"uṣṇa","why":"Hot; co-listed with tīkṣṇa in fire-dominant lists and in Pitta, but a separate pair (uṣṇa/śīta)."},{"term":"khara","why":"Rough; Kaviratna renders khara 'keen' (Su.1.59) and 'sharp' (Su.26.11, Wind list), so his 'sharp/keen' is not always tīkṣṇa."},{"term":"tīkṣṇāgni","why":"A state of digestive fire (WHO AF2265), not the drug guna."},{"term":"tīkṣṇa vīrya (degree)","why":"WHO DG0351 uses it as 'higher potency', a grading of strength rather than the sharpness quality."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"pungent","why":"Kaviratna's Su.22 choice; 'pungent' is the standard English for kaṭu rasa, so it conflates a taste with a guna."},{"rendering":"spicy / hot (in the culinary sense)","why":"Tīkṣṇa is speed and penetration of action; the texts pair it with manda (slow), not with cold."}],"openQuestions":["Sanskrit verse numbers for Sushruta Su.40-41 eight-vīrya passages.","Whether Chakrapani's gloss on tīkṣṇa supports WHO's 'quick penetration'."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/tikshna/","canary":"ab57d3bccbd7049c"},{"slug":"tikshna-agni","page":"/lexicon/tikshna-agni/","iast":"tīkṣṇāgni","devanagari":"तीक्ष्णाग्नि","alternates":["tīkṣṇa agni","tīkṣṇo 'gniḥ","atyagni (the intensified extreme)","bhasmaka (the intensified extreme)","paittika agni-doṣa"],"category":"pathophysiology / functional state","family":"body","renderings":[{"english":"Intense state of digestive, metabolic factors","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"terminology-standard","locator":"ITA-2.6.9","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO description verbatim: 'A state in which the action of transformative factor is considerably intensified due to the dominant influence of pitta.'","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false},{"english":"elevated digestive power","sourceName":"NAMASTE / National AYUSH Morbidity Codes (NAMC), Ministry of Ayush","sourceKind":"terminology-standard","locator":"NAMC code DB-3","verbatim":true,"assessment":"NAMASTE separates tīkṣṇāgni (DB-3, 'elevated') from atyagni/bhasmaka (DB-4, 'highly elevated digestive power'), preserving a distinction WHO does not code.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology"},{"english":"\"Keen\" (Tikshnagni)","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, tr. Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907-1916)","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"Sūtrasthāna Chapter XXXV, p. 320","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Bhishagratna's rendering, in his own quotation marks. He also renders the intensified form Atyagni as 'an excessive or voracious appetite'.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"keen","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"Vimānasthāna Lesson VI (= Ca.Vi.6.12)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna's footnote: 'Keen is that which can digest every food, good and bad, or food however improper in itself or improperly taken.' Both public-domain translators independently chose 'keen'.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"sharp or intense state of metabolic fire","sourceName":"Anc Sci Life 2015 (PMID 26283805)","sourceKind":"secondary-literature","locator":"abstract","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Verbatim from the abstract's gloss.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Anc Sci Life 2015 (PMID 26283805)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"Excessive digestive, metabolic factors","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"terminology-standard","locator":"ITA-5.11.2","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO codes the disorder form under atyagni/bhasmaka, not under tīkṣṇāgni: 'A disorder characterized by some or all the following signs and symptoms: rapid digestion of food of varied quantity and quality.' So WHO treats tīkṣṇāgni as a state only, and atyagni as the disorder.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"no ICD-11 TM2 category found","sourceName":"ICD-11 MMS v2026-01, TM2","sourceKind":"classification","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"I found no TM2 index term for tīkṣṇāgni, atyagni or bhasmaka in the blocks I retrieved.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Sushruta Saṃhitā","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"XXXV (Ātura-upakramaṇīya)","verse":"24","establishes":"The full public-domain definition, including the graded relation to atyagni and the characteristic dryness of throat, palate and lips. Quoted as printed (the OCR renders 'time is' as 'timer's' in the scan; I have restored only that obvious scanning artefact and flag it here).","quote":"Tikshna'gni: -The digestive heat, which helps the digestion of even a heavy meal within an incredibly short space of time is called \" Keen \" (Tikshnagni) and which becoming abnormally augmented begets an excessive or voracious appetite (Atyagni), helps a glutton to digest his frequent meals, and produces a parched throat, palate and lips, heat and other discomforts.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/b24758619_0001/b24758619_0001_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Saṃhitā (Sanskrit)","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"35","verse":"24","establishes":"Sanskrit confirming the verse number and the explicit graded relation 'sa evābhivardhamāno 'tyagnir ity ābhāṣyate' — atyagni is tīkṣṇāgni intensified, not a separate kind.","quote":"यः प्रभूतमप्युपयुक्तमन्नमाशुपचति स तीक्ष्णः स एवाभिवर्धमानोऽत्यग्निरित्याभाष्यते स मुहुर्मुहुः प्रभूतमप्युपयुक्तमन्नमाशुतरं पचति पाकान्ते च गलताल्वोष्ठशोषदाहसंतापाञ्जनयति","translator":"none (Sanskrit mūla)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/सुश्रुतसंहिता/सूत्रस्थानम्/अध्याय_३१-४६","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Saṃhitā","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"XXXV","verse":"25-26","establishes":"Doṣa attribution (pitta) and management (madhura, snigdha, śīta, virecana), public domain.","quote":"A keen (Tikshna) digestive fire brings on bilious (Pittaja) affections ... In a case of abnormally keen digestive fire, the medical treatment should consist in prescribing purgatives and a diet in the composition of which sweet, cooling, and fatty or albuminous matters largely enter.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/b24758619_0001/b24758619_0001_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Saṃhitā (Sanskrit)","sthana":"Vimānasthāna","chapter":"6","verse":"12","establishes":"Charaka's criterion is tolerance, not speed: tīkṣṇa agni is 'sarvāpacāra-saha', it withstands all dietary abuse. This is a genuinely different criterion from Sushruta's 'digests a heavy meal fast'.","quote":"तत्र तीक्ष्णोऽग्निः सर्वापचारसहः ... पित्तलानां तु पित्ताभिभूते ह्यग्न्यधिष्ठाने तीक्ष्णा भवन्त्यग्नयः","translator":"none (Sanskrit mūla)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.siva.sh/caraka-samhita/vimana-sthana/6/12","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Saṃhitā (Sanskrit)","sthana":"Cikitsāsthāna","chapter":"15","verse":"50","establishes":"The harm mechanism: a keen fire with insufficient fuel dries up the dhātus. Kaviratna's English for the same verse (his v.49): 'If, when its force or energy is great, it does not get sufficient fuel (in the shape of food and drink), it consumes the dhatus.'","quote":"तीक्ष्णो मन्देन्धनो धातून् विशोषयति पावकः॥५०॥","translator":"none (Sanskrit mūla)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.siva.sh/caraka-samhita/chikitsa-sthana/15/50","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Aṣṭāṅga Hṛdaya (Sanskrit)","sthana":"Śārīrasthāna","chapter":"3","verse":"73, 75","establishes":"Vāgbhaṭa's pitta attribution and speed criterion. NAMASTE cites Ah.Sa.3/75 for tīkṣṇāgni, matching.","quote":"pittābhimūrchite tīkṣṇo mando 'smin kapha-pīḍite || 73 || ... tīkṣṇo vahniḥ pacec chīghram a-samyag api bhojanam || 75 ||","translator":"none — no public-domain English translation of Aṣṭāṅga Hṛdaya exists","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/corpustei/transformations/plaintext/sa_vAgbhaTa-aSTAGgahRdayasUtra.txt","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"atyagni / bhasmaka","why":"Su.Sū.35.24 makes atyagni the intensified continuation of tīkṣṇāgni, not a separate type. NAMASTE codes them separately (DB-3 vs DB-4) and WHO puts the disorder entry under atyagni (ITA-5.11.2) while keeping tīkṣṇāgni as a state (ITA-2.6.9). Three sources, three treatments of the same boundary."},{"term":"kṣudhā / polyphagia","why":"Hunger is a consequence; tīkṣṇāgni is defined by what happens to the food, not by the appetite. Bhishagratna's own footnote at this chapter insists on the distinction and then blurs it by glossing atyagni as 'voracious appetite'."},{"term":"amlapitta / hyperacidity","why":"Often equated in clinical writing. ICD-11 TM2 has a separate SM3A Hyperacidity disorder; no source I retrieved equates it with tīkṣṇāgni."},{"term":"pitta prakṛti","why":"Ca.Vi.6.12 says pitta-predominant persons tend to tīkṣṇāgni, but constitution and current agni state are different variables (PMID 35101333 treats them as an association to be tested, not an identity)."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"good digestion / strong digestion","why":"Directly inverts the classical valence. Su.Sū.35.25 lists tīkṣṇāgni as a cause of pittaja diseases and Ca.Ci.15.50 says it consumes the tissues. Only samāgni is the healthy state."},{"rendering":"fast metabolism","why":"Charaka's criterion is tolerance of dietary abuse, not speed; Sushruta's is speed. 'Fast metabolism' picks one of two classical criteria without saying so, and also implies systemic basal metabolism rather than digestive performance."},{"rendering":"hyperthyroidism","why":"A popular biomedical equation with no support in any source I retrieved, and one that cannot account for tīkṣṇāgni being a normal constitutional variant in pitta-predominant persons."}],"openQuestions":["Is atyagni a distinct diagnosis or a severity grade of tīkṣṇāgni? WHO, NAMASTE and Sushruta imply different answers.","Does Ca.Ci.15.219-221 (cited by NAMASTE for atyagni/bhasmaka) actually contain that material?","Is there a physiological correlate, gastric emptying, appetite hormone, that has been tested against tīkṣṇāgni?"],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/tikshna-agni/","canary":"50e9f8ac5d06efb0"},{"slug":"tikta","page":"/lexicon/tikta/","iast":"tikta","devanagari":"तिक्त","alternates":["tikta rasa","tiktaka","bitter"],"category":"dravyaguna-4","family":"pharmacology","renderings":[{"english":null,"sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"code DG0352","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Uncontroversial rendering; the Parpaṭa synonym sense is worth keeping.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Bitter","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. A. C. Kaviratna, public domain","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Su.26 'arises the taste called Bitter' (his 54); 'The Bitter taste' (his 65, OCR '85'); 'the Bitter taste is inferior/foremost' (his 11-12, second run); 'Of the Pungent, the Bitter, and the Astringent' (his 14)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Stable.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"bitter (Tikta)","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita tr. K. L. Bhishagratna, public domain, via wisdomlib","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Su.42 'is called bitter (Tikta)'; Su.40 'transformed into a bitter one'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Stable.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"tikta rasa (bitter taste)","sourceName":"Pushpan and Nishteswar, Ancient Science of Life 2014 (PMID 25538356)","sourceKind":"modern literature","locator":"abstract","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Research usage; the paper operationalises rasa identification by volunteer-reported lakṣaṇas.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Pushpan and Nishteswar, Ancient Science of Life 2014 (PMID 25538356)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"26","verse":"Standard 26.40; Kaviratna prints 54","establishes":"Mahābhūta composition of tikta (vāyu + ākāśa). Sanskrit as retrieved: ...वाय्वाकाशातिरिक्तत्वात्तिक्तः... ||४०|| (https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Atreyabhadrakapyiya_Adhyaya).","quote":"From a preponderance of the attributes of Wind and Ether arises the taste called Bitter.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"26","verse":"Standard 26.43 sub-section 5 per carakasamhitaonline (which prints '(५)' after this paragraph and ||४३|| after the whole six-rasa block; Trikamji may number the block 26.42, not checked); Kaviratna's printed number is OCR'd as '85', but the preceding aphorism reads '84' (for katu, where 64 is expected) and the following kashaya aphorism reads '67', so his print is most likely 65 (unverified against the page image)","establishes":"The karma and gunas of tikta rasa (rūkṣa, śīta, laghu). Sanskrit as retrieved: तिक्तो रसः स्वयमरोचिष्णुरप्यरोचकघ्नो विषघ्नः क्रिमिघ्नो मूर्च्छादाहकण्डूकुष्ठतृष्णाप्रशमनस्त्वङ्मांसयोः स्थिरीकरणो ज्वरघ्नो दीपनः पाचनः स्तन्यशोधनो लेखनः क्लेदमेदोवसामज्जलसीकापूयस्वेदमूत्रपुरीषपित्तश्लेष्मोपशोषणो रूक्षः शीतो लघुश्च| (https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Atreyabhadrakapyiya_Adhyaya). 'leprosy' is Kaviratna's rendering of kuṣṭha; 'puss' is OCR.","quote":"The Bitter taste is so disagreeable as to produce a disgust for itself, but nevertheless it cures disgust for food. It destroys the action of poisons. It is anthelmintic. It alleviates swoons, burning sensation of the skin, itching, leprosy, and thirst. It causes the skin and the flesh to become tough. It is destructive of fevers. It promotes or sharpens the appetite. It assists the digestion of undigested food. It improves the qualities of the milk in the breast. It removes bad humours and altered constituents of the body by thinning them gradually and thus clearing the system of them. It dries up phlegmonous secretions, fat, serum (or marrow of the flesh), marrow of the bones, saliva, puss, sweat, urine, stools, bile, and phlegm. Its attributes are dry, cool, and light.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"26","verse":"Standard 26.58; Kaviratna prints 14 (second numbering run)","establishes":"Tikta has kaṭu vipāka. Sanskrit as retrieved: कटुतिक्तकषायाणां विपाकः प्रायशः कटुः| अम्लोऽम्लं पच्यते स्वादुर्मधुरं लवणस्तथा||५८|| (https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Atreyabhadrakapyiya_Adhyaya).","quote":"Of the Pungent, the Bitter, and the Astringent, the change, upon assimilation, is generally Pungent. The Sour taste changes into the Sour. The Sweet and the Saline change into the Sweet.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"42","verse":"Sanskrit verse number not established (Bhishagratna prints none)","establishes":"Sushruta's perceptual definition (lakṣaṇa) of tikta; the same chapter states 'The specific attributes of air and sky predominate in a bitter taste', 'The tastes such as sweet, bitter and astringent are cold in their properties' and 'The pungent, astringent and bitter ones are dry and light', agreeing with Charaka on bhūta composition and gunas.","quote":"A taste, which gives rise to a sort of sucking sensation at the throat, removes the slimy character of the cavity of the mouth, gives rise to the appearance of goose-flesh on the skin, and increases the relish for food, is called bitter (Tikta).","translator":"K. L. Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc141672.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"42","verse":"Sanskrit verse number not established","establishes":"Sushruta's karma of tikta, closely parallel to Charaka's; 'brings on a sense of general languor' has no obvious counterpart in Charaka and may reflect a variant reading or translator's gloss.","quote":"A bitter taste serves to restore the natural relish of a person for food and brings on a sense of general languor. It is a good appetiser, and acts as a good purifying agent (in respect of ulcers, etc.), and proves curative in itches and urticaria. It removes thirst, swoon and fever, purifies mother's milk, and is possessed of the virtue of drying up urine, ordure, mucous, fat and pus, etc.","translator":"K. L. Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc141672.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Ashtanga Hridaya","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"15-16 (GRETIL, Das and Emmerick numbering)","establishes":"Tikta heads the three rasas that subdue Kapha and is among the three that subdue Pitta. Reference only.","quote":"tatrādyā mārutaṃ ghnanti trayas tiktādayaḥ kapham || 15 || kaṣāya-tikta-madhurāḥ pittam anye tu kurvate |","translator":"none; Sanskrit only","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/1_sanskr/6_sastra/7_ayur/vagaah_u.htm","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"kaṭu","why":"Pungent; shares kaṭu vipāka and vāyu composition with tikta but is uṣṇa, whereas tikta is śīta."},{"term":"kaṣāya","why":"Astringent; also rūkṣa and śīta with kaṭu vipāka, and Sushruta Su.40 shows a kaṣāya taste 'transformed into a bitter one', so the two are routinely confused in secondary drug lists."},{"term":"tiktāsyatā / tiktamukharasatva","why":"Bitter taste in the mouth as a symptom (WHO AF2267, AF2269), not the rasa of a substance."},{"term":"Tikta as a plant synonym","why":"WHO DG0352 sense 2 (Parpaṭa); also Tiktaka ghrita etc."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"bitter = detoxifying / 'cleansing' as a definition","why":"Lifts one karma (viṣaghna, lekhana) into the definition; classically tikta is defined by taste perception and elemental composition."},{"rendering":"leprosy (for kuṣṭha in the tikta karma list)","why":"Kaviratna's Edwardian nosology; kuṣṭha covers skin disease broadly."}],"openQuestions":["Trikamji's numbering of the six-rasa karma prose (26.42 vs carakasamhitaonline's 43).","Kaviratna's true printed number for the tikta aphorism (65 inferred; OCR reads 85).","Sanskrit source for Bhishagratna's 'general languor'."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/tikta/","canary":"5a2112e41ebc901c"},{"slug":"trayopasthambha","page":"/lexicon/trayopasthambha/","iast":"trayopastambha (traya upastambhāḥ)","devanagari":"त्रय उपस्तम्भाः (compound form त्रयोपस्तम्भः as used by WHO ISTA and NAMASTE)","alternates":["trayopastambha","trayopasthambha","traya upastambha","trayopastambhāḥ","tray-upastambha","the three sub-pillars","upastambha-traya"],"category":"swasthavritta","family":"daily-life","renderings":[{"english":"Three pillars to maintain health and longevity","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"ITA-10.2.1","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO treats brahmacarya as 'moderation in sensual indulgence including sexual activity', not celibacy.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"three sub-pillars of life","sourceName":"NAMASTE portal, Standardised Ayurveda Terminology (SAT) Ayurveda combined Excel","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"SAT-J.1 trayopastambhaḥ","verbatim":true,"assessment":"NAMASTE renders brahmacarya as 'celibacy' and defines it as 'avoidance of sexual act physically, mentally & verbally in all ways', a stricter reading than WHO's. Note NAMASTE also has SAT-D.1668 upastambham 'supports the body' as a separate functional term.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology"},{"english":"three stays (of the body regarded as a column)","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913), Lesson XI","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"archive.org BIUSante_47357, p. 16 of the Lesson-XI pagination; his aphorisms printed 29 and (OCR) 36, probably 30","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna: 'eating, sleep, and restraint of the senses'. His footnote explains the metaphor: 'The word upastambha is used to express the stays which support a column'. He glosses Brahmacharyya in a footnote as 'a judicious indulgence or use of our faculties and powers', a translator's note, not the text.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"three supportive pillars / three supporting pillars","sourceName":"Common textbook and journal rendering (e.g. JAIMS review 'A Review on the concept of Trayopastambha'; ResearchGate 'Trayopasthambas: three supportive pillars of Ayurveda')","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"Most common modern English; loses the 'sub-' or 'subsidiary' sense that upa- carries relative to the three doshas as the main supports.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true},{"english":"three sub pillers of health","sourceName":"PubMed abstract, Varanasi S et al., Bull Indian Inst Hist Med Hyderabad 2007 (PMID 19569450)","sourceKind":"modern literature","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":"Spelling as printed in the abstract.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"PubMed abstract, Varanasi S et al., Bull Indian Inst Hist Med Hyderabad 2007 (PMID 19569450)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"11 (Tistraishaniya Adhyaya)","verse":"Standard (Trikamji) numbering 11/34 (enumeration) and 11/35 (elaboration), read from the Devanagari on carakasamhitaonline.com. Kaviratna prints his own numbers 29 and (OCR-read) 36, probably 30, AFTER the respective aphorisms; the two systems are recorded side by side and NOT converted.","establishes":"That Charaka names three upastambhas (food, sleep, brahmacarya) which, when properly observed, keep the body endowed with strength, complexion and growth throughout life. Kaviratna's 'restraint of the senses' for brahmacarya is a translator's choice; his footnote gloss ('judicious indulgence or use of our faculties and powers') is a note, not the text. Sanskrit seen (Trikamji 11/35): 'त्रय उपस्तम्भा इति- आहारः, स्वप्नो, ब्रह्मचर्यमिति; एभिस्त्रिभिर्युक्तियुक्तैरुपस्तब्धमुपस्तम्भैः शरीरं बलवर्णोपचयोपचितमनुवर्तते यावदायुः'. Note the Sanskrit uses svapna (sleep), not nidrā; NAMASTE and most textbooks substitute nidrā.","quote":"There are three stays (of the body) ; three kinds of strength ; three kinds of causes of disease ; three kinds of disease ; three seats of disease ; three kinds of physicians ; and lastly three kinds of medicines.*29  The three stays (of the body regarded as a column) are eating, sleep, and restraint of the senses. In consequence of the three stays (mentioned above) supporting the body, the latter receives accession of strength and complexion and nourishment. As long as a man lives, he should attend to the causes that support life. Long life becomes his who does not indulge in practices that are injurious to the body. Instructions are being offerred in respect of causes that support and lengthen life.36  [Translator's footnote:] * The word 'upastambha' is used to express the stays which support a column. This sentence is elaborated and explained in the next.— T.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"tristhūṇa / the three doshas as pillars","why":"Vāta, pitta and kapha are the body's primary 'pillars' (sthūṇa) in the classical metaphor; āhāra, svapna and brahmacarya are upa-stambha, the subsidiary props. Modern writing that calls both 'three pillars' blurs this; the 'sub-' in upastambha is doing real work. The Sushruta locus usually cited for tristhūṇa was not verified in this gathering."},{"term":"trividha bala (sahaja, kālaja, yuktikṛta)","why":"Listed in the very next aphorism of Charaka Su. 11 (Kaviratna 31; Trikamji 11/36) and routinely confused with the three upastambhas in student notes because both are 'three' lists from the same tristhana enumeration (Trikamji 11/34)."},{"term":"brahmacarya as celibacy","why":"The sources themselves disagree: NAMASTE SAT-J.4 'celibacy ... avoidance of sexual act physically, mentally & verbally in all ways'; WHO ITA-10.2.1 'moderation in sensual indulgence including sexual activity'; Kaviratna 'restraint of the senses'. The lexicon should record the spread rather than pick one."},{"term":"nidrā vs svapna","why":"Charaka's Sanskrit in 11/35 reads svapna; NAMASTE, WHO's description and almost all textbooks say nidrā. Both mean sleep here, but a reader searching the Sanskrit for 'nidrā' in this verse will not find it."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"the three pillars of Ayurveda","why":"Upastambha means a subsidiary support (upa-), of the body (śarīra), not of the science. 'Pillars of Ayurveda' is a slogan, not a translation, and it collides with the English phrase's use for other triads (see PMIDs 33528692, 22408293)."},{"rendering":"the three pillars of health (as if primary)","why":"Drops upa-; the classical metaphor has the doshas as the main pillars and these three as the props that hold the column up. Kaviratna's 'stays' and NAMASTE's 'sub-pillars' preserve this; 'pillars' alone does not."},{"rendering":"celibacy (as the only meaning of brahmacarya in this context)","why":"At least two standards (WHO, Kaviratna) render it as regulated or moderated conduct rather than abstinence; presenting 'celibacy' as the settled meaning hides a live disagreement."}],"openQuestions":["Kaviratna's second printed number is OCR-read as '36' but is almost certainly '30' (sequence 29, 3x, 31); a human should check the scan (Lesson XI, p. 16 of that fascicule).","Whether Ashtanga Hridaya or Sushruta use the exact compound trayopastambha was not checked; most secondary sources attribute the term to Charaka Su. 11 only.","The WHO text extraction garbled Devanagari (rendered 'रियोपसतमभः'); the Devanagari recorded here comes from carakasamhitaonline and NAMASTE, not from the WHO PDF."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/trayopasthambha/","canary":"0ca1b058262d66cd"},{"slug":"tridosha","page":"/lexicon/tridosha/","iast":"tridoṣa","devanagari":"त्रिदोष","alternates":["tridosa","tri-dosha","tridoṣaḥ","śārīrikadoṣa","tristhūṇā (metaphor)"],"category":"dosha","family":"dosha","renderings":[{"english":"Three doshas or tridosha","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-2.1.2","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO's description is 'The three regulatory functional factors of the body are: vata, pitta and kapha.' Note WHO offers śārīrikadoṣa as a synonym, preserving the bodily/mental distinction.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Three regulatory functional factors","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"section heading 2.1","verbatim":true,"assessment":"The most substantive English phrase WHO commits to. It appears as a section title rather than as a term, which matters: it is not formally the standard rendering of tridoṣa.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false},{"english":"the three-supported one (Tristhuna)","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, tr. Bhishagratna (1907)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sutrasthana XXI","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Bhishagratna preserving the text's own architectural metaphor rather than translating the concept.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"three factors determining the state of health","sourceName":"Chauhan M et al., Indian J Med Ethics 2024","sourceKind":"paper","locator":"PMID 39183608","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Contemporary Indian academic gloss.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Chauhan M et al., Indian J Med Ethics 2024\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"vata (kinetic), pitta (metabolic) and kapha (potential)","sourceName":"Prasher B, Gibson G, Mukerji M, J Genet 2016","sourceKind":"paper","locator":"PMID 27019453","verbatim":true,"assessment":"The Ayurgenomics gloss. Maps the triad onto mechanics/thermodynamics vocabulary; a proposal by one research group, widely repeated.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Prasher B, Gibson G, Mukerji M, J Genet 2016\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"\"Prasher B, Gibson G, Mukerji M, J Genet 2016\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation"},{"english":"Vata, Input/Output (homeostasis); Pitta, Turnover (negative entropy production); Kapha, Storage (inheritable structure)","sourceName":"Hankey A, Anc Sci Life 2010","sourceKind":"paper","locator":"PMID 22557353","verbatim":true,"assessment":"A systems-theoretic rendering. Distinct from the Ayurgenomics one and incompatible with it in detail; recorded because the disagreement is the point.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Hankey A, Anc Sci Life 2010\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"\"Hankey A, Anc Sci Life 2010\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation"},{"english":"Functional elements and humoral derangement patterns (TM2)","sourceName":"ICD-11 MMS v2026-01, Traditional Medicine Module 2","sourceKind":"classification","locator":"block SR10-SR2Z","verbatim":true,"assessment":"ICD-11 has no code for tridoṣa as a concept; it codes only the derangement patterns of each doṣa separately, and shares the block with Siddha (Vaḷi/Aẕal/Aiyam) and Unani (Dam/Ṣafrā'/Balgham/Sawdā') triads.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"WHO ICD-11","downloadable":false}],"classical":[{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"21","verse":"","establishes":"Sushruta's scheme is arguably a tetrad, not a triad: rakta is given equal standing with the three doṣas as constitutive of a living organism. Any record that presents 'tridosha' as the unanimous classical position is overstating it.","quote":"There can be no organism without Vayu, Pitta, Kapha and blood, which are necessary to constantly maintain its integrity.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122917.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"21","verse":"","establishes":"The triad is framed cosmologically as well as physiologically, which is the aspect the 2025 IJME critique calls conjectural.","quote":"The vital humours (Vayu, Pitta and Kapha) maintain the integrity of the animated organism by creating, assimilating and diffusing strength in the same way as the moon, the sun, and the winds maintain the integrity of the terrestrial globe.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122917.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"57","establishes":"Charaka's canonical enumeration. The word used is doṣasaṅgraha ('the collection of doṣas'), not tridoṣa; the compound tridoṣa is later and more common in commentaries and in modern usage than in this verse.","quote":"वायुः पित्तं कफश्चोक्तः शारीरो दोषसङ्ग्रहः| / vāyuḥ pittaṁ kaphaścōktaḥ śārīrō dōṣasaṅgrahaḥ|","translator":"none quoted (Sanskrit mula only)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Deerghanjiviteeya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"triguṇa (sattva, rajas, tamas)","why":"A Samkhya psychological/cosmological triad. Two of its members (rajas, tamas) are the mānasa doṣas, which produces a genuine overlap, but sattva is never a doṣa and the triads are not parallel."},{"term":"sannipāta / tridoṣaja","why":"Sannipāta is a disease in which all three doṣas are simultaneously vitiated. 'Tridoshic' used of a disease means sannipātaja; used of a person it means a balanced prakṛti. English usage runs the two together constantly."},{"term":"tridoṣic prakṛti (sama-prakṛti)","why":"A constitutional category, not the theory. Saying someone 'is tridosha' is a prakṛti claim."},{"term":"Siddha Mukkuṟṟam (Vaḷi, Aẕal, Aiyam) and Unani Akhlāṭ","why":"ICD-11 TM2 places all three triads in one block with parallel English labels. The labels were chosen to work across three systems, so an ICD-11 English rendering is not evidence about the Ayurvedic term specifically."},{"term":"the doṣa-rakta tetrad","why":"Sushruta Sutrasthana 21 gives blood equal constitutive standing. 'Tridosha' is Charaka's framing generalised backwards over Sushruta."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"the three humours","why":"Same Galenic problem as for doṣa, compounded: the Greek scheme has four, and the pairing readers reach for (blood/phlegm/yellow bile/black bile) is not the Ayurvedic set."},{"rendering":"three body types","why":"Confuses tridoṣa with prakṛti classification, and silently drops the two-, three- and seven-fold combination types the texts actually enumerate."},{"rendering":"three energies / three bio-energies","why":"No classical or standardised warrant; 'energy' is not a category in the texts, which speak of guṇas and karmas."},{"rendering":"tridosha theory as a unanimous classical doctrine","why":"Not strictly a mistranslation but a framing error: Sushruta Sutrasthana 21 makes it a tetrad with blood, and the compound tridoṣa does not appear in Charaka Sutrasthana 1/57."}],"openQuestions":["When does the compound tridoṣa first appear in the Brihat Trayi as against the commentaries? Not established here.","Whether WHO ISTA anywhere defines the relation between tridoṣa and rakta, given Sushruta's tetrad."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/tridosha/","canary":"1d8408eeb1dc5502"},{"slug":"trisutra","page":"/lexicon/trisutra/","iast":"trisūtra","devanagari":"त्रिसूत्रम्","alternates":["trisutra","tri-sutra","trisūtra ayurveda","trisūtrāyurveda"],"category":"foundational","family":"foundations","renderings":[{"english":"Three core principles of Ayurveda knowledge","sourceName":"WHO international standard terminologies on Ayurveda (WHO, 2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"Term ID ITA-1.3.1","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO's description: 'The entire narrative of Ayurveda is woven coherently on the logical framework of etiology (hetu), symptomatology (linga) and therapeutics (aushadha).' Recorded as a fact about WHO. Note WHO merges trisūtra and triskandha under one term ID, whereas Charaka Su 1.24 and 1.25 use them in consecutive but distinct verses.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"consisting of three aphorisms","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sutrasthana Lesson I, aphorism 23 (= Su 1.24 modern)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Public domain. Kaviratna reads sūtra literally as aphorism, so trisūtra for him is a property of the text (it has three aphorisms), not a conceptual triad. This is a materially different reading from WHO's 'three core principles'.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"of three trunks","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sutrasthana Lesson I, aphorism 24 (= Su 1.25 modern), rendering triskandha","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna's rendering of the companion term triskandha, which WHO folds into the same entry. 'Trunks' preserves the tree metaphor of skandha; 'principles' does not.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"hetu-linga-aushadha / cause, sign, remedy","sourceName":"common textbook and journal usage","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"The standard modern expansion, and it is directly supported by the Sanskrit of Su 1.24 (hetuliṅgauṣadhajñānaṃ). Widely presented as parallel to aetiology-diagnosis-treatment in modern research methodology.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true},{"english":"not covered","sourceName":"ICD-11 Traditional Medicine Module 2","sourceKind":"classification","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"No entity found. TM2 classifies disorders and patterns, not epistemic frameworks.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1 (Dīrghañjīvitīya Adhyāya)","verse":"24","establishes":"The locus classicus. The word trisūtraṃ occurs here, and the verse specifies its content in the compound hetu-liṅga-auṣadha-jñānam, 'knowledge of cause, sign and remedy', described as the refuge of both the healthy and the sick (svasthātura-parāyaṇam), eternal and auspicious, first known by the Grandsire.","quote":"हेतुलिङ्गौषधज्ञानं स्वस्थातुरपरायणम्| त्रिसूत्रं शाश्वतं पुण्यं बुबुधे यं पितामहः||२४||","translator":"none - Sanskrit mūla only","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Deerghanjiviteeya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1 (Dīrghañjīvitīya Adhyāya)","verse":"25","establishes":"The immediately following verse, using triskandha (three-trunked) of āyurveda rather than trisūtra. The two terms are adjacent but not identical and this pair of verses is the evidence for treating them as distinct.","quote":"सोऽनन्तपारं त्रिस्कन्धमायुर्वेदं महामतिः| यथावदचिरात् सर्वं बुबुधे तन्मना मुनिः||२५||","translator":"none - Sanskrit mūla only","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Deerghanjiviteeya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"Lesson I (= chapter 1)","verse":"23-24 in Kaviratna's numbering (= 1.24-1.25 modern)","establishes":"The lawfully quotable English for both verses, showing Kaviratna's 'causes, symptoms, and drugs' for hetu-liṅga-auṣadha and his separate renderings of trisūtra ('three aphorisms') and triskandha ('three trunks'). Hyphenation and the split '2  4' for the verse number are OCR; reproduced as retrieved.","quote":"Fraught  with  the  knowledge  of  causes,  symp¬  toms,  and  drugs,  the  refuge  both  of  the  hale  and  the  sick,  consisting  of  three  aphorisms,  eternal  and  auspicious,  which  the  Grandsire  had  (first)  discovered,23  that  limitless  and  shoreless  Science  of  Life,  of  three  trunks,  the  intelligent  ascetic,  with  mind  devoted  to  it,  soon  enough  duly  learnt  in  its  entirety, 2  4","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"triskandha","why":"The adjacent verse's term (Su 1.25). Skandha is a trunk/section; sūtra is a thread or aphorism. WHO merges them under one term ID; Charaka uses them in consecutive verses of different metaphors. Whether they denote the same triad is a question the sources leave open."},{"term":"trividha parīkṣā / trividha pramāṇa","why":"The three means of examination (aptopadesha, pratyaksha, anumana) is a different triad about how knowledge is obtained. Trisūtra is about the structure of the subject matter."},{"term":"tristhūṇa / trividha bodhya saṅgraha","why":"Other numbered triads in Charaka Sutrasthana that are routinely confused with trisūtra in teaching material."},{"term":"nidāna pañcaka","why":"A fivefold diagnostic scheme (nidana, purvarupa, rupa, upashaya, samprapti). Hetu and linga appear in both, which is why the two are conflated, but nidāna pañcaka is a diagnostic procedure and trisūtra is a description of the whole science."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"three sutras","why":"Reads sūtra as a text-unit and suggests there are three specific aphorisms somewhere in the Samhita. Kaviratna's 'three aphorisms' has the same problem, and is recorded because it is what the quotable translator wrote, not because it is right."},{"rendering":"three pillars","why":"Confuses trisūtra with tristhūṇa/trayopastambha (the three supports of life: āhāra, nidrā, brahmacarya), an entirely different triad. This is the commonest error attached to this term."},{"rendering":"diagnosis, prognosis, treatment","why":"Substitutes prognosis for liṅga (sign/symptom). The Sanskrit compound is hetu-liṅga-auṣadha and contains no term for prognosis."}],"openQuestions":["Whether trisūtra and triskandha denote the same triad. Su 1.24 and 1.25 use them of the same body of knowledge in consecutive verses but with different metaphors, and I did not retrieve a commentator on the point.","Whether the triad is actually stated in Sushruta and Ashtanga Hridaya as the 2026 IAMJ title claims. I did not verify this and it should not be repeated without checking.","Whether NAMASTE codes trisūtra."