Age Ayurveda Nighantu

Abhayarishta

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Abhayarishta is a classical Ayurvedic fermented arishta or asava. Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI), Parts I and II. Bhaishajya Ratnavali, Arsha Rogadhikara (Piles treatment chapter). Also referenced in Charaka Samhita for Vibandha (constipation) and Udara Roga (abdominal disorders).

Abhraka Bhasma

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Abhraka Bhasma is a bhasma, a mineral or metal preparation reduced to ash by repeated calcination. Tridosha-balancing and Rasayana properties support anti-cancer potential. Pandit VA, Singhal SK, Deshmane GB and others 2024.

Adaptogenic Agents

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Adaptogenic Agents is a reference entry in the Nighantu. 115 herbs and compounds with adaptogenic activity across traditions Amrita Ghrita Arjunarishta Ashwagandharishta Atibala Bala — Sida cordifolia Bala Mool Balarishta Balaswagandhadi Thailam Brahma Rasayana Chhatraka — Agaricus campestris L.

Adhaki

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Adhaki (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Fabaceae family. aureus including MDR strains Hepatoprotective effects validated through safety assessment studies showing protection of liver and kidney function markers Not listed in WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants; recognized as an important food legume by FAO; GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe) status for food use.

Agastya

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Agastya (Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Fabaceae family. Recognized in regional WHO traditional medicine directories; documented in WHO Traditional Medicine Strategy as a widely used medicinal food plant in Southeast Asian countries.

Agastya Haritaki Rasayana

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Agastya Haritaki Rasayana is a classical Ayurvedic rasayana, a rejuvenative preparation. Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI); standardized with physicochemical parameters including ash value, acid insoluble ash, solid content, loss on drying, fat content, and HPTLC analysis.

Agnijara

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Agnijara is a substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. Traditional Shodhana (purification) and Marana (calcination) processes convert it into nano-sized particles (bhasma) with significantly enhanced bioavailability. The bhasma form yields particles in the 50-100nm range, facilitating absorption.

Agnikarma Thermal Cauterization Instruments

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Agnikarma Thermal Cauterization Instruments (Sanskrit: Agnikarma Shalaka (Dahana Upakarna)) is an instrument used in kshara sutra and para-surgical instruments. A set of metal rods (Shalaka) of specific shapes - Suchi (needle-point), Bindu (dot/round), Valaya (ring), Vilekha (line), Pratapta (red-hot) - for Agnikarma (therapeutic thermal cauterization).

Agnikarna

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Agnikarna (Gloriosa superba L. (Agnikumarika/Agnimukhi); also associated with Litsea species in some texts) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Colchicaceae (Liliaceae sensu lato) family. Colchicine (derived compound) is on WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for gout treatment; whole plant not in WHO herbal monographs; Gloriosa superba listed in CITES and IUCN endangered species databases.

Agnikumarika

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Agnikumarika is a substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. Traditional enhancement via Trikatu yoga (black pepper, long pepper, ginger) or honey as anupana. Presence of volatile oils suggests reasonable absorption of lipophilic fractions.

Agnimantha

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Agnimantha (Premna integrifolia (syn. Clerodendrum phlomidis)) is classified in Ayurveda as Shothaghna (Anti-inflammatory), Deepaniya (Appetizer), from the Lamiaceae family. Parts used: root, bark, leaf. Name means 'fire churner' — stimulates digestive fire.

Agnitundi Vati

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Agnitundi Vati is a classical Ayurvedic vati, a herbal tablet or pill. Classical formulations are researched largely in journals that PubMed does not index, so an absence here reflects the reach of the index rather than the state of the evidence.

Ahiphena

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Ahiphena (Papaver somniferum L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda. {'use': 'Analgesic and pain management', 'validation': 'Morphine remains the gold standard analgesic in modern medicine.

Aivana

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Aivana (Salvia officinalis L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Lamiaceae family. Listed in European Pharmacopoeia; referenced in WHO Traditional Medicine Strategy; ESCOP (European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy) monograph available for dyspeptic complaints and excessive sweating.

Aja Dugdha Goat Milk

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Aja Dugdha Goat Milk is an animal-derived substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. [Bioactive peptides with antioxidant and ACE inhibitory properties in goat milk protein hydrolysates: Peptidomics and molecular docking study](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39863228/).

Ajamoda Arka

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Ajamoda Arka is a classical Ayurvedic arka, a herbal distillate. Nano-dispersed volatile oils in aqueous medium enhance bioavailability compared to crude drug. Optimal Timing: After meals (Bhojana-uttara), twice daily Shelf Life: 1 year from date of manufacture as per ASU guidelines for Arka preparations Storage: Store in well-closed amber glass bottles in a cool place.

Ajamodadi Churna

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Ajamodadi Churna is a classical Ayurvedic churna, a fine herbal powder. Piperine from Pippali and Maricha acts as bioenhancer. Volatile oils from Ajamoda and Hingu promote gastric motility and absorption.

Ajmoda

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Ajmoda (Apium leptophyllum) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Apiol and myristicin are well absorbed from the GI tract. Essential oil components enhance their own absorption and that of co-administered herbs. Piperine co-administration may further increase plasma levels of key constituents by 25-30%.

Ajwain

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Apiaceae family. Listed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API) by the Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Department of AYUSH.

Ajwain Herb

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Ajwain Herb (Coleus amboinicus) is a plant used in Ayurveda. The leaf (Coleus aromaticus / Plectranthus amboinicus, sometimes called Ajwain ka patta) contains thymol and carvacrol in lower concentrations than seed Ajwain but has additional flavonoids.

Akarakarabha

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Akarakarabha (Anacyclus pyrethrum (L.) Lag.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Asteraceae (Compositae) family. Not in WHO monographs; listed in multiple traditional pharmacopeias including Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India and Unani Pharmacopoeia; recognized in European herbal tradition.

Akhuparni

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Akhuparni (Ipomoea reniformis Choisy (syn. Merremia emarginata (Burm.f.) Hallier f.)) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Convolvulaceae family. Not listed in WHO monographs; referenced in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India and Dravyaguna texts; recognized in Indian folk medicine traditions.

Akika Pishti

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Akika Pishti is a bhasma, a mineral or metal preparation reduced to ash by repeated calcination. An absence here means we could not identify the source, not that no work exists.

Akshotaka

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Akshotaka (Juglans regia L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Juglandaceae family. Not specifically listed in WHO monographs on medicinal plants; recognized by WHO/FAO as an important nutritional food source; European Pharmacopoeia includes monograph for Juglans regia leaf.

Alabu

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Alabu (Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Cucurbitaceae family. Not listed in WHO monographs; recognized as traditional food-medicine in Indian, Chinese, and African traditional medicine systems.

Aloe Vera

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Aloe Vera (Aloe barbadensis Mill. (syn. Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f.)) is a plant used in Ayurveda. WHO Monograph exists in WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants, Volume 1 (Aloe Vera|Aloe Vera Gel).

Amalaka Rasayana

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Amalaka Rasayana is a classical Ayurvedic rasayana, a rejuvenative preparation. Ghee base enhances absorption of fat-soluble polyphenols. Honey (added when cool) provides enzymatic enhancement of bioavailability.

Amalaki Rasayana

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Amalaki Rasayana is a classical Ayurvedic rasayana, a rejuvenative preparation. [Influence of Amalaki Rasayana on telomerase activity and telomere length in human blood mononuclear cells](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28602428/). Journal of Ayurveda and integrative medicine. [Amalaki rasayana, a traditional Indian drug enhances cardiac mitochondrial and contractile functions and improves cardiac function in rats with hypertrophy](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28819266/).

Ambasthaki

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Ambasthaki (Cissampelos pareira L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Menispermaceae family. Not in WHO monographs; recognized in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India as Laghu Patha/Ambastha; widely used in Latin American and African traditional medicine systems.

Amla

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Amla (Phyllanthus emblica (syn. Emblica officinalis)) is classified in Ayurveda as Rasayana (Rejuvenative), Tridoshahara, from the Phyllanthaceae family. Parts used: fruit, seed, bark, leaf. One of the three fruits in Triphala. No dedicated WHO monograph identified for Phyllanthus emblica specifically.

Amlaparni

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Amlaparni (Oxalis corniculata L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Oxalidaceae family. Not listed in WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants; incorporated into approved Chinese patent medicines indicating regulatory acceptance in some traditional medicine systems.

Amlavetasa

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Amlavetasa (Garcinia pedunculata Roxb. ex Buch.-Ham. (primary); Rheum emodi Wall. ex Meissn. (substitute)) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Clusiaceae (Garcinia) / Polygonaceae (Rheum) family. Not in WHO monographs as Amlavetasa; Rheum species have WHO/European Pharmacopoeia monographs as rhubarb (Rhei Radix); Garcinia pedunculata recognized in regional Indian pharmacopeias.

Amra

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Amra (Mangifera indica L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Anacardiaceae family. Mangifera indica is included in multiple national pharmacopeias. [A Review on Ethnopharmacological Applications, Pharmacological Activities, and Bioactive Compounds of Mangifera indica (Mango)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29456572/).

Amra Beeja

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Amra Beeja (Mangifera indica) is a plant used in Ayurveda. The seed kernel (Mangifera indica kernel) is rich in tannins (gallic acid, ellagic acid) and fats. Gallic acid has high oral bioavailability (~70%).

Amra Haridra

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Amra Haridra (Curcuma amada) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Curcuma amada (mango ginger) contains curcuminoids similar to turmeric but in lower concentrations, plus unique difurocumenonol. Curcuminoid bioavailability is inherently low (<5%) but enhanced by piperine (20-fold increase) or lipid formulations.

Amrita Ghrita

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Amrita Ghrita is a classical Ayurvedic ghrita, a medicated ghee. Amrita (Guduchi) monograph in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API); Amritaprasha Ghrita listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India; formulation standards regulated under PCIM&H.

Amritaprasha Ghrita

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Amritaprasha Ghrita is a classical Ayurvedic ghrita, a medicated ghee. Multi-herb synergy provides broad-spectrum bioactive delivery. Ghee base facilitates crossing of biological membranes.

Amritarishta

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Amritarishta is a classical Ayurvedic fermented arishta or asava. Fermentation produces novel bioactive metabolites not present in the original decoction. Rapid oral absorption of water-alcohol soluble fraction.

Amritottaram Kashayam

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Amritottaram Kashayam is a classical Ayurvedic kashaya, a water decoction. Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Sahasrayogam, Jwara Chikitsa (fever treatment section). Also referenced in Rasa Tarangini and Bhaishajya Ratnavali under divya kashaya for strengthening innate defense mechanisms.

Analgesic Agents

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Analgesic Agents is a reference entry in the Nighantu. 224 herbs and compounds with analgesic activity across traditions Agnikarna — Gloriosa superba L. (Agnikumarika/Agnimukhi); also associated with Litsea species in some texts Agnimantha — Premna integrifolia (syn.

Ananta Mool

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Ananta Mool (Hemidesmus indicus) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Hemidesmus indicus (Indian Sarsaparilla) root contains 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde as the primary aromatic compound with good GI absorption. Hemidesminine and other steroidal saponins show moderate bioavailability.

Anjatraya

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Anjatraya is a substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. This is a relatively obscure Dravya in Ayurvedic Materia Medica. Traditional preparation guidelines should be followed. Co-administration with warm water, honey, or ghee as appropriate anupana based on Dosha indication.

Ankola

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Ankola (Alangium salviifolium (L.f.) Wangerin) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Cornaceae (Alangiaceae) family. Not listed in WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants; documented in Indian Pharmacopoeia and recognized in Ayurveda and Siddha traditional medicine systems.

Anti inflammatory & Pain

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Anti inflammatory & Pain is a reference entry in the Nighantu. Cross-tradition therapeutic reference — 1057 related entries Abhayarishta — (Laxative, Diuretic, Anti-inflammatory) Abhraka Bhasma — (Antioxidant, Rasayana, Anti-inflammatory) Adhaki — Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.

Anti inflammatory & Pain — Across Traditions

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Anti inflammatory & Pain — Across Traditions is a reference entry in the Nighantu. Comparing approaches to anti-inflammatory & pain across 5 healing traditions Ayurveda: 351 entries TCM: 210 entries Global: 385 entries Nutraceutical: 25 entries

Anti inflammatory Agents

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Anti inflammatory Agents is a reference entry in the Nighantu. 975 herbs and compounds with anti-inflammatory activity across traditions Abhayarishta Abhraka Bhasma Adhaki — Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. Agastya — Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers.

Anticancer Agents

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Anticancer Agents is a reference entry in the Nighantu. 271 herbs and compounds with anticancer activity across traditions Adhaki — Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. Agastya — Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers. Agnikarna — Gloriosa superba L.

Antidiabetic Agents

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Antidiabetic Agents is a reference entry in the Nighantu. 198 herbs and compounds with antidiabetic activity across traditions Adhaki — Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. Agastya — Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers. Ajwain — Trachyspermum ammi Akhuparni — Ipomoea reniformis Choisy (syn.

Antimicrobial Agents

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Antimicrobial Agents is a reference entry in the Nighantu. 417 herbs and compounds with antimicrobial activity across traditions Adhaki — Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. Agnikarna — Gloriosa superba L. (Agnikumarika/Agnimukhi); also associated with Litsea species in some texts Aivana — Salvia officinalis L.

Antioxidant Agents

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Antioxidant Agents is a reference entry in the Nighantu. 710 herbs and compounds with antioxidant activity across traditions Abhraka Bhasma Adhaki — Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. Agastya — Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers.

