anupāna: what the term means and how it is translated

Charaka SamhitaSutrasthana 27:Standard 27.325 (prose) as numbered on carakasamhitaonline; Kaviratna's printed number for this prose unit is illegible in the OCR ('*™') · checked against the source

I shall now speak of the effects of Anupana. Anupanas exercise a sedative and nutritive influence. They make the mind cheerful. They conduce to increase of energy. They produce the sensation of gratification after one has eaten. They moisten what is eaten (and thereby assist at digestion). They disjoin united food. They soften the food in the stomach. They cause the impurities to separate themselves from the food in the stomach. They cause the food to be digested. They contribute to that sensation of pleasure which arises after eating. They cause the food to extend its effects to all parts of the body.

The anupāna-karma list. Sanskrit as retrieved: अथानुपानकर्मगुणान्प्रवक्ष्यामः- अनुपानं तर्पयति, प्रीणयति, ऊर्जयति, बृंहयति, पर्याप्तिमभिनिर्वर्तयति, भुक्तमवसादयति, अन्नसङ्घातं भिनत्ति, मार्दवमापादयति, क्लेदयति, जरयति, सुखपरिणामितामाशुव्यवायितां चाहारस्योपजनयतीति॥३२५॥ (https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php/Annapanavidhi_Adhyaya). Kaviratna's 'sedative' renders tarpayati (satiates/refreshes), not a CNS effect; his parentheses are glosses.

Charaka SamhitaSutrasthana 27:Standard 27.326; Kaviratna's printed number reads '328' in OCR (uncertain) · checked against the source

(Here occur some verses.) An Anupana that is suitable is certainly beneficial. It soon exercises a sedative and nutritive influence on the body. It causes easy digestion of the food that has been eaten. It conduces to strength and long life.

Summary verse. Sanskrit as retrieved: अनुपानं हितं युक्तं तर्पयत्याशु मानवम्| सुखं पचति चाहारमायुषे च बलाय च||३२६||

Charaka SamhitaSutrasthana 27:Standard 27.319; Kaviratna's printed number OCR'd as 'f821' (likely 321, unverified) · checked against the source

That fluid food or drink should be taken subsequently which in qualities is the reverse of the food taken previously. It should be remembered, however, that the subsequent fluid food should not be hostile to the upholding ingredients of the body.

Selection rule: opposite in guna to the food, not hostile to the dhatus. Sanskrit (IAST as retrieved): yadāhāraguṇaiḥ pānaṁ viparītaṁ tadiṣyatē| annānupānaṁ dhātūnāṁ dr̥ṣṭaṁ yanna virōdhi ca||319||. Kaviratna's footnote here: 'The word 'Anupana,' it should be noted, implies not only fluid food or drink that is taken subsequently, — that is, at the conclusion of a course of eating, — but also such fluids as are used as vehicles of medicines. — T.' (translator's note, not text).

Charaka SamhitaSutrasthana 27:Standard 27.321; Kaviratna's printed number OCR'd as '*28' (unverified) · checked against the source

As regards such subsequent fluid food or drink, that which is oily and hot is praised in excitements of the wind ; that which is sweet and cooling is praised in excitements of the bile ; that which is dry and hot is praised in excitements of the phlegm ; while in emaciation and waste, the juice of meat is highly beneficial.

Dosha-wise anupana. Sanskrit (IAST as retrieved): snigdhōṣṇaṁ mārutē śastaṁ pittē madhuraśītalam| kaphē'nupānaṁ rūkṣōṣṇaṁ kṣayē māṁsarasaḥ param||321||

Charaka SamhitaSutrasthana 27:Standard Ca.Su.27.327-328 (carakasamhitaonline Annapanavidhi: nordhvangamarutavishta na hikkashvasakasinah | na gitabhashyadhyayanaprasakta norasi kshatah ||327|| pibeyurudakam bhuktva taddhi kanthorasi sthitam | snehamaharajam hatva bhuyo doshaya kalpate ||328||). Kaviratna prints '329-30' after this paragraph on his p. 387 (the djvu OCR '323-20' is a misread); he is two ahead of standard here (his 327 = std 325, his 328 = std 326). · checked against the source

Those persons the upper parts of whose bodies are afflicted with wind, those persons who are afflicted with asthma and consumption, those persons who are generally engaged in singing or speaking aloud or reading aloud, and those who have sores or wounds on the chest, should not drink water after having taken their food, for, if they drink, that water, remaining in their throat or chest, will destroy the oily secretions of the food previously taken, and generate many faults.

Contraindication of drinking water after a meal (Ca.Su.27.327-328). The Sanskrit names four classes who should not: (1) those with vata disturbed in the upper body (urdhvanga-maruta-avishta); (2) sufferers from hiccup, dyspnoea and cough (hikka-shvasa-kasin); (3) those engaged in singing, lecturing or recitation (gita-bhashya-adhyayana-prasakta); (4) those with chest injury (urasi kshata). Reason given: the water lodged in throat and chest destroys the sneha of the food and produces further dosha. Kaviratna's rendering 'asthma and consumption' is his, not the text's: the Samhita says hiccup, dyspnoea and cough, and says nothing of consumption (kshaya/rajayakshma). Parallel in Sushruta Su.46 below.

Sushruta SamhitaSutrasthana 46 (Annapana-vidhi):Sanskrit verse numbers not established; Bhishagratna prints none · checked against the source

Cold water and warm water, Asava (wine), Madya (spirits), the soup of Mudga pulse etc., the juice of acid fruits, sour paddy gruel, milk and essence of meat are generally used as drinks after a full meal. Of these, that alone which would prove beneficial to a person should be given him in an adequate quantity.

Sushruta's list of anupanas. Same page: 'Of all kinds of after-potions, clear heavenly (atmospheric) water, kept in a pure vessel, should be deemed the best'; benefits: 'A proper after-potion taken after a meal brings on a fresh relish for food, increases the bulk of the body, acts as a spermatopoietic beverage, disintegrates the combination or accumulation of the deranged bodily humours, soothes the organism, increases the softness of the body, removes the sense of fatigue and exhaustion, brings on pleasurable sensations in its train, stimulates the appetite, subdues or pacifies the deranged bodily humours, allays the thirst, improves the complexion, and imparts tone and vigour to the system.'; contraindication: 'Hence, the use of an afterpotion is imperatively obligatory on all human beings, except those suffering from dyspnea, cough, ulcerative endocarditis (Urahkshata), ptyalism, aphonia, and from diseases affecting the part of the body situated above the clavicles.' ('ulcerative endocarditis' is Bhishagratna's gloss of urahkshata.)