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/trisutra/","canary":"fe8db0be945c0459"},{"slug":"trividha-pariksha","page":"/lexicon/trividha-pariksha/","iast":"trividhā parīkṣā","devanagari":"त्रिविधपरीक्षा","alternates":["trividha pariksha","trividha pareeksha","trividha rogi pariksha","darshana-sparshana-prashna pariksha","trividha roga-vishesha-vijnana (Charaka's distinct triad)"],"category":"diagnostics / clinical examination","family":"clinic","renderings":[{"english":"Standard three-component examination","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator standard","locator":"Term ID ITA-4.7.2","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Description reads: 'Examination of the patient by observation (darshana), palpation (sparshana) and interview (prashna).' WHO lists this under 4.7 'Clinical methods' next to ITA-4.7.1 rogīparīkṣā 'Patient examination' and ITA-4.7.3 ṣaḍvidhaparīkṣā 'Six ways of clinical examination'. Retrieved from the PDF mirrored at ayurvedadoctor.co.uk (ISBN 978-92-4-006493-5); the WHO IRIS link returned HTML.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"three especial means of ascertaining disease ... 1. The Instructions of the inspired or wise, 2. Observation, and 3. Inference","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913), Vimanasthana Lesson IV","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Kaviratna prints his aphorism number '2' AFTER this passage; standard numbering Vi. 4.3 read separately from carakasamhitaonline.com","verbatim":true,"assessment":"This is Charaka's trividha ROGA-VISHESHA-VIJNANA (āptopadeśa, pratyakṣa, anumāna), which is a different triad from the darśana-sparśana-praśna triad. Kaviratna's footnote: \"'Apta' is rendered 'inspired'.\" His chapter colophon calls it 'the Vimanam about the three means of ascertaining diseases'.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"the physician should view the body of his patient, touch it with his own hands, and enquire (about his complaint)","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita tr. Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907-1916), Sutrasthana ch. X 'Qualifications of a physician'","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"wisdomlib.org doc122899; Bhishagratna prints no Sanskrit verse numbers; the Sanskrit (siva.sh numbering) is Su.Su. 10.4","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Sushruta states the see-touch-ask triad and then immediately widens it to a sixfold method (five senses plus interrogation). Bhishagratna's wording is 'view', 'touch', 'enquire' rather than inspection/palpation/interrogation.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":null,"englishWithheld":"this project has not cleared that source for quotation","sourceName":"easyayurveda.com (Dr J V Hebbar), Ashtanga Hridaya Sutrasthana 1 commentary page","sourceKind":"modern web textbook rendering (in copyright; recorded as rendering only)","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":"Typical modern Indian textbook gloss. Note 'percussion' is an addition not in the Sanskrit sparśana (touch).","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"easyayurveda.com (Dr J V Hebbar), Ashtanga Hridaya Sutrasthana 1 commentary page\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"\"easyayurveda.com (Dr J V Hebbar), Ashtanga Hridaya Sutrasthana 1 commentary page\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation"},{"english":null,"englishWithheld":"this project has not cleared that source for quotation","sourceName":"Sangolli A, Puttur G, Madhushree HS, Narayan P. J Ayurveda Integr Med Sci 2022;7(4):86-91","sourceKind":"modern review article","locator":"jaims.in article 1844","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Shows the term is used in BAMS literature for BOTH triads; the paper itself notes darshana and sparshana 'are already included under Pratyaksha'. No DOI seen on the article page.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Sangolli A, Puttur G, Madhushree HS, Narayan P. J Ayurveda Integr Med Sci 2022;7(4):86-91\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"\"Sangolli A, Puttur G, Madhushree HS, Narayan P. J Ayurveda Integr Med Sci 2022;7(4):86-91\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation"},{"english":"parīkṣā: investigation or examinations which leads to correct knowledge","sourceName":"NIA Jaipur / WHO-APW 'Standardization of Non-Clinical Terminologies of Ayurveda' draft (nia.nic.in TERMINOLOGIES.pdf)","sourceKind":"comparator standard (draft, c. 2011)","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":"Only the base term parīkṣā is defined; no entry for trividha parīkṣā or darśana/sparśana/praśna was found in a text search of the PDF (the Devanagari OCR in this PDF is poor, IAST column searched).","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"}],"classical":[{"text":"Ashtanga Hridaya","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1 (Āyuṣkāmīya)","verse":"22","establishes":"The locus classicus of the darśana-sparśana-praśna triad for examining the patient (rogin), paired with the fivefold examination of the disease (nidāna, prāgrūpa, lakṣaṇa, upaśaya, āpti/samprāpti).","quote":"दर्शनस्पर्शनप्रश्नैः परीक्षेत च रोगिणम्| रोगं निदानप्राग्रूपलक्षणोपशयाप्तिभिः||२२||","translator":"none (Sanskrit only; no public-domain English translation exists for Ashtanga Hridaya)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/ashtanga-hrudaya-sutra-sthana-chapter-1-basic-principles-of-ayurveda/","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"4 (Trividha-roga-viśeṣa-vijñānīya)","verse":"3 (carakasamhitaonline.com numbering); Kaviratna prints '2' after the same passage","establishes":"Charaka's own 'threefold' examination is epistemological (āptopadeśa, pratyakṣa, anumāna), not the see-touch-ask triad. Both are called trividha parīkṣā in modern usage.","quote":"त्रिविधं खलु रोगविशेषविज्ञानं भवति; तद्यथा आप्तोपदेशः, प्रत्यक्षम्, अनुमानं चेति॥३॥","translator":"Sanskrit from carakasamhitaonline.com","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Trividha_Roga_Vishesha_Vijnaniya_Vimana","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"Lesson IV (Kaviratna)","verse":"Kaviratna's printed aphorism '2' (printed after the passage); standard Vi. 4.3","establishes":"Public-domain English for Charaka's triad; OCR text, spacing normalized. Kaviratna's footnote reads: \"'Apta' is rendered 'inspired'.\" His chapter title: 'the Lesson on the three especial means of ascertainment of disease'.","quote":"There are three especial means of ascertaining disease. They are:— i. The Instructions of the inspired or wise, 2. Observation, and 3. Inference.2","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"10 (Viśikhānupraveśanīya; Bhishagratna titles it 'Qualifications of a physician')","verse":"Sanskrit 10.4 per siva.sh online edition (Bhishagratna prints no verse numbers)","establishes":"Sushruta states the see (abhipaśyet) - touch (spṛśet) - ask (pṛcchet) method in prose, then (same verse, per siva.sh) says 'षड्विधो हि रोगाणां विज्ञानोपायः' (the means of knowing disease are sixfold). The verse number is siva.sh's; the printed edition it follows is not stated on the page.","quote":"ततो दूतनिमित्तशकुनमङ्गलानुलोम्येनातुरगृहमभिगम्य, उपविश्य, आतुरमभिपश्येत् स्पृशेत् पृच्छेच्च।","translator":"Sanskrit from siva.sh","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.siva.sh/sushruta-samhita/sutra-sthana/10/4","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"X 'Qualifications of a physician' (Bhishagratna)","verse":"no verse number printed by Bhishagratna; Sanskrit Su.Su. 10.4 per siva.sh","establishes":"Public-domain English for the Sushruta triad; the same chapter continues with examination by hearing, touch, sight, taste, smell and interrogation (sixfold). Bhishagratna footnote on taste: 'The sweet, or any other taste of the discharges should be inferred from the fact of their being or not being swarmed with hosts of ants or flies, etc.'","quote":"the physician should view the body of his patient, touch it with his own hands, and enquire (about his complaint).","translator":"Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122899.html","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"trividha roga-viśeṣa-vijñāna (āptopadeśa, pratyakṣa, anumāna) — Ch. Vi. 4.3","why":"Also called 'trividha pariksha' in textbooks, but it is a theory of valid knowledge sources (testimony, perception, inference), not a bedside sequence. Darśana and sparśana both fall under pratyakṣa; praśna is closer to āptopadeśa/anumāna. A record that cites Charaka for darśana-sparśana-praśna is mis-citing."},{"term":"ṣaḍvidha parīkṣā (Su.Su. 10)","why":"Sushruta's sixfold examination by the five senses plus questioning; WHO IST lists it separately as ITA-4.7.3. The threefold triad is a compression of it, not a synonym."},{"term":"caturvidha parīkṣā / pramāṇa (pratyakṣa, anumāna, āptopadeśa, yukti) — Ch. Su. 11","why":"Charaka's fourfold means of examination adds yukti (reasoning); epistemological, not bedside."},{"term":"aṣṭasthāna / aṣṭavidha parīkṣā (nāḍī, mūtra, mala, jihvā, śabda, sparśa, dṣk, ākṛti)","why":"Later (Yogaratnākara-era) eightfold examination of specific sites, WHO ITA-4.7.4; frequently conflated with the threefold method in popular writing."},{"term":"daśavidha parīkṣā (Ch. Vi. 8)","why":"Tenfold examination of the patient (prakṛti, vikṛti, sāra, saṁhanana, ...), WHO ITA-4.7.5; a different axis (what to assess) from trividha (how to assess)."},{"term":"nidāna-pañcaka (roga parīkṣā)","why":"A.H. Su. 1.22 pairs the threefold ROGI (patient) examination with the fivefold ROGA (disease) examination; the two halves of the verse are often merged in summaries."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"'Percussion' or 'auscultation' for sparśana","why":"Sparśana is touch/palpation; percussion and auscultation are additions from modern clinical method, found on textbook websites but not in the Sanskrit."},{"rendering":"'Trividha pariksha = Charaka's three-fold examination by inspection, palpation, interrogation'","why":"Charaka's trividha (Vi. 4.3) is āptopadeśa-pratyakṣa-anumāna. The see-touch-ask triad is Vāgbhaṭa's (A.H. Su. 1.22) and, in prose, Suśruta's (Su.Su. 10)."},{"rendering":"'Interview' for praśna","why":"WHO IST's choice; acceptable, but praśna is simply 'questioning/interrogation'. Not wrong, just softer than the classical sense."}],"openQuestions":["Which printed Sanskrit edition siva.sh follows for Sushruta verse numbering (10.4) is not stated; confirm against the Trikamji/Nirnaya Sagar edition before publishing a verse number.","Does Ashtanga Sangraha carry a parallel verse to A.H. Su. 1.22? Not checked.","NAMASTE portal (namaste.ayush.gov.in) is a JavaScript application; its terminology entries could not be retrieved. Check manually for a trividha parīkṣā code.","ICD-11 TM2 was not checked; coverage of an examination-method term is unlikely but unestablished."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/trividha-pariksha/","canary":"d0e749d667536ac6"},{"slug":"udakavaha-srotas","page":"/lexicon/udakavaha-srotas/","iast":"udakavaha srotas","devanagari":"उदकवहस्रोतस्","alternates":["ambuvaha srotas (अम्बुवहस्रोतस्)","ambumārga (अम्बुमार्गः)","ambuvāhīni srotāṃsi (Ca.Vi.5/11)","udakavahāni srotāṃsi"],"category":"srotas (body channel) — anatomy/physiology","family":"body","renderings":[{"english":"Channel, pathway for fluid circulation","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standards-body comparator","locator":"ITA-2.5.8","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO description: 'Pathways which refer to water balance in the body.' WHO treats udakavaha, ambuvaha and ambumārga as one term with three Sanskrit forms.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Vitiation of channels carrying water","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standards-body comparator (disorder term)","locator":"ITA-5.5.3 udakavahasrotoduṣṭiḥ","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false},{"english":"channels/pathways for fluid circulation","sourceName":"NAMASTE Portal, Standardised Ayurveda Terminologies","sourceKind":"national terminology comparator","locator":"SAT-B.475","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Definition: 'pathways which originate from the tālu or kloma through which fluids circulate throughout the body', NAMASTE keeps the classical roots rather than a biomedical system name.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology","downloadable":false},{"english":"derangement of udakavahasrotas","sourceName":"NAMASTE National Ayurveda Morbidity Codes","sourceKind":"morbidity-code comparator","locator":"NAMC EK-1","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology"},{"english":"water-carrying (Udaka-vaha) ducts or channels","sourceName":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna, Sushruta Samhita (1911)","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Śārīrasthāna IX.11–12","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"udakavaha (carrying body water)","sourceName":"carakasamhitaonline.com (CSRTSL), 2020","sourceKind":"modern translation (in copyright; rendering recorded as comparator only)","locator":"Sroto Vimana","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"the CSRTSDC/Charak Samhita New Edition English, in copyright","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the CSRTSDC/Charak Samhita New Edition English, in copyright"},{"english":"Root organ of water-carrying conduits","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standards-body comparator (for the root organ kloma, not the channel)","locator":"ITA.3.11.8 kloma","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO's description of kloma: 'Usually commensurate with the gallbladder, pancreas and right lung.' This is the single most contested identification attached to this channel.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"}],"classical":[{"text":"Caraka Saṃhitā","sthana":"Vimāna Sthāna","chapter":"5","verse":"5/8","establishes":"Root = tālu (palate) and kloma; vitiation signs = dryness of tongue, palate, lips, throat and kloma, and greatly increased thirst.","quote":"उदकवहानां स्रोतसां तालुमूलं क्लोम च, प्रदुष्टानां तु खल्वेषामिदं विशेषविज्ञानं भवति; तद्यथा- जिह्वाताल्वोष्ठकण्ठक्लोमशोषं पिपासां चातिप्रवृद्धां दृष्ट्वोदकवहान्यस्य स्रोतांसि प्रदुष्टानीति विद्यात्|","translator":null,"licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Sroto_Vimana","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Caraka Saṃhitā","sthana":"Vimāna Sthāna","chapter":"5","verse":"5/11","establishes":"Caraka himself switches to ambu-vāhīni in the metrical section, direct textual warrant that udakavaha and ambuvaha are the same channel.","quote":"औष्ण्यादामाद्भयात् पानादतिशुष्कान्नसेवनात्| अम्बुवाहीनि दुष्यन्ति तृष्णायाश्चातिपीडनात्||११||","translator":null,"licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Sroto_Vimana","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Suśruta Saṃhitā","sthana":"Śārīra Sthāna","chapter":"9","verse":"11–12 (Bhishagratna); cited as 9/12 elsewhere","establishes":"Suśruta's roots are identical to Caraka's (palate + kloma), a rare full agreement between the two texts. ('pieicing' is an OCR artefact of the retrieved page for 'piercing'.)","quote":"There are two water-carrying (Udaka-vaha) ducts or channels which have their roots in the palate and the Kloma, and a pieicing of any of these makes the patient thirsty and ends in his instantaneous death (z. e , within seven days).","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1911)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-3-sharirasthana/d/doc142889.html","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"kloma","why":"kloma is the root organ, not the channel. Its identification is itself unsettled: WHO says 'usually commensurate with the gallbladder, pancreas and right lung'; Bhishagratna leaves it untranslated; other authors read it as lung, pancreas, or trachea (WHO separately codes klomanāḍī as 'Trachea', ITA.3.11.7)."},{"term":"rasavaha srotas","why":"Both are fluid channels; udakavaha governs water/thirst homeostasis and is rooted in palate+kloma, while rasavaha carries the nutrient fluid and is rooted in the heart."},{"term":"mūtravaha srotas","why":"Modern writers mapping udakavaha to 'fluid balance' slide into renal physiology; mūtravaha is separately enumerated with basti and vaṅkṣaṇa as roots."},{"term":"ambhovaha / ambuvaha","why":"Not a different channel, an attested synonym, used by Caraka himself at Vi.5/11 and recorded by WHO and NAMASTE as an alternative Sanskrit form."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"the lymphatic system","why":"A common modern equation with no classical warrant; the roots given are palate and kloma and the cardinal sign is thirst, not oedema or lymph stasis."},{"rendering":"kloma = pancreas (stated flatly)","why":"WHO itself hedges ('usually commensurate with the gallbladder, pancreas and right lung'). Stating a single organ presents an unresolved identification as settled."},{"rendering":"'instantaneous death'","why":"Bhishagratna's own English is internally contradictory, he immediately glosses it '(z. e, within seven days)'. Quoting 'instantaneous death' without the gloss misreports the source."}],"openQuestions":["What is kloma? Until this is settled the channel cannot be mapped to any biomedical system.","Why does Suśruta rate piercing of this channel as rapidly fatal when the vitiation signs in Caraka are merely dryness and thirst?"],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/udakavaha-srotas/","canary":"14726bd6119d73b0"},{"slug":"udana-vata","page":"/lexicon/udana-vata/","iast":"udāna vāta","devanagari":"उदानः (compound उदानवायुः verified at Sharngadhara PK 5.45)","alternates":["udāna vāyu","udāna","udana vayu","udana vata"],"category":"vata-subtypes","family":"dosha","renderings":[{"english":"Ascending vata","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","sourceKind":"terminology standard","locator":"Term ID ITA-2.1.1.3","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO's description: 'Subtype of vata seated in the chest region which extends from the umbilical region to the neck or throat. Its functions include effort, strength, governing the voice and speech production.' This follows Charaka Ci.28.7 (nābhi-uras-kaṇṭha) closely. Lemma is bare udānaḥ, not udāna vāta.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false},{"english":"the Udana (left untranslated); 'The most important of the vital Vayus, which courses (sends its vibrations) upward'","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, tr. Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (public domain)","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Nidanasthana ch. 1, Bhishagratna's section 8","verbatim":true,"assessment":"The only public-domain English rendering of an individual vāta subtype's definition that is both quotable and substantive. Note Bhishagratna gives udāna NO seat, only a direction and a disease-territory (above the clavicles).","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"Udana — one of the 'five airs or breaths'; 'the fourth is that which rises up either in the form of eructations or passes into the head'","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (public domain)","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Sutrasthana, translator's footnote","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna's footnote gloss is the yogic/Puranic description (eructation, rising to the head), not Charaka's own Ci.28.7 definition (speech, effort, strength, complexion). The two do not match, and Kaviratna's own text never gives udāna a definition.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":null,"englishWithheld":"this project has not cleared that source for quotation","sourceName":"Kerala Tourism (Government of Kerala)","sourceKind":"government popular-reference page","locator":"keralatourism.org/ayurveda/pathology/five-vatas","verbatim":true,"assessment":"'Breathing is controlled by this Vata' conflicts with Charaka Ci.28.6, which assigns śvāsa (respiration) to prāṇa, not udāna. A real disagreement between a government page and the classical locus, not a paraphrase artefact.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Kerala Tourism (Government of Kerala)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":null,"englishWithheld":"this project has not cleared that source for quotation","sourceName":"easyayurveda.com, gloss on Sushruta Nidanasthana 1","sourceKind":"online textbook gloss","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":"Tracks Bhishagratna closely; recorded as a common modern textbook rendering.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"easyayurveda.com, gloss on Sushruta Nidanasthana 1\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"\"easyayurveda.com, gloss on Sushruta Nidanasthana 1\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation"}],"classical":[{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Nidanasthana","chapter":"1 (Vatavyadhi Nidana)","verse":"Bhishagratna's section 8 = Sanskrit 1.14b-15","establishes":"Sushruta defines udāna by DIRECTION (upward) and by DISEASE TERRITORY (ūrdhvajatru, above the clavicles), not by seat, and calls it pavanottama, the foremost of the vāyus. Corresponding Sanskrit, cross-checked at a separate URL: 'उदानो नाम यस्तूर्ध्वमुपैति पवनोत्तमः ||१४|| तेन भाषितगीतादिविशेषोऽभिप्रवर्तते | ऊर्ध्वजत्रुगतान् रोगान् करोति च विशेषतः ||१५||'.","quote":"The most important of the vital Vayus, which courses (sends its vibrations) upward, is called the Udana. It produces speech, song, etc. In its deranged state it brings on diseases which are specifically confined to regions lying above the clavicles. 8.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1911)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-2-nidanasthana/d/doc142857.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Chikitsasthana","chapter":"28 (Vatavyadhi Chikitsa)","verse":"28.7","establishes":"Charaka seats udāna in nābhi (navel), uras (chest) and kaṇṭha (throat); its karma is vākpravṛtti (initiation of speech), prayatna (effort), ūrjas (vigour), bala (strength) and varṇa (complexion). Note that Charaka gives udāna a navel-to-throat seat, whereas Sushruta gives it none.","quote":"उदानस्य पुनः स्थानं नाभ्युरः कण्ठ एव च | वाक्प्रवृत्तिः प्रयत्नौर्जोबलवर्णादि कर्म च ||७||","translator":"None quoted — Sanskrit mūla only","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Vatavyadhi_Chikitsa","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"Lesson XII (Vatakalakaliya) in Kaviratna's numbering","verse":"Kaviratna's section 6","establishes":"Names udāna as one of the five in a lawfully quotable English Charaka. Gives it no seat or function.","quote":"It exists in the fivefold form of Prana, Udana, Samana, Vyana, and Apana.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Ashtanga Hridaya","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"12 (Doshabhediya)","verse":"12.5b-6a","establishes":"Vagbhata seats udāna in the chest (uraḥ sthānam udānasya) and has it move in nose, navel and throat (nāsā-nābhi-galān); functions given at the start of 12.6 are speech, effort, vigour, strength, complexion and MEMORY (smṛti). The inclusion of smṛti is Vagbhata's addition over Charaka Ci.28.7. Sanskrit mūla and verse numbering verified on the retrieved page; not quoted, as Ashtanga Hridaya has no public-domain English translation.","quote":null,"translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://www.siva.sh/astanga-hrudaya/sutra-sthana/12/5","checked":"address only, nothing quoted to check"},{"text":"Sharngadhara Samhita","sthana":"Purva Khanda","chapter":"5 (Kaladikakhyana)","verse":"5.27-28 and 5.45","establishes":"5.27-28 place udāna at the throat (kaṇṭha). Separately and more strikingly, 5.45 states that the LUNGS (phupphusa) are the ādhāra (support/seat) of udāna vāyu, a claim found in neither Charaka nor Vagbhata, and the clearest classical basis for the modern 'udāna = respiratory' reading. Sanskrit mūla and verse numbers verified on the retrieved page; not quoted, as Sharngadhara has no public-domain English translation.","quote":null,"translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://vedicreserve.miu.edu/sharngadhara/Sharngadhar_Purva_new.html","checked":"address only, nothing quoted to check"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"prāṇa vāta","why":"The hardest pair in the set, and the texts do not agree on the boundary. Charaka Ci.28.6-7 gives both a chest-and-throat presence; Ashtanga Hridaya Su.12.4-5 puts prāṇa in the head moving to chest/throat and udāna in the chest moving to nose/navel/throat, i.e. they cross. Sushruta gives prāṇa a seat (mouth) and udāna none. Speech is the one function consistently udāna's across all three."},{"term":"udāna vāyu of yoga","why":"In the yogic scheme udāna is the ascending current used in meditation and at death, associated with the throat cakra. Classical Ayurveda ties it to speech, effort, strength and complexion. The shared name and the shared 'upward' direction make the two collapse into each other in popular writing."},{"term":"vyāna vāta","why":"Ashtanga Hridaya Su.12.6 puts the udāna function list and the vyāna definition in the SAME verse, so careless citation attributes vyāna's 'seated in the heart, whole-body-ranging, great velocity' to udāna. Check where the verse break falls before citing AH Su.12.6 for either."},{"term":"prāṇavaha srotas / respiratory system","why":"WHO renders udāna 'Ascending vata' and never says respiratory; Kerala Tourism says 'Breathing is controlled by this Vata'. Respiration (śvāsa) belongs to prāṇa at Charaka Ci.28.6. The respiratory reading of udāna rests on Sharngadhara PK 5.45 (lungs), not on Charaka or Sushruta."},{"term":"the act of vomiting or emesis (vamana)","why":"Charaka Ci.28 prescribes upward-moving therapy for udāna morbidity, which leads some writers to define udāna AS emesis. The therapy is not the definition."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"the thyroid / the throat chakra","why":"Neither is in any retrieved classical locus. Both are later organ- or cakra-substitutions imported from modern anatomy and from yoga respectively."},{"rendering":"exhalation / the upward breath","why":"Kaviratna's own footnote says udāna 'rises up either in the form of eructations or passes into the head', but that is his gloss on a yogic list, and Charaka Ci.28.6 assigns belching (udgāra) and respiration to PRĀṆA, not udāna. The breath reading is yogic, not Ayurvedic."},{"rendering":"the speech centre / Broca's area","why":"From Bhishagratna's 1911 footnote, 'the Udana with that of the one which is situated in the speech centre'. A colonial-era neuroanatomical equation. The same footnote is internally corrupt: it then names Udana a SECOND time as 'the energy of the Motor-Sensory Nerves', a slot that context shows must belong to Vyana. Anyone citing that footnote is citing a typo."},{"rendering":"self-expression / willpower / enthusiasm","why":"Wellness-register expansions of prayatna and ūrjas. 'Utsāha' (enthusiasm) is listed by WHO as a function of vata as a whole (ITA-2.1.1.8), not of udāna specifically."}],"openQuestions":["Does Dalhana supply a seat for udāna where Sushruta gives none, and does it match Charaka's nābhi-uras-kaṇṭha?","Is Sharngadhara PK 5.45 (phupphusa as seat of udāna) the earliest text to link udāna to the lungs, and did WHO consider it?","Why does WHO's 'Ascending vata' description include effort and strength but omit complexion (varṇa) and memory (smṛti), both of which are in Charaka Ci.28.7 / AH Su.12.6?","Does NAMASTE assign udāna vāta a code, and does its English term match WHO's 'Ascending vata'?"],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/udana-vata/","canary":"bf9751b3efff9738"},{"slug":"upadhatu","page":"/lexicon/upadhatu/","iast":"upadhātu","devanagari":"उपधातु","alternates":["upadhatu","upa-dhatu","upadhātuḥ","secondary tissue (rendering, not alternate)"],"category":"dhatu","family":"body","renderings":[{"english":"Supportive structural component","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-2.3.1","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO's headword, and its description carries the defining criterion: 'formed from the fundamental structural components; they do not undergo further transformation'. That non-transformation clause is the whole distinction from dhātu and it deserves to be the centre of the entry.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":null,"sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-2.3.2 to ITA-2.3.5","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO gives only four members their own entries but names seven in the ITA-2.3.1 description: 'breast milk, menstrual blood, tendons, tubular structures of the body, muscle fat, skin and sinews'. The three without entries are siras, tvak and snāyu.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"(no term; the word is absent)","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"full-text search of the complete volume","verbatim":false,"assessment":"The string 'upadhatu' occurs ZERO times in Kaviratna's Charaka. The content is present at Chikitsasthana 15 but the category is not named. This is a substantive finding, not a gap.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true},{"english":"(no term; the word is absent)","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, tr. Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907-1916)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"full-text search of both volumes","verbatim":false,"assessment":"Also zero occurrences across both volumes. The only 'upadh' strings are the proper name Aupadhenava. Neither public-domain English translation of the Brihat Trayi uses the word.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true},{"english":"secondary tissue","sourceName":"Common modern Ayurvedic teaching","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"The dominant modern rendering. 'Secondary' suggests lesser importance, which is not what upa- carries here; the classification is about transformational dead-end, not rank.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true},{"english":"by-product / sub-tissue","sourceName":"Occasional textbook usage","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"'By-product' collides badly with mala, which is the actual waste fraction. Recorded because it circulates.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Chikitsasthana","chapter":"15","verse":"16 in Kaviratna's marginal numbering; carakasamhitaonline cites this content as Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 15/17","establishes":"The locus classicus for the upadhātu list, WITHOUT the word upadhātu. Milk and menstrual blood from rasa; vessels from rakta; vasā and the six skin layers from māṃsa; tendons from medas. Kaviratna frames it as something 'especial' that happens in women, which the standard modern presentation does not.","quote":"As regards women, from 'Rasa' are both milk and blood ; from blood are ducts large and small ; from flesh is fat or adeps and six varieties of skin ; and from adeps is the origin of the tendons and muscles.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Chikitsasthana","chapter":"15","verse":"16, translator's footnote","establishes":"Kaviratna's own reading, that the whole upadhātu passage is about what is additional in women. Whether the mula supports that restriction is an open question and it matters, because modern tables present the upadhātus as universal. OCR renders 'flesh' as 'jlesh'; corrected here only in that the intended word is obvious.","quote":"The growth of the 'dhatus', as explained in 15, is true in the case of both males and females. In the case of the latter, something especial happens ; that is stated in 16. Thus from blood, besides flesh, are the ducts","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913), translator's footnote","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Chikitsasthana","chapter":"15","verse":"18","establishes":"That the text explicitly separates the prasāda transformations (the upadhātu list) from the kiṭṭa list (the malas). The sentence 'The above are the transformations of Prasada' is the textual boundary between the two categories, and it is the strongest evidence in this record set that upadhātu and mala are distinct in the mula even though the mula names neither.","quote":"The above are the transformations of 'Prasada.' That which Is called the 'Kitta' (refuse) of the food taken, consists of stools and urine ; the 'Kitta' of 'Rasa is phlegm ; that of blood is bile ; that of flesh are the filths of the body, including the secretions (from the nose, the ears, &c.) ; while sweet forms the 'Kitta' of adeps,","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"15","verse":"prose section, corresponds to the mula verses on bodily principles","establishes":"That Sushruta treats ārtava and stanya alongside the doṣas, dhātus and malas as things whose increase and decrease must be assessed - i.e. as bodily principles in their own right - without assigning them to a named intermediate category.","quote":"The Artavam (menstrual blood) is endued with the same properties as its arterial namesake, and is one of the essential factors in a woman which makes impregnation possible. ... The breast-milk in its turn tends to bring about an expansion of the mammae (of a woman), and maintains the life of her child (by supplying it with the necessary and nutritive element of food). These Vayu, etc. should be duly preserved in their normal condition.","translator":"Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907-1916)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/b24758619_0001/b24758619_0001_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"15","verse":"kshaya prose sections","establishes":"Full kṣaya descriptions for ārtava and stanya, parallel in form to those given for the seven dhātus. Structurally they are treated as members of the same list.","quote":"In the case of loss or waste of the catamenial flow, the menses do not appear at the appointed time or are scanty. The vagina seems stuffed and painful. ... The loss or waste of breast-milk is characterised by a shrunken condition of the mammas, and suppression or scanty secretion of the fluid.","translator":"Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907-1916)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/b24758619_0001/b24758619_0001_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"15","verse":"prose section on vasa","establishes":"Sushruta's treatment of vasā, which WHO classes as the upadhātu of māṃsa (ITA-2.3.5), but which Sushruta discusses within the medas section.","quote":"This fatty matter (Vasa) predominates in the female organism and produces its peculiar softness, beauty and pleasing shape, causes the growth of scanty but soft hair on its surface.","translator":"Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907-1916)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/b24758619_0001/b24758619_0001_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sharngadhara Samhita","sthana":"Purvakhanda","chapter":"5","verse":"not asserted","establishes":"Cited by carakasamhitaonline as carrying an alternative view on stanya. Recorded as a located reference only: Sharngadhara has no public-domain English translation, so it may be cited and paraphrased with a page reference but never quoted. I did not retrieve the passage itself and assert no verse.","quote":null,"translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":null,"checked":"address only, nothing quoted to check"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"dhātu","why":"The defining difference, per WHO ITA-2.3.1, is that upadhātus 'do not undergo further transformation'. They are formed from a dhātu but do not feed the next one. Nothing else in the definition distinguishes them."},{"term":"mala","why":"The waste fraction (kiṭṭa). Charaka Chikitsasthana 15 lists the two separately and marks the boundary with the sentence 'The above are the transformations of Prasada.' Calling upadhātus 'by-products' collapses exactly this distinction."},{"term":"kiṭṭa","why":"The technical term for the waste fraction produced at each stage. Upadhātus come from the prasāda fraction, malas from the kiṭṭa fraction."},{"term":"dhātu-prasāda","why":"Charaka Sutrasthana 28 names 'the essence of the Dhatus' as what supplies the sense organs. Whether that is the same category as upadhātu is not established anywhere retrieved."},{"term":"ārtava","why":"Classed by WHO as an upadhātu of rasa (ITA-2.3.3), but Sushruta 14.14 makes ārtava the female terminus of the whole chain, parallel to śukra. The two placements are not compatible and both are in retrievable sources."},{"term":"ojas","why":"Also derived from the dhātus without being one of them, but classed as their sāra rather than as an upadhātu. WHO places ojas at ITA-2.2.25, inside the fundamental-components section, not in the supportive-components section."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"secondary tissue","why":"'Secondary' imports a ranking the category does not assert. The criterion is that these products do not transform further, not that they matter less. Breast milk and menstrual blood are hardly secondary in the tradition's own reckoning."},{"rendering":"by-product","why":"That is mala. The mula distinguishes prasāda transformations from kiṭṭa explicitly, and this rendering erases the distinction."},{"rendering":"sub-tissue / minor tissue","why":"Same ranking problem, compounded by 'tissue'."},{"rendering":"citing upadhātu to a samhita verse","why":"The most damaging error available here. The word occurs zero times in Kaviratna's Charaka and zero times in both Bhishagratna Sushruta volumes. The CONTENT is at Charaka Chikitsasthana 15.16-17; the TERM is later. Any citation of the form 'upadhātu, Ca.Ci.15.16' asserts something the retrieved sources do not support."}],"openQuestions":["When and where upadhātu becomes a fixed technical term is not established. It is absent from both public-domain samhita translations and present as a headword in WHO ISTA 2022. The commentaries (Chakrapanidatta, Dalhana) and the Laghu Trayi are where to look, and none of them is quotable in English.","Whether the Charaka Chikitsasthana 15.16 list is universal or, as Kaviratna's footnote reads it, specific to women, is a real interpretive fork with consequences for every modern upadhātu table. It cannot be settled without the Sanskrit and a commentary.","The membership of the list is unstable across sources: WHO names seven in a prose description but gives entries to only four. Charaka's Ci.15.16 yields milk, menstrual blood, vessels, skin (six layers), vasā and tendons. Whether tvak and snāyu belong, and to which parent dhātu, differs between WHO and Charaka.","Whether ārtava is an upadhātu of rasa (WHO) or the female terminus of the chain (Su.Su.14.14) is directly contradictory between two retrievable sources and is not reconciled by either.","Whether Charaka's dhātu-prasāda (the essence of the dhātus supplying the senses, Ca.Su.28) is the same category as upadhātu is undetermined."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/upadhatu/","canary":"affde8d91d383fae"},{"slug":"upashaya","page":"/lexicon/upashaya/","iast":"upaśaya","devanagari":"उपशय","alternates":["upaśayaḥ","upasaya","upashay","sātmya (as equated by Vagbhata and Madhavakara)"],"category":"nidana","family":"disease","renderings":[{"english":"Differential diagnosis upheld by positive treatment response","sourceName":"WHO international standard terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standards body","locator":"ITA-4.5.6","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO's head term. Description: 'Signs and symptoms of improvement signifying alleviation of the disease or condition.' Note the tension inside WHO's own entry: the head term names an inference, the description names an observation.