Antipyretic Agents

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Antipyretic Agents is a reference entry in the Nighantu. 128 herbs and compounds with antipyretic activity across traditions Akhuparni — Ipomoea reniformis Choisy (syn. Merremia emarginata (Burm.f.) Hallier f.) Ambasthaki — Cissampelos pareira L.

Anu Taila

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Anu Taila is a classical Ayurvedic taila, a medicated oil. Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Ashtanga Hridayam (Sutrasthana Chapter 20 - Nasya Vidhi) by Vagbhata. Described as the foremost Nasya oil for Dinacharya (daily regimen).

Anxiolytic Agents

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Anxiolytic Agents is a reference entry in the Nighantu. 133 herbs and compounds with anxiolytic activity across traditions Aparajita — Clitoria ternatea L. Ashwagandharishta Badara Bakula — Mimusops elengi L. Bhutakeshi Brahmi — Bacopa monnieri Brahmi Ghritam Dhanyaka — Coriandrum sativum L.

Apamarga

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Apamarga (Achyranthes aspera L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Amaranthaceae family. Documented in WHO Traditional Medicine resources for South-East Asia region; included in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India.

Aparajita

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Aparajita (Clitoria ternatea L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Fabaceae (Leguminosae) family. Not in WHO monographs; recognized in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India; GRAS status for food coloring in several countries; FDA-approved as food color additive in the US (2021).

Aragvadhadi Kwath

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Aragvadhadi Kwath is a classical Ayurvedic kashaya, a water decoction. Anthraquinone glycosides from Aragvadha are hydrolyzed in the gut to active aglycones. Curcumin absorption is limited without lipid co-administration.

Aragwadha

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Aragwadha (Cassia fistula L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) family. Included in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India; WHO-related traditional medicine databases reference its widespread use across tropical Asia and Africa.

Aranya Jeeraka

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Aranya Jeeraka (Centratherum anthelminticum) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Wild cumin Aranya Jeeraka, potentially Cuminum cyminum var. or Vernonia anthelmintica depending on tradition) — volatile oil constituents are well absorbed. Cuminaldehyde (if Cuminum) shows rapid GI absorption.

Aravindasava

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Aravindasava is a classical Ayurvedic fermented arishta or asava. Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Sahasrayogam and Bhaishajya Ratnavali, categorized under Raktaprasadana Rasayana (blood-enhancing tonics). Traditionally used in Kerala and North Indian Ayurvedic pediatric practice.

Ardraka Svarasa

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Ardraka Svarasa is a classical Ayurvedic svarasa, a fresh plant juice. 6-Gingerol is absorbed rapidly with peak plasma levels at 1-2 hours. Fresh juice retains volatile compounds that enhance absorption and first-pass metabolism modulation.

Arishtaka

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Arishtaka is a classical Ayurvedic fermented arishta or asava. Fermentation may generate novel bioactive compounds not present in the parent decoction. Optimal Timing: After meals (Bhojana-uttara), twice daily Shelf Life: 10 years from date of manufacture as per ASU guidelines for Arishta preparations Storage: Store in well-closed amber glass or HDPE containers in a cool place.

Arjuna

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Arjuna (Terminalia arjuna) is classified in Ayurveda as Hridya (Cardiotonic), from the Combretaceae family. Parts used: bark. Named after Arjuna of Mahabharata. No dedicated WHO monograph identified.

Arjuna Twak

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Arjuna Twak (Terminalia arjuna) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Arjunolic acid bioavailability ~8-12%. Kshirapaka enhances triterpene absorption significantly. Tannin-rich matrix provides sustained release of active compounds. Piperine co-administration can enhance arjunolic acid bioavailability by 30-40%.

Arjunarishta

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Arjunarishta is a classical Ayurvedic fermented arishta or asava. Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Charaka Samhita (1st-2nd century CE) and Sushruta Samhita (3rd-4th century CE), where it is described as Arjuna Asava for strengthening the heart and enhancing stamina.

Arka

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Arka (Calotropis procera) is a plant used in Ayurveda. INTERNAL USE: only Shodhita (purified) material under physician supervision. Bioavailability: Cardiac glycosides (calotropin, calactin) have good oral absorption with narrow therapeutic index. Shodhana with Dugdha (milk processing) modifies glycoside profile and reduces acute toxicity.

Arka Ksheera

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Arka Ksheera is a preparation made from plant material. Latex proteins (calotropain) are proteolytic and facilitate penetration through skin barriers. Shodhana (milk purification) process partially inactivates the most toxic cardenolides while retaining therapeutically useful compounds.

Arka Pushpa

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Arka Pushpa (Calotropis procera) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Flavonoids and triterpenoids in flowers have moderate oral bioavailability. The flower is traditionally considered the mildest part of Arka and is used for digestive (Deepana) and respiratory applications.

Arogyavardhini Vati

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Arogyavardhini Vati is a classical Ayurvedic vati, a herbal tablet or pill. Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI) Part I; monographed in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API); recognized by AYUSH Ministry standards.

Asana

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Asana (Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Fabaceae (Papilionoideae) family. Listed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. [In Silico Analysis of PTP1B Inhibitors and TLC-MS Bioautography-Based Identification of Free Radical Scavenging and α-Amylase Inhibitory Compounds from Heartwood Extract of Pterocarpus marsupium](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36570189/).

Asanadi Kwath

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Asanadi Kwath is a classical Ayurvedic kashaya, a water decoction. Hot administration enhances gastric absorption. Pterostilbene has moderate oral bioavailability (~50-80% in aqueous medium). Optimal Timing: On empty stomach, morning and evening, especially for Prameha (metabolic conditions) Shelf Life: Same day (fresh kwath), 6 months (preserved liquid), 3 years (tablet form) Storage: Fresh: prepare and use same day.

Ashoka

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Ashoka (Saraca asoca) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Listed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API) Part I; bark monograph recommends use in metrorrhagia, menorrhagia, chronic lymphadenitis, and inflammations.

Ashoka Ghrita

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Ashoka Ghrita is a classical Ayurvedic ghrita, a medicated ghee. Fat-soluble fraction crosses intestinal membrane more efficiently. Sustained release of uterotonic compounds over 4-6 hours.

Ashokarishta

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Ashokarishta is a classical Ayurvedic fermented arishta or asava. Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI) Part I (Stree Rogadhikara section). Bhaishajya Ratnavali (Stree Rogadhikara / Female disorders chapter). Also described in Sharangdhara Samhita (Madhyama Khanda - Asava Arishta Prakarana) and Bhavaprakasha Nighantu (Madhyamakhanda).

Ashtanga Hridaya

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Ashtanga Hridaya is a substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. Ashtanga Hridaya's Uttarasthana chapter on Rasayana cites the Chyawanprash formulation tradition with reference to Charaka Chikitsasthana 1.1 (Rasayana Adhyaya, Abhayamalakiya pada).

Ashwagandha

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) is classified in Ayurveda as Rasayana (Rejuvenative), from the Solanaceae family. Parts used: root, leaf. Classified as Balya (strength-promoting), Brimhana (nourishing), and Rasayana (rejuvenative) in Ayurveda. WHO Monograph published in 2009 (WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants).

Ashwagandharishta

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Ashwagandharishta is a classical Ayurvedic fermented arishta or asava. Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Bhavaprakasha (circa 16th century CE) and Sharangadhara Samhita. Described as a Rasayana (rejuvenator) specifically for improving Virya (vital strength) and fertility.

Ashwattha

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Ashwattha (Ficus religiosa L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Moraceae family. coli, and Candida albicans validated via disc diffusion and MIC assays Listed in WHO Traditional Medicine Strategy as a plant used in traditional medicine systems; included in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India.

Asthishrinkhala

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Asthishrinkhala (Cissus quadrangularis L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Vitaceae family. Not listed in WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants; recognized in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India as Asthishrinkhala/Hadjod; available as dietary supplement in US and European markets.

Atasi

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Atasi (Linum usitatissimum L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Linaceae family. WHO monograph exists for Semen Lini (flaxseed); European Medicines Agency (EMA) monograph established; German Commission E approved for chronic constipation and irritable bowel.

Atibala

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Atibala (Abutilon indicum) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Abutilon indicum (Atibala) contains mucilage (which provides sustained-release matrix), beta-sitosterol (5-10% absorbed), and flavonoids. Asparagine (an amino acid present abundantly) has near-complete oral bioavailability.

Avaleha

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Avaleha is a classical Ayurvedic avaleha, a semi-solid herbal confection. Avaleha (Sanskrit: ava-lih, "to lick"), also called Leha or Lehya, is the classical Ayurvedic semi-solid confection pharmaceutical dosage form.

Avipattikar

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Avipattikar is a compound formulation of several ingredients. Contains multiple herbs whose bioactives have varied absorption profiles. The formulation includes Trikatu (Pippali, Maricha, Sunthi) which acts as a built-in bioenhancer via piperine — this is a classical example of intelligent formulation design where bioenhancers are incorporated into the compound.

Avipattikar Churna

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Avipattikar Churna is a classical Ayurvedic churna, a fine herbal powder. Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI) Part I. Bhaishajya Ratnavali (Amlapitta Rogadhikara). Also referenced in Sharangdhara Samhita and Chakradatta.

Avipattikar Herbs

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Avipattikar Herbs is a compound formulation of several ingredients. Bioavailability profile similar to standard Avipattikar, with Trikatu serving as built-in bioenhancer. Absence of sugar does not significantly affect bioavailability of active herbal constituents but changes the taste profile and may alter dissolution behavior.

Babbula

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Babbula (Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile (syn. Vachellia nilotica)) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) family. Gum Arabic from Acacia species is approved by WHO/FAO Codex Alimentarius as food additive (E414).

Badama Taila

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Badama Taila is a classical Ayurvedic taila, a medicated oil. Fat-soluble vitamins (E, A) are readily bioavailable. Topical application provides direct dermal absorption of tocopherols and fatty acids. Oral consumption provides systemic lipid nutrition.

Badara

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Badara (Ziziphus mauritiana) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Ziziphus mauritiana (Indian jujube/Ber) fruit contains vitamin C (well absorbed), flavonoids (moderate absorption), and cyclopeptide alkaloids (variable absorption). Betulinic acid has limited oral bioavailability (~5%) but is enhanced by lipid co-administration.

Bakuchi

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Bakuchi (Psoralea corylifolia L. (syn. Cullen corylifolium)) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Psoralea corylifolia is listed in the WHO monograph on selected medicinal plants (Volume 4).

Bakuchi Taila

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Bakuchi Taila is a classical Ayurvedic taila, a medicated oil. Psoralea corylifolia is listed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API) as the official source of the drug 'Bakuchi'.

Bakula

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Bakula (Mimusops elengi L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Sapotaceae family. Dental and gum health use validated through antimicrobial activity against S. Listed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India and Unani Pharmacopoeia.

Bala

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Bala (Sida cordifolia) is classified in Ayurveda as Balya (Strength-promoting), Brimhana (Nourishing), from the Malvaceae family. Parts used: root, seed, whole plant. One of the most important Vatahara (anti-Vata) drugs.

Bala Mool

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Bala Mool is a substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. Root mucilage forms a gel matrix in the stomach that slows release—useful for sustained-effect formulations. Lipid vehicles (ghee, oil) enhance absorption of sterol components by 30-40%.

Balarishta

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Balarishta is a classical Ayurvedic fermented arishta or asava. Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Bhaishajya Ratnavali (13th century CE), where it was called Baladwaya Arishta or nourishing fermented tonic.

Balaswagandhadi Thailam

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Balaswagandhadi Thailam is a classical Ayurvedic taila, a medicated oil. Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). A classic Brimhana (nourishing/strengthening) formulation in Kerala Ayurvedic tradition. Also referenced in Ashtanga Hridayam. [GC-MS Analysis of the Ayurvedic Oil Balaswagandhadi Tailam](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40061637/).

Bandhuka

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Bandhuka is a substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. Flavonoid glycosides likely undergo hepatic first-pass metabolism. Traditional use with honey (Madhu) or ghee as Anupana may enhance mucosal absorption. Anthocyanin pigments show moderate oral bioavailability (15-25%).

Basti Enema Equipment

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Basti Enema Equipment (Sanskrit: Basti Yantra) is an instrument used in panchakarma equipment. Traditional enema apparatus consisting of a bladder-like bag (Basti Putaka, made from animal bladder or leather) attached to a tube (Basti Netra, made from metal). Used to administer medicated decoctions (Niruha Basti) or oils (Anuvasana Basti) rectally.

Bhadra

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Bhadra (Aerva lanata (L.) Juss. ex Schult.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Amaranthaceae family. Not listed in WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants; documented in Indian Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia and AYUSH system; listed in regional ethnobotanical databases.

Bhallataka Taila

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Bhallataka Taila is a classical Ayurvedic taila, a medicated oil. Shodhana reduces vesicant urushiol while retaining therapeutic semecarpol. Transdermal absorption is rapid due to phenolic lipophilicity. Optimal Timing: As directed by qualified Vaidya — not for self-medication Shelf Life: 3 years from date of manufacture as per ASU guidelines Storage: Store in amber glass bottles in a cool, dry place.

Bhanga

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Bhanga (Cannabis sativa L. / Cannabis indica Lam.) is a plant used in Ayurveda. {'use': 'Analgesic and anti-spasmodic (Vedanasthapana, Shulahara)', 'validation': 'Multiple clinical trials and systematic reviews confirm cannabis/cannabinoids effective for chronic pain, neuropathic pain, and spasticity.

Bharangi

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Bharangi (Clerodendrum serratum (L.) Moon) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Lamiaceae (formerly Verbenaceae) family. Included in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India; documented in regional WHO SEARO traditional medicine databases.

Bhringaraja Svarasa

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Bhringaraja Svarasa is a classical Ayurvedic svarasa, a fresh plant juice. Rapid oral absorption with peak plasma levels at 1-2 hours. Hepatoprotective activity is superior in fresh juice form compared to dried extracts.

Bhringraj

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Bhringraj (Eclipta prostrata) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Listed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API) Part I as a hepatoprotective herb (monograph name: Bhringaraja).

Bhumi Jambuka

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Bhumi Jambuka is a substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. Limited modern dosage standardization—follow traditional Vaidya guidance. Bioavailability: Limited modern pharmacokinetic data available. Traditional preparations use honey or warm water as vehicles to enhance absorption.

Bhumyamalaki

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Bhumyamalaki (Phyllanthus fraternus) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Significant hepatic first-pass metabolism of lignans. Self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) improve lignan bioavailability by 2-3 fold. Phospholipid complexes (phytosomes) of Bhumyamalaki extract show enhanced hepatoprotective efficacy.

Bhunimba

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Bhunimba is a substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. Extensive first-pass metabolism via CYP3A4 and CYP2C9. Nanoparticle formulations improve bioavailability by 2-4x. Andrographolide-phospholipid complex (phytosome) shows significantly improved Cmax. Self-nanoemulsifying systems show promising results in preclinical studies.

Bhurja

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Bhurja (Betula utilis) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Cyclodextrin inclusion complexes or amorphous solid dispersions improve betulinic acid bioavailability by 4-8x. Lipid-based delivery (with ghee) moderately enhances absorption. Nanoformulations (PLGA nanoparticles) show significant improvement in preclinical models.

Bhutakeshi

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Bhutakeshi is a substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. Lower doses recommended initially due to potent sedative properties. Bioavailability: Protopine and related isoquinoline alkaloids show moderate to good oral bioavailability (30-50%).

Bhutika

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Bhutika (Cymbopogon citratus) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Primarily used in external and fumigation applications traditionally. Bioavailability: Limited modern pharmacokinetic data. Volatile aromatic compounds are rapidly absorbed via inhalation (fumigation route) and transdermally.

Bibhitaki

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Bibhitaki (Terminalia bellirica) is classified in Ayurveda as Kasahara (Anti-tussive), Keshya (Hair tonic), from the Combretaceae family. Parts used: fruit. One of three fruits in Triphala.

Bijapura

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Bijapura (Citrus medica L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Rutaceae family. Recognized as a traditional medicine and food plant across Mediterranean and Asian regions.

Bilva

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Bilva (Aegle marmelos) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Monographed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API), Indian Pharmacopoeia (IP, 2021), and United States Pharmacopoeia-Herbal Medicines Compendium (USP, 2021).

Bilva Majja

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Bilva Majja (Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa (fruit pulp)) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Rutaceae family. Referenced in WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants (Vol.

Bilwa Patra

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Bilwa Patra (Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa (leaves)) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Rutaceae family. Referenced in WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants; listed in Indian Pharmacopoeia; Bilwa Patra is one of the most commonly prescribed single herbs in Ayurvedic formulary.

Bilwadi Leha

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Bilwadi Leha is a classical Ayurvedic avaleha, a semi-solid herbal confection. Listed in Kerala Ayurveda traditional formulary; referenced in Bhaishajya Ratnavali and Sharangadhara Samhita; available from GMP-certified Ayurvedic manufacturers (Kottakkal, AVP, Dabur).

Bimbi

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Bimbi (Coccinia grandis) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Triterpenoids (cephalandrin) show moderate oral bioavailability. Beta-sitosterol is moderately absorbed (10-15%). Pectin and fiber in the fruit may slow absorption. Fresh juice provides direct exposure of water-soluble insulin-like compounds to GI mucosa.

Bitter Gourd

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Bitter Gourd (Momordica charantia) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Polypeptide-p (p-insulin) is degraded by gastric proteases—limited oral bioavailability for the intact peptide (enteric coating helps). Vicine and charantin are better absorbed from juice than powder form.

Bitter Gourd Herb

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Bitter Gourd Herb (Momordica charantia) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Momordicin concentration is higher in leaves than fruit. Leaf flavonoids show moderate oral bioavailability (20-35%). Chlorophyll-rich fractions may provide additional antioxidant protection during GI transit.

Black Pepper

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Black Pepper (Piper nigrum) is classified in Ayurveda as Deepaniya (Appetizer), Krimighna (Anthelmintic), from the Piperaceae family. Parts used: fruit. Component of Trikatu (three pungents). Fruit Piperine Piperonal Chavicine Piperidine Bioavailability enhancer Digestive stimulant Antioxidant Thermogenic Anti-parasitic Component of Trikatu (three pungents).

Brahma Rasayana

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Brahma Rasayana is a classical Ayurvedic rasayana, a rejuvenative preparation. Referenced in classical Ayurvedic pharmacopoeias; listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India; manufactured by multiple GMP-certified companies (Dabur, Kottakkal).

Brahmi

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri) is classified in Ayurveda as Medhya Rasayana (Nootropic Rejuvenative), from the Plantaginaceae family. Parts used: whole plant, leaf. Named after Brahma (creator god) for its intellect-enhancing properties. No dedicated WHO monograph currently published.

Brahmi Ghritam

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Brahmi Ghritam is a classical Ayurvedic ghrita, a medicated ghee. Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI); mentioned in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API); standardization parameters established for physicochemical and phytochemical evaluation.

Brahmi Vati

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Brahmi Vati is a classical Ayurvedic vati, a herbal tablet or pill. [Neurocognitive Effect of Nootropic Drug Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri) in Alzheimer's Disease](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28588366/). PMID [28588366](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28588366/) · [doi:10.1159/000475900](https://doi.org/10.1159/000475900) Bacosides enhance nerve impulse transmission, promote repair of damaged neurons by upregulating neuronal synthesis and kinase activity, and restore synaptic function.

Brain & Nervous System

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Brain & Nervous System is a reference entry in the Nighantu. Cross-tradition therapeutic reference — 500 related entries Ahiphena — Papaver somniferum L. — (Analgesic) Aivana — Salvia officinalis L. — (Antioxidant, Anticancer, Wound Healing) Akarakarabha — Anacyclus pyrethrum (L.) Lag.

Brass Bronze Vessels for Medicine Storage

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Brass Bronze Vessels for Medicine Storage (Sanskrit: Pittala Patra / Kamsya Patra) is an instrument used in therapeutic vessels. Vessels made of brass (Pittala - copper + zinc alloy) or bronze (Kamsya - copper + tin alloy) used for storing, preparing, and dispensing Ayurvedic medicines. Each metal alloy has specific therapeutic properties attributed in Rasashastra.

Brihati

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Brihati (Solanum indicum L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Solanaceae family. Documented in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India as component of Dashamula; referenced in WHO SEARO traditional medicine inventories.

Brihatyadi Kashayam

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Brihatyadi Kashayam is a classical Ayurvedic kashaya, a water decoction. Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Brihati (Solanum indicum) Kantakari (Solanum xanthocarpum) Prishniparni (Uraria picta) Shalaparni (Desmodium gangeticum) Gokshura (Tribulus|Tribulus terrestris) Ashtangahrudayam Chikitsasthana, Mutraghata Adhyaya 11/35.

Bronchodilator Agents

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Bronchodilator Agents is a reference entry in the Nighantu. 83 herbs and compounds with bronchodilator activity across traditions Agastya Haritaki Rasayana Ajwain — Trachyspermum ammi Bhadra — Aerva lanata (L.) Juss. Chitrakaharitaki — Polyherbal formulation: Plumbago zeylanica (Chitrak) + Terminalia chebula (Haritaki) as principal herbs Dashamoola Katutraya Kashayam Devadaru — Cedrus deodara (Roxb.

Camphor

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Camphor is an isolated compound rather than a whole plant drug. INTERNAL: 60-125mg purified camphor (Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia); CAUTION: internal use only under expert supervision—toxic at >500mg doses. Bioavailability: Excellent absorption via all routes: dermal (rapid transdermal penetration due to terpene structure), inhalation (near-complete pulmonary absorption), and oral (rapid and complete GI absorption—hence toxicity concern).

Cardioprotective Agents

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Cardioprotective Agents is a reference entry in the Nighantu. 82 herbs and compounds with cardioprotective activity across traditions Aja Dugdha Goat Milk Alabu — Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. Amalaki Rasayana Arjuna Twak Arjunarishta Asana — Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.

Catechin

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Catechin is a reference entry in the Nighantu. Found in 43 entries across the catalogue Ashoka Ashoka Ghrita Ashokarishta Babbula — Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile (syn. Vachellia nilotica) Bitter Gourd Herb Dadima Twak — Punica granatum L.

Caturjata Churna

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Caturjata Churna is a classical Ayurvedic churna, a fine herbal powder. Aromatic compounds enhance gastric motility and improve absorption of co-administered formulations. Acts as a bioavailability enhancer when used as adjuvant.

Cauterization Rod Thermal Cautery Instrument

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Cauterization Rod Thermal Cautery Instrument (Sanskrit: Agnikarma Shalaka) is an instrument used in massage and external therapy tools. Metal rods of various shapes (Suchi/needle-shaped, Bindu/dot, Valaya/ring, Vilekha/line) heated in fire and applied to specific body points for therapeutic thermal cauterization (Agnikarma). Traditionally made from iron rods, gold rods - for delicate areas, copper rods, panchadhatu.

Chakragaja

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Chakragaja (Cassia tora L. (Senna tora) / Uncertain identification) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Fabaceae (Caesalpiniaceae) family. Antifungal activity against ringworm (Dadru) validated through in vitro studies against Trichophyton and Microsporum species, supporting the traditional Ayurvedic name 'Dadrughna' (ringworm destroyer) Laxative effects confirmed pharmacologically, supporting traditional use as a mild purgative in Ayurveda

Chakramarda

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Chakramarda (Cassia tora L. (syn. Senna tora)) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Ringworm treatment (Dadru): Validated by isolation of potent antifungal anthraquinones (chrysophanol, emodin, physcion) with 4-8 fold higher activity than crude extract against T. Listed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India.

Chakshushya

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Chakshushya is a substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. Carotenoid-rich Chakshushya herbs show moderate oral bioavailability enhanced significantly by lipids (Ghrita is the classical vehicle for ophthalmic Ayurvedic preparations). Topical ocular preparations (Anjana, Aschyotana) provide direct local bioavailability bypassing systemic distribution.

Chandana

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Chandana (Santalum album L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Santalum album is referenced in WHO traditional medicine guidelines. aureus Moy RL, Levenson C 2017. [Sandalwood Album Oil as a Botanical Therapeutic in Dermatology](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29344319/).

Chandraprabha

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Chandraprabha is classified in Ayurveda as Pramehaghna (Anti-diabetic), Mutrala (Urinary tonic), from the Multi-herb preparation family. Parts used: 37 ingredients including shilajit, guggulu, iron bhasma, loha bhasma, and multiple herbs. Name means 'moon-bright' — said to make body radiant.

Chandraprabha Vati

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Chandraprabha Vati is a classical Ayurvedic vati, a herbal tablet or pill. Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI) Part I. Sharangdhara Samhita, Madhyama Khanda, Chapter 7 (Vatika Adhikara). Also described in Bhaishajya Ratnavali (Prameha Rogadhikara) and Chakradatta.

Chandrashura

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Chandrashura (Lepidium sativum L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) family. Not listed in WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants; documented in Indian Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia as Chandrashura; FSSAI (India) recognizes it as a food supplement.

Changeri

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Changeri (Oxalis corniculata L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Oxalidaceae family. Not listed in WHO monographs; included in traditional pharmacopeias of India and China; used in approved Chinese patent medicines.

Changeri Ghrita

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Changeri Ghrita is a classical Ayurvedic ghrita, a medicated ghee. Lipid matrix protects acid-sensitive compounds from gastric degradation. Oxalic acid content is moderated by ghee processing.

Chavika

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Chavika (Piper retrofractum) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Pungent herb—start with lower doses. Bioavailability: Piper chaba (syn. retrofractum)—closely related to Pippali. Piperine and piperlongumine show excellent oral bioavailability (>85%). Self-bioenhancing herb through CYP3A4 and P-gp inhibition.

Chavya

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Chavya (Piper retrofractum Vahl (syn. Piper chaba Hunter)) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Piperaceae family. Recognized in ASEAN traditional medicine systems; Piper species referenced in WHO monographs on medicinal plants commonly used in SEARO region.

Chhatraka

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Chhatraka (Agaricus campestris L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Agaricaceae family. Not listed in WHO monographs on medicinal plants; edible mushrooms generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for food use; Chhatraka referenced in Charaka Samhita as cold in potency, heavy, and sweet in taste.

Chirabilva

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Chirabilva (Holoptelea integrifolia) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Traditional dosing per Vaidya guidance. Bioavailability: Holoptelea integrifolia—triterpenoids (friedelin, lupeol) show moderate oral bioavailability (15-25%) limited by poor water solubility. Lipid-based delivery enhances triterpenoid absorption.