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Types of therapeutic diagnosis","sourceName":"WHO international standard terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standards body","locator":"ITA-4.5.7","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Description: 'Different categories of alleviating factor used in the trial-and-error method of diagnosis.' WHO's phrase 'trial-and-error method of diagnosis' is the clearest procedural statement in any source I retrieved.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"aggravating and relieving factors","sourceName":"WHO international standard terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standards body","locator":"ITA-4.3.2 description","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO'S OWN THIRD, INCONSISTENT GLOSS, verified in the extracted text. Inside the nidāna-pañcaka entry WHO calls the fourth member 'aggravating and relieving factors', a history-taking notion, while at ITA-4.5.6/4.5.15 it defines the pair as inferences from a deliberate therapeutic trial. Any crosswalk must pick one.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"the prescribing, followed by happiness (or recovery) as the result, of medicines, diet, and practices, that are contrary to cause and disease, or contrary, as regards their effects, to the same","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (public domain)","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Nidana Sthanam, Lesson I","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna's running rendering. He spells the headword variously as 'upagaya', 'upacaya' and 'Upajaya' across one page; all are OCR degradations of his 'upaçaya'.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"certainty derived from experimental prognosis","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (public domain), translator's footnote","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Nidana Sthanam, Lesson I, footnote listing the five members","verbatim":true,"assessment":"An idiosyncratic 19th-century gloss, recorded precisely because it is unlike every modern rendering.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"pacifying factors","sourceName":"Charak Samhita New Edition (carakasamhitaonline.com)","sourceKind":"modern scholarly edition","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":"CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 comparator. Its 1.10 rendering: 'Medicines, diets and regimens that bring about relief either by acting directly on the cause of a disease or the disease itself or by producing such effects indirectly are termed upashaya.'","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"the CSRTSDC/Charak Samhita New Edition English, in copyright","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the CSRTSDC/Charak Samhita New Edition English, in copyright"},{"english":"diagnostic tests","sourceName":"easyayurveda.com rendering of Ashtanga Hridaya Ni. 1.6-7","sourceKind":"modern textbook website","locator":"AH Ni. 1.2","verbatim":true,"assessment":"In-copyright comparator, and the most function-forward rendering. The same page carries the standard worked example: oil to the thigh distinguishes pakṣāghāta (relief, hence vāta) from ūrustambha (worsening, hence kapha-medas).","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"easyayurveda.com rendering of Ashtanga Hridaya Ni. 1.6-7\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"\"easyayurveda.com rendering of Ashtanga Hridaya Ni. 1.6-7\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation"},{"english":null,"englishWithheld":"this project has not cleared that source for quotation","sourceName":"easyayurveda.com rendering of Madhava Nidana 1.8-9","sourceKind":"modern textbook website","locator":"MN 1.8-9","verbatim":true,"assessment":"In-copyright comparator; notable for bundling upaśaya and anupaśaya into one gloss and for adding prognosis to the purposes.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"easyayurveda.com rendering of Madhava Nidana 1.8-9\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Nidāna Sthāna","chapter":"1 (Jvara Nidāna)","verse":"10","establishes":"Charaka's definition, with three structural elements: the object (auṣadha, āhāra, vihāra, drug, diet AND conduct, not drug alone); the relation (viparīta to hetu or vyādhi, or viparītārthakārī); and the criterion (sukhānubandha, relief following). Nothing in the verse says the purpose is treatment. Retrieved and string-matched by me.","quote":"उपशयः पुनर्हेतुव्याधिविपरीतानां विपरीतार्थकारिणां चौषधाहारविहाराणामुपयोगः सुखानुबन्धः||१०||","translator":"none (Sanskrit mūla)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Jwara_Nidana","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Nidāna Sthāna","chapter":"1 (Jvara Nidāna)","verse":"10 (numbered 4 in Kaviratna's edition)","establishes":"Public-domain English. 'upagaya', the hyphen in 'prac-tices' and the stray quote marks before 'to cause' are all scan artifacts, preserved verbatim. Kaviratna's aphorism number here is 4 where the Sanskrit edition numbers the same sentence 10.","quote":"In this connection, 'upagaya', again, is the prescribing, followed by happiness (or recovery) as the result, of medicines, diet, and prac- tices, that are contrary '\"to cause and disease, or contrary, as regards their effects, to the same.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Nidāna Sthāna","chapter":"1 (Jvara Nidāna)","verse":"10, translator's footnote","establishes":"THE KEY DISAMBIGUATION, in the public domain and explicit: upaśaya is diagnostic, not therapeutic. The same footnote supplies worked examples on the same page: dry ginger in cold/phlegmatic fever as viparīta to cause; Stephania hernandifolia in diarrhoea as viparīta to disease; Randia dumetorum fruit in small doses checking nausea as viparītārthakārī; milk in measured quantity in certain diarrhoeas. Retrieved and string-matched by me.","quote":"The object of 'upacaya' is the ascertainment of disease, with a view to its cure, by experi- mental prescriptions in respect of drugs and diet and practices. It is one of the five methods of diagnosis or ascertainment of disease, and should not be mistaken for treatment. — T.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Ashtanga Hridaya","sthana":"Nidāna Sthāna","chapter":"1 (Sarvaroga Nidāna)","verse":"6-7","establishes":"Vagbhata adds what Charaka does not: upaśaya is identified with SĀTMYA for the given disease, and anupaśaya with asātmya. Verse numbers and Devanagari mūla sighted on the retrieved page (6 defines the viparīta/viparītārthakārī use, 7 carries the sātmya equation and the anupaśaya clause); not quoted per the rule for this text.","quote":null,"translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/2024/03/14/sarvaroga-nidana-general-disease-diagnosis-ashtanga-hridaya-nidanasthana-1/","checked":"address only, nothing quoted to check"},{"text":"Madhava Nidana","sthana":null,"chapter":"1 (Pañca Nidāna Lakṣaṇa)","verse":"8-9","establishes":"Madhavakara follows Vagbhata including the sātmya/asātmya equation. The same retrieved page records that Madhava Nidana compiles the pañcaka for each disease 'with exception of Upashaya and Anupashaya', these two are defined in chapter 1 and then never supplied disease by disease.","quote":null,"translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/2023/03/22/pancha-nidana-madhava-nidana-1/","checked":"address only, nothing quoted to check"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"cikitsā (treatment)","why":"Kaviratna's footnote states it outright: upaśaya 'should not be mistaken for treatment'. The same drug, diet or conduct is given, but the endpoint is a diagnostic inference. WHO's ITA-4.5.7 calls it 'the trial-and-error method of diagnosis'."},{"term":"sātmya","why":"Vagbhata and Madhavakara equate upaśaya with sātmya FOR A GIVEN DISEASE. Elsewhere sātmya means habituation or suitability for a person or region, a constitutional notion. The equation is local to this chapter."},{"term":"nidāna-parivarjana","why":"Withdrawal of the causative factor (WHO ITA-9.1.56), prescribed as a treatment principle. If relief follows it is evidence about the nidāna, but the purpose differs: parivarjana aims to cure, upaśaya to find out."},{"term":"'relieving factors' in a history","why":"What the patient reports makes them better is history-taking. Charaka's verse specifies the physician's upayoga of an agent chosen for a defined viparīta relation. WHO's own ITA-4.3.2 gloss blurs exactly this line."},{"term":"anupaśaya","why":"Its paired opposite, coded separately at WHO ITA-4.5.15. Not merely the absence of upaśaya; see that record."},{"term":"viparītārthakārī","why":"A SUBTYPE of upaśaya, not a synonym: an agent not opposite to cause or disease that nonetheless produces the opposite effect. Kaviratna's emetic-fruit-in-small-dose example. WHO codes the variants across ITA-4.5.8 to 4.5.14."},{"term":"n-of-1 trial","why":"The tempting modern analogue, but an n-of-1 trial is randomised and blinded and aims at treatment effect; upaśaya is neither and aims at classification. Draw the analogy only with that caveat."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"palliative treatment","why":"Directly contradicted by Kaviratna's public-domain footnote. Relief is the readout, not the goal."},{"rendering":"relieving factors","why":"Reduces a physician-initiated probe to a line in the history. WHO itself uses the looser phrase at ITA-4.3.2 while defining the term strictly at ITA-4.5.6, so the error has a standards-body precedent."},{"rendering":"therapeutic trial","why":"Half right: the intervention is therapeutic in form, the endpoint diagnostic. WHO's 'trial-and-error method of diagnosis' is more accurate."},{"rendering":"treatment response","why":"In oncology and psychiatry that is an outcome measure. Upaśaya is a classification device. WHO's head term avoids the trap by naming the inference rather than the response."},{"rendering":"placebo response","why":"Seen in sceptical writing. Nothing in the classical definition concerns expectancy; the classification turns on the viparīta relation of the agent."}],"openQuestions":["Whether Sushruta treats upaśaya at all. I full-text searched Bhishagratna's Sūtrasthāna volume and did not locate a definition; Sushruta's framework is the six kriyākāla and upaśaya may simply be absent. That negative needs confirming properly rather than by keyword search of an OCR text.","How many subtypes the classical texts give. Kaviratna's examples imply six (three viparīta plus three viparītārthakārī); WHO codes entries across ITA-4.5.8 to 4.5.14; some textbooks teach six and some eighteen. The eighteen-fold scheme needs tracing.","Whether WHO's ITA-4.5.11 (viparītārthakārī) is deliberately blank or a production error in the 2022 PDF. ITA-4.5.17 is likewise blank in my extraction, so blank descriptions do occur in the document.","No study reports how long to observe before calling a response, or any sensitivity or specificity for the procedure."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/upashaya/","canary":"b2539fa365b286f2"},{"slug":"ushna","page":"/lexicon/ushna/","iast":"uṣṇa","devanagari":"उष्ण","alternates":["ushna guna","ushna virya","aushnya","hot","heating","thermogenic"],"category":"dravyaguna-4","family":"pharmacology","renderings":[{"english":null,"sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"code DG0379","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Fullest comparator entry.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"hot; warm; heating","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. A. C. Kaviratna, public domain","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Su.1 his 59 (pitta 'hot'); Su.22 his 10 ('warm'); Su.26 his 24 (agneya 'hot'); Su.26 his 1 and his 20, second run ('heating in Energy', 'hot and cooling'); footnote to Su.22 his 10: ''Ushna' is warm or hot, i.e., producing heat in the body'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Three English words for one Sanskrit term within one translation.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"heat-making; thermogenetic; hot","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita tr. K. L. Bhishagratna, public domain, via wisdomlib","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Su.40 ('cooling or heat-making'; 'either hot or cool'; 'thermogenetic potency'); Su.41 ('heat-making, pungent and keen'; 'thermogenetic')","verbatim":true,"assessment":"'Thermogenetic' is Bhishagratna's coinage; also 'heat-making'.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"Ushna Guna – Hotness","sourceName":"easyayurveda.com 'Gurvadi Gunas' (Hebbar), modern","sourceKind":"modern web textbook","locator":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/2019/06/12/gurvadi-gunas/","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Typical textbook; opposite sheeta.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"easyayurveda.com 'Gurvadi Gunas' (Hebbar), modern\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"Ushna Veerya – hot potency","sourceName":"easyayurveda.com 'Veerya, Potency Of Herbs And Doshas' (Hebbar), modern","sourceKind":"modern web textbook","locator":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/2019/03/09/veerya-herb-potency/","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Textbook rendering as a vīrya.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"easyayurveda.com 'Veerya, Potency Of Herbs And Doshas' (Hebbar), modern\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"Standard 1.60; Kaviratna prints 59","establishes":"Uṣṇa ('hot') as a quality of Pitta. Sanskrit as retrieved: सस्नेहमुष्णं तीक्ष्णं च द्रवमम्लं सरं कटु| ||६०|| (https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Deerghanjiviteeya_Adhyaya). WARNING (rule 12): 'cold' is not in the Sanskrit (sasneha = slightly unctuous); do not record Pitta as cold on this authority.","quote":"Bile, which may be cold, hot, keen, soft, sour, liquid, and bitter, is speedily cured by objects having adverse attributes.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"22","verse":"Standard 22.12; Kaviratna prints 10","establishes":"Uṣṇa ('warm') as a laṅghana quality. Sanskrit as retrieved: लघूष्णतीक्ष्णविशदं रूक्षं सूक्ष्मं खरं सरम्||१२|| (https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Langhanabrimhaniya_Adhyaya).","quote":"Such things as are light, warm, pungent, not slimy, dry, subtile, rough, unstable, and hard, are generally Langhana.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"26","verse":"Standard 26.45; Kaviratna prints 1 (his numbering restarts here, at 'Here occur some verses')","establishes":"The rule inferring uṣṇa/śīta vīrya from rasa and vipāka. Sanskrit as retrieved: शीतं वीर्येण यद्द्रव्यं मधुरं रसपाकयोः| तयोरम्लं यदुष्णं च यद्द्रव्यं कटुकं तयोः||४५|| (https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Atreyabhadrakapyiya_Adhyaya).","quote":"That object which is sweet in Taste and Assimilation, should be known as cooling in Energy. That which is sour in Taste and Assimilation, should be known as heating in Energy. So also that object which is pungent in Taste and Assimilation, should be known as heating in energy.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"26","verse":"Standard 26.64-65; Kaviratna prints 20-21 (second run)","establishes":"Uṣṇa as one of the two (or eight) vīryas. Sanskrit as retrieved: मृदुतीक्ष्णगुरुलघुस्निग्धरूक्षोष्णशीतलम्| वीर्यमष्टविधं केचित्, केचिद्द्विविधमास्थिताः||६४|| शीतोष्णमिति... ||६५||.","quote":"Some say that mild and keen, heavy and light, oily and dry, and hot and cooling, are the eight kinds of Energy which objects may have. Others are of opinion that objects have only two kinds of Energy, viz., cooling and hot.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"40","verse":"Sanskrit verse number not established (Bhishagratna prints none)","establishes":"Sushruta's two-vīrya doctrine with uṣṇa ('heat-making') as one pole; the same passage then gives the eight-fold list 'hot or cool, emollient or dry, expansive or slimy, mild or keen'.","quote":"The potency of a drug is either cooling or heat-making owing to the twofold (hot and cool) nature of the temperament of the world.","translator":"K. L. Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc141670.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Ashtanga Hridaya","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"17 (GRETIL, Das and Emmerick numbering)","establishes":"Vāgbhaṭa adopts the two-fold vīrya (uṣṇa and śīta) by 'excellence of the quality'. Reference only.","quote":"uṣṇa-śīta-guṇotkarṣāt tatra vīryaṃ dvi-dhā smṛtam |","translator":"none; Sanskrit only","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/1_sanskr/6_sastra/7_ayur/vagaah_u.htm","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"śīta","why":"Opposite member of the pair."},{"term":"uṣṇa vīrya vs uṣṇa guna","why":"The same word names a gurvadi guna (WHO DG0379) and one of the two vīryas; the texts treat vīrya as the guna's dominance in action (AH Su.1.17)."},{"term":"tīkṣṇa","why":"Sharp; co-occurs with uṣṇa in Pitta and fire lists but is a separate pair (tīkṣṇa/manda)."},{"term":"kaṭu","why":"Pungent taste, generally uṣṇa but a rasa not a guna; Kaviratna's 'pungent' sometimes stands for tīkṣṇa, compounding the confusion."},{"term":"temperature (physical heat)","why":"Kaviratna's own footnote: 'producing heat in the body'; the guna is a physiological effect, not the serving temperature (WHO AF0249 anuṣṇa 'lukewarm' is the physical sense)."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"spicy","why":"Culinary; maps to kaṭu/tīkṣṇa rather than uṣṇa."},{"rendering":"warm (as mild temperature)","why":"Kaviratna's 'warm' in Su.22 understates the term; the same translator uses 'hot' elsewhere for the same Sanskrit."}],"openQuestions":["Sanskrit verse numbers for Sushruta Su.40 vīrya passage.","Whether any clinical trial has used an objective thermogenic endpoint for uṣṇa vīrya (none found)."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/ushna/","canary":"442fa972f270a703"},{"slug":"vajikarana","page":"/lexicon/vajikarana/","iast":"vājīkaraṇa","devanagari":"वाजीकरण","alternates":["vājīkaraṇam","vajikarana","vajeekarana","vaji-karana","vrishya chikitsa"],"category":"chikitsa-3","family":"clinic","renderings":[{"english":"Potency and fertility therapy","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"ITA-9.1.36 vājīkaraṇam","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Comparator; the branch (ashtanga) sense.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Aphrodisiac or virility treatment","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"ITA-9.9.1 vājīkaraṇacikitsā","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Comparator; the therapy sense. Notably includes female fertility.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"'Vajikarana' (or aphrodisiac); 'use of aphrodisiacs'; footnote: \"'Vajikarana' Implies the administration of aphrodisiacs or medicines which increase semen and enhance sexual power.\"","sourceName":"Kaviratna, Charaka-Samhita","sourceKind":"public-domain translator","locator":"Chikitsasthana Lesson I (Rasayana) his vv.9-12; Lesson II (Vajikarana) opening and footnote, printed p.1071","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna consistently uses 'aphrodisiac'; chapter heading 'LESSON II. VAJIKARANA.' left untranslated.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"'Vajikarana' or bringing an enemy under control or subjection (Atharvan sense, translator's note)","sourceName":"Kaviratna, footnote on the Atharva Veda (Sutrasthana Lesson XXX region)","sourceKind":"public-domain translator (footnote)","locator":"printed p.~820 of the archive scan","verbatim":true,"assessment":"A homonymous Atharvanic ritual sense noted by the translator; not the medical term.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"'The medical treatment for increasing virility'; 'Vaji-Karana (aphrodisiac) remedy'","sourceName":"Bhishagratna, Sushruta Samhita Chikitsasthana ch. XXVI","sourceKind":"public-domain translator","locator":"chapter title and section 2-A","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Bhishagratna uses 'virility' for the title and 'aphrodisiac' in text.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":null,"englishWithheld":"this project has not cleared that source for quotation","sourceName":"PubMed PMID 23858267 (Indian J Psychiatry 2013)","sourceKind":"modern literature","locator":"abstract","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Modern review rendering; adds the progeny dimension.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"PubMed PMID 23858267 (Indian J Psychiatry 2013)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"virilification","sourceName":"carakasamhitaonline.com (Chi.2 heading 'Importance of Vajikarana and woman as the best for virilification')","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Vajikarana_Adhyaya","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Indian academic coinage; translation body is copyrighted and not quoted.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"carakasamhitaonline.com (Chi.2 heading 'Importance of Vajikarana and woman as the best for virilification')\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Chikitsasthana","chapter":"1.1 (Abhayamalakiya Rasayana pada)","verse":"Standard 1.1/9-12 (first verse begins 'अपत्यसन्तानकरं', last ends 'वाजीकरणमेव तत्||१२||' - both ends verified); Kaviratna prints '9-12' after the passage","establishes":"Charaka's definition of vajikarana: progeny, immediate exhilaration, horse-like vigour with women, fame, prosperity, strength and nourishment. Rare case where Kaviratna's range matches the standard numbering exactly (verified at both ends).","quote":"Kaviratna (closing part of the passage): \"that by which one, obtaining a large progeny, becomes respected and worshipped by all men, that by which one becomes the source of a mumerous progeny here and by which one enjoys everlasting bliss hereafter, and that by which one wins fame and prosperity and strength and growth, is called 'Vajikarana' (or aphrodisiac). 9-12\" [sic 'mumerous' OCR]. Sanskrit 9 and 12: \"अपत्यसन्तानकरं यत् सद्यः सम्प्रहर्षणम्| वाजीवातिबलो येनयात्यप्रतिहतः स्त्रियः||९||\" ... \"सन्तानमूलं येनेह प्रेत्य चानन्त्यमश्नुते| यशः श्रियं बलं पुष्टिं वाजीकरणमेव तत्||१२||\"","translator":"Kaviratna; Sanskrit carakasamhitaonline","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt ; https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Rasayana_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Chikitsasthana","chapter":"2.4 (Pumanjatabaladika Vajikarana pada)","verse":"Standard 2.4/51; Kaviratna prints '50' after the sentence","establishes":"The etymological definition (vaji = horse/stallion) in Charaka. Kaviratna here translates the term as 'aphrodisiac' rather than transliterating.","quote":"Kaviratna: \"That by which a man acquires the power of sexual congress like a stallion, as also that by which one succeeds in indulging repeatedly in sexual pleasure, is said to be an aphrodisiac. 50\" Sanskrit: \"येन नारीषु सामर्थ्यं वाजीवल्लभते नरः| व्रजेच्चाभ्यधिकं येन वाजीकरणमेव तत्||५१||\"","translator":"Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt ; https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Vajikarana_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Chikitsasthana","chapter":"2.1 (Samyogasharamuliya Vajikarana pada)","verse":"Standard 2.1/3 (Sanskrit 'वाजीकरणमन्विच्छेत् पुरुषो नित्यमात्मवान्| तदायत्तौ हि धर्मार्थौ प्रीतिश्च यश एव च||३||'); Kaviratna prints '2'","establishes":"The injunction that the self-controlled man should seek vajikarana; dharma, artha, priti and yashas depend on it.","quote":"Kaviratna: \"A person who has his self under control, should seek for 'Vajikarana' (use of aphrodisiacs), since piety and wealth, and enjoyment and fame, depend upon it. 2\"","translator":"Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt ; https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Vajikarana_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Chikitsasthana","chapter":"26 (Kshinabaliya Vajikarana)","verse":"Bhishagratna sections 1, 2-A, 2-B; Sanskrit 26.1, 26.3-5, 26.6 per siva.sh edition","establishes":"Sushruta's etymology (horse-like vigour) and the target population (the weak, the old, the over-indulgent).","quote":"Bhishagratna: \"Now we shall discourse on the medical treatment for increasing the strength and virile power of weak persons (Kshma-Valiyam Vaji-Karana). 1.\" ... \"If duly taken, the Vaji-karana remedies make a man sexually as strong as a horse (Vaji), and enable him to cheerfully satisfy the heat and amorous ardours of young maidens, a fact which has determined the nomenclature of this class of (medicinal) remedies. 2-B.\" Sanskrit 26.6: \"सेवमानो यदौचित्याद्वाजीवात्यर्थवेगवान् । नारीस्तर्पयते तेन वाजीकरणमुच्यते ॥६॥\"","translator":"Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-4-cikitsasthana/d/doc142938.html ; https://www.siva.sh/sushruta-samhita/chikitsa-sthana/26/6-10","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"rasayana","why":"Charaka Chi.1 pairs them as the two urjaskara (vitalising) therapies for the healthy, but rasayana aims at longevity/tissue quality and vajikarana at shukra and progeny; Kaviratna's note that vrishya drugs 'are also called Rasayana' is a translator's conflation."},{"term":"vrishya","why":"Drug-class adjective (aphrodisiac/semen-promoting); PMID 23858267 treats 'Vrishya chikitsa' as a synonym of the branch, which is loose."},{"term":"shukrajanana / shukrala","why":"WHO ITA-6.2.6.20-21 drug actions (semen-producing, increasing semen); vajikarana is the branch/therapy, of which these are pharmacological components (cf. Bhishagratna's three-kind note)."},{"term":"Atharvanic vajikarana","why":"Kaviratna's footnote records a ritual sense 'bringing an enemy under control'; unrelated to the medical branch."},{"term":"aphrodisiac (modern pharmacology)","why":"Modern usage means libido enhancement; Charaka Chi.1.1/9-12 defines the aim as progeny, strength and social standing as much as sexual capacity."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"aphrodisiac therapy (alone)","why":"Drops the progeny/fertility and strength components explicit in Charaka Chi.1.1/9-12 and WHO 9.9.1 ('male and female fertility')."},{"rendering":"sex therapy / sexology","why":"Imports a psychotherapeutic discipline; vajikarana is primarily dietary-pharmacological with conduct rules."},{"rendering":"virilification","why":"Non-standard English coinage; also male-only, whereas WHO 9.9.1 includes female fertility."}],"openQuestions":["Whether Sushruta's own text (as opposed to Bhishagratna's note) contains the threefold shukra classification was not checked in Sanskrit.","NAMASTE and ICD-11 TM2 coverage not verified."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/vajikarana/","canary":"83d4062dc775feb4"},{"slug":"vamana","page":"/lexicon/vamana/","iast":"vamana","devanagari":"वमन","alternates":["vamana-karma","vamanam","ūrdhvabhāgahara","therapeutic emesis","emesis therapy"],"category":"chikitsa-3","family":"clinic","renderings":[{"english":"Therapeutic emesis","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"ITA-6.2.6.10 vamana-karma","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Comparator; filed under drug actions (6.2.6). WHO's synonym ūrdhvabhāgahara echoes Charaka Ka.1.4.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":null,"sourceName":"NIA/WHO-APW draft 'Standardization of Non-Clinical Terminologies of Ayurveda' (rvpganagpur.com PDF)","sourceKind":"comparator (draft)","locator":"AT0353","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Draft; same rendering as WHO 2022.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"'Vamana (administration of emetics)'; 'vamya (emetics)'; 'the two processes of Sodhana, (viz, Vamana and Virechana)'","sourceName":"Kaviratna, Charaka-Samhita","sourceKind":"public-domain translator","locator":"footnote on the five karmas, Vimanasthana region p.~400; Vimanasthana Lesson VIII p.405; Siddhisthana summary p.437","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna transliterates and glosses with 'emetics'.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"emetics / emesis; chapter title 'Description of purgative and emetic medicines'","sourceName":"Bhishagratna, Sushruta Samhita Chikitsasthana ch. XXXIII","sourceKind":"public-domain translator","locator":"Su.Chi.33 title and sections 2-7","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Standard Edwardian pharmacological English; 'emesis' for the act, 'emetic' for the drug.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"'Vamana (therapeutic emesis)'; 'Vamana Karma (∼therapeutic emesis)'; 'Vamana (therapeutic vomiting)'; 'bio-purification'","sourceName":"PubMed PMIDs 36743277, 37738856, 39305812, 41632954","sourceKind":"modern literature","locator":"titles/abstracts","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Research English is settled on 'therapeutic emesis'; 'bio-purification' is a non-classical gloss for shodhana.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"PubMed PMIDs 36743277, 37738856, 39305812, 41632954\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"'Vamana (therapeutic emesis) and Virechana (therapeutic purgation)'","sourceName":"carakasamhitaonline.com, Madanakalpa Adhyaya abstract","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Madanakalpa_Adhyaya","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Modern academic rendering; body translation copyrighted and not quoted.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"carakasamhitaonline.com, Madanakalpa Adhyaya abstract\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Kalpasthana","chapter":"1 (Madanakalpa)","verse":"Standard 1.4 (Sanskrit only; Kaviratna's archive edition does not extend to Kalpasthana)","establishes":"Charaka's definition: removal of dosha by the upward route is called vamana, by the downward route virechana; and both may be called virechana because both purge bodily malas. Sanskrit verbatim from a retrieved numbered edition; no public-domain English available for Kalpasthana.","quote":"\"तत्र दोषहरणमूर्ध्वभागं वमनसञ्ज्ञकम्, अधोभागं विरेचनसञ्ज्ञकम्; उभयं वा शरीरमलविरेचनाद्विरेचनसञ्ज्ञां लभते||४||\"","translator":"none (Sanskrit)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Madanakalpa_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Chikitsasthana","chapter":"33 (Vamana-virechana-sadhyopadrava)","verse":"Bhishagratna section 2; Sanskrit 33.3-4 per siva.sh edition","establishes":"Sushruta ranks vamana and virechana as the principal means of dosha removal (nirharana), after stating the general therapeutic maxim (33.3).","quote":"Bhishagratna: \"The principal maxims to be followed are to augment the loss or deficiency, to pacify the aggravation and reduce the increment of the Doshas and maintain them in a state of healthy equilibrium. Emetics and purgatives are the principal remedies in cleansing the system of all the Doshas (morbific principles). Now hear me, therefore, discourse on the mode of their administration. 2.\" Sanskrit 33.4: \"प्राधान्येन वमनविरेचने वर्तेते निर्हरणे दोषाणाम् । तस्मात्तयोर्विधानमुच्यमानमुपधारय ॥४॥\"","translator":"Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-4-cikitsasthana/d/doc142951.html ; https://www.siva.sh/sushruta-samhita/chikitsa-sthana/33/1-5","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Chikitsasthana","chapter":"33","verse":"Bhishagratna section 4 ('Memorable Verse'); Sanskrit 33.6","establishes":"Sequence snehana-svedana-utkleshana before vamana. Bhishagratna's parenthesis '(Kapha-producing)' is his gloss and carries footnote [1] on a variant reading.","quote":"Bhishagratna: \"An emetic medicine does its fullest action, when given to a man after having applied a Sneha and Sveda (to him) and after having stirred up the Doshas of his body with the help of a soft mucilaginous (Kapha-producing) fluid and emollient food so as to accelerate their easy expulsion from the system 4.\" Sanskrit: \"भवति चात्र- पेशलैर्विविधैरन्नैर्दोषानुत्क्लेश्य देहिनः । स्निग्धस्विन्नाय वमनं दत्तं सम्यक् प्रवर्तते ॥६॥\"","translator":"Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-4-cikitsasthana/d/doc142951.html ; https://www.siva.sh/sushruta-samhita/chikitsa-sthana/33/6-10","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Chikitsasthana","chapter":"33","verse":"Bhishagratna 'Memorable Verses' after section 6; Sanskrit 33.8","establishes":"Signs of inadequate (dushchardita) and excessive (ativanta) emesis.","quote":"Bhishagratna: \"The symptoms of an imperfect emesis are water-brash (Kaphapraseka), sticking secretion or sensation of impurity in the regions of the Hridaya (heart) and itching sensations.\" Sanskrit: \"कफप्रसेकं हृदयाविशुद्धिं कण्डूं च दुश्छर्दितलिङ्गमाहुः । पित्तातियोगं च विसञ्ज्ञतां च हृत्कण्ठपीडामपि चातिवान्ते ॥८॥\"","translator":"Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-4-cikitsasthana/d/doc142951.html ; https://www.siva.sh/sushruta-samhita/chikitsa-sthana/33/6-10","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Chikitsasthana","chapter":"33","verse":"Bhishagratna section 11; Sanskrit 33.14-15 (siva.sh) begin 'न वामयेत्तैमिरिकोर्ध्ववातगुल्मोदरप्लीहकृमिश्रमार्तान्'","establishes":"Contraindications to vamana. Bhishagratna's 'cataract' for timira is a translator's identification.","quote":"Bhishagratna: \"Emesis or the exhibition of emetics is forbidden in cases of Timira (cataract, upward determination of the Vayu in the body (Urdhva-vata), Gulma, Udavarta, abdominal dropsy, enlargement of the spleen, worms (in the intestines) and urinary complaints, as well as in respect of fatigued, corpulent, thirsty, hungry, emaciated and too old persons and of infants, Kshata- kshina patients and those suffering from a loss of voice and in respect of those also who are of studious habits or are capable of being treated with a strong emetic and that only with the greatest difficulty.\"","translator":"Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-4-cikitsasthana/d/doc142951.html ; https://www.siva.sh/sushruta-samhita/chikitsa-sthana/33/11-15","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"22","verse":"Standard 22.18 (not independently verified); Kaviratna prints '18'","establishes":"Charaka classes vamana (with virechana, shirovirechana, niruha) under langhana; important for taxonomy. Standard verse number assumed from Kaviratna's '18' and the chapter sequence but not separately confirmed in Sanskrit.","quote":null,"quoteWithheld":"nobody has yet read this quotation against its printed source, and an unchecked quotation is not published here","translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"virechana","why":"Downward-route counterpart (Ca.Ka.1.4); Charaka notes both can be called virechana in the wide sense."},{"term":"chardi (vomiting as disease)","why":"Pathological emesis; vamana is induced, staged, with snehana-svedana preparation and samyak signs (Su.Chi.33.6, 33.8)."},{"term":"shodhana / panchakarma","why":"Umbrella terms; vamana is one of the five, and WHO 6.2.6.10 defines it by reference to preparatory panchakarma."},{"term":"langhana","why":"Charaka Su.22.18 classes vamana under langhana (reducing therapy); it is not a separate upakrama in the sixfold scheme."},{"term":"'detox' / 'bio-purification'","why":"Marketing or research glosses for shodhana with no classical equivalent; they obscure the specific route (urdhva) and dosha target (kapha, pitta)."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"vomiting therapy / induced vomiting","why":"Loses the therapeutic apparatus (preparation, dose, samyak/ayoga/atiyoga signs) that defines vamana as karma."},{"rendering":"detoxification","why":"Non-classical; dosha are not 'toxins'."},{"rendering":"'Kapha-producing' fluid (Bhishagratna's parenthesis at 33.6)","why":"Translator's gloss for utkleshana foods; the Sanskrit says peshala/various foods that provoke (utkleshya) dosha."}],"openQuestions":["Kaviratna's archive scan appears not to include Kalpasthana or Siddhisthana (last headings are Chikitsasthana lessons), so no public-domain English exists for Ka.1.4 in this corpus; confirm against the physical volumes.","Standard number for Charaka Su.22.18 should be confirmed in Sanskrit."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/vamana/","canary":"4aa24e02adb5b909"},{"slug":"vata","page":"/lexicon/vata/","iast":"vāta","devanagari":"वात","alternates":["vāyu","vatha","vata dosha","anila","māruta","samīraṇa","vātaḥ"],"category":"dosha","family":"dosha","renderings":[{"english":"Vata, dosha regulating movement and cognition","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-2.1.1.1","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO keeps the Sanskrit as the headword and appends a functional apposition rather than translating. Its description names air and space as the predominant elements.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false},{"english":"Vitiation of vāta pattern (TM2)","sourceName":"ICD-11 MMS v2026-01, Traditional Medicine Module 2","sourceKind":"classification","locator":"SR10","verbatim":true,"assessment":"ICD-11 codes only deranged states, not the doṣa itself. Note the diacritic appears on SR10 but not on the daughter codes SR11-SR14, an inconsistency in the classification as published.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"WHO ICD-11","downloadable":false},{"english":"Vayu (nerve force)","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, tr. Bhishagratna (1907)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sutrasthana XV","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Bhishagratna's parenthetical equation of vāyu with nerve force is a 1900s neurological reading imposed on the text, and a clear instance of the period habit this lexicon exists to flag.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"wind","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"throughout","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna's uniform rendering. Public domain and quotable, but it collapses the doṣa into the mahābhūta.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"vata (kinetic)","sourceName":"Prasher B et al., J Genet 2016","sourceKind":"paper","locator":"PMID 27019453","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Ayurgenomics gloss.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Prasher B et al., J Genet 2016\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"Vata, Input/Output (homeostasis)","sourceName":"Hankey A, Anc Sci Life 2010","sourceKind":"paper","locator":"PMID 22557353","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Systems-theoretic gloss; disagrees with the Ayurgenomics one.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Hankey A, Anc Sci Life 2010\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"Diminution of vata / Aggravation of vata","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-5.2.1.9","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Shows WHO treating vātaprakopa and vātavṛddhi-lakṣaṇa as one entry with a single English label, a merger the classical texts do not make.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"}],"classical":[{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"15","verse":"","establishes":"The five canonical functions of vāta, each named in Sanskrit in the translation itself. Crucially the definition is functional (motion, conduction, propulsion, separation, retention), which is what makes 'wind' inadequate.","quote":"The imparting of motion to the body (Praspandana), the carrying of the sensations of the respective sense organs (Udvahana), the passing down of food to its proper receptacles (Purana), the separation of excretions from the assimilated food matter (Viveka), and the retention and evacuation of urine and semen, etc. (Dharana) should be ascribed to the functions of the five kinds of Vayu (nerve force) which support the body.