Chirayata

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Chirayata (Swertia chirayita) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Extremely bitter—lower doses for compliance. Bioavailability: Amarogentin shows moderate oral bioavailability (25-35%) with rapid absorption. Swertiamarin is well absorbed (40-50% bioavailability) and metabolized to erythrocentaurin.

Chitrak

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Chitrak (Plumbago zeylanica L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Deepana-Pachana (digestive stimulant) activity confirmed by gastric secretion enhancement studies. Listed in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India.

Chitraka Moola

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Chitraka Moola (Plumbago zeylanica) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Same cautions as Chitrak—root is the most potent part. Bioavailability: Root (Moola) of Plumbago zeylanica contains the highest concentration of plumbagin (1.5-3.5%).

Chitrakadi Vati

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Chitrakadi Vati is a classical Ayurvedic vati, a herbal tablet or pill. Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI) Part I; HPTLC-validated quality standards published (2022); individual ingredients monographed in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API) Part I.

Chitrakaharitaki

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Chitrakaharitaki is a compound formulation of several ingredients, from the Polyherbal Avaleha (confection) - classical Ayurvedic compound formulation family. Not listed in WHO monographs; recognized in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India as a classical Avaleha formulation; listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India.

Chopchini

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Chopchini (Smilax china L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Listed in WHO Traditional Medicine strategy for both South-East Asia and Western Pacific regions. [Smilax china L.: A review of its botany, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, actual and potential applications](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37541403/).

Chyawanprash

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Chyawanprash is a classical Ayurvedic avaleha, a semi-solid herbal confection. [Safety and Efficacy of Chyawanprash as a Prophylaxis Treatment for COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Control Trials](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39544586/). [Chyawanprash, An Ancient Indian Ayurvedic Medicinal Food, Regulates Immune Response in Zebrafish Model of Inflammation by Moderating Inflammatory Biomarkers](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34867361/).

Coconut Oil Narikela Taila

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Coconut Oil Narikela Taila is a classical Ayurvedic taila, a medicated oil. [Anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial efficacy of coconut oil for periodontal pathogens: a triple-blind randomized clinical trial](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40085302/). M A, I MA, Ramalingam K and others 2024.

Cooking Vessel Boiling Pot Apparatus

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Cooking Vessel Boiling Pot Apparatus (Sanskrit: Sthali Yantra / Ghata Yantra) is an instrument used in preparation and pharmaceutical equipment. Standard cooking/boiling vessels used for preparing decoctions (Kashaya/Kwatha), medicated oils (Taila), medicated ghee (Ghrita), and other liquid preparations. Specific pot shapes and materials are prescribed for different preparations.

Copper Water Bottle

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Copper Water Bottle (Sanskrit: Tamra Jal Kupika) is an instrument used in modern ayurvedic devices. A modern portable adaptation of the traditional Tamra Patra (copper vessel), designed as a water bottle for daily use. Based on the Ayurvedic practice of drinking water stored in copper vessels (Tamra Jal Seva).

Copper Water Tumbler Copper Vessel

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Copper Water Tumbler Copper Vessel (Sanskrit: Tamra Jal Patra / Tamra Patra) is an instrument used in therapeutic vessels. A tumbler or vessel made of pure copper (Tamra) in which water is stored overnight and consumed in the morning (Ushapana). The copper imparts trace elements and oligodynamic antimicrobial properties to the water.

Coriander

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Flavonoid glycosides (rutin, quercetin) show moderate oral bioavailability (20-30%). Cold infusion (Hima/Sheeta Kashayam) is the classical method for this Pitta-pacifying herb—preserves volatile aromatics better than hot decoction.

Coriander Herb

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Coriander Herb (Coriandrum sativum) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Cilantro/coriander leaves used as fresh herb primarily. Bioavailability: Fresh leaf (cilantro) volatile composition differs from seed—contains decanal, dodecanal, and 2-decenal instead of linalool.

Cumin

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Cumin (Cuminum cyminum) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Thymoquinone (trace) is well absorbed. Cumin enhances the activity of digestive enzymes (lipase, protease, amylase) improving overall nutrient bioavailability. Roasting enhances aroma but reduces cuminaldehyde content by 15-20%.

Cumin Herb

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Cumin Herb (Cuminum cyminum) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Cumin|Cumin herb (aerial parts) is less commonly used than seeds but has traditional applications. Bioavailability: Aerial parts of Cuminum cyminum contain lower essential oil content than seeds but higher chlorophyll and flavonoid content.

Curcumin

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Curcumin is an isolated compound rather than a whole plant drug. ENHANCEMENT STRATEGIES (a major area of pharmaceutical R&D): Piperine co-administration: 20x increase. Phytosome (Meriva): 29x increase. Nanoparticle (Theracurmin): 27x increase. Micellar formulation (NovaSOL): 185x increase.

Dadhi

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Dadhi is an animal-derived substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. An absence here means we could not identify the source, not that no work exists.

Dadima

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Dadima (Punica granatum) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Seed, juice, peel, and flower all used for different indications. Bioavailability: Ellagic acid from pomegranate shows low oral bioavailability (1-5%) but is converted by gut microbiota to urolithins (urolithin A, B) which have excellent bioavailability and are the active metabolites (individual variation in microbiome conversion is significant—'urolithin metabotype' concept).

Dadima Twak

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Dadima Twak (Punica granatum L. (fruit rind/pericarp)) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Lythraceae (formerly Punicaceae) family. WHO monograph published for Pericarpium Granati (pomegranate rind); documented in Indian Pharmacopoeia; ESCOP and EMEA have referenced pomegranate preparations.

Dadimadi Ghrita

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Dadimadi Ghrita is a classical Ayurvedic ghrita, a medicated ghee. Listed in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API); standardized following API norms; formulations procured from GMP-certified Ayurvedic pharmaceutical industries for clinical research.

Dadimashtaka Churna

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Dadimashtaka Churna is a classical Ayurvedic churna, a fine herbal powder. Piperine from Trikatu enhances bioavailability. Sugar matrix aids palatability and provides rapid energy. Pomegranate polyphenols are well-absorbed from powder form.

Dadrughna

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Dadrughna is a substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. Oil-based formulations (Taila) enhance dermal penetration of lipophilic actives. For internal use, limited pharmacokinetic data available. Traditional practice emphasizes external application. Enhancement: incorporation into liposomal gels or nanostructured lipid carriers for improved dermal delivery.

Damaru TaborHourglass Apparatus Sublimation Device

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Damaru TaborHourglass Apparatus Sublimation Device (Sanskrit: Damaru Yantra) is an instrument used in preparation and pharmaceutical equipment. Two pots of equal size placed mouth-to-mouth (resembling a Damaru/tabor drum), with the joint sealed by mud-cloth-plaster. The substance in the lower pot is heated, and sublimate collects on the inner surface of the upper (cooler) pot.

Danti

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Danti (Baliospermum montanum (Willd.) Muell.-Arg.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Euphorbiaceae family. Not in WHO monographs; listed in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India as a Virechana (purgative) drug; classified under Upavisha (semi-toxic) category in some texts requiring mandatory purification.

Danti Moola

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Danti Moola (Baliospermum solanifolium) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Must be used under qualified practitioner supervision. Bioavailability: Root contains higher concentration of diterpene esters than stem. Purgative principles act locally in the intestine with limited systemic absorption desired.

Daruharidra

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Daruharidra (Berberis aristata DC.) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Skin diseases and acne (Kushtha/Yauvanpidika): Validated by RCTs showing berberine-containing extracts effective against acne-causing pathogens (P. Berberine is listed in WHO traditional medicine references.

Dashamoola

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Dashamoola is classified in Ayurveda as Vatahara (Anti-Vata), Shothahara (Anti-inflammatory), from the Multiple families family. Parts used: roots of 10 plants: bilva, agnimantha, shyonaka, patala, gambhari + shalaparni, prishniparni, brihati, kantakari, gokshura. One of the most important compound formulations.

Dashamoola Katutraya Kashayam

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Dashamoola Katutraya Kashayam is a classical Ayurvedic kashaya, a water decoction. Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Ashtanga Hridaya (Dashamoola Kwatham section). Refined in the Travancore region and documented in Kerala Bhaishajya Ratnavali as Dashamoolakatutrayam Kashayam for stubborn coughs, chronic arthritis, and post-natal weakness.

Dashamula

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Dashamula is a classical Ayurvedic kashaya, a water decoction. Classical group-dravya (Sanskrit dasha = ten, mula = root) — the ten-root formula cited in Charaka, Sushruta, Ashtanga Hridaya and Sharangadhara as the primary Vata-pacifying root ensemble.

Dashamularishta

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Dashamularishta is a classical Ayurvedic fermented arishta or asava. Self-generated alcohol provides preservative and bioenhancing action. Post-fermentation metabolites show enhanced anti-inflammatory activity. Optimal Timing: After meals, twice daily. Classically used post-partum (Sutika Paricharya) starting from 7th day after delivery.

Dashmool Dashmoolarishta

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Dashmool Dashmoolarishta is a classical Ayurvedic fermented arishta or asava. Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI) Part I and Part II. Arishta preparation described in Sharangdhara Samhita (Madhyama Khanda) and Bhaishajya Ratnavali.

Devadali

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Devadali is a substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. Cucurbitacins are lipophilic triterpenoids that absorb well from the GI tract but undergo hepatic metabolism. Fresh juice (Swarasa) provides highest bioavailability of volatile and labile constituents.

Devadaru

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Devadaru (Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex D.Don) G.Don) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Pinaceae family. Described in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India and classical texts (Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, Ashtanga Hridaya).

Dhamasa

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Dhamasa (Fagonia cretica L. / Fagonia arabica L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Zygophyllaceae family. Not listed in WHO monographs; recognized in Ayurvedic and Unani pharmacopoeias; used extensively in South Asian and Middle Eastern traditional medicine systems.

Dhanwantaram Gutika

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Dhanwantaram Gutika is a classical Ayurvedic vati, a herbal tablet or pill. Multi-herb combination provides broad-spectrum activity. Bhavana with kashayas enhances potency through phytochemical impregnation. Optimal Timing: Before meals or as directed, typically for Vata disorders Shelf Life: 3 years (herbal only), 5 years (with Bhasma) from date of manufacture Storage: Store in airtight containers in a cool, dry place.

Dhanwantaram Kashayam

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Dhanwantaram Kashayam is a classical Ayurvedic kashaya, a water decoction. Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Also referenced in Yogaratnakara. Described as a premier postpartum tonic and Vata-balancing formulation with 42 herbs.

Dhanwantaram Thailam

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Dhanwantaram Thailam is a classical Ayurvedic taila, a medicated oil. Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI) Part I. Ashtanga Hridayam (Sutrasthana); also referenced in Sahasrayogam (Taila Prakarana). Contains 28+ herbs processed in sesame oil with milk.

Dhanyaka

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Dhanyaka (Coriandrum sativum L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) family. Not individually listed in WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants; recognized in European, British, and Indian pharmacopoeias; GRAS status by FDA.

Dhanyamla

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Dhanyamla is a substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica, from the Polyherbal fermented formulation (Sandhana Kalpana) family. Not listed in WHO monographs; recognized in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia as a Sandhana Kalpana (fermented preparation); widely used in Kerala Panchakarma tradition.

Dhataki

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Dhataki (Woodfordia fruticosa) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Primary traditional use is as fermentation agent in Aristha/Asava preparations. Bioavailability: Woodfordia fruticosa flowers are rich in tannins (particularly ellagitannins and gallotannins) and flavonoids.

Dhatri Loha

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Dhatri Loha is a bhasma, a mineral or metal preparation reduced to ash by repeated calcination. Iron deficiency anemia (Pandu Roga) - validated in multiple clinical trials showing significant hemoglobin improvement (1.5-2 g/dL rise over 8 weeks) Digestive disorders with acid peptic symptoms - traditional use supported by the gastroprotective action of Amalaki and Yashtimadhu components

Dhatupaushtik Churna

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Dhatupaushtik Churna is a classical Ayurvedic churna, a fine herbal powder. Fine particle size ensures rapid dissolution. Multiple adaptogenic herbs provide synergistic bioactivity. Optimal Timing: Before bedtime with warm milk, or morning on empty stomach for Rasayana effect Shelf Life: 2 years from date of manufacture as per ASU guidelines for Churna Storage: Store in airtight containers in a cool, dry place.

Dhava

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Dhava (Anogeissus latifolia) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Tannin-rich fraction has low systemic bioavailability but effective local GI action (astringent, anti-diarrheal). Ellagic acid undergoes gut microbial metabolism to urolithins. Flavonoid fraction has moderate bioavailability (15-30%).

Diabetes & Metabolism

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Diabetes & Metabolism is a reference entry in the Nighantu. Cross-tradition therapeutic reference — 374 related entries Adhaki — Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. — (Antioxidant, Anticancer, Antidiabetic) Agastya — Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers.

Digestive Health

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Digestive Health is a reference entry in the Nighantu. Cross-tradition therapeutic reference — 612 related entries Agnijara Agnikarna — Gloriosa superba L. (Agnikumarika/Agnimukhi); also associated with Litsea species in some texts — (Antioxidant, Anticancer, Wound Healing) Agnikumarika Agnimantha — Premna integrifolia (syn.

Distillation Apparatus ArkaHydrosol Distiller

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Distillation Apparatus ArkaHydrosol Distiller (Sanskrit: Arka Yantra) is an instrument used in preparation and pharmaceutical equipment. A traditional distillation apparatus used for preparing Arka (hydrosol/distilled herbal water). Consists of an earthen or metal pot (Ghata) with a lid that has a collection pipe (Nala), a condenser arrangement, and a collection vessel.