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122907.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"21","verse":"","establishes":"Vāta is the agent of prasara for all three doṣas, giving it an asymmetric role in the pathogenesis sequence that the phrase 'one of the three doshas' obscures.","quote":"The Vayu, which is possessed of locomotion or extreme mobility, should be looked upon as the cause of their expansion or over-flowing.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122917.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"59 (Kaviratna prints this as aphorism 58)","establishes":"The seven guṇas of vāta in a lawfully quotable English form, together with the viparīta (opposite-quality) treatment principle.","quote":"Wind, which may be dry, cold, light, subtile, unstable, clear, keen, is cured by objects which have adverse attributes.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"17","verse":"118","establishes":"States the prākṛta/vaikṛta duality for vāta specifically: normal vāta is prāṇa and is responsible for all activity; the same vāta produces disease and death. This is the verse that makes 'vata as pathogen' untenable.","quote":"सर्वा हि चेष्टा वातेन स प्राणः प्राणीनां स्मृतः| तेनैव रोगा जायन्ते तेन चैवोपरुध्यते||११८|| / sarvā hi cēṣṭā vātēna sa prāṇaḥ prāṇīnāṁ smr̥taḥ| tēnaiva rōgā jāyantē tēna caivōparudhyatē||118||","translator":"none quoted (Sanskrit mula only)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Kiyanta_Shiraseeya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"vāyu mahābhūta","why":"Air as one of the five elements. WHO ISTA says air and space predominate in vāta, i.e. vāta is not identical with the air element but weighted towards it. The texts use vāyu for both, which is the root of the confusion."},{"term":"prāṇa","why":"Prāṇa is a subtype of vāta (WHO ITA-2.1.1.2) and, per Charaka Sutrasthana 17/118, also a name for vāta in its normal state; in yoga literature prāṇa is a separate and broader concept. Three overlapping senses, routinely merged."},{"term":"vāta-vyādhi","why":"A disease category (the nervous/musculoskeletal disorders of Charaka Chikitsa 28), not the doṣa. 'Vata disorder' in English is ambiguous between vāta-vyādhi and vātaprakopa."},{"term":"vāta prakṛti","why":"A constitutional type. 'She is vata' is a prakṛti statement; 'her vata is aggravated' is a vikṛti statement."},{"term":"vāyu (the deity) and vāta in Vedic usage","why":"Pre-medical Sanskrit uses vāta for the wind and the wind god. Etymological arguments drawn from Vedic usage do not settle the medical sense."},{"term":"apāna, udāna, vyāna, samāna","why":"The five subtypes are not interchangeable with vāta as a whole; ICD-11 and WHO both code them separately (e.g. WHO ITA-5.2.1.3 prāṇavātakopaḥ)."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"wind","why":"Kaviratna's rendering and the commonest one. Reduces a functional principle governing motion, sensory conduction and cognition to a gas in the gut; cannot account for prāṇa-vāta governing intellect."},{"rendering":"air","why":"Confuses the doṣa with the mahābhūta. WHO ISTA is explicit that air is only one of two predominant elements in vāta."},{"rendering":"nerve force","why":"Bhishagratna's 1907 gloss. A Victorian neurological identification that the Sanskrit does not support and that no modern standard repeats."},{"rendering":"gas / flatulence","why":"Common in clinical translation from Indian sources; it renders one effect of vitiated apāna as the name of the whole doṣa."},{"rendering":"the air element of the body","why":"Same error as 'air', dressed up; it also implies the doṣas map one-to-one onto elements, which none of them do."}],"openQuestions":["Whether NAMASTE renders vāta differently from WHO ISTA; not retrievable.","Whether any published instrument measures a vāta quantity as opposed to classifying vāta prakṛti. Nothing of the kind was located."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/vata/","canary":"9aecad4c9b2e6084"},{"slug":"vaya","page":"/lexicon/vaya/","iast":"vayas","devanagari":"वयस्","alternates":["vayaḥ","vaya","vayah"],"category":"prakriti","family":"daily-life","renderings":[{"english":"Age","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-2.9.1","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO publishes this headword with an EMPTY description and pairs vayaḥ with kālaḥ. It sits under the section heading '2.9 Inevitable life events'.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"age","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-4.7.5 item 10","verbatim":true,"assessment":"The tenth and last examination item.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false},{"english":"Senility","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-2.9.2","verbatim":true,"assessment":"The only life stage WHO describes in detail, with a long clinical list ending 'aggravated vata'. WHO gives no entries for bālya or madhya-vaya.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Age","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Vimanasthana 8","verbatim":true,"assessment":"'That condition of the body which is dependent on the measure of Time (for which the body has existed) is called Age.'","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"Boyhood, Manhood, and Decrepitude","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Vimanasthana 8","verbatim":true,"assessment":"For bāla, madhya and jīrṇa. 'Decrepitude' is harsher than jīrṇa warrants, and 'Boyhood'/'Manhood' impose a male default the Sanskrit does not.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"age / life stage","sourceName":"Indian Ayurvedic college usage","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"Uncontroversial; the difficulty in this term is the stage boundaries, not the English word.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"8","verse":"122","establishes":"vayas is a state of the body indexed to elapsed time; three stages bāla, madhya, jīrṇa; bāla runs to sixteen with immature dhātus and kapha predominance, with a sub-stage to thirty. The same verse continues: madhya to sixty with pitta predominance, then jīrṇa to a hundred with vāta predominance.","quote":"vayastaścēti kālapramāṇaviśēṣāpēkṣiṇī hi śarīrāvasthā vayō'bhidhīyatē| tadvayō yathāsthūlabhēdēna trividhaṁ- bālaṁ, madhyaṁ, jīrṇamiti| tatra bālamaparipakvadhātumajātavyañjanaṁ sukumāramaklēśasahamasampūrṇabalaṁ ślēṣmadhātuprāyamāṣōḍaśavarṣaṁ||122||","translator":"","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Rogabhishagjitiya_Vimana","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"8","verse":"122","establishes":"Public-domain English for Vi 8/122, including the stage boundaries at 16, 30, 60 and 100 years.","quote":"That condition of the body which is dependent on the measure of Time (for which the body has existed) is called Age. This Age, according to difference of duration, is of three kinds, viz., Boyhood, Manhood, and Decrepitude. Amongst these, Boyhood is (the period characterised by) immaturity of the constituent elements (of the body), non-appearance of hirsute appendage, delicacy (of constitution both physical and mental), incapacity to bear fatigue (and the pain it brings about), non-development of strength, and predominance of phlegm.","translator":"Kaviraj Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"8","verse":"122","establishes":"The stage boundaries are proportional, not absolute: for a person whose estimated lifespan is not a hundred years, the physician rescales the three periods. Kaviratna's footnote works the arithmetic, for a 120-year life, boyhood ends at 36 and manhood at 72. This proportionality is almost never reproduced in modern summaries, which quote 16/30/60/100 as fixed.","quote":"In this epoch {kali), the measure of (human) life, is a century. There are men who live more than a hundred years or less than that period. As regards this last class of persons, disregarding all incidents that are abnormal, noting only the diversities of the strength of Nature and the rest, the physician should ascertain the measure of life from the (usual) indications, and divide it into the three periods (named).","translator":"Kaviraj Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"35","verse":"","establishes":"Sushruta gives sex-differentiated maturity ages where Charaka's Vi 8/122 boundaries are undifferentiated. A second independent disagreement between the samhitas on this term. No verse numbers on the retrieved page.","quote":"An intelligent physician should regard the organism of a man of twenty-five or of a woman of sixteen years of age, as fully developed in respect of the maturity of the seven fundamental principles of the body such as, serum, blood, etc.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122935.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"35","verse":"","establishes":"Sushruta's own examination list includes age among a dozen factors but is not the same list as Charaka Vi 8/94 and is not called daśavidha parīkṣā. Modern writing that presents the ten-fold examination as pan-classical should be checked against this.","quote":"A physician should first observe the vital condition (Ayu) of the patient before commencing the medical treatment. After that, the nature of the disease, the country and season of the year in which it has made its appearance, as well as the state of digestion, age, body, strength, disposition, habit, previous medicine, natural temperament and the power of endurance of the patient, etc. should be observed and carefully examined.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122935.html","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"āyus","why":"Lifespan, the quantity; vayas is the stage. Sushruta Sutrasthana 35 tells the physician to assess āyu first and lists age separately."},{"term":"kāla","why":"WHO pairs vayaḥ/kālaḥ as one headword, but Vimana 8 distinguishes them: after the vayas section the text says time is of two kinds, the year and the age of the patient. Collapsing them loses the seasonal axis."},{"term":"jarā / vārdhakya","why":"The third stage and its pathology. WHO describes vārdhakyam fully while leaving vayaḥ empty, inverting the classical emphasis."},{"term":"vāyu","why":"Purely a transliteration hazard: vaya and vayu differ by one letter in unmarked Latin script and both are common headwords."},{"term":"bāla as 'child patient'","why":"Kaumārabhṛtya's bāla is a patient category with its own therapeutics; Vi 8/122's bāla is a stage of any patient's life used to modulate dose."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"chronological age","why":"Vi 8/122 defines vayas as a state of the body indexed to time and then makes the boundaries proportional to estimated lifespan. It is not a count of years."},{"rendering":"the three ages are 0-16, 16-60, 60-100","why":"Drops the sub-stage to thirty and, more importantly, the rescaling instruction for people whose lifespan is not a century."},{"rendering":"Decrepitude","why":"Kaviratna's word for jīrṇa; pejorative in modern English where the Sanskrit is descriptive."},{"rendering":"childhood is kapha, adulthood pitta, old age vata as a constitutional fact","why":"Vi 8/122 says these doṣas predominate in the STAGES. That is not a statement about a person's prakṛti, and the two are separate examination items."}],"openQuestions":["Charaka's stages are undifferentiated by sex; Sushruta gives 25 and 16. Do the commentators reconcile these?","Does any modern work test the proportional-rescaling rule, or is it universally ignored?"],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/vaya/","canary":"cc6b3e839ba65c8a"},{"slug":"vayu","page":"/lexicon/vayu/","iast":"vāyu","devanagari":"वायु (nominative वायुः)","alternates":["vāyuḥ","marut","anila","pavana","vāta (as bhūta name in some lists; usually the doṣa)","vāyavya (adj., substance with vāyu predominant)"],"category":"mahabhuta","family":"foundations","renderings":[{"english":"Air element","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator standard","locator":"ITA-1.9.3.1.4","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"air element","sourceName":"NAMASTE Standardized Ayurveda Terminologies","sourceKind":"comparator standard","locator":"SAT-A.182 vāyuḥ","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology"},{"english":null,"sourceName":"NIA/WHO-APW draft (2011), entry vāyu","sourceKind":"comparator draft terminology","locator":"SK0210","verbatim":true,"assessment":"This draft defines vāyu ONLY as the doṣa, i.e. it conflates the bhūta with vāta. The bhūta sense appears in the draft only indirectly ('substances having vayu as the predominant mahābhūta', p.349).","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"air (Marut)","sourceName":"Bhishagratna, Su.Sū. 41","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"wisdomlib doc141671","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"air; 'Vayu (etherin)'","sourceName":"Bhishagratna, Su.Śā. 1","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"wisdomlib doc142879, sections 6 and 20: 'The properties Vayu (etherin) are touch, the skin, all functional activities of the organism, throbbing of the whole body (Spandana) and lightness.'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"'Etherin' is an idiosyncratic coinage; the footnote on Su.Sū. 41 gives 'Gas'.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"Wind; air","sourceName":"Kaviratna, Caraka","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Sū. 26 uses 'Wind' ('Earth, Water, Fire, Wind, and Ether'); Śā. 1 and Śā. 4 use 'air'/'Air'; Śā. 5 'the life-breaths are Air'","verbatim":true,"assessment":null,"licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"air / wind","sourceName":"Common textbook usage","sourceKind":"textbook usage","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":null,"licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Caraka Saṃhitā","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"26","verse":"Kaviratna prints '25' (OCR '26') after this sentence; standard 26.11 (prose unit; Sanskrit clause लघुशीतरूक्षखरविशदसूक्ष्मस्पर्शगुणबहुलानि वायव्यानि per carakasamhitaonline.com)","establishes":"Caraka's vāyavya dravya profile: laghu, śīta, rūkṣa, khara, viśada, sūkṣma, sparśa-guṇa-bahula. Kaviratna's 'sharp' renders khara (rough).","quote":"Those that are principally light, cold, dry, sharp, clear, subtile, and largely endued with the attribute of touch, are regarded as appertaining to Wind.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Suśruta Saṃhitā","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"41","verse":"Bhishagratna prints no verse numbers; Sanskrit at siva.sh places this in verse 4 (see pañcamahābhūta record for the caveat)","establishes":"Suśruta's vāyavya dravya profile including taste (astringent with bitter), which Caraka's parallel omits.","quote":"A thing or substance, which is subtle in its essence, and is dry, rough, light, cold and non-slimy, increases tactual sensation and is endued with a largely astringent taste marked by a shade of bitter, is called a substance of the dominant principle of air (Vayaviyam).","translator":"Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc141671.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Suśruta Saṃhitā","sthana":"Śārīrasthāna","chapter":"1","verse":"Bhishagratna section 20; Sanskrit verse 19 per siva.sh: वायव्यास्तु- स्पर्शः स्पर्शेन्द्रियं सर्वचेष्टासमूहः सर्वशरीरस्पन्दनं लघुता च","establishes":"Vāyu-derived bodily features: touch, tactile organ, all movements, pulsation, lightness. Matches the Sanskrit; 'etherin' is the translator's word.","quote":"The properties Vayu (etherin) are touch, the skin, all functional activities of the organism, throbbing of the whole body (Spandana) and lightness.","translator":"Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-3-sharirasthana/d/doc142879.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Caraka Saṃhitā","sthana":"Śārīrasthāna","chapter":"5","verse":"Caraka Śārīrasthāna 5.5 confirmed against a printed, numbered Sanskrit edition (Trikamji 1941, p. 325), not only against carakasamhitaonline; 5.4 closes at 'एत एव च षड्धातवः समुदिताः \"पुरुष\" इति शब्दं लभन्ते ॥४॥' and the correspondence list opens 5.5, exactly as the earlier repair stated.","establishes":"Ca. Śā. 5.5 reads वियत् सुषिराणि in the printed Trikamji/Cakrapāṇi edition (1941, p. 325) as well as on carakasamhitaonline, with no variant recorded at that word. वियत् is a synonym of ākāśa and stands in the ākāśa slot of the six-dhātu list given at Śā. 5.4; Kaviratna's 'the hollow places are Ether (or Space)' therefore renders the received text correctly and implies no different base text. The fuller loka-puruṣa correspondence list can be quoted without the caveat.","quote":"तस्य पुरुषस्य पृथिवी मूर्तिः, आपः क्लेदः, तेजोऽभिसन्तापः, वायुः प्राणः, वियत् सुषिराणि, ब्रह्म अन्तरात्मा । — Caraka Śārīrasthāna 5.5, as printed in Carakasaṃhitā with Āyurvedadīpikā, ed. Jadavji Trikamji, Nirṇayasāgara 1941, p. 325 (the unit closes at ॥५॥). Preceding at 5.4: ... तद्यथा — पृथिव्यापस्तेजो वायुराकाशं ब्रह्म चाव्यक्तमिति ... ॥४॥","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/details/Caraka1941","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"vāta (doṣa)","why":"The central confusion. Vāta is a doṣa (NAMASTE SAT-B.393 vāyu-karma 'functions of vātadoṣa'; the NIA draft's SK0210 actually defines vāyu as 'A synonym of Vāta'); vāyu mahābhūta is the bhūta whose guṇa is sparśa and liṅga is calatva. Texts use vāyu for both, so context decides."},{"term":"prāṇa / the five vāyus (prāṇa, udāna, samāna, vyāna, apāna)","why":"Subtypes of vāta doṣa, not of the bhūta (NIA draft p.51, 239, 273, 334, 377 list them as 'subtypes of Vāta (Vāyu)')."},{"term":"'gas' as a state of matter","why":"Bhishagratna's footnote equivalence; the bhūta is defined by touch and motion, not by phase."},{"term":"atmospheric air / wind (weather)","why":"Kaviratna's 'Wind' and ordinary 'air' invite the meteorological sense; the bhūta is the principle of motion and tangibility."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"'Vayu' = vāta doṣa, without distinguishing","why":"Even a WHO-commissioned draft (NIA 2011, SK0210) made this slip; the 2022 WHO ISTA and NAMASTE correct it with separate 'Air element' entries."},{"rendering":"etherin / gas","why":"Bhishagratna's coinages (Su.Śā. 1 section 20; footnote to Su.Sū. 41), period science rather than translation."},{"rendering":"wind","why":"Kaviratna's Sū. 26 choice; acceptable for marut/anila etymologically, but in a mahābhūta list 'wind' reads as weather and blurs into vāta."}],"openQuestions":["Whether the 2022 WHO ISTA has a separate vāta doṣa entry that cross-references the bhūta was not checked."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/vayu/","canary":"030ade93345d60d3"},{"slug":"vega-dharana","page":"/lexicon/vega-dharana/","iast":"vega-dhāraṇa (vegadhāraṇa); synonyms seen in sources: vegāvarodha, vegarodha, vega-vidhāraṇa, vega-nigraha, vega-sandhāraṇa","devanagari":"वेगधारणम् (NAMASTE/WHO head terms: वेगावरोधः vegāvarodhaḥ; अधारणीय-वेगः adhāraṇīya-vegaḥ; धारणीय-वेगः dhāraṇīya-vegaḥ). Charaka Su. 7/25 uses वेगनिग्रहजा रोगाः.","alternates":["vegadharana","vega dharana","vegavidharana","vega-vidharan","vegarodha","vegavarodha","vega nigraha","vega sandharana","adharaniya vega","dharaniya vega","suppression of natural urges"],"category":"swasthavritta","family":"daily-life","renderings":[{"english":"Disorder due to suppression of natural urges","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"ITA-5.75.8 vegāvarodhaḥ","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO's head term for the act/disorder is vegāvarodha, not vegadhāraṇa. Its adhāraṇīya list has 13 items but omits kāsa (cough) and includes 'breath' once; Charaka's list differs slightly (see classical).","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"diseases due to suppressing natural urges","sourceName":"NAMASTE portal, National Ayurveda Morbidity Codes (in SAT combined Excel)","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"Code RD vegāvarodhaḥ","verbatim":true,"assessment":"NAMASTE codes the suppression of each urge as a separate morbidity entity and includes hikkā (hiccup), which is not in Charaka's Su. 7 list as read here; its SAT-J.57 list has 12 items (no kāsa). The chapter/verse references in NAMASTE's reference column were NOT verified in this gathering and should not be copied as citations.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology"},{"english":"the inadvisability of suppressing the urgings of nature (chapter title); 'should not suppress urgings'","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913), Lesson VII","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"archive.org BIUSante_47357, Lesson VII opening, pp. 73-77 of that fascicule","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna consistently uses 'urgings' for vega and 'suppress' for dhāraṇa; for dhāraṇīya vega he uses 'impulses' ('suppress these impulses also').","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"repression of natural urging / retention of any natural physical urging","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita tr. Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907-1916), Uttara-tantra ch. LV","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"wisdomlib doc143073 (chapter heading 'Symptoms and Treatment of repression of natural urging (Udavarta)')","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Sushruta frames the topic through its disease outcome, Udāvarta, rather than as a free-standing etiological term.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"suppression of natural urges","sourceName":"Dominant modern/textbook rendering (PubMed titles: Tripathi 1981 'Vega-vidharan (suppression of natural urges)'; Nifina & Krishnan 2021 'Vegadharana, suppression of natural urges')","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":"Ubiquitous; ambiguous unless 'adhāraṇīya' is specified, because Charaka also prescribes suppression (dhāraṇa) of the dhāraṇīya vegas.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Dominant modern/textbook rendering (PubMed titles: Tripathi 1981 'Vega-vidharan (suppression of natural urges)'; Nifina & Krishnan 2021 'Vegadharana, suppression of natural urges')\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"holding back / withholding of urges","sourceName":"Literal gloss (dhāraṇa = holding, retaining)","sourceKind":"etymological","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"Closer to the Sanskrit than 'suppression'; 'withholding' is also WHO's word for individual urges (ITA-5.75.9 'withholding of flatus').","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"7 (Na Vegan Dharaniya Adhyaya; Kaviratna: 'the lesson on the inadvisability of suppressing the urgings of nature')","verse":"Standard (Trikamji) 7/3-4 for the list of non-suppressible urges, read from Devanagari on carakasamhitaonline.com: 'न वेगान् धारयेद्धीमाञ्जातान् मूत्रपुरीषयोः| न रेतसो न वातस्य न छर्द्याः क्षवथोर्न च||३|| नोद्गारस्य न जृम्भाया न वेगान् क्षुत्पिपासयोः| न बाष्पस्य न निद्राया निःश्वासस्य श्रमेण च||४||'. Kaviratna prints his own numbers 1 and (OCR) 3, almost certainly 2, after these two aphorisms; he does not number the two opening formula sentences that Trikamji counts as 7/1-2. Both systems recorded; no conversion applied.","establishes":"Charaka's list of thirteen adhāraṇīya vegas: urine, faeces, semen, flatus, vomiting, sneezing, eructation, yawning, hunger, thirst, tears, sleep, and breathing on exertion (niḥśvāsa śrameṇa). Note: no kāsa (cough) and no hikkā in Charaka's list as read here; cough appears in the Ashtanga Hridaya list (see gatheringNotes).","quote":"We shall now expound the lesson on the inadvisability of suppressing the urgings of nature. Thus said the illustrious son of Atri.  One endued with intelligence should not suppress urgings, that have become pronounced, in respect of urine and faeces ; as also of the semen and the wind, and of vomitting and sneezing.1  The urgings also in respect of eructations, of yawns, of hunger and of thirst, of tears, of sleep, and of heavy breathing induced by toil (should not to be suppressed). Listen now to me as I discourse (to you) on the topic of treating the several diseases that are generated of the person who suppresses the urgings of these when they appear in pronounced forms.3","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"7","verse":"Standard (Trikamji) 7/25-27 (vega-nigraha-ja rogāḥ; dhāraṇīya vegas), Devanagari read on carakasamhitaonline.com: '||२५|| वेगनिग्रहजा रोगा य एते परिकीर्तिताः| इच्छंस्तेषामनुत्पत्तिं वेगानेतान्न धारयेत्', '||२६|| इमांस्तु धारयेद्वेगान् हितार्थी प्रेत्य चेह च| साहसानामशस्तानां मनोवाक्कायकर्मणाम्', '||२७|| लोभशोकभयक्रोधमानवेगान् विधारयेत्| नैर्लज्ज्येर्ष्यातिरागाणामभिध्यायाश्च बुद्धिमान्'. Kaviratna prints 24 and (OCR) 26, probably 25, after the corresponding aphorisms. Both systems recorded; not converted.","establishes":"That the same chapter prescribes dhāraṇa (suppression) of the dhāraṇīya vegas (greed, grief, fear, anger, pride, shamelessness, envy, excessive attachment, covetousness, and rash acts of mind, speech and body). 'Vega-dhāraṇa' is therefore not uniformly harmful in Charaka; the harmful act is dhāraṇa of the adhāraṇīya vegas, which Charaka names vega-nigraha in 7/25. The first sentence of the quote begins mid-aphorism because the OCR page break fell inside it; a human should read the scan for the opening words.","quote":"suppress these impulses also, viz., those of (ill-regulated) courage and all fruitless impulses of thought, word, and deed.*24  The man of intelligence should also suppress the impulses of cupidity, grief, fear, wrath, pride, shamelessness, envy, violent propensities of every kind, and covetousness.26","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Uttara-tantra","chapter":"55 (Udāvarta-pratiṣedha)","verse":"Suśruta Uttaratantra 55.3-6 (chapter title उदावर्तप्रतिषेध; Trikamji/Dalhaṇa ed., Pandurang Jawaji 1938, pp. 776-777). 55.3 = the 'wise man' verse; 55.6 = the 'thirteen types' verse.","establishes":"Suśruta Uttaratantra 55.1-6 established from a printed, numbered Sanskrit edition. The citation's 'wise man valuing his life shall never repress any natural urging' = Su.U. 55.3; the udāvarta definition from the nine urges = 55.4; hunger, thirst, breath and sleep = 55.5; 'of thirteen different types ... over and above the apathyaja one' = 55.6. Thirteen = nine urges in 55.4 + four in 55.5; apathyaja is a further type named in 55.6. Dalhaṇa glosses इन्द्रिय at 55.4 as शुक्र, corroborating Bhishagratna's 'discharge of semen'. The chapter-level address can now be replaced by Su.U. 55.3-6, and the openQuestion's guess of 55.3-5 corrected.","quote":"अधश्चोर्ध्वं च भावानां प्रवृत्तानां स्वभावतः ॥ न वेगान् धारयेत् प्राज्ञो वातादीनां जिजीविषुः ॥३॥ वातविण्मूत्रजृम्भाश्रुक्षवोद्गारवमीन्द्रियैः ॥ व्याहन्यमानैरुदितैरुदावर्तो निरुच्यते ॥४॥ क्षुत्तृष्णाश्वासनिद्राणामुदावर्तो विधारणात् ॥ तस्याभिधास्ये व्यासेन लक्षणं च चिकित्सितम् ॥५॥ त्रयोदशविधश्चासौ भिन्न एतैस्तु कारणैः ॥ अपथ्यभोजनाच्चापि वक्ष्यते च तथाऽपरः ॥६॥","translator":"Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.30779","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Ashtanga Hridaya","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"4 (Roganutpadaniya)","verse":"4/1 (adhāraṇīya list: 'वेगान्न धारयेद्वातविण्मूत्रक्षवतृट्क्षुधाम् । निद्राकासश्रमश्वासजृम्भाश्रुच्छर्दिरेतसाम् ॥ १ ॥') and 4/24 (dhāraṇīya: 'धारयेत्तु सदा वेगान् हितैषी प्रेत्य चेह च । लोभेर्ष्याद्वेषमात्सर्यरागादीनां जितेन्द्रियः ॥ २४ ॥'), numbers as printed on easyayurveda.com and ahsutrasthana.blogspot.com; not checked against a printed Sanskrit edition.","establishes":"Vagbhata's adhāraṇīya list includes kāsa (cough), which Charaka's Su. 7/3-4 list does not; it is this AH list that most modern '13 urges' tables actually follow.","quote":null,"translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/2012/12/19/preventive-healthcare-astanga-hridaya-sutrasthana-4th-chapter/","checked":"address only, nothing quoted to check"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"dhāraṇīya vega","why":"The urges Charaka says SHOULD be held (greed, grief, fear, anger, etc.; Su. 7/26-27). 'Vega-dhāraṇa' as a harm applies only to the adhāraṇīya vegas; applied to dhāraṇīya vegas, dhāraṇa is the prescribed conduct. English 'suppression of urges' without the qualifier conflates the two."},{"term":"vega-udīraṇa","why":"Forcibly initiating an urge that has not arisen (straining to pass stool, inducing vomiting). The opposite error to dhāraṇa; both appear in the Sushruta Udāvarta framing ('whether upward or downward') and in PMID 33218848 ('Udiran' vs 'Dhaaran')."},{"term":"udāvarta","why":"The disease outcome in Sushruta Ut. 55 (thirteen types), not the act. Modern writing sometimes uses 'udavarta' loosely for any effect of suppression."},{"term":"vega-nigraha / vegāvarodha / vegarodha / vega-vidhāraṇa","why":"Near-synonyms. Charaka's own disease label in 7/25 is vega-nigraha-ja; WHO and NAMASTE use vegāvarodha as the head term; Tripathi 1981 uses vega-vidharan. A lexicon entry under 'vega-dharana' should cross-reference all of them, since a PubMed search on one spelling misses the others (counts on 2026-10-07: 'vegadharana' 1, 'vega dharana' 1, '\"natural urges\" ayurveda' 3)."},{"term":"vega as 'velocity/force' (vāta's attribute)","why":"Vega also names the propulsive attribute of vāta (PMID 33218848 'Vata has unique attribute of Vega (locomotion)'); in the swasthavritta sense it is the arisen urge itself."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"suppression of urges (unqualified)","why":"Charaka explicitly prescribes suppression of the dhāraṇīya vegas in the same chapter; the harmful act is suppression of the adhāraṇīya vegas only. The unqualified phrase reverses half the chapter's teaching."},{"rendering":"13 natural urges (as a fixed canonical list)","why":"The lists differ by text and standard: Charaka Su. 7/3-4 as read here (urine, faeces, semen, flatus, vomiting, sneezing, eructation, yawning, hunger, thirst, tears, sleep, exertional breathing); Ashtanga Hridaya Su. 4/1 adds kāsa; Sushruta Ut. 55 counts thirteen udāvartas including an apathyaja type; NAMASTE SAT-J.57 lists 12; NAMASTE morbidity codes add hikkā. Present 'the 13 urges' as a textual list with its source, not as a single fact."},{"rendering":"retention (for all urges)","why":"Bhishagratna's 'retention' fits urine and stool but not sneezing, yawning or tears; 'holding back' or 'withholding' generalises better."}],"openQuestions":["Kaviratna's printed numbers OCR-read as '3' and '26' are almost certainly '2' and '25' (sequence); a human should read the scan (Lesson VII, pp. 73-77 of the fascicule).","Standard Sanskrit verse numbers for Sushruta Ut. 55 (the 'wise man' verse and the 'thirteen types' verse) were not established; NAMASTE's reference column cites 'Su.U.55/12', 'Su.U.55/16', 'Su.U.55/17' for individual urges but these were not verified.","Whether ICD-11 TM2 codes vegāvarodha-related disorders was not checked."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/vega-dharana/","canary":"f3bfdd4d05eb68be"},{"slug":"vikriti","page":"/lexicon/vikriti/","iast":"vikṛti","devanagari":"विकृति","alternates":["vikruti","vikāra","vikṛtiḥ"],"category":"prakriti","family":"daily-life","renderings":[{"english":"Abnormal state","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-4.8.18","verbatim":true,"assessment":"'Not typical, usual or regular; differing in any way from the normal state, structure or condition.' WHO pairs it against prakṛtiḥ at ITA-4.8.17 'Normal state, normalcy', so WHO's vikṛti is opposed to prakṛti-as-normalcy, NOT to prakṛti-as-constitution.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false},{"english":"morbidity","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-4.7.5 item 2","verbatim":true,"assessment":"A much stronger word than 'abnormal state', for the same item, two chapters apart in the same document.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false},{"english":"abnormal condition … a deviation from what is normal","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Vimanasthana 8","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Looser than the Sanskrit, and one route by which the modern 'deviation from your constitution' reading entered English.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"modifications (Vikara)","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, tr. Bhishagratna (1907-1916)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Sharirasthana I","verbatim":true,"assessment":"The Samkhya sense: an evolute, with no implication of disorder at all.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"current state of imbalance, as against prakriti the birth constitution","sourceName":"Western popular and clinical Ayurveda usage","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"Ubiquitous in Western practice and dosha-quiz software. This pairing is not how Vi 8/101 defines vikṛti, which equates it with vikāra, the disease itself.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"8","verse":"101","establishes":"The decisive sentence: vikṛtirucyatē vikāraḥ, vikṛti IS the disorder, examined through hetu, doṣa, dūṣya, prakṛti, deśa, kāla, bala and liṅga. prakṛti appears as one parameter BY WHICH vikṛti is assessed, which is not the same as vikṛti being a deviation from prakṛti.","quote":"vikr̥titaścēti vikr̥tirucyatē vikāraḥ| tatra vikāraṁ hētu-dōṣa-dūṣya-prakr̥ti-dēśa-kāla-balaviśēṣairliṅgataśca parīkṣēta||101||","translator":"","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Rogabhishagjitiya_Vimana","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"8","verse":"101","establishes":"Public-domain English for Vi 8/101.","quote":"Next, as to abnormal conditions : an abnormal condition has been said to be a deviation from what is normal.","translator":"Kaviraj Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"8","verse":"101","establishes":"The operational content: disease strength is graded strong / middling / weak by whether doṣa, dūṣya, prakṛti, deśa and kāla agree.","quote":"That disease is strong (or violent) in which the constituent elements (of the body, the faults, nature or normal condition), place (or seat of disease), and time (that is, season or age), draw an agreement with one another, but whose cause or causes and symptoms are possessed of strength.","translator":"Kaviraj Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sharirasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"","establishes":"The Samkhya prakṛti/vikāra pair as cause and evolute, with no pathological sense. Verse blank: the page prints '22-23' but that was not checked against a Sanskrit edition.","quote":null,"quoteWithheld":"nobody has yet read this quotation against its printed source, and an unchecked quotation is not published here","translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-3-sharirasthana/d/doc142879.html"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"prakṛti (constitution)","why":"The popular pair treats vikṛti as a present doṣa reading against a birth reading. Vi 8/101 equates vikṛti with vikāra and lists prakṛti as one of eight parameters for grading it."},{"term":"prakṛti (normalcy, WHO ITA-4.8.17)","why":"This is the prakṛti WHO opposes to vikṛti. Anyone citing WHO for the prakriti/vikriti pair is citing the normal/abnormal pair, not the constitution pair."},{"term":"vikāra","why":"Not a distinction at all in Vi 8/101, which says they are the same; but WHO treats them separately and later usage often reserves vikāra for the manifest disease."},{"term":"vikṛti in Samkhya","why":"An evolute of prakṛti; carries no disorder sense."},{"term":"doṣaprakopa","why":"Aggravation of a specific doṣa is a mechanism; vikṛti is the resulting disordered state examined as a whole."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"your current dosha imbalance","why":"The most widespread error in this group. It makes vikṛti a second constitutional reading; Vi 8/101 makes it the disease."},{"rendering":"imbalance","why":"Too weak. vikāra in Charaka covers jvara, atīsāra, śoṣa, śvāsa, meha, kuṣṭha, named diseases."},{"rendering":"deformity","why":"A legitimate anatomical sense, wrong for Vi 8/101 where the word is being defined as morbidity in general."}],"openQuestions":["When and by whom was the prakriti/vikriti-as-paired-assessment framing introduced into English? It does not follow from Vi 8/101 and no source for it was found."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/vikriti/","canary":"f551f0236598c413"},{"slug":"vimarga-gamana","page":"/lexicon/vimarga-gamana/","iast":"vimārgagamana","devanagari":"विमार्गगमन","alternates":["vimārgagamanam","vimārga-gamana","vimarga gaman","vimargagamana","vimarga gamanam"],"category":"srotas-concept","family":"body","renderings":[{"english":"Body channel dysfunction involving displacement of contents","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standards-body","locator":"Entry ITA-4.8.7","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO's English term ('displacement of contents') and its description ('movement in the wrong body channels') pull in slightly different directions, displacement of a substance versus travel down a wrong route. The Sanskrit is unambiguous: vi-mārga = wrong road, gamana = going.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"diviations (of the elements from their own into other channels)","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (public domain)","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"Vimana Sthana Lesson V, aphorism 31 (= Ca.Vi.5/24)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"'diviations' is an OCR artifact for 'deviations' in the archive.org scan. Kaviratna's parenthesis is an accurate unpacking: the dhatus leaving their own channels for others. This is the most faithful public-domain English available.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"Vimarga Gaman (Opposite Direction Flow)","sourceName":"Sharma S et al., Int. Res. J. Ayurveda & Yoga 6(12):98-102 (2023)","sourceKind":"modern-journal-review","locator":"DOI 10.47223/IRJAY.2023.61218","verbatim":true,"assessment":"A common but narrower textbook rendering. 'Opposite direction' is only one case of 'wrong route'; the paper's own example (udakavaha and svedavaha channels in jwara samprapti) is not about reversal at all.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"a modern translator, in copyright","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"a modern translator, in copyright"},{"english":"misdirection of flow","sourceName":"Standard BAMS-textbook usage","sourceKind":"textbook-convention","locator":"ubiquitous","verbatim":false,"assessment":"The most accurate of the common conventions.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true},{"english":"not verified","sourceName":"NAMASTE portal / ICD-11 TM2","sourceKind":"standards-body","locator":"registration wall","verbatim":false,"assessment":"Unretrieved.