Diuretic Agents

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Diuretic Agents is a reference entry in the Nighantu. 135 herbs and compounds with diuretic activity across traditions Abhayarishta Agnimantha — Premna integrifolia (syn. Clerodendrum phlomidis) Ajwain — Trachyspermum ammi Akhuparni — Ipomoea reniformis Choisy (syn.

Draksha

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Draksha (Vitis vinifera) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Resveratrol has low oral bioavailability (<1% as free resveratrol) due to rapid glucuronidation and sulfation. However, resveratrol metabolites (resveratrol-3-O-glucuronide, resveratrol-3-sulfate) retain partial biological activity.

Drakshadi Kashayam

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Drakshadi Kashayam is a classical Ayurvedic kashaya, a water decoction. Resveratrol has moderate oral bioavailability (~20-30%) — enhanced in hot aqueous medium. Polyphenols are rapidly absorbed from decoction form. Optimal Timing: Before meals, morning and evening Shelf Life: Same day (fresh), 6 months (preserved), 3 years (tablet) Storage: Fresh: use same day.

Draksharishta

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Draksharishta is a classical Ayurvedic fermented arishta or asava. Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI) Part I. Bhaishajya Ratnavali (Agnimandya / Pandu Rogadhikara). Also referenced in Ayurvedic Formulary of India.

Drakshavaleha

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Drakshavaleha is a compound formulation of several ingredients. Referenced in Pharmacopoeia Commission for Indian Medicine & Homoeopathy publications (1986, 1999); formulation based on Ashtanga Hridaya classical standards.

Dronapushpi

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Dronapushpi (Leucas cephalotes) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Flavonoid glycosides have moderate oral bioavailability (15-30%) with gut deglycosylation releasing more permeable aglycones. Volatile terpenoid fraction is well absorbed but rapidly metabolized.

Dugdhika

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Dugdhika (Euphorbia prostrata) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Latex: topical application as directed. Bioavailability: Euphorbia thymifolia/hirta (Dugdhika) contains flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol glycosides), tannins, and terpenoids. The milky latex contains diterpene esters with moderate dermal absorption for topical use.

Durva

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Durva (Cynodon dactylon) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Flavone C-glycosides (orientin, vitexin) are resistant to acid hydrolysis and absorbed intact through SGLT1 transporter with moderate bioavailability (20-35%). Apigenin has moderate oral bioavailability (~25%) improved by lipid co-administration.

Ear Oiling Funnel Karna Purana Apparatus

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Ear Oiling Funnel Karna Purana Apparatus (Sanskrit: Karna Purana Patra) is an instrument used in modern ayurvedic devices. A small funnel or cone-shaped device used to instill warm medicated oil into the ear canal during Karna Purana therapy. Modern versions include temperature-controlled oil dispensers.

Ela

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Ela (Elettaria cardamomum) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Zingiberaceae family. Listed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API) and referenced in traditional Ayurveda, Unani, and Siddha medicine systems.

Eladi Thailam

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Eladi Thailam is a classical Ayurvedic taila, a medicated oil. Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Available in both sesame oil and coconut oil (Eladi Kera Thailam) bases. Classical formulations are researched largely in journals that PubMed does not index, so an absence here reflects the reach of the index rather than the state of the evidence.

Eladi Vati

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Eladi Vati is a classical Ayurvedic vati, a herbal tablet or pill. Direct action on oropharyngeal mucosa. Camphor and menthol provide immediate sensory and therapeutic response. Onset of action within minutes.

Elakanadi Kashayam

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Elakanadi Kashayam is a classical Ayurvedic kashaya, a water decoction. Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Also referenced in commentaries of Charaka Samhita's Nighantu section. Widely used in Kerala Ayurvedic tradition for chronic respiratory conditions.

Ellagic acid

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Ellagic acid is a reference entry in the Nighantu. Found in 73 entries across the catalogue Abhayarishta Agastya Haritaki Rasayana Akshotaka — Juglans regia L. Amalaka Rasayana Amalaki Rasayana Amla — Phyllanthus emblica (syn.

Eranda

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Eranda (Ricinus communis L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Euphorbiaceae family. WHO/FAO Joint Expert Committee established ADI for castor oil; included in multiple national pharmacopoeias; WHO recognizes traditional medicinal use.

Eranda Moola

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Eranda Moola (Ricinus communis) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Ricinine has good oral bioavailability (>50%) with rapid absorption. Flavonoids from root have moderate bioavailability (15-25%). Unlike the oil from seeds, root preparations are primarily used for anti-inflammatory and Vata-pacifying actions rather than purgation.

Eranda Paka

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Eranda Paka (Ricinus communis L. (processed castor preparation)) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Euphorbiaceae family. [Phytochemical Composition and Multifunctional Applications of Ricinus communis L.: Insights into Therapeutic, Pharmacological, and Industrial Potential](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40807390/).

Eranda Patra

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Eranda Patra (Ricinus communis L. (leaves)) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Euphorbiaceae family. Ricinus communis referenced in WHO publications on medicinal plants; leaves not separately monographed; documented in Ayurvedic Formulary of India for external therapeutic use.

Eranda Taila

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Eranda Taila is a classical Ayurvedic taila, a medicated oil. Onset 2-6 hours after ingestion. Topical absorption is good due to hydroxyl group enhancing skin penetration. Acts as excellent carrier for other drugs in topical formulations.

Eucalyptus

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Do not ingest undiluted essential oil. Bioavailability: Eucalyptus globulus essential oil is dominated by 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol, 60-85%). Cineole has excellent oral bioavailability (>70%) when given in enteric-coated form, with rapid absorption and distribution to respiratory tissues.

Eucalyptus Herb

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Eucalyptus Herb (Eucalyptus globulus) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Aqueous infusion extracts primarily polyphenols and residual volatile oil. Polyphenol bioavailability is moderate (10-20% for flavonoids, low for condensed tannins). Ellagitannins are metabolized by gut flora to urolithins.

Expectorant Agents

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Expectorant Agents is a reference entry in the Nighantu. 87 herbs and compounds with expectorant activity across traditions Ajwain Herb Brihatyadi Kashayam Chandrashura — Lepidium sativum L. Chitrakaharitaki — Polyherbal formulation: Plumbago zeylanica (Chitrak) + Terminalia chebula (Haritaki) as principal herbs Eucalyptus Herb Gajapippali — Scindapsus officinalis (Roxb.) Schott Hingu — Ferula asafoetida Hinguleshwar Ras Hingupatri — Ferula spp.

Eye Bath Frame Netra BastiTarpana Apparatus

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Eye Bath Frame Netra BastiTarpana Apparatus (Sanskrit: Netra Basti Patra / Netra Tarpana Frame) is an instrument used in modern ayurvedic devices. A dough dam (traditionally made from Urad dal/black gram flour) formed around the eyes to hold warm medicated ghee over the open eyes. Modern versions include reusable frames or molds that replace the dough dam.

Eye Health

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Eye Health is a reference entry in the Nighantu. Cross-tradition therapeutic reference — 136 related entries Agnitundi Vati — (Antispasmodic) Anjatraya Aparajita — Clitoria ternatea L. — (Antioxidant, Anticancer, Nootropic) Arka Ksheera Badara — (Anxiolytic, Immunomodulatory) Camphor — (Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory) Chakshushya — (Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory) Changeri — Oxalis corniculata L.

Family: Fabaceae

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Family: Fabaceae is a reference entry in the Nighantu. 18 members in the catalogue Aparajita — Clitoria ternatea L. (Antioxidant, Anticancer, Nootropic) Copaiba — Copaifera langsdorffii Desf.

Family: Rosaceae

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Family: Rosaceae is a reference entry in the Nighantu. 20 members in the catalogue Agrimony — Agrimonia eupatoria (Antioxidant, Wound Healing, Antidiabetic) Cloudberry — Rubus chamaemorus (Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Anti-inflammatory) Damask Rose Gol e Mohammadi — Rosa damascena Mill. (Laxative, Anti-inflammatory, Anxiolytic) Hawthorn — Crataegus monogyna (and C.

Family: Zingiberaceae

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Family: Zingiberaceae is a reference entry in the Nighantu. 24 members in the catalogue Bai Dou Kou — Amomum kravanh Pierre ex Gagnep. (Anticancer, Antiemetic, Antimicrobial) E Zhu — Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe (also C.

Fennel

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) is a plant used in Ayurveda. trans-Anethole has good oral bioavailability (>50%) with rapid GI absorption. It is metabolized by CYP enzymes to 4-methoxybenzoic acid. Estragole (minor component, 1-5%) has regulatory attention due to genotoxicity concerns in isolated form.

Fennel Herb

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Fennel Herb (Foeniculum vulgare) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Quercetin and kaempferol glycosides from herb have moderate bioavailability (15-25%). Volatile oil components (anethole, fenchone) present at lower levels than seed products.

Fenugreek Herb

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Fenugreek Herb (Trigonella foenum-graecum) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Flavone C-glycosides (vitexin, orientin) are absorbed intact via SGLT1 transporter with moderate bioavailability (20-35%). Leaf saponin content is lower than seeds, resulting in less GI disturbance.

Fever & Infection

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Fever & Infection is a reference entry in the Nighantu. Cross-tradition therapeutic reference — 115 related entries Agnikarna — Gloriosa superba L. (Agnikumarika/Agnimukhi); also associated with Litsea species in some texts — (Antioxidant, Anticancer, Wound Healing) Akhuparni — Ipomoea reniformis Choisy (syn.

Flavonoids

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Flavonoids is a reference entry in the Nighantu. Found in 163 entries across the catalogue Agnikarna — Gloriosa superba L. (Agnikumarika/Agnimukhi); also associated with Litsea species in some texts Agnimantha — Premna integrifolia (syn.

Gajapippali

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Gajapippali (Scindapsus officinalis (Roxb.) Schott) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Araceae family. Respiratory disease treatment (Kasa-Shwasa) partially validated by expectorant activity of saponin-rich extracts Antipyretic use supported by traditional clinical evidence and preliminary pharmacological data Galactagogue use (breast milk improvement) remains to be validated through modern clinical studies

Gallic acid

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Gallic acid is a reference entry in the Nighantu. Found in 177 entries across the catalogue Abhayarishta Agastya Haritaki Rasayana Akshotaka — Juglans regia L. Amalaka Rasayana Amalaki Rasayana Amla — Phyllanthus emblica (syn.

Gambhari

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Gambhari (Gmelina arborea Roxb.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Lamiaceae (formerly Verbenaceae) family. Constituent of Dashamula in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India; referenced in WHO regional traditional medicine databases for South-East Asia.

Gambhari Phala

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Gambhari Phala (Gmelina arborea Roxb.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Lamiaceae (formerly Verbenaceae) family. Not listed in WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants; Gmelina arborea documented in Indian Pharmacopoeia; Gambhari is one of the Dashamoola (ten roots) group in Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia.

Gandhak Rasayan

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Gandhak Rasayan is a compound formulation of several ingredients, from the Rasa Shastra (Ayurvedic mineral/metal preparation - not a plant family) family. Not listed in WHO monographs; classified as a Rasa Shastra preparation in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India; subject to AYUSH regulatory guidelines for herbo-mineral formulations.

Gandharvahastadi Kashayam

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Gandharvahastadi Kashayam is a classical Ayurvedic kashaya, a water decoction. Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Bhaishajya Ratnavali and Sharangadhara Samhita, classified under Vata-Kapha balancing formulations. Also referenced in Sahasrayogam for constipation and flatulence management.

Gangadhara Churna

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Gangadhara Churna is a classical Ayurvedic churna, a fine herbal powder. Ativisha alkaloids (post-Shodhana) are well-absorbed orally with onset within 30-60 minutes. Optimal Timing: Before meals, twice daily, for Atisara (diarrhea) and Grahani (IBS) conditions Shelf Life: 2 years from date of manufacture as per ASU guidelines for Churna Storage: Store in airtight containers in a cool, dry place.

Gangeruki

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Gangeruki (Grewia tenax (Forssk.) Fiori) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Tiliaceae (Malvaceae sensu lato) family. Not listed in WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants; documented in Ayurvedic and Siddha pharmacopoeias; recognized in African traditional medicine systems for iron deficiency management.

Gavedhuka

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Gavedhuka (Coix lacryma-jobi) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Coixenolide has moderate oral bioavailability with good GI absorption. Coixol (a benzoxazinone) has moderate bioavailability (~30%). As a cereal grain, the starch matrix provides slow release of embedded bioactives.

Ghrita

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Ghrita is an animal-derived substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. [Health benefits of ghee: Review of Ayurveda and modern science perspectives](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38181707/). Journal of Ayurveda and integrative medicine. Xu Q, Liu X, Wang Z and others 2025.

Giloy Satva

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Giloy Satva (Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers (aqueous starch extract)) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Menispermaceae family. Not listed in WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants; recognized in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (Guduchi); FSSAI approved; subject to ongoing pharmacovigilance due to hepatotoxicity reports.

Ginger

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is classified in Ayurveda as Deepaniya (Appetizer), Shoolahara (Analgesic), from the Zingiberaceae family. Parts used: rhizome. Called 'Vishwabheshaja' (universal medicine). WHO Monograph exists in WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants (Rhizoma Zingiberis).

Godanti Bhasma

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Godanti Bhasma is a bhasma, a mineral or metal preparation reduced to ash by repeated calcination. An absence here means we could not identify the source, not that no work exists. SAFE: LD50 in Class IV (>2000 mcg/kg) indicating low acute toxicity.

Godugdha

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Godugdha is an animal-derived substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. [A2 milk consumption and its health benefits: an update](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38274187/). Food science and biotechnology. 2 further claims previously listed here could not be traced to a published paper and have been removed.

Gojihva

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Gojihva (Onosma bracteatum Wall.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Boraginaceae family. Not listed in WHO monographs; recognized in Ayurvedic and Unani pharmacopeias; classified as a controversial drug (Sandigdha Dravya) in some Ayurvedic texts due to identity confusion with related species.

Gokarna

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Gokarna (Clitoria ternatea L. (same species as Aparajita; Gokarna is a regional Ayurvedic synonym)) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Fabaceae (Leguminosae) family. Not in WHO monographs; FDA-approved as food color additive (2021); recognized in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India under name Aparajita/Gokarna.

Gokshura

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Gokshura (Tribulus terrestris L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda. No dedicated WHO monograph. Nitric oxide/NOS pathway: enhances relaxation of corpus cavernosum via increased NO release from endothelium and nitrergic nerve endings.

Gokshuradi Guggulu

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Gokshuradi Guggulu is a classical Ayurvedic guggulu, a resin-based preparation. Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI) Part I; monographed in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API); Gokshura (Tribulus|Tribulus terrestris) fruit individually listed in API Part I.

Gomeda Bhasma

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Gomeda Bhasma is a bhasma, a mineral or metal preparation reduced to ash by repeated calcination. [Bhasma : The ancient Indian nanomedicine](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24696811/). Journal of advanced pharmaceutical technology & research. PMID [24696811](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24696811/) · [doi:10.4103/2231-4040.126980](https://doi.org/10.4103/2231-4040.126980) Gemstone Bhasmas including Gomeda described as non-toxic nanomedicines when prepared following classical Ayurvedic processes.

Gomutra

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Gomutra is an animal-derived substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. [In Silico and In Vitro Studies of Antibacterial Activity of Cow Urine Distillate (CUD)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38225974/). Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM.

Gorakhmundi

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Gorakhmundi (Sphaeranthus indicus L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Asteraceae (Compositae) family. Included in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India; Meratrim formulation has undergone formal regulatory toxicological evaluation; no standalone WHO monograph.

Gorochana

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Gorochana is an animal-derived substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. [Tool from traditional medicines is useful for health-medication: Bezoar Bovis and taurine](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19239140/). Advances in experimental medicine and biology. 2 further claims previously listed here could not be traced to a published paper and have been removed.

Granthiparni

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Granthiparni (Leonotis nepetifolia) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Limited modern dosage data - follow classical text guidelines. Bioavailability: Leonotis nepetifolia / Granthiparni (in some traditions identified with other species) - limited modern pharmacokinetic data.

Grinjana

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Grinjana is a substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. Beta-carotene bioavailability is highly dependent on food matrix and fat content: raw carrot (~3% absorption) vs cooked with oil (~30-40%). Carotenoids are fat-soluble - co-administration with lipids (ghee, oil) dramatically enhances absorption.

Gudmar

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Gudmar (Gymnema sylvestre) is a plant used in Ayurveda. No dedicated WHO monograph. Gymnemic acids increase insulin secretion by stimulating Ca2+ influx through voltage-gated calcium channels and protein kinase activation, raising intracellular calcium.

Gudmar Herb

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Gudmar Herb (Gymnema sylvestre) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Whole herb products are less concentrated than standardized extracts. Bioavailability: Gymnema sylvestre whole leaf (as opposed to standardized extract) provides the full phytochemical matrix including gymnemic acids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and fiber.

Guduchi

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia) is classified in Ayurveda as Rasayana, Jwaraghna, from the Menispermaceae family. Parts used: stem, root. Same as Giloy — alternate name used in classical texts.

Guggulu

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Guggulu is a classical Ayurvedic guggulu, a resin-based preparation. IUCN Red List: Critically Endangered (2015 assessment) with >80% population decline over 84 years due to unsustainable harvesting and habitat loss.

Guggulu Herb

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Guggulu Herb is a classical Ayurvedic guggulu, a resin-based preparation. Shodhana processing removes irritant oleoresin components while retaining guggulsterones. Purified guggulu has significantly improved safety and moderate oral bioavailability of guggulsterones.

Guggulutiktakam Ghritam

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Guggulutiktakam Ghritam is a classical Ayurvedic ghrita, a medicated ghee. Indexed in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API) as drug used in treatment of Sandhigata Vata (osteoarthritis), Vatarakta (gout), and Asthigata Vata (osteoporosis); listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI).

Gulakanda

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Gulakanda is a classical Ayurvedic avaleha, a semi-solid herbal confection. Gallic acid and geraniol are well-absorbed orally. Rose phenolics have moderate-to-good oral bioavailability. Slow maceration process extracts water-soluble antioxidants effectively. Optimal Timing: After meals as a digestive, or at bedtime for its cooling (Sheeta Virya) properties.

Guloochyadi Kashayam

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Guloochyadi Kashayam is a classical Ayurvedic kashaya, a water decoction. Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Sharangdhara Samhita Madhyamakhanda 2/8; Astanga Hridayam. Earliest explicit mention in Sahasrayogam (circa 15th century CE southern compendium) under Jwara Chikitsa (fever treatment).

Hajrul Yahood Bhasma

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Hajrul Yahood Bhasma is a bhasma, a mineral or metal preparation reduced to ash by repeated calcination. Kidney stones (Ashmari): Lithontriptic and diuretic activity confirmed in research.

Hapusa

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Hapusa (Juniperus communis) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Essential oil components (alpha-pinene, sabinene) show good lipophilic absorption. Co-formulation with lipid-based carriers or self-emulsifying systems can enhance terpenoid bioavailability.

Haratala Bhasma

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Haratala Bhasma is a bhasma, a mineral or metal preparation reduced to ash by repeated calcination. Haratala's apoptotic mechanism aligns with this approved indication.

Haridra

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Haridra (Curcuma longa L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Curcuma longa is included in WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants (Volume 1). [Advancements in Dermatological Applications of Curcumin: Clinical Efficacy and Mechanistic Insights in the Management of Skin Disorders](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38765192/).

Haridra Khanda

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Haridra Khanda is a classical Ayurvedic avaleha, a semi-solid herbal confection. Classical formulations are researched largely in journals that PubMed does not index, so an absence here reflects the reach of the index rather than the state of the evidence.

Haritaki

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Haritaki (Terminalia chebula) is a plant used in Ayurveda. No dedicated WHO monograph. Rich in phenolcarboxylic and tannic antioxidants (chebulagic acid, chebulinic acid, gallic acid, ellagic acid) that prevent oxidative stress and inhibit peroxide-induced reactions.

Heart & Cardiovascular

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Heart & Cardiovascular is a reference entry in the Nighantu. Cross-tradition therapeutic reference — 249 related entries Akika Pishti — (Hemostatic) Alabu — Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. — (Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Immunomodulatory) Alarka — Calotropis procera (Aiton) Dryand.

Hepatoprotective Agents

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Hepatoprotective Agents is a reference entry in the Nighantu. 277 herbs and compounds with hepatoprotective activity across traditions Abhraka Bhasma Adhaki — Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. Agastya — Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers.

Himasagara Thailam

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Himasagara Thailam is a classical Ayurvedic taila, a medicated oil. Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). The name 'Himasagara' means 'cool as snow (Hima) and deep as the ocean (Sagara)', reflecting its cooling yet deeply penetrating action.

Himsra

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Himsra (Capparis spinosa L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Capparaceae family. (Capparaceae): A Scoping Review of Phytochemistry, Ethnopharmacology and Pharmacological Activities](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41011598/). Molecules (Basel, Switzerland). Yousefi E, Abedi M, Aghajanzadeh TA and others 2025.

Hingu

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Hingu (Ferula asafoetida) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Apiaceae family. Listed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API) and referenced in foundational Ayurvedic texts (Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita).

Hinguleshwar Ras

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Hinguleshwar Ras is a rasa preparation, a herbo-mineral formulation of the rasa shastra tradition. [Mercury in traditional medicines: is cinnabar toxicologically similar to common mercurials?](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18445765/). Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.). PMID [18445765](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18445765/) · [doi:10.3181/0712-MR-336](https://doi.org/10.3181/0712-MR-336) Cinnabar (HgS) is insoluble and poorly absorbed from the GI tract.

Hingupatri

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Hingupatri (Ferula spp. (leaf portion of Ferula assa-foetida L. or related Ferula species)) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) family. Ferula assa-foetida resin (Hingu) is recognized in WHO selected medicinal plants monographs and multiple pharmacopeias; the leaf (Hingupatri) specifically is referenced primarily in Ayurvedic Nighantus (lexicons).

Hinguvachadi Churna

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Hinguvachadi Churna is a classical Ayurvedic churna, a fine herbal powder. Piperine from Trikatu enhances absorption. Vacha (calamus) beta-asarone crosses BBB but must be within safety limits.

Hingvashtak Churna

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Hingvashtak Churna is a classical Ayurvedic churna, a fine herbal powder. Piperine enhances bioavailability of all co-ingredients. Cumin volatile oils stimulate gastric secretion within minutes. Hingu (asafoetida) volatile oils are rapidly absorbed providing immediate carminative effect.

Hingwashtak Churna

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Hingwashtak Churna is a classical Ayurvedic churna, a fine herbal powder. Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI) Part I. Bhaishajya Ratnavali (Agnimandya / Ajirna Rogadhikara). Also referenced in Yoga Ratnakara and Sharangdhara Samhita (17th century).

Holy Basil

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Holy Basil (Ocimum tenuiflorum) is a plant used in Ayurveda. sanctum) contains eugenol, rosmarinic acid, ursolic acid, and ocimumosides. Eugenol is rapidly absorbed (Tmax ~1 hour) with moderate bioavailability. Rosmarinic acid shows ~1-2% bioavailability but significant first-pass metabolism.

Hrivera

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Hrivera is a substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. Essential oil components are well absorbed transdermally. Oral bioavailability of sesquiterpenes is moderate; lipid-based formulations may enhance absorption. Essential oil in amber glass containers.

Icchabhedi Rasa

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Icchabhedi Rasa is a rasa preparation, a herbo-mineral formulation of the rasa shastra tradition. An absence here means we could not identify the source, not that no work exists.

Ikshu

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Ikshu (Saccharum officinarum) is a plant used in Ayurveda. [Flavonoids and phenolic acids from sugarcane: Distribution in the plant, changes during processing, and potential benefits to industry and health](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38369931/). Comprehensive reviews in food science and food safety.

Immune System & Rasayana

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Immune System & Rasayana is a reference entry in the Nighantu. Cross-tradition therapeutic reference — 326 related entries Abhraka Bhasma — (Antioxidant, Rasayana, Anti-inflammatory) Agnijara Akarakarabha — Anacyclus pyrethrum (L.) Lag. — (Anticancer, Aphrodisiac, Wound Healing) Akshotaka — Juglans regia L.

Immunomodulatory Agents

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Immunomodulatory Agents is a reference entry in the Nighantu. 314 herbs and compounds with immunomodulatory activity across traditions Abhraka Bhasma Agastya Haritaki Rasayana Aja Dugdha Goat Milk Akarakarabha — Anacyclus pyrethrum (L.) Lag.

Incineration Furnace Puta Calcination Apparatus

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Incineration Furnace Puta Calcination Apparatus (Sanskrit: Puta Yantra / Putapaka Yantra) is an instrument used in preparation and pharmaceutical equipment. A specially constructed furnace/pit arrangement for Putapaka (incineration/calcination) process used to convert metals and minerals into therapeutically safe Bhasma (calcined ash). Different sized Putas (fuel arrangements) provide different temperature ranges.

Indravaruni

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Indravaruni (Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Cucurbitaceae family. Not approved by US FDA for OTC use; recognized in Ayurvedic and Unani pharmacopoeias with mandatory purification (Shodhana) requirements; no WHO monograph endorsing safety.

Indrayava

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Indrayava (Holarrhena pubescens) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Conessine shows ~40-50% oral bioavailability with Tmax of 2-4 hours. Alkaloids are well absorbed in alkaline intestinal pH.

Indukantham Ghritam

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Indukantham Ghritam is a classical Ayurvedic ghrita, a medicated ghee. Listed in Sahasrayogam (official Kerala Ayurvedic formulary); available from GMP-certified Ayurvedic manufacturers; referenced in Ayurvedic Formulary of India.

Ingudi

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Ingudi (Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Delile) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Zygophyllaceae family. Recognized in WHO/UNICEF vector control programs for molluscicidal properties against bilharzia snails.

Irimedadi Taila

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Irimedadi Taila is a classical Ayurvedic taila, a medicated oil. For local application: apply to gums with finger or cotton, as per Sahasrayogam/AFI Bioavailability: Buccal/gingival absorption provides direct delivery to oral mucosa.

Isabgol

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Isabgol (Plantago ovata) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Total PubMed publications found: 122 Authors: Fugh-Berman A Journal: Lancet (London, England) (2000) PMID: 10675182 > Concurrent use of herbs may mimic, magnify, or oppose the effect of drugs.

Ishabgula

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Ishabgula (Plantago ovata) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Mucilage is not systemically absorbed (acts locally). Seed oil fraction contains linoleic acid and oleic acid with good absorption. Protein and mineral components are partially digested and absorbed.