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimana Sthana","chapter":"5","verse":"24","establishes":"vimārgagamana as the fourth sign of srotodushti. The only verified classical occurrence of the term I located.","quote":"विमार्गगमनं चापि स्रोतसां दुष्टिलक्षणम्||२४||","translator":"none (Sanskrit mula text)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Sroto_Vimana&action=raw","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimana Sthana","chapter":"5","verse":"Kaviratna's aphorism 31 (= Ca.Vi.5/24)","establishes":"The lawfully quotable English. His parenthesis makes explicit what WHO's 'displacement of contents' leaves vague: it is the dhatus/contents leaving their proper channel for another channel.","quote":"or diviations (of the elements from their own into other channels), are regarded as indications of the vitiation of the ducts.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"pratiloma gati","why":"Movement against the normal direction (retrograde), as in pratiloma vata. That is reversal along the SAME path. vimārgagamana is departure onto a DIFFERENT path. Textbook renderings that say 'opposite direction flow' conflate the two."},{"term":"prasara (प्रसर)","why":"The third stage of shatkriyakala, in which aggravated doshas overflow their own seats and spread through the body. That is a normal-for-pathology stage of dosha movement; vimārgagamana is a sign of the CHANNEL being vitiated. They are described at different levels of the model."},{"term":"saṅga","why":"Frequently the cause of vimārgagamana rather than an alternative to it, WHO's own saṅga entry notes obstruction 'sometimes resulting in the formation of a collateral pathway'. The four signs are not independent."},{"term":"ativyāpti / dhātu-sāṅkarya","why":"Terms occasionally used in secondary literature for mixing of tissue elements. Not the same as a content travelling a wrong channel."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"opposite direction flow / retrograde flow","why":"The commonest error. vi-mārga is 'wrong road', not 'reverse road'. Retrograde flow is pratiloma. Vomiting is often cited as the example, but vomiting is only one instance and not the paradigm case."},{"rendering":"extravasation","why":"A vascular-specific biomedical term. vimārgagamana applies across all thirteen channels including annavaha and purishavaha, where extravasation is meaningless."},{"rendering":"shunting","why":"Attractive because WHO's saṅga entry mentions collateral pathways, but shunt implies an anatomically defined abnormal connection, which the Sanskrit does not assert."}],"openQuestions":["Whether Chakrapani or any commentator gives worked examples of vimārgagamana, and whether they include reversal as a case.","Whether the term occurs anywhere in Sushruta. I did not find it, but my Sushruta full-text search covered only the Nidana and Sharira sthanas of the Bhishagratna scan, so absence is not established.","Whether NAMASTE or ICD-11 TM2 carries any code whose definition depends on this concept."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/vimarga-gamana/","canary":"5ccfad6ad8aa7800"},{"slug":"vipaka","page":"/lexicon/vipaka/","iast":"vipāka","devanagari":"विपाक","alternates":["vipak","nishthapaka","post-digestive effect","assimilation (Kaviratna)"],"category":"dravyaguna-4","family":"pharmacology","renderings":[{"english":null,"sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"code DG0404","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Adopts Charaka's three-vipāka model without noting Sushruta's two.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Assimilation","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. A. C. Kaviratna, public domain","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Su.26 throughout the second numbering run (his 1, 13-19, 22, 28); his footnote to his 22: 'Instead of digestion, which is a common word, I have adopted the word assimilation as more consistent with scientific dignity'; Vimana 3 footnote: 'by 'Vipaka' is meant what may be called assimilable virtue'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Idiosyncratic and now misleading ('assimilation' has a fixed biochemical meaning); the translator himself explains it as a stylistic choice over 'digestion'.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"digestion; digestive (chemical) reaction; chemical actions / chemical transformation","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita tr. K. L. Bhishagratna, public domain, via wisdomlib","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Su.40 title 'flavours, virtues, potencies and chemical actions'; 'process of digestive (chemical) reaction (Vipaka)'; 'Only two kinds of digestion (digestive reactionary tastes)'; Su.41 'heavy and light digestion'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Several renderings in one chapter; 'digestion' alone collides with pāka/jaraṇa.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"postdigestive effect","sourceName":"Ranade et al., AYU 2019 (PMID 32398906); Gilca and Dragos, Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2017 (PMID 28642799)","sourceKind":"modern literature","locator":"abstracts","verbatim":true,"assessment":"The dominant modern gloss.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Ranade et al., AYU 2019 (PMID 32398906); Gilca and Dragos, Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2017 (PMID 28642799)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"post-digestive effect","sourceName":"Jadoun and Dwivedi, AYU 2013 (PMID 24696574)","sourceKind":"modern literature","locator":"abstract","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Hyphenated variant of the same gloss.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Jadoun and Dwivedi, AYU 2013 (PMID 24696574)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"effect of biotransformation","sourceName":"Pushpan and Nishteswar, Ancient Science of Life 2014 (PMID 25538356)","sourceKind":"modern literature","locator":"abstract","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Biomedical analogy, not a translation.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Pushpan and Nishteswar, Ancient Science of Life 2014 (PMID 25538356)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"\"Pushpan and Nishteswar, Ancient Science of Life 2014 (PMID 25538356)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation"},{"english":null,"englishWithheld":"this project has not cleared that source for quotation","sourceName":"easyayurveda.com 'Vipaka: Taste Conversion During And After Digestion' (Hebbar), modern","sourceKind":"modern web textbook","locator":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/2016/04/20/vipaka-taste-conversion/","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Textbook; 'taste conversion' is a common classroom gloss; notes Sushruta's two vs Charaka's three.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"easyayurveda.com 'Vipaka: Taste Conversion During And After Digestion' (Hebbar), modern\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"26","verse":"Standard 26.66; Kaviratna prints 22 (second numbering run)","establishes":"The definitional verse distinguishing rasa, vipāka ('Assimilation') and vīrya ('Energy') by when each is known. Sanskrit as retrieved: रसो निपाते द्रव्याणां, विपाकः कर्मनिष्ठया| वीर्यं यावदधीवासान्निपाताच्चोपलभ्यते||६६|| (https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Atreyabhadrakapyiya_Adhyaya).","quote":"That is called the Taste of objects which is perceived as soon as the objects are brought into contact (with the tongue.) That is called Assimilation which is ascertained from the completion of the action. That is called Energy which is ascertained from the retention of the object within the body and its first contact with the tongue.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"26","verse":"Standard 26.58; Kaviratna prints 14 (second run)","establishes":"Charaka's three vipākas and their mapping from the six rasas. Sanskrit as retrieved: कटुतिक्तकषायाणां विपाकः प्रायशः कटुः| अम्लोऽम्लं पच्यते स्वादुर्मधुरं लवणस्तथा||५८||.","quote":"Of the Pungent, the Bitter, and the Astringent, the change, upon assimilation, is generally Pungent. The Sour taste changes into the Sour. The Sweet and the Saline change into the Sweet.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"26","verse":"Standard 26.61; Kaviratna prints 17 (second run; his OCR'd '17' follows 'increases phlegm and semen')","establishes":"The karma of kaṭu and madhura vipāka (the observable signs Jadoun 2013 later used as endpoints). Sanskrit as retrieved: शुक्रहा बद्धविण्मूत्रो विपाको वातलः कटुः| मधुरः सृष्टविण्मूत्रो विपाकः कफशुक्रलः||६१||. Here Kaviratna switches to 'after effects' for vipāka; 'tate' is OCR of taste.","quote":"The Pungent taste, in respect of its after effects, is destructive of the semen ; leads to retention of faeces and urine, and to increase of wind. The Sweet tate, in respect of its after effects, leads to easy and copious discharges of urine and stools, and increases phlegm and semen.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"26","verse":"Standard 26.72; Kaviratna prints 28 (second run)","establishes":"The hierarchy rasa < vipāka < vīrya < prabhāva. Sanskrit as retrieved: द्रव्यं गुणेन पाकेन प्रभावेण च किञ्चन| रसं विपाकस्तौ वीर्यं प्रभावस्तानपोहति||७२||. Note Kaviratna's 'Potency' = prabhāva.","quote":"In cases where there is uniformity of attributes in Taste and the others (viz., in Energy, Assimilation, and Potency), Taste is subjugated by Assimilation ; both of them, again, are subjugated by Energy ; and all three are subjugated by Potency. Even such is the natural force of each of these.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"40","verse":"Sanskrit verse number not established (Bhishagratna prints none)","establishes":"Sushruta's two-vipāka doctrine (madhura/guru and kaṭu/laghu), explicitly rejecting the three-vipāka view earlier on the same page ('the theory that only three tastes, such as sweet, acid, and pungent are developed through digestive reaction, appears to be untenable'). A primary inter-text disagreement.","quote":"Only two kinds of digestion (digestive reactionary tastes) have been noticed in the Shastras, such as, the sweet and the pungent, the first being heavy and the second light.","translator":"K. L. Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc141670.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"40","verse":"Sanskrit verse number not established","establishes":"Sushruta grounds the two vipākas in mahābhūta composition; introduced on the page as 'Authoritative verses on the subject'.","quote":"Of substances under the process of digestion, those, which are characterised by attributes, specifically belonging to earth and water, are called substances of sweet (heavy) digestion; while those which are permeated with the specific properties of air, fire and sky are called substances of pungent (light) digestion (easily digestible articles of food).","translator":"K. L. Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc141670.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Ashtanga Hridaya","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"17 (GRETIL, Das and Emmerick numbering)","establishes":"Vāgbhaṭa follows Charaka's three vipākas (sweet, sour, pungent). Reference only.","quote":"tri-dhā vipāko dravyasya svādv-amla-kaṭukātmakaḥ || 17 ||","translator":"none; Sanskrit only","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/1_sanskr/6_sastra/7_ayur/vagaah_u.htm","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"vīrya","why":"Ca.Su.26.66: vīrya is known from administration to excretion, vipāka from the completed action; Ca.Su.26.72 ranks vīrya above vipāka."},{"term":"prabhāva","why":"The unaccountable specific effect (Ca.Su.26.67); Kaviratna's 'Potency' is prabhāva, which readers may confuse with vipāka/vīrya."},{"term":"avasthā-pāka / jaraṇa (digestion proper)","why":"Vipāka is the final (niṣṭhā) state after digestion, not the digestive process; Bhishagratna's bare 'digestion' blurs this."},{"term":"anurasa","why":"A secondary taste perceived at the end of tasting, not after digestion."},{"term":"avipāka","why":"Clinical indigestion (WHO SK0039), a different word-sense."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"assimilation","why":"Kaviratna's choice, by his own footnote made for 'scientific dignity'; in modern English it names nutrient uptake, not a post-digestive taste-category."},{"rendering":"digestion","why":"Bhishagratna; conflates the process (pāka) with its resulting classification (vipāka)."},{"rendering":"sweet things become sour on digestion","why":"Kaviratna's Vimana 3 footnote; contradicts Ca.Su.26.58."},{"rendering":"metabolism / biotransformation (as definition)","why":"Analogies offered in modern papers; not what the Samhitas say, and vipāka is classified by rasa not by chemistry."}],"openQuestions":["Sanskrit verse numbers for the Sushruta Su.40 vipāka passages.","Whether Chakrapani's gloss on 26.66 (karmaniṣṭhā) supports 'ascertained from the completion of the action' or 'from the final action'.","Any controlled study of vipāka beyond PMID 24696574 (none found with the searches run)."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/vipaka/","canary":"4b2b494d209b97a4"},{"slug":"virechana","page":"/lexicon/virechana/","iast":"virecana","devanagari":"विरेचन","alternates":["virechana","virecana-karma","recana-karma","vireka","adhobhāgahara","therapeutic purgation"],"category":"chikitsa-3","family":"clinic","renderings":[{"english":"Therapeutic purgation","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"ITA-6.2.6.14 virecana-karma","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Comparator. WHO's description says 'stomach' for virechana too, which is anatomically odd (purgatives act on the intestine); treat as WHO's wording, not doctrine.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":null,"sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"ITA-5.76.55-56 region","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO also codes the complications (vyapat) of virechana as morbidity terms.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":null,"sourceName":"NIA/WHO-APW draft 'Standardization of Non-Clinical Terminologies of Ayurveda' (rvpganagpur.com PDF)","sourceKind":"comparator (draft)","locator":"AT0365","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Draft; records 'vireka' as the therapy noun.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"'Virechana (administration of purgatives)'; 'virechyas (purgatives)'; 'Ciro-virechana (administration of errhines)'","sourceName":"Kaviratna, Charaka-Samhita","sourceKind":"public-domain translator","locator":"footnote on the five karmas (Vimanasthana region); Vimanasthana Lesson VIII p.405","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna transliterates and glosses; note shirovirechana rendered 'errhines' / 'cerebral purgatives'.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"purgatives / purgation; oils that 'act as purgatives'","sourceName":"Bhishagratna, Sushruta Samhita Chikitsasthana ch. XXXI and XXXIII","sourceKind":"public-domain translator","locator":"Su.Chi.31 section 5; Su.Chi.33 title, sections 2 and 19","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Standard pharmacological English.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"'Virechana (therapeutic purgation)'; 'Virechana Karma (therapeutic purgation)'","sourceName":"PubMed PMIDs 31831966, 42748372","sourceKind":"modern literature","locator":"titles/abstracts","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Research English settled on 'therapeutic purgation'.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"PubMed PMIDs 31831966, 42748372\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Kalpasthana","chapter":"1 (Madanakalpa)","verse":"Standard 1.4 (Sanskrit only)","establishes":"Narrow sense: dosha removal by the downward route is virechana. Wide sense: both routes are 'virechana' because both purge mala. This double sense explains 'ṣaḍ virecanaśatāni' (six hundred virechana formulations) covering emetics too.","quote":"\"तत्र दोषहरणमूर्ध्वभागं वमनसञ्ज्ञकम्, अधोभागं विरेचनसञ्ज्ञकम्; उभयं वा शरीरमलविरेचनाद्विरेचनसञ्ज्ञां लभते||४||\"","translator":"none (Sanskrit)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Madanakalpa_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Kalpasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"Standard 1.6 (Sanskrit only)","establishes":"The 'six hundred virechana yogas' are announced in the wide sense (emetic and purgative drugs listed together in the same sentence).","quote":"\"...विचित्रगन्ध-वर्ण-रस-स्पर्शानामुपयोगसुखार्थमसङ्ख्येयसंयोगानामपि चसतां द्रव्याणां विकल्पमार्गोपदर्शनार्थं षड्विरेचनयोगशतानि व्याख्यास्यामः||६||\"","translator":"none (Sanskrit)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Madanakalpa_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Chikitsasthana","chapter":"33","verse":"Bhishagratna section 2; Sanskrit 33.4","establishes":"Virechana ranked with vamana as principal dosha-removing measures.","quote":"Bhishagratna: \"Emetics and purgatives are the principal remedies in cleansing the system of all the Doshas (morbific principles).\" Sanskrit: \"प्राधान्येन वमनविरेचने वर्तेते निर्हरणे दोषाणाम् ॥४॥\" (first half)","translator":"Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-4-cikitsasthana/d/doc142951.html ; https://www.siva.sh/sushruta-samhita/chikitsa-sthana/33/1-5","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Chikitsasthana","chapter":"33","verse":"Bhishagratna section 19 (his numbering); Sanskrit verse not established","establishes":"Contraindications to virechana, including the rule that it follows prior snehana. Sanskrit verse number not retrieved for this passage.","quote":"Bhishagratna: \"Exhibition of purgatives are prohibited in respect of persons of impaired digestion, or of those treated with an excessive application of any emulsive remedy (Sneha- Karma), or of those who are exceedingly corpulent, too old, fatigued, thirsty or intoxicated, or of those suffering from any ulcer. They are similarly prohibited in respect of frightened persons and Kshata-kshina patients or of those afflicted with hemorrhage from the downward orifices of the body or of persons with any dart or foreign matter (salya) lying imbedded in the organism as well as in respect of infants and enciente. A purgative medicine should not be administered before the digestion of a meal previously taken, neither in the diseases due to an abuse of wine, nor in acute catarrh and acute fever or to a newly parturient woman and persons not previously treated with a Sneha (oil or Ghrita).\"","translator":"Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-4-cikitsasthana/d/doc142951.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Chikitsasthana","chapter":"31","verse":"Bhishagratna section 5; Sanskrit 31.5","establishes":"Virechana as a drug action (virecayanti) alongside emetic and errhine actions, with shirovirechana as the nasal analogue.","quote":"Bhishagratna: \"The expressed oils prepared from (the seeds of) Lodhra, Eranda, Koshamra, Danti, Dravanti, Saptala, Shanikhini, Palasha, Vishanika, Gavakshi, Kampillaka, Sampaka and of Nilini act as purgatives. The oils prepared from (the seeds of) Jimutaka, Kutaja, Kritave-dhana, Ikshvaku (bitter gourd), Dhamargava and of Madana act as emetics. The expressed oils prepared from (the seeds of) Vidanga, Khara manjari, Madhu-shigru, Surya-valli, Pilu, Siddharthaka and of Jyotishmati act as errhines (Shiro-virecana). 5.\" Sanskrit 31.5 (opening): \"...शङ्खिनीपलाशविषाणिकागवाक्षीकम्पिल्लकशम्पाकनीलिनीस्नेहा विरेचयन्ति\"","translator":"Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-4-cikitsasthana/d/doc142947.html ; https://www.siva.sh/sushruta-samhita/chikitsa-sthana/31/1-5","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"vamana","why":"Upward-route counterpart; Charaka Ka.1.4 defines them by route (urdhva/adho)."},{"term":"virechana (wide sense)","why":"Charaka Ka.1.4 and 1.6 use virechana for any purging including emesis ('ṣaḍ virecanaśatāni'); context decides which sense is meant."},{"term":"shirovirechana","why":"Nasal 'purgation of the head' (errhine), Kaviratna's 'cerebral purgatives'; a distinct procedure within panchakarma."},{"term":"atisara (diarrhoea)","why":"Disease, not therapy; virechana has samyak signs and stops; WHO codes the failure modes (mithyavirecana) as morbidity."},{"term":"anulomana / sramsana / bhedana / rechana","why":"Graded purgative actions found in later texts (Sharngadhara; not quotable, not verified here); WHO lists anulomanam as 'Normal course of movement' (6.2.6.11) and recana-karma as a synonym of virecana-karma."},{"term":"basti","why":"Enema; a separate shodhana targeting vata, not a form of virechana."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"laxative therapy","why":"Laxative is the mildest grade (anulomana/sramsana); virechana denotes dosha-expelling purgation with samyak signs."},{"rendering":"diarrhoea / inducing diarrhoea","why":"Confuses therapy with disease; atisara is a vyadhi."},{"rendering":"detox / colon cleansing","why":"Non-classical; dosha are not toxins and the colon is not the target concept."},{"rendering":"'drawn to the stomach' (WHO 6.2.6.14)","why":"WHO's wording applies the vamana description to virechana; the classical koshtha/amashaya-pakvashaya distinction is lost. Record as WHO's wording, not Ayurveda's."}],"openQuestions":["Sanskrit verse number for Bhishagratna's section 19 (purgation contraindications) in Su.Chi.33 not retrieved.","Charaka Siddhisthana and Kalpasthana samyak-virikta signs not extracted (no public-domain English in this corpus)."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/virechana/","canary":"c6ec5cba44ee16b1"},{"slug":"viruddha-ahara","page":"/lexicon/viruddha-ahara/","iast":"viruddha-āhāra (viruddhāhāra); also viruddhānna, viruddhānnabhojana, vairodhika (āhāra)","devanagari":"विरुद्धाहारः / विरुद्धान्नम् (NAMASTE SAT-J.84 prints विरुध्दाहारः, a conjunct typo); Charaka Su. 26/104 uses वैरोधिकनिमित्तानां व्याधीनाम्","alternates":["viruddha ahara","viruddhahara","viruddha anna","viruddhanna","viruddhannabhojana","vairodhika ahara","virudh ahara","virudha ahara","incompatible food","incompatible diet","antagonistic food"],"category":"swasthavritta","family":"daily-life","renderings":[{"english":"Disorder due to intake of incompatible foods","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"ITA-5.74.5 viruddhānnabhojanam/viruddhāhāraḥ","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO lists it as a disorder, paraphrasing the Charaka 26/102-103 disease list; 'insanity' appears twice (unmāda and mada both rendered 'insanity'). No separate WHO entry for the 18 types was found in the extracted text.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"antagonistic food","sourceName":"NAMASTE portal, Standardised Ayurveda Terminology (SAT) Ayurveda","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"SAT-J.84 virudhdāhāraḥ [sic]","verbatim":true,"assessment":"NAMASTE is the only standard found that codes all 18 Charaka types individually. Its 'antagonistic' tracks Kaviratna's 'hostile' better than the now-dominant 'incompatible'.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology"},{"english":"incompatible (diet/food); hostile (of specific pairs)","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913), Lesson XXVI","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"archive.org BIUSante_47357, pp. 322-328 of the fascicule","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna uses 'hostile' for individual viruddha pairs ('are hostile to milk') and 'incompatible' for the class ('Diet that is incompatible is said to be the cause of...').","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"incompatible to one another as regards their tastes, potencies and digestive transformation","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita tr. Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907-1916), Sutrasthana ch. XX","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"wisdomlib doc122915","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Sushruta's Hitāhitīya chapter does not use a single head term in Bhishagratna's English; he speaks of 'incompatible combinations' and 'deadly poisons through incompatible combinations'.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"incompatible food / incompatible diet / Viruddha Anna","sourceName":"Sabnis M, Ayu 2012 (PMID 23723637) and most modern literature","sourceKind":"modern literature","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":"Dominant modern rendering. Sabnis defines it functionally: 'diet and its combinations, which interrupts the metabolism of tissue, which inhibits the process of formation of tissue and which have the opposite property to the tissue'.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Sabnis M, Ayu 2012 (PMID 23723637) and most modern literature\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"mutually contraindicated food","sourceName":"Sirdeshpande & Kashikar, Ayu 2017 (PMID 30254386)","sourceKind":"modern literature","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":"Pharmacological framing; 'contraindicated' is also NAMASTE's word for parihāra-viruddha specifically.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Sirdeshpande & Kashikar, Ayu 2017 (PMID 30254386)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"wrong food combinations","sourceName":"Popular/web usage (e.g. ayurvedahub, planetayurveda pages seen in search results)","sourceKind":"popular","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"Describes saṁyoga-viruddha only, one of 18 types; see mistranslations.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"26 (Atreyabhadrakapyiya Adhyaya)","verse":"Standard (Trikamji) 26/85, Devanagari read on carakasamhitaonline.com: 'भवन्ति चात्र श्लोकाः- यत् किञ्चिद्दोषमास्राव्य न निर्हरति कायतः| आहारजातं तत् सर्वमहितायोपपद्यते||८५||'. Kaviratna prints his own number 21 after this verse, having restarted his count at 1 for the prose viruddha block (his footnote: 'This and the following aphorisms are in prose. Hence I number them anew, beginning with 1.— T.'). Both systems recorded; no conversion applied.","establishes":"Charaka's general definition of viruddha/ahita āhāra: food that provokes the doshas (Kaviratna: 'faults') without expelling them from the body. This is the verse NAMASTE SAT-J.84 paraphrases. Note Kaviratna's 'faults' = doṣa, an Edwardian rendering; not a doctrine of moral fault.","quote":"(Here occurs a verse.)  Whatever diet excites the faults without being able to dispel or drive them out of the system, becomes a source of affliction or disease.21","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"26","verse":"Standard (Trikamji) 26/81 for the prose definition ('देहधातुप्रत्यनीकभूतानि द्रव्याणि देहधातुभिर्विरोधमापद्यन्ते; परस्परगुणविरुद्धानि कानिचित्, कानिचित् संयोगात्, संस्कारादपराणि, देशकालमात्रादिभिश्चापराणि, तथा स्वभावादपराणि||८१||'), 26/82 for fish-with-milk, 26/84 for the long list of pairs ending with honey-and-ghee in equal parts. Kaviratna's renumbered prose block: 3 (introduction), 4 (fish and milk), 5-6 (Bhadrakapya exchange), 7-20 (pairs). WARNING: Trikamji 26/84 is a single prose unit that spans Kaviratna's paragraphs 12-20, so there is no one-to-one mapping in this block; do not convert.","establishes":"The paradigm examples (fish with milk; honey and ghee in equal parts) and Charaka's reasoning by vīrya opposition and abhiṣyandi quality. 'Energy' is Kaviratna's word for vīrya and 'assimilation' for vipāka; both are translator's choices, not Ayurvedic doctrine about 'energy'.","quote":"Fish should never be taken with milk. Both of these are sweet in taste. They are, again, sweet in assimilation. Being highly emollient, they retain the secretions (without allowing them to escape) and thus cause a heaviness or fulness of the body. One of them (milk) is of cooling energy ; the other (fish) of heating energy ; they are thus of opposite energies. In consequence of their being thus of opposite energies, they corrupt or defile the blood. In consequence, again, of their being highly emollient, they stop the pores and passages through which all impurities escape.4  [...]  Honey and Ghee in equal portions, honey and rain water mingled in equal measures, honey and Pushkara seeds, warm water drink after the taking of honey, Bhallataka and warm water, Kampillaka boiled in whey, stale Kakamachi, the flesh of Bhasa roasted on a spit, are incompatible combinations. (Hence, if these be taken, disease and even death may be produced). We have thus laid down (what kinds of food are incompatible) agreeably to your question.20","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"26","verse":"Standard (Trikamji) 26/86-87 (list of the 18 types: deśa, kāla, agni, mātrā, sātmya, doṣa/anila-ādi, saṁskāra, vīrya, koṣṭha, avasthā, krama, parihāra, upacāra, pāka, saṁyoga, hṛt, sampad, vidhi) and 26/88-101 (one-line definitions), Devanagari read on carakasamhitaonline.com, e.g. '||८६|| यच्चापि देशकालाग्निमात्रासात्म्यानिलादिभिः| संस्कारतो वीर्यतश्च कोष्ठावस्थाक्रमैरपि', '||८७|| परिहारोपचाराभ्यां पाकात् संयोगतोऽपि च| विरुद्धं तच्च न हितं हृत्सम्पद्विधिभिश्च यत्'. Kaviratna's translation of these verses was not located in the OCR text read (the block between his 21 and 22 appears to omit or compress them); a human should check the scan.","establishes":"The canonical enumeration of 18 types of viruddha that NAMASTE codes as SAT-J.85 to SAT-J.102. Confirmed first (86) and last (101) verses independently.","quote":null,"translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Atreyabhadrakapyiya_Adhyaya","checked":"address only, nothing quoted to check"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"26","verse":"Standard (Trikamji) 26/102-103 (disease list) and 26/104-105 (management), Devanagari read on carakasamhitaonline.com: '||१०२|| षाण्ढ्यान्ध्यवीसर्पदकोदराणां विस्फोटकोन्मादभगन्दराणाम्| मूर्च्छामदाध्मानगलग्रहाणां पाण्ड्वामयस्यामविषस्य चैव', '||१०३|| किलासकुष्ठग्रहणीगदानां शोथाम्लपित्तज्वरपीनसानाम् | सन्तानदोषस्य तथैव मृत्योर्विरुद्धमन्नं प्रवदन्ति हेतुम्'. Kaviratna prints (OCR) 23 after the disease list, almost certainly 22, then 23 after the remedies paragraph and 24 after the summary verse. Both systems recorded; not converted.","establishes":"The disease list and the three-fold management (vamana, virecana, śamana/neutralising agents, plus prior habituation to wholesome articles). Kaviratna's English list does not map one-to-one onto the Sanskrit: 'Pulmonary consumption' and 'Bilious hemorrhage' have no obvious counterpart in 26/102-103 (which has śotha and amlapitta), while 'Leprous blotches, Leprosy' = kilāsa, kuṣṭha. Treat his disease names as period English, not identifications. Also 26/106 (unaffected persons: those habituated, taking small amounts, with strong agni, young, unctuous, exercising, strong) was seen in Sanskrit but Kaviratna's rendering of it was not located in the OCR read.","quote":"Diet that is incompatible is said to be the cause of the following diseases, viz.. Impotence, Blindness, Erysipelas, abdominal dropsy, malignant Boils, Lunacy, Fistula-in-ano, Swoons, Vertigo, Flatulence, choaking of the throat (with suppression of the voice), chlorosis and anaemia, acidity of the stomach (such that no food is capable of being retained), Leprous blotches, Leprosy, diseases that affect the Grahani, Pulmonary consumption, Bilious hemorrhage, Fever, Inflammation of the schneidenian membrane, with loss of the sense of smell, incapacity to beget healthy offspring, as also death itself.  [...]  (Here occurs a verse.)  All diseases that are generated by the taking of incompatible food are destroyed by purging, and vomitting, and neutralising agents, and by the previous administration or use of such articles as are beneficial.24","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"20 (Hitāhitīya Adhyāya; Bhishagratna: 'the salutary and non-salutary effects of regimen')","verse":"Sushruta Sutrasthana 20 (Hitahitiya). Bhishagratna prints no Sanskrit verse numbers; the standard numbers are confirmed against the printed Sanskrit edition (Susrutasamhita with Dalhana's Nibandhasangraha, ed. Jadavji Trikamji Acharya, Nirnaya Sagar Press, Bombay 1915, Sutrasthana adhyaya 20, pp. 81-83, page images on archive.org): Valli-fruit list with milk = 20.8; all fish, especially Chilichima, with milk, and plantain with Tala fruit, milk or whey = 20.13; two oils, or honey and an oil, in equal measure (manaviruddha) = 20.15; the rasa / virya / vipaka couples = 20.16; the 'disease, weakness of the sense-organs, death' verse = 20.19. Quoted segments appear here in chapter order. Note that visatulyani occurs twice in this chapter: 20.4 announces the category ('samyogad aparani visatulyani bhavanti') and 20.8 gives the Valli list; Dalhana on 20.4 records a variant 'tesam eva samyogatas tv aparani', which is why the two read so alike.","establishes":"Sushruta's parallel treatment of incompatibilities (notably milk with fish, and oils/honey in equal parts), framed by rasa, vīrya and vipāka ('tastes, potencies and digestive transformation'), and his 'deadly poisons' comparison, which anticipates the Ashtanga Hridaya's viṣa-gara simile.","quote":"The Valli fruit, the Karaka, the Karira, the Amla-phala, the salt, the Kulattha, the Pinyaka, curd, oil, Virohi, cakes, the dried pot-herbs, goat's flesh, mutton, wine, the Jamboline fruit, the Chilichima fish, the flesh of the Godha, and the Varaha (wild boar) being eaten simultaneously with milk, furnish an example of articles which may act as deadly poisons through incompatible combinations.  [...]  All fish, specially those of the Chilichimi species, should not be taken with milk, nor the fruit of a plantain tree should be simultaneously eaten with Tala fruit, milk or whey.  [...]  Two oily substances (such as oil and clarified butter) or honey and any of the oily substances, mixed in equal proportions, should not be taken  [...]  By taking substances which are incompatible to one another as regards their tastes, potencies and digestive transformation, a greedy and intemperate person becomes afflicted with disease and weakness of the sense-organs, and ultimately meets with his doom.","translator":"Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/details/SushrutasamhitaOfSushruta","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Ashtanga Hridaya","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"7 (Annaraksha / Annarakshavidhi Adhyaya)","verse":"7/29 ('विरुद्धमपि चाहारं विद्याद्विषगरोपमम्') through 7/51, with 7/47 for persons unaffected ('व्यायामस्निग्धदीप्ताग्निवयःस्थबलशालिनाम्'), numbers as printed on easyayurveda.com; not checked against a printed Sanskrit edition.","establishes":"Vagbhata treats viruddha āhāra as comparable to viṣa and gara (poison and artificial/slow poison), which is why modern Agada Tantra literature (PMIDs 33773882, 30254386) files it under toxicology.","quote":null,"translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://easyayurveda.com/2013/03/12/ashtanga-hrudayam-sutrasthana-7th-chapter","checked":"address only, nothing quoted to check"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"ahita āhāra / apathya","why":"Generic unwholesome or contraindicated food. Charaka 26/85 defines viruddha by a specific mechanism (provokes doshas without expelling them); not every ahita item is viruddha, though NAMASTE's definition and Kaviratna's 'incompatible' both lean on the 26/85 verse, which in Sanskrit actually says 'ahitāya' (unwholesome)."},{"term":"asātmya","why":"Unsuitability to the individual's habituation. It is one of the 18 types (sātmya-viruddha, SAT-J.89) and also one of the conditions that neutralise viruddha (26/106: the habituated person is unaffected). Confusing the whole with the part is common."},{"term":"saṁyoga-viruddha","why":"Incompatibility by combination is only one of 18 types (SAT-J.99). Almost all popular 'wrong food combinations' lists describe this type alone and call it viruddha āhāra."},{"term":"gara-viṣa / dūṣī-viṣa","why":"Ashtanga Hridaya Su. 7/29 compares viruddha to viṣa and gara ('viṣa-garopamam'); it is a simile, not an identification. Modern toxicology papers (PMIDs 33773882, 30254386) build on the simile."},{"term":"food allergy / food intolerance","why":"Immunological or enzymatic reactions in an individual. Viruddha is defined by the properties of the food and its combination, processing, dose, place, time and sequence, and is said to be neutralised by habituation, exercise and strong agni (26/106), which is not how allergy behaves."},{"term":"vairodhika","why":"Charaka 26/104 calls the resulting disorders 'vairodhika-nimitta'; vairodhika is sometimes used as the noun for viruddha āhāra itself. Same concept, different grammatical form."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"wrong food combinations","why":"Covers only saṁyoga-viruddha; omits the other 17 types (place, time, agni, dose, habituation, dosha, processing, potency, bowel, condition, order, contraindication, treatment sequence, cooking, palatability, quality, rules of eating)."},{"rendering":"food allergy / toxic food","why":"Imports an immunological or chemical mechanism absent from the texts; the classical mechanism is dosha provocation without elimination (26/85), neutralised by habituation and strong agni (26/106)."},{"rendering":"Leprosy, Pulmonary consumption, Bilious hemorrhage, Lunacy (Kaviratna's disease names)","why":"Edwardian disease labels for kuṣṭha, unmāda etc.; two items in his list have no clear counterpart in the Sanskrit of 26/102-103. Use them as evidence of his reading, not as identifications."},{"rendering":"'faults' / 'energy' / 'assimilation' (Kaviratna for doṣa / vīrya / vipāka)","why":"Translator's period vocabulary; 'energy' in particular invites a modern 'energetic' reading that is not in the text."}],"openQuestions":["Kaviratna's number after the disease list OCR-reads '23' twice (disease list and remedies paragraph); the first is almost certainly '22'. Check the scan (Lesson XXVI, p. 327 of the fascicule).","Kaviratna's rendering of Trikamji 26/86-101 (the 18 types) and 26/106 (unaffected persons) was not located in the OCR text between his aphorisms 21 and 22; either the OCR dropped a page or he compressed them. A human must read the scan before citing him for the 18 types.","Standard Sanskrit verse numbers for the Sushruta Su. 20 passages were not established.","Whether ICD-11 TM2 contains a viruddhāhāra-related code was not checked."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/viruddha-ahara/","canary":"01295940b4f6f002"},{"slug":"virya","page":"/lexicon/virya/","iast":"vīrya","devanagari":"वीर्य","alternates":["veerya","viryya (Kaviratna)","potency","energy (Kaviratna)","energetic nature"],"category":"dravyaguna-4","family":"pharmacology","renderings":[{"english":null,"sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"code DG0408","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Main comparator entry; the 'active principles' comparison is WHO's own analogy. 'Contact or duration of stay' paraphrases Ca.Su.26.66.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"1. Strength, power, energy, efficacy 2. Semen.","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"code SK0217","verbatim":true,"assessment":"General-sense entry; shows the semen homonym and WHO's use of 'potency' in compounds.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Energy","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. A. C. Kaviratna, public domain","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Su.26 second numbering run throughout (his 1-6, 20-22, 28); Vimana 3 footnote ''Viryya' implies energy'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Capitalised 'Energy'; he reserves 'Potency' for prabhāva, the reverse of modern usage, so his 'Potency' must never be read as vīrya.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"potency (Viryam)","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita tr. K. L. Bhishagratna, public domain, via wisdomlib","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Su.40 ('hold the potency (Viryam) of a drug to be the most important factor'; 'eight kinds of potency (properties)'); Su.41 ('The principle, in virtue of which the action is performed, is called its potency or Viryam'; 'eight-fold potencies')","verbatim":true,"assessment":"The source of the now-standard 'potency'.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"potency","sourceName":"Ranade et al., AYU 2019 (PMID 32398906); Pushpan and Nishteswar 2014 (PMID 25538356); Jadoun and Dwivedi 2013 (PMID 24696574)","sourceKind":"modern literature","locator":"abstracts","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Dominant modern gloss.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Ranade et al., AYU 2019 (PMID 32398906); Pushpan and Nishteswar 2014 (PMID 25538356); Jadoun and Dwivedi 2013 (PMID 24696574)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"\"Ranade et al., AYU 2019 (PMID 32398906); Pushpan and Nishteswar 2014 (PMID 25538356); Jadoun and Dwivedi 2013 (PMID 24696574)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation"},{"english":"energetic nature (virya)","sourceName":"Gilca and Dragos, Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2017 (PMID 28642799)","sourceKind":"modern literature","locator":"abstract","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Alternative modern gloss, closer to Kaviratna's 'Energy'.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Gilca and Dragos, Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2017 (PMID 28642799)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"Virya means potency or active property of a substance.","sourceName":"easyayurveda.com 'Veerya, Potency Of Herbs And Doshas' (Hebbar), modern","sourceKind":"modern web textbook","locator":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/2019/03/09/veerya-herb-potency/","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Textbook; also lists two-type and eight-type vīrya with glosses.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"easyayurveda.com 'Veerya, Potency Of Herbs And Doshas' (Hebbar), modern\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"\"easyayurveda.com 'Veerya, Potency Of Herbs And Doshas' (Hebbar), modern\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation"}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"26","verse":"Standard 26.13 (prose unit ending ||१३||); Kaviratna's corresponding passage sits at his 27-28 and renders vīrya loosely (not quoted here)","establishes":"The six-fold analysis of drug action in Ca.Su.26.13: karma is what drugs do (yat kurvanti), vīrya is that by which they act (yena kurvanti), adhikaraṇa is where (yatra), kāla is when (yadā), upāya is how (yathā), phala is what they accomplish (yat sādhayanti). The enumeration is the second half of a single prose unit whose opening clause ('na tu kevalaṃ guṇaprabhāvādeva dravyāṇi kārmukāṇi bhavanti') states its premise: drugs act not by quality alone but by dravyaprabhāva, guṇaprabhāva and dravyaguṇaprabhāva, in a given time and site. 'कुर्विन्ति' is carakasamhitaonline's typo; GRETIL's Trikamji-based text and the printed Sen & Sen 1897 edition both read कुर्वन्ति. Cakrapāṇi's Āyurvedadīpikā on this unit glosses vīrya as śakti, 'and that belongs to a substance or to a quality' (vīryaṃ śaktiḥ sā ca dravyasya guṇasya vā). Sushruta Su.41 (Bhishagratna) defines the same six, kāla first: 'The principle, in virtue of which the action is performed, is called its potency or Viryam.'","quote":"न तु केवलं गुणप्रभावादेव द्रव्याणि कार्मुकाणि भवन्ति; द्रव्याणि हि द्रव्यप्रभावाद्गुणप्रभावाद्द्रव्यगुणप्रभावाच्च तस्मिंस्तस्मिन् काले तत्तदधिकरणमासाद्य तां तां च युक्तिमर्थं च तं तमभिप्रेत्य यत् कुर्वन्ति, तत् कर्म; येन कुर्विन्ति, तद्वीर्यं; यत्र कुर्वन्ति, तदधिकरणं; यदा कुर्वन्ति, स कालः; यथा कुर्वन्ति, स उपायः; यत् साधयन्ति, तत् फलम्||१३||","translator":"none quoted; Sanskrit only (carakasamhitaonline, CC BY-NC-SA)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Atreyabhadrakapyiya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"26","verse":"Standard 26.64-65; Kaviratna prints 20-21 (second numbering run)","establishes":"The eight-fold vs two-fold vīrya and the functional definition (yena kriyate yā kriyā). Sanskrit as retrieved: मृदुतीक्ष्णगुरुलघुस्निग्धरूक्षोष्णशीतलम्| वीर्यमष्टविधं केचित्, केचिद्द्विविधमास्थिताः||६४|| शीतोष्णमिति, वीर्यं तु क्रियते येन या क्रिया| नावीर्यं कुरुते किञ्चित् सर्वा वीर्यकृता क्रिया||६५|| (https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Atreyabhadrakapyiya_Adhyaya).","quote":"Some say that mild and keen, heavy and light, oily and dry, and hot and cooling, are the eight kinds of Energy which objects may have. Others are of opinion that objects have only two kinds of Energy, viz., cooling and hot. That is called the Energy of an object in consequence of which the object acts or operates on the system. An object which has no Energy can have no action (upon the system.) Every action proceeds from Energy.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"26","verse":"Standard 26.66; Kaviratna prints 22 (second run)","establishes":"How vīrya is known (yāvad adhīvāsāt nipātāc ca). Sanskrit as retrieved: रसो निपाते द्रव्याणां, विपाकः कर्मनिष्ठया| वीर्यं यावदधीवासान्निपाताच्चोपलभ्यते||६६||. Kaviratna's footnote (editorial) adds Chakrapani's gloss of adhivāsa as 'lying of the object within the body'.","quote":"That is called Energy which is ascertained from the retention of the object within the body and its first contact with the tongue.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"26","verse":"Standard 26.45; Kaviratna prints 1 (second run)","establishes":"Inference of vīrya from rasa and vipāka, with exceptions following (his 4-6: hot sweets such as Mahat Panchamula; Amalaka sour but not heating). Sanskrit as retrieved: शीतं वीर्येण यद्द्रव्यं मधुरं रसपाकयोः| तयोरम्लं यदुष्णं च यद्द्रव्यं कटुकं तयोः||४५||.","quote":"That object which is sweet in Taste and Assimilation, should be known as cooling in Energy. That which is sour in Taste and Assimilation, should be known as heating in Energy. So also that object which is pungent in Taste and Assimilation, should be known as heating in energy.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"40","verse":"Sanskrit: Sutrasthana 40, sutra 5 (siva.sh numbering) 'तच्च वीर्यं द्विविधमुष्णं शीतं च, अग्नीषोमीयत्वाज्जगतः । केचिदष्टविधमाहुः- शीतमुष्णं स्निग्धं रूक्षं विशदं पिच्छिलं मृदु तीक्ष्णं चेति'; Bhishagratna (wisdomlib doc141670, Chapter XL) prints no number","establishes":"Sushruta's two-fold vīrya (uṣṇa and śīta, 'owing to the agni-soma nature of the world') and the eight-fold view he attributes to 'some' (kecit): śīta, uṣṇa, snigdha, rūkṣa, viśada, picchila, mṛdu, tīkṣṇa (Su.40/5, siva.sh numbering). His eight differ from Charaka's 26.64 by having viśada and picchila where Charaka has guru and laghu. Su.41/11 repeats the identical eight ('य इमे गुणा वीर्यसञ्ज्ञकाः शीतोष्णस्निग्धरूक्षमृदुतीक्ष्णपिच्छिलविशदाः') and treats guru and laghu as pāka, not vīrya ('गुरुपाको वातपित्तघ्नः, लघुपाकः श्लेष्मघ्नः'); the 'heavy' in Bhishagratna's Su.41 rendering ('cooling, thermogenetic, oleaginous, heavy, parchifying, plastive, keen and slimy') is his insertion, not a third Sanskrit variant. 'Expansive' for viśada is also Bhishagratna's gloss.","quote":"The potency of a drug is either cooling or heat-making owing to the twofold (hot and cool) nature of the temperament of the world. According to several authorities the potency of a medicinal drug may be classed as either hot or cool, emollient or dry, expansive or slimy, mild or keen, so as to embrace the eight different attributes in all.","translator":"K. L. Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc141670.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"41","verse":"Sanskrit verse number not established","establishes":"Sushruta's functional definition, parallel to Ca.Su.26.13 yena kurvanti tad vīryam.","quote":"The principle, in virtue of which the action is performed, is called its potency or Viryam.","translator":"K. L. Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc141671.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Ashtanga Hridaya","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"9","verse":"12-14 (GRETIL, Das and Emmerick numbering); the eight-vs-two discussion continues to 9.17; Su.1.17 for the two-fold statement","establishes":"Vāgbhaṭa reports the eight-fold vīrya (guru, snigdha, hima, mṛdu, laghu, rūkṣa, uṣṇa, tīkṣṇa) as the view of 'some' (eke) and attributes the functional definition to Caraka by name ('carakas tv āha vīryaṃ tat kriyate yena yā kriyā'), 9.12-14. 9.15-16 then give his reasons for applying the name vīrya to guru and the rest ('vivakṣyate rasādyeṣu vīryaṃ gurv-ādayo hy ataḥ'), and 9.17 reports the two-fold uṣṇa/śīta view as that of others ('uṣṇaṃ śītaṃ dvi-dhaivānye vīryam ācakṣate 'pi ca'). The two-fold vīrya in Vāgbhaṭa's own summary is at Su.1.17 'uṣṇa-śīta-guṇotkarṣāt tatra vīryaṃ dvi-dhā smṛtam'. Reference only.","quote":"vīryaṃ punar vadanty eke guru snigdhaṃ himaṃ mṛdu || 12 || laghu rūkṣoṣṇa-tīkṣṇaṃ ca tad evaṃ matam aṣṭa-dhā | carakas tv āha vīryaṃ tat kriyate yena yā kriyā || 13 || nā-vīryaṃ kurute kiñ-cit sarvā vīrya-kṛtā hi sā | gurv-ādiṣv eva vīryākhyā tenānv-artheti varṇyate || 14 ||","translator":"none; Sanskrit only","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/1_sanskr/6_sastra/7_ayur/vagaah_u.htm","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"prabhāva","why":"Ca.Su.26.67: the specific effect when rasa, vīrya and vipāka are alike; Kaviratna calls prabhāva 'Potency' and vīrya 'Energy', inverting the modern convention."},{"term":"vipāka","why":"Known from the completed action, whereas vīrya is known during the drug's stay in the body (Ca.Su.26.66)."},{"term":"guna (uṣṇa, śīta, etc.)","why":"The eight vīryas are themselves gurvadi gunas; AH Su.9.14 says the name vīrya is given to gurvādi qualities when they dominate action ('gurv-ādiṣv eva vīryākhyā')."},{"term":"vīrya = semen / strength","why":"WHO SK0217 sense 2; Ca.Su.26 'bala-varṇa-tejo-vīrya' uses it as bodily vigour; Kaviratna's 'sexual potency' passages are this sense."},{"term":"śakti / bala (strength of a drug)","why":"WHO's 'tīkṣṇa/madhya/mṛdu vīrya = higher/moderate/mild potency' grades strength, a derived usage not in Ca.Su.26."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"potency (read as pharmacological dose-strength)","why":"In English pharmacology potency is dose-response position; vīrya is a qualitative mode of action (hot/cold etc.), as Ca.Su.26.64 shows."},{"rendering":"Potency (in Kaviratna) taken as vīrya","why":"Kaviratna's 'Potency' is prabhāva; his vīrya is 'Energy'."},{"rendering":"energy (read as caloric or vitalistic energy)","why":"Kaviratna's and Gilca's 'energy/energetic' invite a vitalist reading the texts do not support; the Sanskrit defines vīrya purely by agency."},{"rendering":"active principle / active fraction","why":"WHO DG0408's own analogy; a chemical-constituent reading the Samhitas do not make."}],"openQuestions":["Sanskrit verse numbers for Sushruta Su.40-41 vīrya passages and reconciliation of Sushruta's two different eight-fold lists (Su.40 vs Su.41 as translated).","Chakrapani on adhivāsa (Kaviratna's footnote attributes the gloss to him; not verified)."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/virya/","canary":"fe58b55b48500658"},{"slug":"visarga-kala","page":"/lexicon/visarga-kala/","iast":"visarga-kāla (visargakāla); Charaka pairs it with dakṣiṇāyana; opposite: ādāna-kāla / uttarāyaṇa","devanagari":"विसर्गकालः / विसर्गः (Charaka Su. 6/4: दक्षिणायनं विसर्गं च; 6/5: अतो विसर्गः सौम्यः)","alternates":["visargakala","visarga kala","visarga","dakshinayana","dakṣiṇāyana","southern solstice period","sun's southern course","giving period","release period","saumya kala"],"category":"swasthavritta","family":"daily-life","renderings":[{"english":"the period when the Sun gives; the period of Giving","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913), Lesson VI","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"archive.org BIUSante_47357, pp. 66-67 of the fascicule; his aphorisms 2, 3, 4, 6 and renumbered verse 1","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna renders visarga/ādāna literally as Giving/Taking and explains dakṣiṇāyana as 'the period of the Sun's southerly course'. He adds 'the time when the Sun gives (or yields moisture to all earthly objects)' as an in-line gloss.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"the sun ... over the Tropic of Capricorn or ... in the Winter Solstice (Dakshinayana)","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita tr. Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907-1916), Sutrasthana ch. VI","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"wisdomlib doc122894","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Bhishagratna's astronomical gloss is his own; the Sanskrit (per Charaka's parallel) refers to the half-year of the sun's southward course, not a solstice point. Sushruta's text as translated uses dakṣiṇāyana, not visarga.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"not found as a head term","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":"Absence is a finding about the extracted text, not proof the term is nowhere in the document; the pypdf extraction garbled some Devanagari and could in principle have garbled IAST.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":null,"sourceName":"NAMASTE portal, Standardised Ayurveda Terminology (SAT) Ayurveda","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"SAT-B.464 balam","verbatim":true,"assessment":"NAMASTE treats visargakāla as known vocabulary (used, not defined) and codes the astronomical unit ayana separately.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology","locatorOnPageOnly":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology"},{"english":"nourishment phase; period of release of strength; southern solstice; dakshinayana","sourceName":"Common textbook and web renderings (easyayurveda ritucharya pages, journal reviews seen in search results)","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"'Release' tracks the Ashtanga Hridaya gloss (yad balaṃ visṛjaty ayam, 'because it releases strength'); 'southern solstice' is loose, see mistranslations.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"6 (Tasyashitiya Adhyaya)","verse":"Standard (Trikamji) 6/4, Devanagari read on carakasamhitaonline.com: 'इह खलु संवत्सरं षडङ्गमृतुविभागेन विद्यात्| तत्रादित्यस्योदगयनमादानं च त्रीनृतूञ्छिशिरादीन् ग्रीष्मान्तान् व्यवस्येत्, वर्षादीन् पुनर्हेमन्तान्तान् दक्षिणायनं विसर्गं च||४||'. Kaviratna prints his number 2 after this passage (he numbers the opening verse 1). Both systems recorded; not converted.","establishes":"Charaka's definition: the year has six seasons; the sun's northern course (udagayana) is ādāna and comprises śiśira, vasanta, grīṣma; the southern course (dakṣiṇāyana) is visarga and comprises varṣā, śarad, hemanta. Kaviratna's parenthetical glosses ('sucks up the liquid portion', 'yields moisture') are his, not the text; his footnote on the Indian calendar months is a translator's note.","quote":"For the purposes of this lesson, the year should be known as consisting of six portions, divided according to the seasons. Of these, the three seasons commencing with the season of dews and ending with summer constitute the period when the Sun travels in the region lying to the north of the equinoctial. That is again the period when the Sun takes (i. e., sucks up the liquid portion of every earthly object). The three other seasons commencing with the season of rains and ending with Hemanta constitutes the period of the Sun's southerly course. That is, besides, the time when the Sun gives (or yields moisture to all earthly objects).*2","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"6","verse":"Standard (Trikamji) 6/5, Devanagari read on carakasamhitaonline.com: 'विसर्गे पुनर्वायवो नातिरूक्षाः प्रवान्ति, इतरे पुनरादाने; सोमश्चाव्याहतबलः शिशिराभिर्भाभिरापूरयञ्जगदाप्याययति शश्वत्, अतो विसर्गः सौम्यः| आदानं पुनराग्नेयं; तावेतावर्कवायू सोमश्च कालस्वभावमार्गपरिगृहीताः कालर्तुरसदोषदेहबलनिर्वृत्तिप्रत्ययभूताः समुपदिश्यन्ते||५||'. Kaviratna splits this one Trikamji unit into his aphorisms 3 ('...Hence the period of Giving is mild (and agreeable).') and 4 ('The period of Taking is fiery...'). No one-to-one mapping; both recorded.","establishes":"Visarga is saumya (Kaviratna: 'mild (and agreeable)'), ādāna is āgneya ('fiery'); the moon is unimpaired in visarga. 'Moisture' = rasa and 'faults' = doṣa are Kaviratna's words.","quote":"During the period when the Sun gives, the winds are not very dry; they also blow (without being deprived of motion). The winds of the period when the Sun takes have opposite virtues. The Moon, during the former period, appears with unabated vigor and, filling the universe with cool rays gladdens it every day. Hence the period of Giving is mild (and agreeable).3  The period of Taking is fiery. These two periods, the Sun and the winds, and the Moon also, as the learned instruct us, are subject to the influences of Time, of their own respective natures, and of track, and become the determining causes of time, season, moisture, faults, and strength of body.4","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"6","verse":"Standard (Trikamji) 6/7 (prose on strength increasing in varṣā-śarad-hemanta) and 6/8 (verse on strength at the start/middle/end of visarga and ādāna), Devanagari read on carakasamhitaonline.com: '||७|| वर्षाशरद्धेमन्तेषु तु दक्षिणाभिमुखेऽर्के ... तत्र बलमुपचीयते नृणामिति', '||८|| भवन्ति चात्र- आदावन्ते च दौर्बल्यं विसर्गादानयोर्नृणाम्| मध्ये मध्यबलं, त्वन्ते श्रेष्ठमग्रे च निर्दिशेत्'. Kaviratna prints 6 after the prose and restarts his count at 1 for the verse. Both recorded; not converted.","establishes":"The physiological point of the term: in visarga, unctuous (arūkṣa) sour, salty and sweet rasas increase and human strength accumulates; strength is lowest at the start of visarga (varṣā) and end of ādāna (grīṣma), highest at the end of visarga (hemanta) and start of ādāna (śiśira). The season names in parentheses in the verse are Kaviratna's insertions. OCR renders ś as 'Ç' ('Çarat', 'Çiçira').","quote":"In the season, however, of rains, of Çarat, and of Hemanta, when the Sun begins his southerly course, and his powers become weakened by time, by the virtue of his track itself, by the winds generated by the clouds, and by the downpours (from the cloudy regions), when the Moon also appears with unabated vigor, and (lastly) when the heat of the universe becomes cooled by the water that falls from the clouds, moisture that is cool, sour, saltish, and sweet, increases gradually, and the strength of human beings increases.6  On this topic are the following verses :—  It should be said that during the first season of the Giving period, (viz., the season of rains), and the last season of the Taking period, (viz., summer), men become weak. In the two intermediate seasons of both the periods, (viz., Çarat and Vasanta), men become neither very weak nor very strong. During the last season of the Giving period, (viz., Hemanta), and the first of the Taking period, (viz., Çiçira), the strength of men is at its highest.1","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"6 (Ṛtucaryā Adhyāya)","verse":"Bhishagratna prints no verse numbers (chapter-level). The Sanskrit sūtra is Sushruta Sutrasthana 6.7, confirmed in a printed edition: Suśrutasaṃhitā with Dalhaṇa's Nibandhasaṃgraha, ed. Jādavji Trikamji Āchārya, Nirnaya Sagar Press, Bombay 1915, Sūtrasthāna adhyāya 6, p. 23, where the mūla ends 'uttarottaraṃ ca sarvaprāṇināṃ balamupahīyate ७' and Dalhaṇa's gloss on it closes ॥७॥; the edition's table of contents lists '7 dakṣiṇottarabhedenāyanavibhāgaḥ, p. 23'. (तयोर्दक्षिणं वर्षाशरद्धेमन्ताः ... उत्तरं च शिशिरवसन्तग्रीष्माः ...)","establishes":"Sushruta's parallel: the dakṣiṇa ayana (rains, autumn, hemanta) strengthens the moon (soma), makes the sour-salty-sweet rasas strong and progressively increases the strength of all beings; the uttara ayana (śiśira, spring, summer) strengthens the sun and progressively diminishes strength. Bhishagratna's 'Summer Solstice (Uttarayana)' and 'Tropic of Capricorn / Winter Solstice (Dakshinayana)' are his astronomical glosses, not in the Sanskrit, and doctrinally odd (uttarāyaṇa begins at the winter solstice); do not record them as what the text says. His 'bitter, pungent and sour' for the ādāna rasas is a slip: the printed Trikamji edition reads tikta-kaṣāya-kaṭuka (bitter, astringent, pungent) and Dalhaṇa re-quotes the same, agreeing with Charaka Su 6/6. Dalhaṇa also notes that most copies read the sūtra with the uttarāyaṇa first ('te śiśiravasantagrīṣmavarṣāśaraddhemantāḥ'), and defends his text's dakṣiṇāyana-first order on the ground that visarga is what gives beings strength; so the order in which the two halves are printed is itself a known variant.","quote":"The rains, autumn and Hemanta follow one another in succession when the sun is over the Tropic of Capricorn or is in the Winter Solstice (Dakshinayana) and the moon gains in strength in this part of the year. Rasas (Serum or sap) possessed of acid, saline and sweet tastes, grow strong and become dominant when the sun is over the Tropic of Capricorn (Dakshinayana) and all beings gain in strength and energy more and more. Winter, spring and summer mark the passing of the sun over the Summer Solstice (Uttarayana). The sun grows stronger in heat and light, and saps (rasas) of bitter, pungent and sour tastes increase in intensity, and all animals gradually begin to lose strength and energy.","translator":"Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122894.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Ashtanga Hridaya","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"3 (Ritucharya Adhyaya)","verse":"Verses 1-4 as numbered on ahsutrasthana.blogspot.com (verse 3 incipit: 'ऋतवो दक्षिणायनम् । वर्षादयो विसर्गश्च यद्बलं विसृजत्ययम् । सौम्यत्वादत्र सोमो हि बलवान् हीयते रविः'); not checked against a printed Sanskrit edition.","establishes":"Vagbhata supplies the etymology behind the modern rendering 'release': visarga is so called because it releases (visṛjati) strength to beings. The 'Ashtanga Hridaya' etymology should not be attributed to Charaka, whose 6/4-5 gives no etymology.","quote":null,"translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://ahsutrasthana.blogspot.com/2013/10/3-ritucharya-adhyaya-seasonal-regimen_2.html","checked":"address only, nothing quoted to check"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"dakṣiṇāyana","why":"Charaka 6/4 equates them ('दक्षिणायनं विसर्गं च') but they are not synonyms in sense: dakṣiṇāyana names the sun's southward half-year (astronomical; NAMASTE SAT-G.109 'ayanam'), visarga names its physiological character (the half in which the earth and bodies are 'given' moisture and strength; saumya). Sushruta as translated by Bhishagratna uses only dakṣiṇāyana."},{"term":"ādāna-kāla / uttarāyaṇa","why":"The opposite half (śiśira, vasanta, grīṣma), āgneya, in which the sun 'takes' (Kaviratna) moisture and strength declines. Confusion arises because hemanta (early winter) belongs to visarga while śiśira (late winter) belongs to ādāna, and strength peaks across that boundary (6/8)."},{"term":"varṣā ṛtu (monsoon) alone","why":"Visarga spans three seasons (varṣā, śarad, hemanta). Treating it as 'the rainy season' or 'monsoon' truncates it; strength is in fact lowest in varṣā and highest in hemanta within the same visarga (6/8)."},{"term":"visarga (grammar)","why":"The Sanskrit phoneme ḥ is also called visarga; the WHO PDF's only 'Visarga' hit is in its transliteration key. Unrelated sense, same word."},{"term":"kālaja bala","why":"The 'seasonal strength' of Charaka 11/36 (WHO ITA-2.2.30; NAMASTE SAT-B.464) is the strength acquired in visarga-kāla; the term names the effect, not the period."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"southern solstice / winter solstice","why":"Ayana is a six-month course of the sun, not an instant; Bhishagratna's 'Winter Solstice (Dakshinayana)' and 'Summer Solstice (Uttarayana)' misplace both (uttarāyaṇa begins at the winter solstice). Record as the translator's gloss."},{"rendering":"monsoon / rainy season","why":"Only the first of visarga's three seasons."},{"rendering":"release of strength (attributed to Charaka)","why":"The etymology 'yad balaṃ visṛjati' is Vagbhata's (AH Su. 3); Charaka 6/4-5 defines visarga by the sun's course and its saumya character without that etymology. Kaviratna's 'Giving' is a literal rendering of vi-sṛj, not a claim about strength."},{"rendering":"'moisture' and 'faults' (Kaviratna for rasa and doṣa)","why":"Period English; 'moisture' for rasa in 6/5-7 obscures that the text is about the six tastes becoming dominant, not humidity alone."}],"openQuestions":["Standard Sanskrit verse numbers for Sushruta Su. 6 were not established; a numbered Sanskrit edition is needed before any 'Su.Su. 6/x' citation.","Bhishagratna's 'bitter, pungent and sour' for the ādāna rasas vs Charaka's tikta-kaṣāya-kaṭu: check the Sushruta Sanskrit.","AH Su. 3 verse numbers come from a blog transcription and need checking against a printed edition.","Whether WHO ISTA contains visarga/ādāna under a rendering my text search did not anticipate (e.g. 'southward movement of the sun') is possible; a human should check the ṛtucaryā block around ITA-10.3.x on pp. 473-474."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/visarga-kala/","canary":"0e4f83a72183e486"},{"slug":"vishada","page":"/lexicon/vishada/","iast":"viśada","devanagari":"विशद","alternates":["vishada guna","visada","vaishadya","viṣada (variant spelling in carakasamhitaonline 26.43)","clear","non-slimy"],"category":"dravyaguna-4","family":"pharmacology","renderings":[{"english":null,"sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"code DG0411","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Main comparator entry. Its bhūta attribution (ākāśa + pṛthvī) differs from Bhishagratna's Su.41 'earth and air' and from Charaka 26.11, which lists viśada under earth, fire and air.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Non adhesiveness.","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"code AT0385","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Second WHO entry; the 'non-slimy/non-adhesive' sense rather than 'clear'.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"clear; not slimy","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. A. C. Kaviratna, public domain","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Su.1 his 58 (vata 'clear'); Su.22 his 10 ('not slimy'; footnote ''Vishada' is not slimy'); Su.26 his 22, 24, 25 ('clear' in earth, fire, wind lists); Su.26 tikta excess 'dry and rough and clear'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Two renderings; his footnote also pairs 'Vishada in Pichcchila'.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"non-slimy (Vaishadyam); expansive","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita tr. K. L. Bhishagratna, public domain, via wisdomlib","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Su.41 ('non-slimy potency (Vaishadyam), to the predominance of the attributes of earth and air'; element lists 'non-slimy'); Su.40 eight potencies 'expansive or slimy'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"'Non-slimy' where the Sanskrit is named; 'expansive' in the Su.40 pair opposite 'slimy' is presumably also viśada and is an odd choice.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"Vishada Guna means 'clearness' quality","sourceName":"easyayurveda.com 'Gurvadi Gunas' (Hebbar), modern","sourceKind":"modern web textbook","locator":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/2019/06/12/gurvadi-gunas/","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Textbook; opposite picchila; assigns earth, air, fire and ether.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"easyayurveda.com 'Gurvadi Gunas' (Hebbar), modern\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"Standard 1.59; Kaviratna prints 58","establishes":"Viśada ('clear') as the sixth quality of Vāta. Sanskrit as retrieved: रूक्षः शीतो लघुः सूक्ष्मश्चलोऽथ विशदः खरः| विपरीतगुणैर्द्रव्यैर्मारुतः सम्प्रशाम्यति||५९|| (https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Deerghanjiviteeya_Adhyaya).","quote":"Wind, which may be dry, cold, light, subtile, unstable, clear, keen, is cured by objects which have adverse attributes.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"22","verse":"Standard 22.12; Kaviratna prints 10","establishes":"Viśada ('not slimy') as a laṅghana quality. Sanskrit as retrieved: लघूष्णतीक्ष्णविशदं रूक्षं सूक्ष्मं खरं सरम्||१२|| (https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Langhanabrimhaniya_Adhyaya).","quote":"Such things as are light, warm, pungent, not slimy, dry, subtile, rough, unstable, and hard, are generally Langhana.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"26","verse":"Standard 26.11 (single prose unit); Kaviratna prints 22, 24, 25 after the earth, fire and wind sentences","establishes":"Charaka lists viśada among earth-, fire- and air-dominant substances, and vaiśadya among the effects of air-dominant ones. Sanskrit as retrieved: गुरुखरकठिनमन्दस्थिरविशदसान्द्रस्थूलगन्धगुणबहुलानि पार्थिवानि ... उष्णतीक्ष्णसूक्ष्मलघुरूक्षविशदरूपगुणबहुलान्याग्नेयानि ... लघुशीतरूक्षखरविशदसूक्ष्मस्पर्शगुणबहुलानि वायव्यानि, तानि रौक्ष्यग्लानिविचारवैशद्यलाघवकराणि ||११|| (https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Atreyabhadrakapyiya_Adhyaya). The ellipsis omits the Water sentence (his 23). This contradicts WHO's 'akash & pṛthvī'.","quote":"Amongst objects those that are principally heavy, sharp or pungent, hard, mild, immobile, clear, thick, gross, and possessed of scent, are regarded as appertaining to Earth. ... Those that are principally hot, keen, subtile, light, dry, and clear, and largely endued with the attribute of form, are regarded as appertaining to Fire. Those that are principally light, cold, dry, sharp, clear, subtile, and largely endued with the attribute of touch, are regarded as appertaining to Wind.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"41","verse":"Sanskrit verse number not established (Bhishagratna prints none)","establishes":"Sushruta assigns vaiśadya to earth + air and (same page) 'Keenness, parchifying and non-slimy potencies conquer the deranged Kapha'; also 'The properties of sliminess and its opposite may be perceived by the eyes and touch.' Bhishagratna names the Sanskrit (Vaishadyam) here, so the rendering is anchored.","quote":"parchifying potency, to the excess of the attributes of air; non-slimy potency (Vaishadyam), to the predominance of the attributes of earth and air; and heavy and light digestion, to the same cause.","translator":"K. L. Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc141671.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Ashtanga Hridaya","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"18 (GRETIL, Das and Emmerick numbering)","establishes":"Viśada named explicitly among the ten gunas whose opposites complete the twenty (its opposite picchila is unnamed). Reference only.","quote":"guru-manda-hima-snigdha-ślakṣṇa-sāndra-mṛdu-sthirāḥ | guṇāḥ sa-sūkṣma-viśadā viṃśatiḥ sa-viparyayāḥ || 18 ||","translator":"none; Sanskrit only","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/1_sanskr/6_sastra/7_ayur/vagaah_u.htm","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"picchila","why":"Opposite member (Kaviratna's note 'Vishada in Pichcchila'; Bhishagratna 'sliminess and its opposite')."},{"term":"viṣāda (विषाद)","why":"Dejection/depression (WHO AF2569 'Dejection; Depression'); identical in common transliteration 'vishada' and the only sense PubMed returns."},{"term":"rūkṣa","why":"Dry; co-listed with viśada in Vāta and laṅghana lists and both oppose unctuous/slimy, so 'clear/dry' are blurred in textbooks."},{"term":"ślakṣṇa","why":"Smooth; a separate pair (with khara); WHO's 'Lucid' and 'Transparent' drift toward smoothness/clarity of appearance rather than non-adhesion."},{"term":"vaiśadya","why":"The abstract noun (effect), used by Charaka 26.11 of air-dominant substances and by Bhishagratna 'Vaishadyam'."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"clear / transparent / lucid (optical sense)","why":"WHO DG0411's wording; the classical use is tactile (non-sticky, non-slimy), perceived 'by the eyes and touch' per Sushruta, and opposed to picchila."},{"rendering":"expansive","why":"Bhishagratna's Su.40 pair 'expansive or slimy'; no obvious basis for 'expansive' as viśada."},{"rendering":"depression (viṣāda)","why":"Homograph; different word."}],"openQuestions":["Reconcile the bhūta attribution: WHO (ākāśa + pṛthvī), Sushruta Su.41 (earth + air), Charaka Su.26.11 (earth, fire and air lists), easyayurveda (earth, air, fire, ether).","Why carakasamhitaonline prints विषद in 26.43(5) (खरविषदस्वभावाच्च) against विशद elsewhere; orthographic variant or edition error.","Sanskrit behind Bhishagratna's 'expansive' in Su.40."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/vishada/","canary":"f21248a8a0e812d9"},{"slug":"vishama-agni","page":"/lexicon/vishama-agni/","iast":"viṣamāgni","devanagari":"विषमाग्नि","alternates":["viṣama agni","viṣamo 'gniḥ","vātaja agni-doṣa"],"category":"pathophysiology / functional state","family":"body","renderings":[{"english":"Irregular state of digestive, metabolic factors","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"terminology-standard","locator":"ITA-2.6.10","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO description verbatim: 'A state in which the action of transformative factor is rendered erratic (either excessive, diminished or fluctuating) due to the dominant influence of vata.'","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false},{"english":"Irregular digestive, metabolic factors","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"terminology-standard","locator":"ITA-5.11.3","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO lists viṣamāgni TWICE, once as a physiological state (ITA-2.6.10) and once as a disorder (ITA-5.11.3) with a full symptom list. The disorder entry reads: 'A disorder characterized by some or all the following signs and symptoms: ability to digest properly at times proper digestion of food of varied quantity and improper digestion in spite of proper quantity of food; abdominal distension; colicky pain in abdomen; upward movement of gases with retention of stool and urine; diarrhoea; heaviness in the abdomen; borborygmi/gurgling intestinal sounds; straining at defecation.'","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"irregular digestive power","sourceName":"NAMASTE / National AYUSH Morbidity Codes (NAMC), Ministry of Ayush","sourceKind":"terminology-standard","locator":"NAMC code DB-2","verbatim":true,"assessment":"NAMASTE's own classical citations match the loci I independently verified, which is a useful cross-check on both.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the Government of India NAMASTE terminology"},{"english":"Vishama'gni","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, tr. Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907-1916)","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"Sūtrasthāna Chapter XXXV, pp. 319-320","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Transliterated as a heading and defined in English. The fullest public-domain definition available.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"uneven","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"Vimānasthāna Lesson VI (= Ca.Vi.6.12)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna's footnote: 'a digestive fire that is irregular is so called', so he offers 'uneven' in the text and 'irregular' in the gloss.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"irregular state of metabolic fire","sourceName":"Anc Sci Life 2015 (PMID 26283805)","sourceKind":"secondary-literature","locator":"abstract","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Verbatim from the abstract's parenthetical gloss.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Anc Sci Life 2015 (PMID 26283805)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"no ICD-11 TM2 category found","sourceName":"ICD-11 MMS v2026-01, TM2","sourceKind":"classification","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"SM3B Indigestion disorder (TM2) covers ajīrṇa/agnimāndya index terms but I found no viṣamāgni index term.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Sushruta Saṃhitā","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"XXXV (Ātura-upakramaṇīya)","verse":"24","establishes":"The defining feature is alternation, not deficiency: it sometimes digests properly and sometimes produces this symptom set. WHO's ITA-5.11.3 symptom list is recognisably a modernisation of this same list.","quote":"The digestive heat which is irregular in its action, and which sometimes helps the process of complete digestion, and produces distension of the abdomen, colic pain, constipation of the bowels, dysentery, ascites, heaviness of the limbs, rumbling in the intestines, and loose motions (diarrhoea) at other times, is called Vishamagni.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/b24758619_0001/b24758619_0001_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Saṃhitā (Sanskrit)","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"35","verse":"24","establishes":"Sanskrit for the definition, fixing the verse number and showing that Bhishagratna's 'ascites' renders udara/jaṭhara-gaurava (heaviness of the abdomen), i.e. that his rendering over-reads.","quote":"यः कदाचित् सम्यक् पचति कदाचिदाध्मानशूलोदावर्तातिसारजठरगौरवान्त्रकूजनप्रवाहणानि कृत्वा स विषमः","translator":"none (Sanskrit mūla)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/सुश्रुतसंहिता/सूत्रस्थानम्/अध्याय_३१-४६","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Saṃhitā","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"XXXV","verse":"25-26","establishes":"Doṣa attribution (vāta) and the management principle (snigdha, amla, lavaṇa), both public domain.","quote":"The digestive fire of the Vishama kind brings on diseases characterised by the derangement of the Vayu. ... The one known as Vishama (irregular) should be corrected by a diet consisting of emollient, acid or saline substances.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/b24758619_0001/b24758619_0001_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Saṃhitā (Sanskrit)","sthana":"Vimānasthāna","chapter":"6","verse":"12","establishes":"Charaka defines viṣama purely negatively, 'having characteristics opposite to sama', and attributes it to vāta overwhelming agni's seat. He gives no symptom list here; Sushruta does.","quote":"समलक्षणविपरीतलक्षणस्तु विषम इति। ... वातलानां तु वाताभिभूतेऽग्न्यधिष्ठाने विषमा भवन्त्यग्नयः","translator":"none (Sanskrit mūla)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.siva.sh/caraka-samhita/vimana-sthana/6/12","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Saṃhitā (Sanskrit)","sthana":"Cikitsāsthāna","chapter":"15","verse":"50","establishes":"The downstream consequence: viṣamāgni, cooking unevenly, produces dhātu-vaiṣamya (tissue disequilibrium). This is the link from agni state to systemic pathology.","quote":"विषमो धातुवैषम्यं करोति विषमं पचन्। तीक्ष्णो मन्देन्धनो धातून् विशोषयति पावकः॥