Ishwari

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Ishwari (Aristolochia indica L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Aristolochiaceae family. [Characterization of the aqueous extract of the root of Aristolochia indica: evaluation of its traditional use as an antidote for snake bites](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23174522/).

Jahar Mohra Pishti

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Jahar Mohra Pishti is a bhasma, a mineral or metal preparation reduced to ash by repeated calcination. An absence here means we could not identify the source, not that no work exists.

Jalavetasa

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Jalavetasa (Vallisneria spiralis L. (aquatic medicinal plant grouped under Jalaj Aushadhi)) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Hydrocharitaceae family. Not listed in WHO monographs; very limited formal recognition in pharmacopeias; referenced under 'Jalaj Aushadhi' (water-born medicines) category in older Ayurvedic texts like Vrikshayurveda.

Jambu

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Jambu (Syzygium cumini) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Ellagic acid has poor oral bioavailability (~1-2%) due to low solubility; metabolized by gut microbiota to urolithins which are well absorbed. Anthocyanins in fruit pulp have ~1-2% bioavailability.

Jambu Beeja

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Jambu Beeja (Syzygium cumini) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Active compounds including jamboline, ellagitannins, and gallic acid. Gallic acid has moderate bioavailability (~30%). Ellagitannins are converted to ellagic acid and subsequently to urolithins by gut microbiota.

Jamun

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Jamun (Syzygium cumini) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Total PubMed publications found: 514 Authors: Rizvi Maryam Khalid, Rabail Roshina, Munir Seemal et al. Journal: Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) (2022) PMID: 36364010 Keywords: Jamun, Syzygium cumin, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, metabolic syndrome, obesity Authors: Kumari Neeraj, Kumar Manoj, Chaudhary Nisha et al.

Japa

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Japa (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Anthocyanins have low bioavailability (~1-2%) but are active in the GI tract. Quercetin bioavailability ~5-10%. Hibiscus acid and hydroxycitric acid are well absorbed.

Jatamansi

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Jatamansi (Nardostachys jatamansi) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Listed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API) with official monograph for rhizomes; recommended for skin diseases, cellulitis, disturbed mental state, and insomnia.

Jati

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Jati (Jasminum officinale) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Linalool has high oral bioavailability (~70%) and crosses blood-brain barrier. Secoiridoid glycosides are hydrolyzed by gut enzymes to absorbable aglycones. Nasal administration (Nasya) provides direct CNS access bypassing first-pass metabolism.

Jatiphala

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Jatiphala (Myristica fragrans) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Myristicin is well absorbed orally with high lipophilicity (logP ~2.5). Myristicin is metabolized to MMDA-like compounds by CYP enzymes (contributing to psychoactive effects at high doses).

Jatyadi Ghrita

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Jatyadi Ghrita is a classical Ayurvedic ghrita, a medicated ghee. Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI) with specification of 11 herbs plus Siktha and Tuttha; standardized monograph available in official Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia.

Jatyadi Taila

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Jatyadi Taila is a classical Ayurvedic taila, a medicated oil. Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Sushruta Samhita (Chikitsa Sthana) and Ashtanga Hridayam. One of the premier Vrana Ropana (wound healing) formulations in Ayurveda.

Javitri

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Javitri (Myristica fragrans) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Mace essential oil is richer in myristicin and macelignan. Myristicin absorption and metabolism profile similar to nutmeg. Macelignan shows good oral absorption with hepatoprotective activity.

Jayapala

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Jayapala (Croton tiglium L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda. {'use': 'Purgative (Virechana, Bhedana) for constipation and abdominal disorders', 'validation': "Croton oil's powerful purgative action is well-established pharmacologically.

Jeeraka

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Jeeraka (Cuminum cyminum L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) family. Not listed in WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants; recognized in multiple national pharmacopoeias; FDA GRAS status; Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia documents both Shweta (white) and Krishna (black) Jeeraka.

Jeerakarishtam

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Jeerakarishtam is a classical Ayurvedic fermented arishta or asava. Alcohol medium improves absorption of cuminaldehyde and other terpenoids. Classically used as post-partum restorative — good absorption during lactation.

Jivaka

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Jivaka (Malaxis muscifera (Lindl.) Kuntze / Malaxis acuminata D. Don) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Orchidaceae family. Not listed in WHO monographs; classified as endangered/critically endangered in IUCN categories; conservation priority species in Himalayan biodiversity programs.

Jivanti

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Jivanti (Leptadenia reticulata (Retz.) Wight & Arn.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Asclepiadaceae (Apocynaceae) family. Not listed in WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants; listed in IUCN Red List as vulnerable species; documented in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India; key ingredient in marketed formulations (Speman, Chyawanprash).

Joint & Musculoskeletal

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Joint & Musculoskeletal is a reference entry in the Nighantu. Cross-tradition therapeutic reference — 199 related entries Agnikarna — Gloriosa superba L. (Agnikumarika/Agnimukhi); also associated with Litsea species in some texts — (Antioxidant, Anticancer, Wound Healing) Agnimantha — Premna integrifolia (syn.

Jyotishmati

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Jyotishmati (Celastrus paniculatus) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Total PubMed publications found: 75 Authors: Kulkarni Yogesh A, Agarwal Sneha, Garud Mayuresh S Journal: Journal of Ayurveda and integrative medicine (2015) PMID: 26166997 > Jyotishmati, scientifically known as Celastrus paniculatus Wild (Celastraceae) is one of the most important medicinal plants in Ayurveda.

Kachnar

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Kachnar (Bauhinia variegata) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Quercetin has ~5-10% oral bioavailability enhanced by lipids and piperine. Kaempferol shows similar absorption profile. Tannins are poorly absorbed but may have local anti-inflammatory effects in GI tract.

Kachura

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Kachura (Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Zingiberaceae family. Not in specific WHO monographs; listed in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India; recognized in Japanese, Chinese, and Thai traditional pharmacopeias.

Kadali

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Kadali (Musa paradisiaca L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Musaceae family. Not listed in WHO monographs on medicinal plants specifically; recognized by FAO/WHO as a major staple food crop; banana stem and unripe fruit referenced in traditional pharmacopoeias of India and Southeast Asia.

Kadali Pushpa

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Kadali Pushpa (Musa paradisiaca L. (inflorescence/flower)) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Musaceae family. Not listed in WHO monographs on medicinal plants; recognized as an edible floral vegetable in Southeast Asian food traditions; referenced in Ayurvedic texts for Pradarahara (anti-menorrhagic) applications.

Kadamba

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Kadamba (Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Rubiaceae family. Listed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India for treatment of wounds, conjunctivitis, mouth ulcers, diarrhea and urinary tract diseases.

Kadara

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Kadara is a substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. Catechin has moderate oral bioavailability (~20-30%) with Tmax of ~2 hours. Epicatechin shows better bioavailability (~30-40%). Condensed tannins have poor absorption but act locally in GI and oral mucosa.

Kaempferol

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Kaempferol is a reference entry in the Nighantu. Found in 91 entries across the catalogue Agastya — Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers. Arka Pushpa Ashoka Ashwattha — Ficus religiosa L. Asthishrinkhala — Cissus quadrangularis L.

Kaharuba Pishti

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Kaharuba Pishti is a bhasma, a mineral or metal preparation reduced to ash by repeated calcination. [Characterization and antimicrobial study of Trinakantamani (Amber) Pishti](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35813362/). PMID [35813362](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35813362/) · [doi:10.4103/ayu.AYU_155_19](https://doi.org/10.4103/ayu.AYU_155_19) EDEX study showed Pishti particles reduced to 701nm from 1-2 micrometers raw size, potentially enhancing bioavailability.

Kaishore Guggul

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Kaishore Guggul is a classical Ayurvedic guggulu, a resin-based preparation. Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI) Part I; monographed in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API); recognized by CCRAS (Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences).

Kakamachi

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Kakamachi (Solanum nigrum) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Note: Ripe black berries only (unripe green berries contain higher solanine levels). Bioavailability: Solanum nigrum contains steroidal glycoalkaloids (solasonine, solamargine), flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol), and polyphenols.

Kakatikta

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Kakatikta is a substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. Contains bitter principles, flavonoids, and terpenoids typical of its botanical family. Traditional decoction preparation is the standard route. Bitter taste receptors (T2Rs) are activated in GI tract, mediating digestive stimulation independent of systemic absorption.

Kakoli

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Kakoli (Roscoea purpurea Sm. (also identified with Fritillaria roylei)) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Zingiberaceae family. Not listed in WHO monographs; a critically endangered Ashtavarga member; recognized in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India.

Kalajaji

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Kalajaji (Nigella sativa L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Ranunculaceae family. Referenced in WHO Traditional Medicine Strategy; black cumin oil included in national pharmacopoeias of several countries; 51 clinical trials registered on ClinicalTrials.gov as of October 2024.

Kalmegh

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Andrographolide is lipophilic but has limited aqueous solubility (50 μg/mL). Enhancement strategies: (1) Solid dispersion with PVP or HPMC improves dissolution 4-6x; (2) Self-nanoemulsifying formulations (SNEDDS) enhance bioavailability 3-4x; (3) Phospholipid complexation (phytosome); (4) Cyclodextrin inclusion complexes; (5) Nanoparticle formulations.

Kalonji

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Kalonji (Nigella sativa) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Ranunculaceae family. Listed in the Pharmacopoeia of India at recommended dose of 0.5-4 g seed powder for digestive and carminative purposes.

Kalyanaka Ghrita

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Kalyanaka Ghrita is a classical Ayurvedic ghrita, a medicated ghee. Lipid matrix enhances BBB penetration of Medhya (nootropic) compounds. Multi-compound synergy provides broad-spectrum activity with individual compound bioavailability enhanced by ghee matrix.

Kalyanaka Ghritam

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Kalyanaka Ghritam is a classical Ayurvedic ghrita, a medicated ghee. Classical formulations are researched largely in journals that PubMed does not index, so an absence here reflects the reach of the index rather than the state of the evidence.

Kamala

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Kamala (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Nelumbo nucifera is listed in WHO traditional medicine references and multiple Asian pharmacopoeias including Chinese Pharmacopoeia, Indian Pharmacopoeia, and Japanese Pharmacopoeia.

Kamala Kesara

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Kamala Kesara (Nelumbo nucifera) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Enhancement strategies include co-administration with Pippali (piperine source) or formulation with lipid-based carriers (self-emulsifying systems) to improve absorption of lipophilic pigments like kaempferol glycosides.

Kamalakanda

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Kamalakanda (Nelumbo nucifera) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Co-administration with long pepper or ginger enhances absorption. Nanoparticle encapsulation improves delivery of aporphine alkaloids. Powder is hygroscopic and must be protected from humidity (RH < 55%).

Kampillaka

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Kampillaka (Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Mull. Arg.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Euphorbiaceae family. Included in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India; listed in Indian Pharmacopoeia; WHO recognizes its traditional anthelmintic use in South-East Asian medicine systems.

Kamsya Bhasma

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Kamsya Bhasma is a bhasma, a mineral or metal preparation reduced to ash by repeated calcination. An absence here means we could not identify the source, not that no work exists. Most evidence is traditional/empirical.

Kanchanar

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Kanchanar (Bauhinia variegata L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) family. Listed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. [Evaluation of Comparative Efficacy of Levothyroxine Versus Kshar Basti and Kanchanar Guggul in the Treatment of Hypothyroidism: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39255475/).

Kanchanara Guggulu

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Kanchanara Guggulu is a classical Ayurvedic guggulu, a resin-based preparation. Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI) Part I; monographed in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API); included in CCRAS recommended formulations for Galaganda (thyroid disorders).

Kankataka

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Kankataka is a substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. Traditional co-processing with Trikatu (Pippali, Maricha, Shunthi) enhances bioavailability of active alkaloids. Emulsification with sesame oil improves lipophilic constituent delivery. Protect from moisture and direct sunlight.

Kankola

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Kankola (Piper cubeba L.f.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Piperaceae family. Not in current WHO monographs; historically included in many pharmacopeias including European Pharmacopoeia (historical); recognized in Ayurvedic, Unani, and Chinese traditional medicine.

Kankshi

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Kankshi (Abrus precatorius L. (seed coat/outer coating)) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Fabaceae (Leguminosae) family. WHO has issued warnings about Abrus precatorius toxicity; not recommended for unsupervised use in any medical system; listed in poison databases globally.

Kanmad Bhasma

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Kanmad Bhasma is a bhasma, a mineral or metal preparation reduced to ash by repeated calcination. [Structural investigation of Ayurveda Lauha (Iron) Bhasma](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36822148/). Journal of Ayurveda and integrative medicine. 2 further claims previously listed here could not be traced to a published paper and have been removed.

Kansa Bronze Foot Massage Bowl

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Kansa Bronze Foot Massage Bowl (Sanskrit: Kansa Thali Pada Abhyanga) is an instrument used in modern ayurvedic devices. A small bronze bowl used with ghee to massage the soles of the feet, stimulating reflex zones and Marma points on the feet. A traditional Kerala practice (Kansa Vataki) modernized as a wellness tool.

Kansa Wand Bronze Massage Tool

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Kansa Wand Bronze Massage Tool (Sanskrit: Kansa Vati / Kansa Wand) is an instrument used in modern ayurvedic devices. A dome-shaped massage tool with a handle, made from Kansa (traditional bronze alloy of copper and tin in specific proportions - approximately 78% copper and 22% tin). Used for facial and body massage.