५०॥","translator":"none (Sanskrit mūla)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.siva.sh/caraka-samhita/chikitsa-sthana/15/50","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Aṣṭāṅga Hṛdaya (Sanskrit)","sthana":"Śārīrasthāna","chapter":"3","verse":"73, 75","establishes":"Vāgbhaṭa's mechanism (samāna vāyu off its path) and his behavioural criterion (digests improper food quickly, or proper food only after long delay). NAMASTE cites Ah.Sa.3/75 for viṣamāgni, matching.","quote":"samaḥ samāne sthāna-sthe viṣamo 'gnir vi-mārga-ge || 73 || ... viṣamo '-samyag apy āśu samyag vāpi cirāt pacet || 75 ||","translator":"none — no public-domain English translation of Aṣṭāṅga Hṛdaya exists","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/corpustei/transformations/plaintext/sa_vAgbhaTa-aSTAGgahRdayasUtra.txt","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"mandāgni","why":"Sushruta's viṣama alternates between adequate and inadequate; manda is uniformly slow. WHO's ITA-2.6.10 muddies this by including 'diminished' inside the definition of erratic."},{"term":"grahaṇī-roga","why":"Ca.Ci.15.71 makes viṣamāgni a grahaṇī-doṣa, but grahaṇī-roga is the manifest disease with its own symptom set; the agni state is the functional substrate."},{"term":"viṣama-jvara (intermittent fever)","why":"Same adjective, unrelated referent. NAMASTE has a whole series of viṣamajvara codes (EC-3.10.x) that a naive string match will confuse with DB-2."},{"term":"viṣamāśana","why":"Irregular eating, a cause listed among the aetiologies (Ca.Ci.15.42 viṣamāśanāt), not the state itself."},{"term":"IBS / functional dyspepsia","why":"A tempting biomedical mapping given the symptom overlap, but no study has tested the correspondence, and viṣamāgni is defined by digestive performance rather than by symptom duration criteria."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"weak digestion","why":"Confuses viṣama with manda. The defining feature is variability, not deficiency."},{"rendering":"irritable bowel syndrome","why":"An unvalidated diagnostic equation. Sushruta's symptom list overlaps IBS but includes ascites/abdominal heaviness and the definition rests on inconsistent digestion, not on Rome criteria."},{"rendering":"erratic metabolism","why":"Loses the gastrointestinal specificity that both Sushruta's symptom list and WHO's disorder entry (ITA-5.11.3) carry."}],"openQuestions":["Why does WHO define viṣamāgni twice with materially different emphases?","Is there any study correlating viṣamāgni with objective gastric emptying or transit measures?","Does Aṣṭāṅga Saṅgraha 6/32 and 6/70 (cited by NAMASTE) contain parallel definitions? I could not retrieve Aṣṭāṅga Saṅgraha."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/vishama-agni/","canary":"b372aa226dd5ffcf"},{"slug":"vishesha","page":"/lexicon/vishesha/","iast":"viśeṣa","devanagari":"विशेष","alternates":["viśeṣaḥ / viśeṣam (WHO prints the neuter)","dravya-viśeṣa / guṇa-viśeṣa / karma-viśeṣa (WHO subtypes)","sāmānya-viśeṣa siddhānta (the paired doctrine)"],"category":"padartha","family":"foundations","renderings":[{"english":"Particularity, distinct feature","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"ITA-1.9.2.1","verbatim":true,"assessment":"As with sāmānya, WHO's headword is the Vaiśeṣika reading ('unique individuality') and its description and subtypes are Charaka's (hrāsahetu, pṛthaktva, dissimilarity). WHO calls viśeṣa 'An attribute', which Charaka does not.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":null,"sourceName":"National Institute of Ayurveda, WHO-APW 'Standardization of Non-Clinical Terminologies of Ayurveda'","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"DG0412","verbatim":true,"assessment":"'Specialty' is a false friend (Sanskrit viśeṣa also means 'special', but the category is dissimilarity). 'Negative impact' is an unfortunate gloss for hrāsa.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"dissimilarities (in the list); dissimilarity (in the definitions): 'dissimilarity is the cause of decrease'; 'dissimilarity is that which produces diversity'; 'dissimilarity is the reverse of this'","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. A. C. Kaviratna, public domain","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Su.1 his printed 27, 43, 44","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Consistent 'dissimilarity' throughout the Sutrasthana.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"Vigesha (dissimilarity) [OCR for Viśesha]","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. A. C. Kaviratna, public domain","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Vi.8 his printed 28 (= standard 8.29)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Consistent. The scan's 'g' is his 'ç/ś'.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"specific properties (of drugs)","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita tr. K. L. Bhishagratna, public domain (wisdomlib.org)","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Su.Su.41 chapter title: 'Now we shall discourse on the Chapter, which treats of the specific properties of drugs (Dravya-Vishesha-Vijnaniya-adhyaya).'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Here viśeṣa is in the everyday sense 'specific/particular', not the category; shows the same word in a non-technical compound in the same corpus.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"Species (as one of the 'Predicables')","sourceName":"Vaiśeṣika Sūtra 1.1.4 tr. Nandalal Sinha (1923), as presented on wisdomlib.org","sourceKind":"comparator (non-Ayurvedic philosophical text)","locator":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/vaisheshika-sutra-commentary/d/doc427557.html","verbatim":true,"assessment":"'Genus/Species' is Aristotelian; in Vaiśeṣika viśeṣa is the ultimate individuator of eternal substances, which 'species' misrepresents too.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"Sinha 1923, pre-1930 and probably clear, but outside the two translations this project has cleared and never confirmed by a human","downloadable":false},{"english":"difference","sourceName":"PubMed abstract, PMID 30401500 (J Ayurveda Integr Med 2018)","sourceKind":"modern paper","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":"Modern Ayurvedic academic usage.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"PubMed abstract, PMID 30401500 (J Ayurveda Integr Med 2018)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"\"PubMed abstract, PMID 30401500 (J Ayurveda Integr Med 2018)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation"}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"Standard 1.44 (carakasamhitaonline numbering); Kaviratna prints 43","establishes":"Viśeṣa as hrāsahetu (cause of decrease). Sanskrit as retrieved from https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Deerghanjiviteeya_Adhyaya&action=raw : सर्वदा सर्वभावानां सामान्यं वृद्धिकारणम्| ह्रासहेतुर्विशेषश्च, प्रवृत्तिरुभयस्य तु||४४||.","quote":"Of all things, at all times, similarity is the cause of increase; and dissimilarity is the cause of decrease. A tendency exists towards both.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"Standard 1.45; Kaviratna prints 44","establishes":"Viśeṣa as pṛthaktvakṛt (producing separateness) and the viparyaya (reverse) of sāmānya. Sanskrit: सामान्यमेकत्वकरं, विशेषस्तु पृथक्त्वकृत्| तुल्यार्थता हि सामान्यं, विशेषस्तु विपर्ययः||४५||. Kaviratna's 'diversity' renders pṛthaktva (separateness).","quote":"Similarity is that which produces oneness; and dissimilarity is that which produces diversity. Therefore, similarity is identity of substance, and dissimilarity is the reverse of this.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"Standard 1.28; Kaviratna prints 27","establishes":"Viśeṣa second among the six. Sanskrit: सामान्यं च विशेषं च गुणान् द्रव्याणि कर्म च||२८||.","quote":"Those great Rishis (then) beheld duly, with the eye of knowledge, similarities, dissimilarities, properties, objects, and operations, as also compositions.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"8","verse":"Standard 8.29; Kaviratna prints 28 (OCR '*23')","establishes":"Viśeṣa referred back to its Sutrasthana definition in the debate chapter. Sanskrit: द्रव्य-गुण-कर्म-सामान्य-विशेष-समवायाः स्वलक्षणैः श्लोकस्थाने पूर्वमुक्ताः||२९|| (https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Rogabhishagjitiya_Vimana&action=raw).","quote":"Dravya (substance), Guna (attribute), Samanya (similarity), Vigesha (dissimilarity), and Samavaya (combination), — these have been explained, by means of their respective indications, in the Place of flokas Sutrasthana before.","translator":"A. C. Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"sāmānya","why":"Ca.Su.1.44-45: the paired opposite; viśeṣa decreases and separates, sāmānya increases and unifies."},{"term":"viśeṣa as ultimate particular (Vaiśeṣika antya-viśeṣa)","why":"Sinha's 'Species' and WHO's 'unique individuality' belong to Vaiśeṣika, where viśeṣa individuates eternal atoms. Charaka's viśeṣa is functional (hrāsahetu). Same word, different doctrine."},{"term":"viśeṣa as 'specific/particular' (ordinary sense)","why":"Su.Su.41 title 'Dravya-Vishesha-Vijnaniya' (Bhishagratna: 'specific properties of drugs'), WHO 'viśeṣapūrvarūpam' (specific prodrome), NIA 'Specialty'. Everyday adjective, not the category."},{"term":"viparīta / pratyanīka (opposite)","why":"Treatment by opposites is the application of viśeṣa, but 'opposite' is stronger than 'dissimilar'; Charaka's term is viśeṣa (difference), and NIA BP0241's 'Doctrine of similar and Opposites' silently upgrades it."},{"term":"prabhāva","why":"Specific unexplained action of a drug; sometimes loosely called its 'viśeṣa'. Different term."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"particularity / individuality (as the Ayurvedic definition)","why":"Vaiśeṣika reading; Ca.Su.1.44 defines viśeṣa as the cause of decrease."},{"rendering":"specialty / speciality","why":"NIA DG0412's first gloss; a false friend from the adjective viśeṣa 'special'."},{"rendering":"species","why":"Sinha 1923; Aristotelian taxonomy has no counterpart in Charaka's usage."},{"rendering":"opposite","why":"Charaka says dissimilar (viśeṣa, pṛthaktva), not contrary; 'opposites' is an interpretive strengthening found in NIA BP0241 and WHO ITA-1.9.2.3 ('opposing actions')."},{"rendering":"negative impact","why":"NIA DG0412; hrāsa is decrease, which is therapeutic when a dosha is in excess, not 'negative'."}],"openQuestions":["Chakrapāṇi on viparyaya at Su.1.45 and on the threefold viśeṣa not retrieved.","Whether Sushruta uses viśeṣa in the categorial sense anywhere (Su.Su.41 uses it adjectivally) was not established."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/vishesha/","canary":"5b51ecb6f44264e4"},{"slug":"vyadhi","page":"/lexicon/vyadhi/","iast":"vyādhi","devanagari":"व्याधिः","alternates":["vyadhi","byadhi","vyādhiḥ"],"category":"disease-kinds","family":"disease","renderings":[{"english":null,"sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-4.2.1","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO does not give vyadhi its own entry. It bundles nine Sanskrit terms under one English headword 'Disease' and assigns each a numbered sense. vyadhi gets sense 1; roga gets sense 8 ('Disorder, ailment'). The bundling follows Cha.Ni.1/5.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Types of disease","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-4.2.3","verbatim":true,"assessment":"One of several places WHO uses vyādhi rather than roga as the compounding element.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Comorbidity","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-4.2.2","verbatim":true,"assessment":"","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"the words 'Vyadhi', 'amaya', 'gada', 'atanka', 'yakshman', 'jwara', 'vikara', and 'roga', are of the same import.","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, trans. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","sourceKind":"translation (public domain)","locator":"Nidana Sthana ch. 1 (= Ni.1/5 modern)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna leaves the terms untranslated and asserts synonymy, which is what the Sanskrit says (anarthāntaram).","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"'Vyadhi' comes from the root 'vyadh', to beat or belabour. Disease, owing to the pain it causes, is regarded as 'beating' or 'belabouring' the person who is afflicted by it.","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, trans. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","sourceKind":"translation (public domain)","locator":"translator's footnote to Nidana Sthana ch. 1","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna's etymological note. The apostrophe before 'Disease' in the scan reads as a stray mark; otherwise verbatim.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"anything that afflicts either the body or the living personality—self, or both, is called disease","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, trans. Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","sourceKind":"translation (public domain)","locator":"Sutrasthana ch. XXIV (Vyadhi-Samuddheshiya), opening, back-reference to Su.Su.1","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Bhishagratna's compressed definition. Chapter XXIV is the chapter literally named for vyadhi.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"The Purusha (man) is the receptacle of any. particular disease, and that which proves a source of torment or pain to him, is denominated as a disease.","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, trans. Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","sourceKind":"translation (public domain)","locator":"Sutrasthana ch. I, heading 'Disease:—its Definition'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Quoted exactly as retrieved, including the stray full stop after 'any.' which is an OCR/typesetting artifact on the retrieved page, not an editorial change.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"disease; disorder; morbidity","sourceName":"common BAMS/textbook rendering","sourceKind":"textbook usage","locator":"","verbatim":false,"assessment":"'Disease' is near-universal; 'disorder' is used where a non-pathological reading is wanted.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Nidana Sthana","chapter":"1","verse":"5","establishes":"THE central verse for this record and for roga. Charaka declares vyadhi, amaya, gada, atanka, yakshma, jvara, vikara and roga to be anarthantaram, not different in meaning. Any lexicon that distinguishes vyadhi from roga must do so against this verse, not in ignorance of it.","quote":"तत्र व्याधिरामयो गद आतङ्को यक्ष्मा ज्वरो विकारो रोग इत्यनर्थान्तरम्||५|| / tatra vyādhirāmayō gada ātaṅkō yakṣmā jvarō vikārō rōga ityanarthāntaram||5||","translator":"","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Jwara_Nidana","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"23","establishes":"Sushruta's definition: that which is a duhkha-samyoga (association with suffering) for the purusha is called vyadhi. A suffering-based, patient-centred definition rather than a lesion-based one.","quote":"तद्दुःखसंयोगा व्याधय उच्यन्ते ||२३||","translator":"","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/2023/05/04/sushruta-samhita-sutrasthanam-chapter-1-vedotpatti-adhyaya-origin-of-the-science-of-life/","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"","establishes":"Quotable English for Su.Su.1/23. Verse numbers are not printed on this page.","quote":"The Purusha (man) is the receptacle of any. particular disease, and that which proves a source of torment or pain to him, is denominated as a disease.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122887.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"24","verse":"","establishes":"The Vyadhi-Samuddheshiya chapter's definition plus the tapa-traya and the seven-fold bala-pravritta classification. This is the source of most of WHO ISTA's section 4.2 disease-class entries (ITA-4.2.11 to 4.2.36). Verse numbers are not printed on the retrieved page.","quote":"It has been stated before that anything that afflicts either the body or the living personality—self, or both, is called disease. This pain or affliction may be either physical in its character (Adhyat-mika), or due to any disturbance in the physical environments of a man (adhibhautika), or to the acts of God (adhidaivika) etc. This three-fold pain may be ultimately transformed into any of the seven kinds of diseases such as, the adi-vala-pravritta, Janma-vala-pravritta, Dosha-vala-pravritta, Sanghata-vala-pravritta, Kala-vala-pravritta, Daiva-vala-pravritta and Svabhava-vala-pravritta.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122921.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"24","verse":"","establishes":"Sushruta subordinates every classification of vyadhi to the doshas, including the agantu and svabhavika classes. Relevant to any claim that agantu diseases lie outside dosha theory.","quote":"The deranged bodily humours such as, Vayu, Pitta and Kapha should be looked upon as the primary sources of all diseases, inasmuch as symptoms characteristic of each of them may be detected in the case of a disease of whatsoever type, (which usually abates with their corresponding subsidence), and also because the Shastras have ascribed to them the fatherhood of all maladies that assail the human frame.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122921.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"1","verse":"55","establishes":"The two ashrayas of vyadhi. Note the verse uses vyādhi, not roga, for the general term.","quote":"शरीरं सत्त्वसञ्ज्ञं च व्याधीनामाश्रयो मतः| तथा सुखानां, योगस्तु सुखानां कारणं समः||५५||","translator":"","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Deerghanjiviteeya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"roga","why":"Declared anarthantaram (not different in meaning) at Cha.Ni.1/5. Any distinction drawn between them is post-classical usage, not textual. See the roga record for the one asymmetry that is observable: which term each source prefers as a compounding element."},{"term":"vikara","why":"Also on the Cha.Ni.1/5 synonym list, but vikara has a second life as the general term for 'modification/change' in dravyaguna and in the dhatu-vaishamya definition of disease, so it is not safely interchangeable outside a nidana context."},{"term":"dosha","why":"Kaviratna's Charaka Vimana 6 passage (see the roga record) states explicitly that the same word roga is applied both to the faults (dosha) and to the disorders, which means the vyadhi/dosha boundary is not as clean in the text as textbooks present it."},{"term":"vyadhi-kshamatva","why":"WHO ISTA ITA entries use vyādhikṣamatvam for resistance/immunity. A string search for 'vyadhi' in any index will surface it; it is about the host's capacity, not about disease."},{"term":"vrana","why":"'Ulcer/wound'. Sushruta Su.21 ends by deriving vrana from the root vri, and Su.24 divides all disease into surgical and medical. Vrana is a disease kind, not a synonym for disease."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"syndrome","why":"Appears in WHO ISTA's own ITA-4.2.1 gloss list as one of the nine senses, but as the gloss for yakṣmā/samuccaya, not for vyādhi. Lifting 'syndrome' onto vyadhi misreads the numbered senses."},{"rendering":"pathology","why":"Confuses the condition with the study or mechanism of it. The mechanism word is samprapti."},{"rendering":"lesion","why":"Imports a structural requirement. Sushruta's definition at Su.Su.1/23 is duhkha-samyoga, association with suffering, which is explicitly experiential."},{"rendering":"imbalance","why":"A wellness-industry softening. Dhatu-vaishamya is a cause of vyadhi in Charaka's frame, not a translation of it, and 'imbalance' erases the suffering criterion that both samhitas make definitional."}],"openQuestions":["What are the printed verse numbers for the Bhishagratna Sushruta Sutrasthana chapter XXIV passages? The retrieved page carries no verse numbers at all, only footnote markers.","Does any samhita passage distinguish vyadhi from roga in extension, as against Cha.Ni.1/5's declaration of synonymy? Nothing retrieved suggests one, but the commentators are unchecked."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/vyadhi/","canary":"95ec39630d3b1510"},{"slug":"vyadhikshamatva","page":"/lexicon/vyadhikshamatva/","iast":"vyādhikṣamatva","devanagari":"व्याधिक्षमत्व","alternates":["vyādhikṣamatvam","vyādhibalavirodhitva (commentarial synonym)","vyādhyutpādapratibandhakatva (commentarial synonym)","bala (WHO pairs the two under one ID)"],"category":"physiology-pathology (host resistance)","family":"body","renderings":[{"english":"Immunity, strength, physical endurance","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"who-ista","locator":"ITA-2.2.27","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO merges bala and vyādhikṣamatva into a single entry here, which is a substantive lexical decision, not a neutral gloss.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Inherent capacity of the body to resist diseases","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"who-ista","locator":"ITA-4.8.25","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO gives the SAME English head-term to three different Sanskrit words (ITA-4.8.25 vyādhikṣamatvam, ITA-4.8.26 vyādhibalavirodhitatvam, ITA-4.8.27 vyādhyutpādapratibandhakatvam), separating what Chakrapāṇi treats as synonyms.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Immunity","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"who-ista","locator":"ITA-10.3.9","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Third WHO entry for the same word, in a third chapter, with a third English term. The same term is rendered three ways inside one document.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":null,"sourceName":"National Institute of Ayurveda / WHO-APW glossary, 'Standardization of non-clinical terminologies of Ayurveda'","sourceKind":"glossary","locator":"SV0328","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Draft Indian glossary prepared under a WHO agreement; predates and differs in framing from the 2022 WHO ISTA. Provenance of the local copy of this PDF was not re-established, so treat the locator as indicative.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"capable of resisting diseases / incapable of resisting diseases (of bodies)","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"Sūtrasthāna ch. 28, his verses 13-14; 'These bodies which are the reverse of those described above are capable of resisting diseases.'","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna has no noun for vyādhikṣamatva; he renders it only predicatively, of bodies.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"All bodies, again, are not equally liable to disease.","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"Sūtrasthāna ch. 28, his verse 11 (= CS Sū. 28.7 in modern numbering)","verbatim":true,"assessment":"This renders 'na ca sarvāṇi śarīrāṇi vyādhikṣamatve samarthāni bhavanti'. Kaviratna inverts the polarity: the Sanskrit says bodies are not all CAPABLE of resistance; he writes they are not all LIABLE to disease. Semantically close, logically not identical.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"immunity / disease resistance / resistance to disease","sourceName":"Standard Indian BAMS textbook and journal usage","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":"ubiquitous in Ayurvedic periodical literature, e.g. PMID 24501524 title uses the untranslated term","verbatim":false,"assessment":"The commonest working rendering; carries immunological baggage the classical term does not.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita (Agniveśa, with Cakrapāṇidatta's Āyurvedadīpikā)","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"28 (Vividhāśitapītīya)","verse":"28.7","establishes":"The locus classicus. The word appears not as a defined entity but inside a triple denial: not all unwholesome things are equally harmful, not all doṣas equally strong, and not all bodies capable of vyādhikṣamatva.","quote":"na hi sarvāṇyapathyāni tulyadoṣāṇi na ca sarve doṣāstulyabalā na ca sarvāṇi śarīrāṇi vyādhikṣamatve samarthāni bhavanti","translator":"none (Sanskrit mūla quoted)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/corpustei/transformations/plaintext/sa_agniveza-carakasaMhitA-parts-comm.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Cakrapāṇidatta, Āyurvedadīpikā commentary on Charaka Samhita Sūtrasthāna 28.7","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"28","verse":"commentary gloss no. 10 on 28.7","establishes":"Chakrapāṇi EQUATES vyādhikṣamatva with vyādhibalavirodhitva and with vyādhyutpādapratibandhakatva. WHO ISTA splits these same three words into three separate term IDs with different definitions. This is the single most important disagreement in the record.","quote":"vyādhikṣamatvaṃ vyādhibalavirodhitvaṃ vyādhyutpādapratibandhakatvamiti yāvat","translator":"none (Sanskrit quoted)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/corpustei/transformations/plaintext/sa_agniveza-carakasaMhitA-parts-comm.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Kaviratna (public domain)","sthana":"Sūtrasthāna","chapter":"28","verse":"Kaviratna's verses 11-14 (= modern 28.7)","establishes":"The earliest English rendering available for lawful quotation; shows the term was not treated as a technical noun in 1900.","quote":"All bodies, again, are not equally liable to disease. ... are incapable of resisting diseases.13 These bodies which are the reverse of those described above are capable of resisting diseases.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"bala","why":"WHO ISTA ITA-2.2.27 lists both words under one entry, but bala is the positive capacity (classified sahaja / yuktikṛta / kālaja) while vyādhikṣamatva in CS Sū. 28.7 is specifically the body's competence to withstand disease. Every bala is not vyādhikṣamatva; Chakrapāṇi defines the latter by what it obstructs."},{"term":"vyādhibalavirodhitva","why":"Chakrapāṇi says they are the same thing (see quote). WHO ISTA ITA-4.8.26 makes it a separate entry, 'A natural, nonspecific type of immunity which defends the body whenever any disease occurs for the first time', an innate-immunity reading with no classical warrant given. A lexicon must not silently adopt either position."},{"term":"vyādhyutpādapratibandhakatva","why":"Again a Chakrapāṇi synonym, but WHO ISTA ITA-4.8.27 defines it separately as 'The defence mechanism of the body which intervenes to resist the occurrence or re-occurrence of diseases'."},{"term":"ojas","why":"Ojas is a substance-like entity (the essence of the dhātus); vyādhikṣamatva is a capacity predicated of the śarīra. Modern papers routinely conflate them; CS Sū. 28.7 does not mention ojas."},{"term":"immunity (biomedical)","why":"The biomedical term denotes a specific organ-system. CS Sū. 28.7's account of bodies unable to resist is anatomical and nutritional (too fat, too thin, undeveloped flesh/blood/bone, weak, sustained on unsuitable food, on very little food, of little vitality) — nothing immunological."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"immune system","why":"Turns a capacity into an anatomical system. Nothing in CS Sū. 28.7 or in Chakrapāṇi's gloss individuates a system; the qualifying factors listed are body habitus, tissue quality, diet and sattva."},{"rendering":"immunity (unqualified)","why":"Defensible as shorthand and used by WHO ISTA, but it imports specificity/memory/antigen concepts. The classical term also covers resistance to non-infectious causation (apathya āhāra, prajñāparādha), which 'immunity' excludes."},{"rendering":"immunity booster","why":"Marketing usage. It treats vyādhikṣamatva as a quantity that can be raised by a product, whereas the classical passage treats it as a standing property of the constituted body."},{"rendering":"resistance to infection","why":"Narrows the term to infectious disease; the Charaka context is about vyādhi in general arising from diet and other rogaprakṛtis."}],"openQuestions":["Does any classical text other than Charaka use the word vyādhikṣamatva? Not found in the GRETIL Charaka-parts corpus beyond Sū. 28.7 and its commentary; Sushruta was not searched exhaustively for it.","Whether WHO ISTA's three-way split (ITA-4.8.25/26/27) rests on any commentarial authority, or is an editorial invention contradicting Chakrapāṇi.","Whether NAMASTE assigns a code to vyādhikṣamatva (portal unreachable)."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/vyadhikshamatva/","canary":"77a752e1c1173d8b"},{"slug":"vyakti","page":"/lexicon/vyakti/","iast":"vyakti","devanagari":"व्यक्ति","alternates":["vyaktiḥ","व्यक्तिः","vyakta","व्यक्त","vyaktībhāva","vyakteebhava","vyaktāvasthā"],"category":"kriyakala","family":"disease","renderings":[{"english":"Stage of clinical manifestation of a disease","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","sourceKind":"who-ista","locator":"ITA-4.6.11","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO description, verbatim: 'The fifth stage of disease manifestation, when a disease or condition becomes clinically manifest.' Re-read from the PDF. WHO adds 'clinical', which is not in the Sanskrit but is the intended sense.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"the symptoms which they respectively exhibit in connection with the incidental disease ( Vyakti )","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, tr. Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907)","sourceKind":"public-domain-translation","locator":"Sutrasthana ch. XXI, summary verse","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Bhishagratna again paraphrases rather than giving a term. In the prose for the stage itself he writes 'the full development or manifestation of a disease' and 'the complete development of the characteristic symptoms'.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"Vyakta or Vyakteebhava – Stage of manifestation of disease","sourceName":"easyayurveda.com (Dr Raghuram Y.S. / Dr J.V. Hebbar)","sourceKind":"practitioner-reference","locator":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/2016/06/13/shat-kriya-kala-stage-wise-disease-management/","verbatim":true,"assessment":"String-matched on the retrieved page. Note this source does not use 'vyakti' at all for the stage, it uses vyakta / vyaktībhāva, and lists 'Vyakta' in its own contents list of the six. The naming of the fifth stage is genuinely unsettled between sources.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"easyayurveda.com (Dr Raghuram Y.S. / Dr J.V. Hebbar)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"manifestation","sourceName":"siva.sh (machine-generated English layer)","sourceKind":"machine-translation","locator":"https://www.siva.sh/sushruta-samhita/sutra-sthana/21/36","verbatim":true,"assessment":"LOW AUTHORITY. The same site's Hindi layer for this verse renders व्यक्तिं as 'व्यक्तित्व' (personality), a documented machine-translation failure of exactly the kind this record warns about.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"a machine-generated English layer","downloadable":false}],"classical":[{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"21","verse":"34","establishes":"Critical lexicographic point, re-confirmed: the prose of the fifth stage does NOT use the word vyakti. It says vyādher darśanam (the appearing of the disease) and pravyaktalakṣaṇatā (the state of having fully manifest signs). The name 'vyakti' for this stage comes only from the summary verse 21.36.","quote":"अत ऊर्ध्वं व्याधेर्दर्शनं वक्ष्यामः- शोफार्बुदग्रन्थिविद्रधिविसर्पप्रभृतीनां प्रव्यक्तलक्षणता ज्वरातीसारप्रभृतीनां च । तत्र पञ्चमः क्रियाकालः ॥३४॥","translator":null,"licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.siva.sh/sushruta-samhita/sutra-sthana/21/34","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"21","verse":"34","establishes":"Bhishagratna's English for the fifth stage, and his 1907 disease equivalents (Granthi as 'aneurism', Visarpa as 'erysipelas') which should be treated as period glosses, not as identifications.","quote":"Now we shall deal with the full development or manifestation of a disease. The full manifestation of a disease, such as a swelling, tumour, aneurism (Granthi), Vidradhi (abscess) and erysipelas ( Visarpa ) etc., fever or dysentery, signifies the complete development of the characteristic symptoms, which should be regarded as the fifth occasion for medical treatment.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122917.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"21","verse":"36","establishes":"The only place in the retrieved verses where the stage is named vyakti. Grammatically vyaktiṃ... doṣāṇām, the manifestation OF THE DOSHAS, which is a subtly different claim from 'manifestation of the disease' used by WHO and by textbooks.","quote":"व्यक्तिं भेदं च यो वेत्ति दोषाणां स भवेद्भिषक् ॥३६॥","translator":null,"licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.siva.sh/sushruta-samhita/sutra-sthana/21/36","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"rūpa / lakṣaṇa / liṅga","why":"These name the signs and symptoms themselves. WHO ITA-4.5.5 groups the sign-and-symptom synonyms under one entry, noting that 'Ayurveda uses several terms as synonyms for signs and symptoms, based on the different perspectives under which they are understood'. Vyakti names the stage at which those signs are fully present. A symptom is not a stage."},{"term":"pūrvarūpa","why":"Prodromes belong to the previous stage (sthānasaṃśraya). The vyakti/pūrvarūpa boundary is the diagnostic boundary between 'about to have' and 'has' the disease."},{"term":"vyakta (Samkhya)","why":"In Samkhya philosophy, which Charaka's Sharirasthana engages with at length, vyakta means the manifest as opposed to avyakta, the unmanifest prakriti. Unrelated to pathology, and a live source of confusion in translated Samhita passages."},{"term":"vyakti in ordinary Sanskrit and modern Hindi","why":"व्यक्ति in current Hindi standardly means 'a person, an individual'. This is the single most dangerous false friend in the whole kriyakala set, and it is not hypothetical: an AI translation layer on a Sanskrit text site rendered व्यक्तिं in this very verse as व्यक्तित्व, personality."},{"term":"vyakta-avasthā / vyaktībhāva","why":"Alternative names used for the same stage by practitioner sources. If a source names the stage vyakta rather than vyakti, that is a naming difference, not a different stage."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"'individual' / 'personality' / 'individual variation'","why":"Reads the ordinary-language sense of vyakti into a technical staging term. Observed in the wild in a machine-generated Hindi layer on a Sanskrit text site, and it makes the verse say something about constitutional individuality that the text does not say."},{"rendering":"'diagnosis'","why":"Conflates the patient's state with the clinician's act. The disease manifests at vyakti whether or not anyone diagnoses it."},{"rendering":"'acute phase'","why":"Imports an acute/chronic axis the text does not use. Sushruta explicitly includes long-running conditions such as jvara and atisara in the later stages, and 21.35 makes long duration a feature of the SIXTH stage, not a contrast with the fifth."}],"openQuestions":["Whether commentators (Dalhana) justify naming the fifth stage vyakti when the prose uses vyādher darśanam and pravyaktalakṣaṇatā.","Which of vyakti / vyakta / vyaktībhāva is the dominant form in current BAMS curricula, WHO uses vyakti, a major practitioner reference uses vyakta/vyaktībhāva.","Whether NAMASTE or ICD-11 TM2 carry this term, both lookups failed again; see the shat-kriyakala record."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/vyakti/","canary":"19d89d738f331484"},{"slug":"vyana-vata","page":"/lexicon/vyana-vata/","iast":"vyāna vāta","devanagari":"व्यानः","alternates":["vyāna vāyu","vyāna","vyana vayu","vyana vata"],"category":"vata-subtypes","family":"dosha","renderings":[{"english":"Circulating vata","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","sourceKind":"terminology standard","locator":"Term ID ITA-2.1.1.4","verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO's description: 'Subtype of vata seated in the cardiac region (hrdaya), which circulates or diffuses through the body. It performs the function of circulating of fluids through heart to all parts of the body, as well as transporting various materials from one body part to another.' Follows Ashtanga Hridaya Su.12.6 (hṛdi sthitaḥ) rather than Sushruta, which gives vyāna no seat. Note WHO's description is entirely about transport and omits the motor functions (flexion, extension, blinking) that Charaka Ci.28.9 makes central. Lemma is bare vyānaḥ.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false},{"english":"the Vyana (left untranslated); 'courses (acts) through the whole organism ... sending the lymph chyle, etc. all through the body'","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita, tr. Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (public domain)","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Nidanasthana ch. 1, Bhishagratna's section 10","verbatim":true,"assessment":"'Lymph chyle' is Bhishagratna's rendering of rasa, a period equivalence that no modern source would accept but which is what the public-domain text actually says.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"Vyana — one of the 'five airs or breaths'; 'the fifth is that which pervades the whole body and moves in various directions, transverse and otherwise'","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (public domain)","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Sutrasthana, translator's footnote","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna's footnote gloss. Consistent with Charaka Ci.28.9's kṛtsna-deha-cārī, though it is his own note rather than a translation of Charaka's definition.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":null,"englishWithheld":"this project has not cleared that source for quotation","sourceName":"Kerala Tourism (Government of Kerala)","sourceKind":"government popular-reference page","locator":"keralatourism.org/ayurveda/pathology/five-vatas","verbatim":true,"assessment":"'All involuntary actions' is an autonomic-nervous-system framing with no classical counterpart. Charaka Ci.28.9's list (gati, prasāraṇa, ākṣepa, nimeṣa) mixes voluntary locomotion with reflex blinking, so the voluntary/involuntary axis is not the text's own.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"Kerala Tourism (Government of Kerala)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":null,"englishWithheld":"this project has not cleared that source for quotation","sourceName":"easyayurveda.com, gloss on Sushruta Nidanasthana 1","sourceKind":"online textbook gloss","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":"Follows Sushruta's pañcadhā ceṣṭayati. Bhishagratna's footnote [5] enumerates the same five as 'expansion, flexion, lowering down and lifting up or lateral thrusting of any part of the body'.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"easyayurveda.com, gloss on Sushruta Nidanasthana 1\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"\"easyayurveda.com, gloss on Sushruta Nidanasthana 1\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation"}],"classical":[{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Nidanasthana","chapter":"1 (Vatavyadhi Nidana)","verse":"Bhishagratna's section 10 = Sanskrit 1.17b-18","establishes":"Sushruta gives vyāna NO seat, only whole-body range, and three function groups: conveyance of rasa, outflow of blood and sweat, and five kinds of bodily movement. Corresponding Sanskrit, cross-checked at a separate URL: 'कृत्स्नदेहचरो व्यानो रससंवहनोद्यतः ||१७|| स्वेदासृक्स्रावणश्चापि पञ्चधा चेष्टयत्यपि | क्रुद्धश्च कुरुते रोगान् प्रायशः सर्वदेहगान् ||१८||'. Bhishagratna's footnote [5] specifies the five movements as 'expansion, flexion, lowering down and lifting up or lateral thrusting of any part of the body'.","quote":"The Vayu known as the Vyana courses (acts) through the whole organism, and its functions consist in sending the lymph chyle, etc. all through the body and in helping the out-flow of blood (Asrik) and perspiration. Five kinds of muscular movements are ascribed to the action of the Vyana Vayu, a deranged condition of which is generally attended with diseases which are not confined to any particular region, member, or organ of the body, but are found to affect the whole organism (such as, fever, etc). 10.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1911)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-2-nidanasthana/d/doc142857.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Nidanasthana","chapter":"1 (Vatavyadhi Nidana)","verse":"Bhishagratna's sections 11-12 = Sanskrit 1.19-20","establishes":"A rare classical statement of a COMBINED subtype pathology (vyāna + apāna together producing prameha and śukra disorders), and of the prognosis when all five are simultaneously deranged. Corresponding Sanskrit: 'शुक्रदोषप्रमेहास्तु व्यानापानप्रकोपजाः ||२०||'.","quote":"An aggravated condition of both the Vyana and Apana Vayus may produce Prameha and disorders of the seminal fluid, while a simultaneous excitement of the five vital Vayus leads to a sure and speedy termination of life.","translator":"Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1911)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-2-nidanasthana/d/doc142857.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Chikitsasthana","chapter":"28 (Vatavyadhi Chikitsa)","verse":"28.9","establishes":"Charaka's vyāna pervades the whole body and is śīghragati (swift-moving); its functions are gati (locomotion), prasāraṇa (extension), ākṣepa (flexion/throwing), nimeṣa (closing of the eyelids) and the like. Charaka's vyāna is therefore primarily a MOTOR subtype, not a circulatory one, the circulatory emphasis in WHO and in modern writing comes from Sushruta's rasasaṃvahana and from Vagbhata's hṛdi sthitaḥ.","quote":"देहं व्याप्नोति सर्वं तु व्यानः शीघ्रगतिर्नृणाम् | गतिप्रसारणाक्षेपनिमेषादिक्रियः सदा ||९||","translator":"None quoted — Sanskrit mūla only","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Vatavyadhi_Chikitsa","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"Lesson XII (Vatakalakaliya) in Kaviratna's numbering","verse":"Kaviratna's section 6","establishes":"Names vyāna as one of the five in a lawfully quotable English Charaka. No seat or function given.","quote":"It exists in the fivefold form of Prana, Udana, Samana, Vyana, and Apana.","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/stream/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Ashtanga Hridaya","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"12 (Doshabhediya)","verse":"12.6b-7","establishes":"Vagbhata seats vyāna in the HEART (vyāno hṛdi sthitaḥ), has it range the entire body with great velocity (kṛtsnadehacārī mahājavaḥ), and at 12.7 assigns it gati, apakṣepaṇa (downward movement), utkṣepa (upward movement), nimeṣa and unmeṣa (closing and opening of the eyelids), adding that 'nearly all the activities of embodied beings are bound up in it'. Vagbhata's hṛdi sthitaḥ is the source of WHO's 'seated in the cardiac region'. Sanskrit mūla and verse numbering verified on the retrieved page; not quoted, as Ashtanga Hridaya has no public-domain English translation.","quote":null,"translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://www.siva.sh/astanga-hrudaya/sutra-sthana/12/6","checked":"address only, nothing quoted to check"},{"text":"Sharngadhara Samhita","sthana":"Purva Khanda","chapter":"5 (Kaladikakhyana)","verse":"5.27-28","establishes":"Sharngadhara's seat list at 5.27 ends with sarvāṅgadeśeṣu (all parts of the body), which the naming verse 5.28 maps to vyāna. Consistent with Charaka and Sushruta on range; unlike Vagbhata, Sharngadhara does not seat vyāna in the heart. Sanskrit mūla verified on the retrieved page; not quoted, as Sharngadhara has no public-domain English translation.","quote":null,"translator":null,"licenceBasis":null,"sourceUrl":"https://vedicreserve.miu.edu/sharngadhara/Sharngadhar_Purva_new.html","checked":"address only, nothing quoted to check"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"rasa and rakta (the circulating substances)","why":"Vyāna is the mover, not the thing moved. Sushruta Ni.1.17b has it 'rasasaṃvahanodyata', engaged in conveying rasa. Modern writing routinely slides from 'vyāna circulates the blood' to 'vyāna IS the circulation', which erases the doṣa/dhātu distinction."},{"term":"vyāna vāyu of yoga","why":"The yogic vyāna is the pervasive current linking the other four and is often tied to coordination and to the nāḍī network. The Ayurvedic vyāna is defined by Charaka Ci.28.9 through specific motor acts (locomotion, extension, flexion, blinking), not through a subtle-body network."},{"term":"prāṇa vāta","why":"Vagbhata seats vyāna in the heart (AH Su.12.6) while WHO's prāṇa entry says prāṇa controls 'the intellect, heart, sensory and motor organs'. Both end up at the heart. Charaka keeps them apart cleanly: prāṇa is above the diaphragm and ingestive; vyāna is everywhere and motor."},{"term":"udāna vāta","why":"A citation hazard rather than a conceptual one: in Ashtanga Hridaya, verse 12.6 contains the END of udāna's function list and the BEGINNING of vyāna's definition. A bare 'AH Su.12.6' citation can be read as supporting either. Check the hemistich."},{"term":"vyāna in the context of svedavaha srotas","why":"Both Sushruta (svedāsṛksrāvaṇa) and Charaka's samāna verse (svedavaha srotas) involve sweat. Sushruta assigns the OUTFLOW of sweat to vyāna; Charaka Ci.28.8 seats samāna in the sweat-carrying channels. Sweat is contested between the two subtypes across the two texts."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"the circulatory system / blood circulation","why":"WHO's 'Circulating vata' invites it, but Charaka Ci.28.9 makes vyāna's functions motor (gati, prasāraṇa, ākṣepa, nimeṣa) with no mention of circulation at all. The circulatory reading rests on Sushruta and Vagbhata only. Rendering vyāna as 'circulation' silently picks a side in a textual disagreement."},{"rendering":"the Motor-Sensory Nerves","why":"From Bhishagratna's 1911 footnote [3]. Worse, that footnote is internally corrupt: it assigns 'the energy of the Motor-Sensory Nerves' to UDANA, naming Udana twice and omitting Vyana entirely. Anyone quoting that footnote for vyāna is quoting a printing error, and anyone quoting it for udāna is quoting a colonial neuroanatomical equation. I inspected the footnote text directly and it reads exactly this way on the retrieved page."},{"rendering":"the autonomic nervous system / all involuntary actions","why":"As on the Kerala Tourism page. Charaka's function list includes both voluntary locomotion and reflex blinking, so the voluntary/involuntary distinction is not the one the text is drawing."},{"rendering":"lymph chyle","why":"Bhishagratna's rendering of rasa. Accurate to 1911 physiology, misleading now, rasa is the first dhātu, not lymph or chyle. Quote it as his wording, never as a modern equivalence."},{"rendering":"blood pressure","why":"Follows from the hypertension literature (PMID 29153383) treating vyāna vāta as the operative factor in blood pressure. That paper proposes the link; it does not establish it, and no classical locus mentions anything answering to blood pressure."}],"openQuestions":["Does Chakrapani read rasa circulation into Charaka Ci.28.9, or does Charaka genuinely omit it and confine vyāna to motor function?","Which text first seats vyāna in the heart, is Ashtanga Hridaya Su.12.6 the earliest, given that Sushruta, Charaka and Sharngadhara all give it whole-body range instead?","Is Bhishagratna's footnote [3] corrupt in the 1911 printing itself, or only in the wisdomlib transcription? A physical copy would settle it.","Does NAMASTE assign vyāna vāta a code, and does its English term follow WHO's 'Circulating vata'?"],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/vyana-vata/","canary":"9bd44b4e6e4b9e6a"},{"slug":"vyayama-shakti","page":"/lexicon/vyayama-shakti/","iast":"vyāyāmaśakti","devanagari":"व्यायामशक्ति","alternates":["karmaśakti","vyayam shakti"],"category":"prakriti","family":"daily-life","renderings":[{"english":"power of performing exercise","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-4.7.5 item 9","verbatim":true,"assessment":"The only occurrence of the compound in the WHO standard; no headword of its own.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false},{"english":"Therapeutic exercise","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-9.1.51","verbatim":true,"assessment":"'The process of making the person take exercise as a therapeutic measure.'","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Sweating induced by exercise","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"standard","locator":"ITA-9.2.58","verbatim":true,"assessment":"A second vyāyāmaḥ headword, a svedana modality. WHO carries vyāyāma twice as a treatment and never once as a faculty.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"capacity for exertion","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita, tr. Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"translation","locator":"Vimanasthana 8","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna deliberately avoids 'exercise'; his footnote elsewhere in the Vimanasthana notes that vyāyāma there 'means exertion or motion, and not physical' exercise.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"exercise tolerance / exercise capacity","sourceName":"Indian Ayurvedic college usage","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":null,"verbatim":false,"assessment":"Fits Vi 8/121's criteria better than most such borrowings, but implies standardised testing the classical procedure does not have.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"8","verse":"121","establishes":"The whole term: vyāyāmaśakti is examined BY karmaśakti, and from karmaśakti the threefold division of strength is inferred. Note the verb anumīyatē, this is explicitly an inference, not a direct observation of bala.","quote":"vyāyāmaśaktitaścēti vyāyāmaśaktirapi karmaśaktyā parīkṣyā| karmaśaktyā hyanumīyatē balatraividhyam||121||","translator":"","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Rogabhishagjitiya_Vimana","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Vimanasthana","chapter":"8","verse":"121","establishes":"Public-domain English for Vi 8/121, and the source of the two concrete criteria usually quoted: weight borne and duration of labour sustained. Kaviratna's footnote adds that the three kinds of strength here are superior, middling and inferior, following Gangadhara.","quote":"Next, as to examination (of the patient) in respect of capacity for exertion : capacity for exertion should be ascertained from capacity for action (such as capacity for bearing weights, the length of time for which one can undergo physical labour, &c.,) ; since by capacity for action the strength, which is of three kinds, of a person is capable of being judged.","translator":"Kaviraj Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"karmaśakti","why":"Vi 8/121 makes karmaśakti the MEANS by which vyāyāmaśakti is assessed. Not synonyms: one is the observable, the other the inferred capacity."},{"term":"bala","why":"Vi 8/121 says bala is inferred FROM karmaśakti; vyāyāmaśakti is an indicator of bala."},{"term":"vyāyāma (the practice)","why":"WHO's only vyāyāma headwords are the therapeutic procedure. The dinacaryā rule to exercise to half one's capacity concerns the practice; Vi 8/121 the capacity."},{"term":"ardhaśakti","why":"The half-capacity rule presupposes vyāyāmaśakti as its denominator but is a prescription, not an assessment."},{"term":"āhāraśakti","why":"The adjacent item; both śaktis assessed for the same purpose, but one is intake-and-digestion and the other output."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"exercise","why":"Drops śakti. The examination item is the capacity, not the activity; WHO's own vyāyāma entries are all the activity and none is this item."},{"rendering":"physical fitness","why":"A population-normed modern construct with standard tests. Vi 8/121's criteria are relative and clinical."},{"rendering":"stamina","why":"Covers only the duration limb and drops the load limb."},{"rendering":"strength","why":"That is bala, which Vi 8/121 says is INFERRED from this. Collapsing the two removes the inference the verse describes."}],"openQuestions":["Has anyone mapped vyāyāmaśakti onto a standard exercise-tolerance measure? Nothing found.","Does Kaviratna's note that vyāyāma can mean motion generally rather than physical exercise bear on Vi 8/121?"],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-08","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/vyayama-shakti/","canary":"b26acef4faa651bb"},{"slug":"yapya","page":"/lexicon/yapya/","iast":"yāpya","devanagari":"याप्य","alternates":["yapya vyadhi","yāpya-roga","yapyam","yapyata (the state of being palliable)"],"category":"prognosis / disease classification (sādhyāsādhyatā)","family":"disease","renderings":[{"english":"Diseases that can be palliated","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator standard","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":"WHO description: 'Diseases which by their nature are not completely curable but can be controlled or mitigated and symptoms palliated with suitable medicines and dietetics, e.g. persistent diabetes mellitus and bronchial asthma.' WHO lists yāpyaroga as a sibling of ITA-4.2.41 asādhyarogaḥ 'Diseases that are incurable' and ITA-4.2.43 pratyākhyeyarogaḥ 'Diseases that are terminal', whereas Ch. Su. 10.9 makes yāpya a SUBTYPE of asādhya. Retrieved from the PDF mirrored at ayurvedadoctor.co.uk.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"capable of being suppressed / suppressible","sourceName":"Charaka Samhita tr. Avinash Chandra Kaviratna (1896-1913)","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"Su. Lesson X (his no. 3), Su. Lesson XVIII (his no. 44), Ni. Lesson VIII (his no. 35), and footnotes","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna's consistent rendering is 'suppressible'. Translator's footnote (Su. X, his p. 109): \"'Yapya' means those diseases which without admitting of radical cure can, by medicine and diet and change of air, be kept in a state of partial suppression.\" This is the translator's note, not the text.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"suppressible (Yapya)","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita tr. Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (1907-1916), Sutrasthana ch. XXXV","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"wisdomlib doc122935; Sanskrit Su.Su. 35.18 per siva.sh","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Full sentence: 'All the diseases, whose names have been specifically enumerated before, may be grouped under any of the three different heads as the curable, the suppressible (Yapya) and the incurable (lit: fit to be pronounced as hopeless).'","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"a disease, which only admits of a palliative treatment","sourceName":"Sushruta Samhita tr. Bhishagratna, Sutrasthana ch. XXIII 'Prognosis of wounds'","sourceKind":"public-domain translation","locator":"wisdomlib doc122920; Sanskrit Su.Su. 23.11 per siva.sh","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Bhishagratna uses 'palliative' in ch. 23 and 'suppressible' in ch. 35 for the same Sanskrit term.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Bhishagratna's Sushruta Samhita, 1907-1916","downloadable":true},{"english":"palliable","sourceName":"carakasamhitaonline.com (Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre), Mahachatushpada Adhyaya page","sourceKind":"modern web translation (in copyright; rendering recorded only)","locator":null,"verbatim":true,"assessment":"The commonest modern Indian textbook rendering; also used by the Trishothiya page ('considered palliable').","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"carakasamhitaonline.com (Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre), Mahachatushpada Adhyaya page\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"\"carakasamhitaonline.com (Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre), Mahachatushpada Adhyaya page\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation"},{"english":"palliative; incurable but manageable disease","sourceName":"PubMed-indexed Ayurveda papers (PMID 22048551; PMID 36403500)","sourceKind":"modern literature usage","locator":null,"locatorWithheld":"\"PubMed-indexed Ayurveda papers (PMID 22048551; PMID 36403500)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","verbatim":true,"assessment":"'Palliative' as a disease adjective is loose English (palliative describes treatment, not disease); 'palliable' or 'manageable' is the more careful choice.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"PubMed-indexed Ayurveda papers (PMID 22048551; PMID 36403500)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"maintainable / manageable","sourceName":"easyayurveda.com (Charaka Su. 10 summary page)","sourceKind":"modern web textbook rendering","locator":"https://www.easyayurveda.com/2014/01/10/40-different-criteria-ayurvedic-prognosis-charaka-sutrasthana-10/","verbatim":false,"assessment":"Reported via search summary as 'maintainable, the symptoms of which can be kept under check till death'; page not independently retrieved in full.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"10 (Mahācatuṣpāda)","verse":"9 (carakasamhitaonline.com numbering); Kaviratna prints '3' after the same passage (his numbering restarts in this chapter's closing block)","establishes":"The fourfold prognostic scheme: sādhya is twofold (sukha-/kṛcchra-sādhya); asādhya is twofold, yāpya and anupakrama. Yāpya is here a subdivision of asādhya.","quote":"सुखसाध्यं मतं साध्यं कृच्छ्रसाध्यमथापि च| द्विविधं चाप्यसाध्यं स्याद्याप्यं यच्चानुपक्रमम् ||९||","translator":"Sanskrit from carakasamhitaonline.com","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Mahachatushpada_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"Lesson X (Kaviratna)","verse":"Kaviratna's printed aphorism '3' (printed after the passage); standard Su. 10.9 read separately","establishes":"Public-domain English for Su. 10.9. The asterisked footnote is the TRANSLATOR'S: \"'Yapya' means those diseases which without admitting of radical cure can, by medicine and diet and change of air, be kept in a state of partial suppression. 'Anupakramam' is explained by the Commentator as those for which there is no treatment, i.e., those in which treatment is productive of no beneficial consequence. — T.\" OCR text; spacing normalized.","quote":"As regards curable diseases, they are of two kinds, viz., those that are easily curable and those that are curable with difficulty. Incurable diseases, also, are of two [OCR: tw©] kinds, viz., those that are capable of being suppressed, and those that have no treatment.*3","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"10 (Mahācatuṣpāda)","verse":"17-18 (carakasamhitaonline.com numbering; both ends read); Kaviratna's corresponding range is printed '8-11' and '12-14' — not converted","establishes":"The marks of a yāpya disease: incurable yet kept going by wholesome regimen because life-span remains (śeṣatvād āyuṣaḥ); little relief obtained, quickly provoked by a slight cause; deep-seated, in many dhātus, lodged in marma and joints, constantly recurring, long-standing.","quote":"शेषत्वादायुषो याप्यमसाध्यं पथ्यसेवया| लब्धाल्पसुखमल्पेन हेतुनाऽऽशुप्रवर्तकम्||१७|| गम्भीरं बहुधातुस्थं मर्मसन्धिसमाश्रितम्| नित्यानुशायिनं रोगं दीर्घकालमवस्थितम्||१८||","translator":"Sanskrit from carakasamhitaonline.com (the page's IAST line contains typos, e.g. 'pathyaservayā'; Devanagari quoted instead)","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Mahachatushpada_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"Lesson X (Kaviratna)","verse":"Kaviratna prints '8-11' after the paragraph that ends with this sentence; standard Su. 10.17ab read separately","establishes":"Kaviratna's English for Su. 10.17ab. CAUTION (translator's word choice, not doctrine): 'exhaustion of one's allotted period of life' inverts the Sanskrit śeṣatvād āyuṣaḥ, 'because of the remainder of life-span', i.e. the patient survives BECAUSE life remains. Do not record 'yāpya = incurable because life is exhausted'.","quote":"Even diseases that are incurable in consequence of the exhaustion of one's allotted period of life may be kept in a suppressed state by means of regulated diet and (proper) nursing.*8-11","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"18 (Triśothīya)","verse":"39 (carakasamhitaonline.com numbering); Kaviratna prints '44' after the same passage — not converted, both read","establishes":"Yāpya defined functionally: incurable diseases in which even well-done treatment is only yātrākara, 'keeps the patient going'. The 'yātrā' root is the etymological core of yāpya.","quote":"असाध्याश्चापरे सन्ति व्याधयो याप्यसञ्ज्ञिताः| सुसाध्वपि कृतं येषु कर्म यात्राकरं भवेत्||३९||","translator":"Sanskrit from carakasamhitaonline.com","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Trishothiya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"Lesson XVIII (Kaviratna, 'Tri-sothiya')","verse":"Kaviratna's printed '44' (after the passage); standard Su. 18.39","establishes":"Public-domain English for Su. 18.39. Translator's footnote (not the text): 'In diseases called Suppressible or Yapya, well-applied treatment prolongs life.... \"Yatrakaram\" is \"competent to make the patient live on.\"' A second footnote glosses the fourfold mild/violent × curable/incurable scheme and says 'Mild and Incurable would mean Yapya or suppressible', this mapping is Kaviratna's, not Charaka's.","quote":"Some, again, (though incurable) are capable of being suppressed. In diseases of this latter kind, well-applied treatment assists the patient to live on.*44","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Nidanasthana","chapter":"8 (Apasmāra Nidāna)","verse":"34 (carakasamhitaonline.com numbering); Kaviratna prints '35' after the same passage — not converted, both read","establishes":"Second Charaka definition: the asādhya disease called yāpya 'never reaches complete eradication' (yāti na aśeṣatām); the other asādhya, pratyākhyeya, 'transcends all therapies'. Preceding verse 33 defines sukhasādhya and kṛcchrasādhya.","quote":"याति नाशेषतां व्याधिरसाध्यो याप्यसञ्ज्ञितः | परोऽसाध्यः क्रियाः सर्वाः प्रत्याख्येयोऽतिवर्तते ||३४||","translator":"Sanskrit from carakasamhitaonline.com","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Apasmara_Nidana","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Nidanasthana","chapter":"Lesson VIII (Kaviratna)","verse":"Kaviratna's printed '35' (after the passage); standard Ni. 8.34","establishes":"Public-domain English for Ni. 8.34. Translator's footnote adds: 'Some are \"Yapya\" or suppressible; some are \"Pratyakheya\" or should not be taken up for treatment. The suppressible diseases cannot be cured totally. They can only be suppressed by the aid of proper treatment. But they are sure to manifest themselves at intervals.' (translator's note).","quote":"That disease is (called) suppressible, which is never completely eradicated. It falls under the class Incurable. That, again, is termed exceedingly incurable which baffles all sorts of treatment. Such a disease should not be treated by the physician.35","translator":"Avinash Chandra Kaviratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"35 (Āturopakramaṇīya)","verse":"18 per siva.sh online edition (edition followed not stated); Bhishagratna prints no verse numbers","establishes":"Sushruta's THREEFOLD scheme (sādhya, yāpya, pratyākhyeya) places yāpya as a co-ordinate class, unlike Charaka Su. 10.9 where it is a subtype of asādhya. WHO IST's sibling arrangement follows Sushruta's shape.","quote":"व्याधिविशेषास्तु प्रागभिहिताः; सर्व एवैते त्रिविधाः- साध्या, याप्याः, प्रत्याख्येयाश्च । [...] अन्यलक्षणे त्वादिव्याधौ प्रयतेत ॥१८॥","translator":"Sanskrit from siva.sh","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.siva.sh/sushruta-samhita/sutra-sthana/35/18","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"XXXV 'Examination of the patient' (Bhishagratna)","verse":"no verse number printed by Bhishagratna; Sanskrit Su.Su. 35.18 per siva.sh","establishes":"Bhishagratna's rendering 'suppressible' and his literal gloss of pratyākhyeya.","quote":"All the diseases, whose names have been specifically enumerated before, may be grouped under any of the three different heads as the curable, the suppressible (Yapya) and the incurable (lit: fit to be pronounced as hopeless).","translator":"Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122935.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"23 (Kṛtyākṛtyavidhi; Bhishagratna titles it 'Prognosis of wounds')","verse":"11 per siva.sh (also 8, listing yāpya conditions, and 9, on sādhya becoming yāpya)","establishes":"The prop-under-a-collapsing-house simile: treatment holds up the yāpya patient as a well-set prop holds a house about to fall. Verse 23.9 (siva.sh): 'साध्या याप्यत्वमायान्ति याप्याश्चासाध्यतां तथा', curable become palliable and palliable become incurable in the untreated.","quote":"प्राप्ता क्रियां धारयति याप्यव्याधितमातुरम् । प्रपतिष्यदिवागारं विष्कम्भः साधुयोजितः ॥११॥","translator":"Sanskrit from siva.sh","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.siva.sh/sushruta-samhita/sutra-sthana/23/11","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"XXIII 'Prognosis of wounds' (Bhishagratna)","verse":"no verse number printed in Bhishagratna; Sanskrit correspondent is Su.Su. 23.10 per siva.sh ('यापनीयं विजानीयात् क्रिया धारयते तु यम् । क्रियायां तु निवृत्तायां सद्य एव विनश्यति ॥१०॥'); 23.11 ('प्राप्ता क्रियां धारयति याप्यव्याधितमातुरम् । प्रपतिष्यदिवागारं विष्कम्भः साधुयोजितः ॥११॥') is the prop simile, which Bhishagratna renders in the sentence immediately before this one","establishes":"Bhishagratna's 'palliative' rendering and his paraphrase of the yātrā idea (lives while treatment continues).","quote":"A patient laid up with a disease, which only admits of a palliative treatment, lives so long as the course of the medical treatment is continued, and will die almost simultaneously with its discontinuance.","translator":"Kunja Lal Bhishagratna","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc122920.html","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Sushruta Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"10","verse":"6 per siva.sh","establishes":"The verb yāpayet ('should make [them] go on / maintain') applied to yāpya diseases, confirming the sense 'to be kept going' rather than 'to be cured'.","quote":"एवमभिसमीक्ष्य साध्यान् साधयेत्, याप्यान् यापयेत्, असाध्यान्नैवोपक्रमेत, परिसंवत्सरोत्थितांश्च विकारान् प्रायशो वर्जयेत् ॥६॥","translator":"Sanskrit from siva.sh","licenceBasis":"sanskrit-mula","sourceUrl":"https://www.siva.sh/sushruta-samhita/sutra-sthana/10/6","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"asādhya (incurable)","why":"In Charaka Su. 10.9 yāpya is one of the two kinds of asādhya; in Sushruta Su. 35.18 and WHO IST (ITA-4.2.41/42) yāpya and asādhya/pratyākhyeya sit side by side. A lexicon entry must state which scheme it follows; 'yāpya is not asādhya' is true only in the Sushruta/WHO arrangement."},{"term":"anupakrama / pratyākhyeya","why":"The truly untreatable class ('having no treatment' / 'to be refused'). Charaka Su. 10.9 uses anupakrama, Ni. 8.34 and Sushruta use pratyākhyeya; both contrast with yāpya, where treatment is worthwhile though non-curative."},{"term":"kṛcchrasādhya (curable with difficulty)","why":"Still curable; yāpya is never cured (Ni. 8.34 'yāti na aśeṣatām'). Clinical papers (e.g. PMID 22131763) blur the two when outcomes are poor."},{"term":"yāpana basti (yāpanabastiḥ, WHO ITA-9.2.76)","why":"Same root yā-/yāpana, 'sustaining', but a class of enemas; adjacency in alphabetical lists causes confusion."},{"term":"palliative care (modern)","why":"Modern palliative care is end-of-life symptom relief; yāpya covers lifelong chronic management (WHO's own examples are diabetes and asthma), and Kaviratna's 'suppressible' is closer to 'controllable'."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"'palliative disease'","why":"Grammatically off: palliative describes a treatment. 'Palliable' (can be palliated) or 'controllable/manageable' is what the Sanskrit gerundive yāpya (fit to be made to go on) means."},{"rendering":"'incurable in consequence of the exhaustion of one's allotted period of life' (Kaviratna, Su. 10.17ab)","why":"Translator's rendering inverts śeṣatvād āyuṣaḥ, which gives the REMAINING life-span as the reason the patient survives on regimen. Not a doctrine of Charaka."},{"rendering":"'Mild and Incurable would mean Yapya' (Kaviratna footnote, Su. 18)","why":"An editorial mapping of yāpya onto the mṛdu/dāruṇa × sādhya/asādhya grid; Charaka Su. 18.41 names the four kinds without equating any to yāpya. Quote as translator's note only."},{"rendering":"'chronic disease'","why":"Dīrghakālam avasthitam (long-standing) is one sign of yāpya (Su. 10.18), but many chronic diseases are kṛcchrasādhya; chronicity alone does not make a disease yāpya."},{"rendering":"'terminal'","why":"WHO IST reserves 'terminal' for pratyākhyeya (ITA-4.2.43); applying it to yāpya collapses the distinction the classification exists to make."}],"openQuestions":["Confirm the siva.sh Sushruta verse numbers (10.4, 10.6, 23.8-11, 35.18) against a named printed edition (e.g. Trikamji Acharya, Nirnaya Sagar) before publishing them as Su.Su. numbers.","Does Ashtanga Hridaya carry its own yāpya definition (A.H. Su. 1 or Ni. 1)? Discussed in secondary literature (PMID 22131763 cites Vagbhata) but not located here.","NAMASTE terminology/morbidity codes for yāpya not retrieved (portal is a JS application).","ICD-11 TM2 coverage not checked; TM2 codes disorders and patterns, and a prognostic class may have no code, unestablished.","Charaka Su. 25 agrya list names yāpya items (Kaviratna renders 'Old men are the foremost of those whose diseases deserve to be suppressed', with a translator's note citing Yapya); the Sanskrit for that line was not retrieved."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/yapya/","canary":"25272fd0a02d3b09"},{"slug":"yukti-vyapashraya","page":"/lexicon/yukti-vyapashraya/","iast":"yuktivyapāśraya","devanagari":"युक्तिव्यपाश्रय","alternates":["yukti-vyapāśraya","yuktivyapāśraya cikitsā","yuktivyapashraya chikitsa","mānuṣī cikitsā (WHO synonym)"],"category":"chikitsa-3","family":"clinic","renderings":[{"english":"Structured therapy based on clinical reasoning","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"ITA-9.1.26 yuktivyapāśrayacikitsā","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Comparator. WHO imports 'evidence-based' twice; that phrase is modern EBM vocabulary and is not in Charaka's definition (Su.11.54: planning/combination of diet and drug substances). Record as WHO's gloss.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"Therapeutic rituals (daivavyapāśrayacikitsā, daivīcikitsā) — the paired category","sourceName":"WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda (2022)","sourceKind":"comparator","locator":"ITA-9.1.14","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Given for contrast; WHO's synonym pairing daiva=daivī and yukti=mānuṣī is a later-text convention.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":null,"sourceName":"NIA/WHO-APW draft 'Standardization of Non-Clinical Terminologies of Ayurveda' (rvpganagpur.com PDF)","sourceKind":"comparator (draft)","locator":"BP0348","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Draft; treats the term as a drug attribute ('substance given...'), not a therapy class.","licence":"nd-attribution","licenceNote":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","downloadable":false,"englishOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda","locatorOnPageOnly":"the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Ayurveda"},{"english":"'those that depend for their application and action upon knowledge and reason'; 'Diet and articles of medicinal virtue that are applied with the aid of knowledge and reason are medicines of the second kind.'","sourceName":"Kaviratna, Charaka-Samhita","sourceKind":"public-domain translator","locator":"Sutrasthana Lesson XI, printed p.230, his number '*56' printed after the passage","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Kaviratna does not transliterate here; 'knowledge and reason' renders yukti. He renders aushadha as 'medicines' for all three classes.","licence":"cleared","licenceNote":"Kaviratna's Charaka Samhita, 1896-1913","downloadable":true},{"english":"therapy based on reasoning / rational therapy","sourceName":"carakasamhitaonline.com (Tistraishaniya Adhyaya, copyrighted translation; rendering noted, not quoted)","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Tistraishaniya_Adhyaya","verbatim":false,"assessment":"Standard Indian academic rendering.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true},{"english":"'the reason-based (yukti-vyapashraya) character of classical ayurveda'","sourceName":"PubMed PMID 40040399 (Indian J Med Ethics 2025)","sourceKind":"modern literature","locator":"abstract","verbatim":true,"assessment":"Editorial usage; 'reason-based' as a one-word gloss.","licence":"restricted","licenceNote":"\"PubMed PMID 40040399 (Indian J Med Ethics 2025)\" is not a source this project has cleared for quotation","downloadable":false},{"english":"rational therapeutics / logical therapy / 'treatment based on planning'","sourceName":"web textbooks (easyayurveda, Dharmawiki)","sourceKind":"textbook","locator":"https://dharmawiki.org/index.php/Yuktivyapashraya_Chikitsa_(युक्तिव्यपाश्रया_चिकित्सा)","verbatim":false,"assessment":"Variants in circulation; none authoritative.","licence":"ours","licenceNote":"this project's own paraphrase, not the source's words","downloadable":true}],"classical":[{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"11 (Tistraishaniya)","verse":"Standard (Trikamji / carakasamhitaonline) Sutrasthana 11.54 (verified: 53 'प्रयोगज्ञानविज्ञानसिद्धिसिद्धाः...' before, 55 'शरीरदोषप्रकोपे खलु...' after); Kaviratna aphorism 55, printed AFTER the passage as '*55' on p. 130 of Lesson XI (archive.org BIUSante_47357 leaf 193; the djvu OCR misreads it as '*56'), with his 54 closing the preceding aphorism","establishes":"The locus classicus: aushadha is threefold (daivavyapashraya, yuktivyapashraya, sattvavajaya); yuktivyapashraya is 'yojana' (planned deployment) of diet and drug substances. Kaviratna numbers this aphorism 55 against standard 54: he runs one ahead through the close of this chapter (from S50 on), and the number is read from the page image, not the OCR, which prints '*56'.","quote":"Sanskrit 11.54: \"त्रिविधमौषधमिति- दैवव्यपाश्रयं, युक्तिव्यपाश्रयं, सत्त्वावजयश्च| तत्र दैवव्यपाश्रयं- मन्त्रौषधिमणिमङ्गलबल्युपहारहोमनियमप्रायश्चित्तोपवासस्वस्त्ययनप्रणिपातगमनादि, युक्तिव्यपाश्रयं- पुनराहारौषधद्रव्याणां योजना, सत्त्वावजयः- पुनरहितेभ्योऽर्थेभ्यो मनोनिग्रहः||५४||\" Kaviratna: \"Medicines are of three kinds; those that depend for their action upon the deities and invisible influences ; those that depend for their application and action upon knowledge and reason ; and those that appertain to the subjugation of the mind. Among these, mantras, herbs and plants of invisible virtue ( if kept in contact with the body), gems, auspicious rites, offerings in sacrifices, offers of articles to the deities in course of worship or religious rites, libations of meat and ghee on the sacred fire, practice of vows, expiatory ceremonies and rites, fasts, propitiatory rites, bows to the deities, and pilgrimage to sacred waters and shrines, constitute medicines of the first kind. Diet and articles of medicinal virtue that are applied with the aid of knowledge and reason are medicines of the second kind. The subjugation of the mind by withdrawing it from every kind of injurious or harmful acts and objects of the senses, constitutes medicine of the third kind.*55\"","translator":"Kaviratna; Sanskrit carakasamhitaonline","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Tistraishaniya_Adhyaya ; https://archive.org/download/BIUSante_47357/BIUSante_47357_djvu.txt","checked":"checked against the source"},{"text":"Charaka Samhita","sthana":"Sutrasthana","chapter":"11","verse":"Standard 11.17 and 11.23-25 (yukti as fourth pariksha); 11.32 (definition of yukti)","establishes":"In the same chapter yukti is also one of four means of examination (pariksha), defined by multi-causal reasoning. The therapy class yuktivyapashraya borrows this epistemic sense; the two uses should be cross-referenced, not merged.","quote":"Sanskrit 11.17: \"द्विविधमेव खलु सर्वं सच्चासच्च; तस्य चतुर्विधा परीक्षा- आप्तोपदेशः, प्रत्यक्षम्, अनुमानं, युक्तिश्चेति||१७||\" Sanskrit 11.32: \"युक्तिश्चैषा- षड्धातुसमुदयाद्गर्भजन्म, कर्तृकरणसंयोगात् क्रिया; कृतस्य कर्मणः फलं नाकृतस्य, नाङ्कुरोत्पत्तिरबीजात्;कर्मसदृशं फलं, नान्यस्माद्बीजादन्यस्योत्पत्तिः; इति युक्तिः||३२||\"","translator":"none (Sanskrit); Kaviratna's rendering of these verses not extracted","licenceBasis":"cleared-translation","sourceUrl":"https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Tistraishaniya_Adhyaya","checked":"checked against the source"}],"distinguishFrom":[{"term":"daivavyapāśraya","why":"The first of the three (mantra, gems, rites, fasting, pilgrimage); WHO 9.1.14 'Therapeutic rituals'. Note Charaka lists upavasa (fasting) under daiva, not yukti."},{"term":"sattvāvajaya","why":"The third: restraint of mind from unwholesome objects (manonigraha); modern writers call it psychotherapy."},{"term":"yukti (pramāṇa)","why":"Same word as the fourth means of examination in Su.11.17, 11.32; the therapy class is 'what rests on yukti', not yukti itself."},{"term":"mānuṣī cikitsā","why":"WHO gives it as a synonym; the daivī/mānuṣī pairing is a later convention and is not in Charaka Su.11.54."},{"term":"evidence-based medicine","why":"WHO's gloss; EBM is a 1990s methodology, whereas yukti is the physician's reasoned combination (yojana) of diet and drug for the case."}],"mistranslations":[{"rendering":"evidence-based therapy","why":"WHO ITA-9.1.26 imports the term; Charaka defines yuktivyapashraya as planned use of ahara and aushadha dravya, with no notion of trial evidence."},{"rendering":"rational medicine (as opposed to the rest of Ayurveda)","why":"Implies the other two classes are irrational; Charaka presents all three as aushadha. Kaviratna's 'knowledge and reason' is accurate for yukti but 'medicines' for all three preserves the parity."},{"rendering":"medicinal therapy / drug therapy","why":"Omits ahara (diet), which Charaka names first in the definition."}],"openQuestions":["Kaviratna's number '*56' versus the standard 54 at this point of Sutrasthana 11 should be checked on the scan image for other passages in the chapter before any claim about his offset here.","Whether Sushruta uses the yukti/daiva split at all was not checked."],"citationsChecked":"2026-10-07","source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/lexicon/yukti-vyapashraya/","canary":"efec5db84c00dc6a"}],"attribution":{"source":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/datasets/","canonical":"https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/","publisher":"Age Ayurveda","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","citeAs":"Age Ayurveda Nighantu, Age Ayurveda Nighantu Ayurvedic terminology lexicon dataset, https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/datasets/","note":"CC BY 4.0 requires attribution. Each record carries its own source URL for the same reason: so a partial copy can still be credited without having to find this block."},"canary":"71a99de4aa5da190"}