Kantakari

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Kantakari (Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad. & Wendl. (syn. S. surattense Burm. f., S. virginianum L.)) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Solanaceae family. Included in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API) as a key Dashamula ingredient; listed in Indian Pharmacopoeia.

Kanthasudharak Vati

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Kanthasudharak Vati is a classical Ayurvedic vati, a herbal tablet or pill. Classical formulations are researched largely in journals that PubMed does not index, so an absence here reflects the reach of the index rather than the state of the evidence.

Kapha Shirodhara Taila

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Kapha Shirodhara Taila is a classical Ayurvedic taila, a medicated oil. Formulated in the classical Shirodhara tradition (Ashtanga Hridaya, Sushruta Samhita).

Kapikachhu

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Kapikachhu (Mucuna pruriens) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Co-administration with carbidopa analogs or natural decarboxylase inhibitors (green tea catechins) enhances central L-DOPA delivery. Milk as anupana provides amino acid buffering and improves tolerability.

Kapittha

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Kapittha (Limonia acidissima Groff (syn. Feronia limonia (L.) Swingle)) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Rutaceae family. Listed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India as Kapittha.

Karanja

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Karanja (Millettia pinnata (L.) Panigrahi (syn. Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre)) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Fabaceae (Papilionoideae) family. Listed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India.

Karanja Taila

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Karanja Taila is a classical Ayurvedic taila, a medicated oil. Oil base ensures sustained contact with skin. Karanjin has UV-absorbing properties providing photoprotective effect. Penetrates stratum corneum effectively.

Karela

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Karela (Momordica charantia) is a plant used in Ayurveda. WHO has included M. Insulin receptor binding: Novel insulin receptor-binding protein enhances glucose uptake and clearance by triggering insulin receptor signaling pathway. Polypeptide-P: Insulin-mimetic protein (resembling bovine insulin) increases insulin secretion, tissue glucose uptake, liver/muscle glycogen synthesis, and glucose oxidation while decreasing hepatic gluconeogenesis.

Karira

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Karira (Capparis decidua) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Glucosinolate-derived isothiocyanates are activated by myrosinase enzyme during mastication/processing. Gentle drying preserves myrosinase activity. Lipid-based formulations enhance absorption of steroidal sapogenins. Isothiocyanate content degrades at higher temperatures; refrigerated storage extends potency.

Karkatashringi

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Karkatashringi (Pistacia integerrima J.L. Stewart ex Brandis) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Anacardiaceae family. Included in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India; recognized in Unani Pharmacopoeia; no standalone WHO monograph but documented in regional traditional medicine databases.

Karmaranga

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Karmaranga (Averrhoa carambola) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Proanthocyanidins and epicatechin show moderate bioavailability (20-30%). L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is readily absorbed. Caution: oxalic acid may precipitate calcium — not recommended for patients with renal calculi.

Karnikara

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Karnikara is a substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. Flavonoid constituents benefit from lipid co-administration. Self-microemulsifying formulations enhance bioavailability of lipophilic terpenoids. Decoction form provides pre-hydrolyzed glycosides with improved absorption. Oil preparations in amber glass bottles.

Karpas Asthyadi Thailam

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Karpas Asthyadi Thailam is a classical Ayurvedic taila, a medicated oil. Internal (where applicable): 5-10 mL as directed, as per Sahasrayogam Bioavailability: Oil base provides transdermal delivery of active compounds to musculoskeletal tissues.

Karpasa

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Karpasa (Gossypium herbaceum) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Gossypol chelates iron and calcium, reducing both mineral and gossypol absorption. Protein-rich meals reduce gossypol absorption. Refined cottonseed oil (gossypol-free) has standard lipid bioavailability.

Karpasa Moola

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Karpasa Moola (Gossypium herbaceum) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Decoction form pre-hydrolyzes glycosides improving aglycone absorption. Milk as Anupana (vehicle) enhances lipophilic constituent absorption and provides buffering action. Gossypol content in roots is significantly lower than seeds.

Karpasasthyadi Thailam

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Karpasasthyadi Thailam is a classical Ayurvedic taila, a medicated oil. Internal: 5-10 mL with warm milk as directed, as per Sahasrayogam Bioavailability: Identical to Karpas-Asthyadi-Thailam. Oil-based transdermal delivery with enhanced penetration from milk-processed phospholipids.

Karpooradi Thailam

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Karpooradi Thailam is a classical Ayurvedic taila, a medicated oil. Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Karpoora (Cinnamomum camphora / Camphor) - primary ingredient Ajamoda (Apium graveolens / Celery/Wild Celery) Coconut oil (Narikela taila) base (or Sesame oil in some preparations) Sahasrayogam (Taila Prakarana).

Karpura Camphor

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Karpura Camphor is an isolated compound rather than a whole plant drug. Rapidly metabolized hepatically to hydroxycamphor and glucuronic acid conjugates. Peak plasma levels in 15-30 minutes. Narrow therapeutic index; doses above 500 mg may cause toxicity.

Karvellaka

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Karvellaka (Momordica charantia) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Charantin and polypeptide-p bioavailability details as per Karela entry. Cucurbitane-type triterpenoids show improved absorption with lipid co-administration. Dried forms in airtight, moisture-proof containers at 15-30°C.

Kasamarda

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Kasamarda (Cassia occidentalis L. (syn. Senna occidentalis)) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Referenced in WHO traditional medicine databases for tropical regions. [Medicinal Plants for Skin Disorders: Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Insights](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40807461/). Molecules (Basel, Switzerland).

Kasani

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Kasani (Cichorium intybus L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Asteraceae (Compositae) family. WHO monograph exists for Cichorium intybus; recognized in European Pharmacopoeia; documented in Ayurvedic and Unani Pharmacopoeias of India.

Kasheruka

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Kasheruka (Scirpus kysoor) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Starch content of tubers may slow absorption but provides sustained release effect. Co-administration with ginger enhances absorption and reduces potential GI discomfort. Traditional processing with buttermilk improves palatability and bioavailability.

Kasis Bhasma

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Kasis Bhasma is a bhasma, a mineral or metal preparation reduced to ash by repeated calcination. An absence here means we could not identify the source, not that no work exists. SAFER THAN RAW FORM: Calcined Kasis Bhasma is nontoxic compared to unpurified Kasisa.

Kasturi

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Kasturi is an animal-derived substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. [Zoology, chemical composition, pharmacology, quality control and future perspective of Musk (Moschus): a review](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34147113/). 2 further claims previously listed here could not be traced to a published paper and have been removed.

Kataka

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Kataka (Strychnos potatorum L.f.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Loganiaceae family. Not in WHO monographs; recognized in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India as Kataka (Nirmali); WHO acknowledges natural coagulants for water purification in developing countries.

Katphala

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Katphala (Myrica esculenta) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Proanthocyanidin oligomers show better absorption profiles. Nasya (nasal) administration bypasses first-pass metabolism and provides rapid CNS delivery. Phospholipid complexation of myricetin improves bioavailability 4-fold.

Katuki

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Katuki (Picrorhiza kurroa) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Picroside I is absorbed primarily in the upper GI tract. Apocynin (metabolite) has rapid absorption. Self-emulsifying formulations improve kutkin bioavailability by 3-fold. Piperine co-administration increases picroside I AUC by 60%.

Kembuka

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Kembuka (Costus speciosus) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Traditional preparation with Trikatu enhances absorption of lipophilic constituents. Decoction form provides hydrolyzed glycosides with improved absorption. Mucilaginous constituents slow but sustain absorption.

Ketaki

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Ketaki (Pandanus odorifer) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Kewra water constituents have >80% oral bioavailability. Terpenoids from leaf extracts show moderate absorption. Arka (distillate) provides pre-dissolved volatile constituents with rapid absorption.

Khadira

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Khadira (Acacia catechu (L.f.) Willd.) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Acacia catechu is listed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India and recognized by Indian traditional medicine regulatory authorities (AYUSH).

Khadiradi Vati

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Khadiradi Vati is a classical Ayurvedic vati, a herbal tablet or pill. Classical formulations are researched largely in journals that PubMed does not index, so an absence here reflects the reach of the index rather than the state of the evidence.

Kharjura

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Kharjura (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Arecaceae (Palmae) family. Recognized by FAO and WHO as a nutritionally important fruit crop.

Kidney & Urinary

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Kidney & Urinary is a reference entry in the Nighantu. Cross-tradition therapeutic reference — 329 related entries Adhaki — Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. — (Antioxidant, Anticancer, Antidiabetic) Akhuparni — Ipomoea reniformis Choisy (syn.

Kidney & Urinary — Across Traditions

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Kidney & Urinary — Across Traditions is a reference entry in the Nighantu. Comparing approaches to kidney & urinary across 5 healing traditions Ayurveda: 71 entries TCM: 101 entries Global: 89 entries Nutraceutical: 12 entries

Kiratatikta

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Kiratatikta (Swertia chirayita) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Xanthones (swertianin, mangiferin) have lower bioavailability (15-20%) due to low aqueous solubility. Piperine co-administration enhances xanthone absorption by 40%. Nano-emulsion formulations of amarogentin show 3-fold improved bioavailability.

Kizhi Poultice Bags Bolus Bags

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Kizhi Poultice Bags Bolus Bags (Sanskrit: Pinda / Kizhi Pottali) is an instrument used in massage and external therapy tools. Muslin cloth bags filled with specific therapeutic ingredients, tied into bundles (Pottali), heated in medicated oil or decoction, and applied to the body through rhythmic pressing and massage. Multiple varieties exist based on filling material.

Kokilaksha

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Kokilaksha (Hygrophila auriculata) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Alkaloids (hygrine derivatives) have better systemic availability. Milk-based preparations (Ksheera Paka) significantly enhance phytoecdysteroid absorption due to lipid carrier effect. Piperine co-administration improves ecdysterone bioavailability by inhibiting CYP3A4 metabolism.

Koshamra

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Koshamra (Schleichera oleosa) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Flavonoid aglycones have moderate bioavailability (~20-30%). Co-administration with lipid carriers or piperine enhances polyphenol absorption. Decoction form pre-hydrolyzes glycosides improving bioavailability of aglycone forms.

Koshataki

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Koshataki (Luffa acutangula) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Cucurbitane triterpenoids show moderate oral absorption enhanced by lipid carriers. Sapogenins have improved bioavailability in SNEDDS formulations. Nasya administration of juice provides direct nasal mucosal delivery for pratishyaya (rhinitis) management.

Kottamchukkadi Thailam

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Kottamchukkadi Thailam is a classical Ayurvedic taila, a medicated oil. Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Sahasrayogam (Taila Prakarana). A signature Kerala Ayurvedic formulation for Vata-Kapha predominant pain and inflammation. Contains 9+ herbs with tamarind juice and curd as special adjuvants.

Kovidara

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Kovidara (Bauhinia purpurea L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) family. Listed in Ayurvedic texts as Kovidara. [Genus Bauhinia (Fabaceae): A review from phytochemistry to pharmacology- Exploring traditional uses and toxicological insights across Asia](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39571414/).

Krimi Kuthar Rasa

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Krimi Kuthar Rasa is a rasa preparation, a herbo-mineral formulation of the rasa shastra tradition. Classical Rasashastra formulation from Bhaishajya Ratnavali; Schedule E-1 restricted medicine requiring prescription; manufactured under strict AYUSH licensing; regulatory scrutiny due to mercury and aconite content.

Krimighna Vati

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Krimighna Vati is a classical Ayurvedic vati, a herbal tablet or pill. Classical formulations are researched largely in journals that PubMed does not index, so an absence here reflects the reach of the index rather than the state of the evidence.

Krishna Jeeraka

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Krishna Jeeraka is a substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. SNEDDS and solid lipid nanoparticle formulations improve TQ bioavailability by 3-5 fold. Piperine co-administration increases TQ plasma levels by 50%. Fixed oil serves as natural lipid carrier enhancing TQ self-emulsification.

Kshara Parpati

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Kshara Parpati is a rasa preparation, a herbo-mineral formulation of the rasa shastra tradition. Mutrashmari (urinary calculi/kidney stones) - traditional use supported by comparative clinical study showing litholytic and diuretic efficacy Mutrakrichra (dysuria/painful urination) - traditional primary indication validated through pharmaceutical review and clinical practice observations

Kshavaka

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Kshavaka (Amaranthus spinosus L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Amaranthaceae family. Diuretic activity validated through pharmacological studies supporting traditional Ayurvedic use for Mutrakrichchhra (dysuria) and urinary disorders Anti-inflammatory and wound healing properties confirmed in preclinical models, supporting traditional topical use for skin conditions and wound management

Ksheera

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Ksheera is an animal-derived substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica, from the Not applicable (Bovidae - cow family for Go-Ksheera) family. Milk recognized by WHO/FAO as essential food for nutrition; included in WHO Model Formulary as pharmaceutical vehicle; WHO guidelines on safe milk production and processing published.

Kshirabala 101 Avarti

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Kshirabala 101 Avarti is a compound formulation of several ingredients. Each Avarti (cycle of adding milk, Bala decoction, and sesame oil with re-cooking) progressively reduces particle size and enhances oil-water interfacial properties.

Kshirabala Thailam

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Kshirabala Thailam is a classical Ayurvedic taila, a medicated oil. Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Ashtanga Hridayam (Vatarakta Chikitsa chapter). The 101 Avarti (101 times processed) variant is described in Sahasrayogam.

Kukkutanda Twak Bhasma

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Kukkutanda Twak Bhasma is a bhasma, a mineral or metal preparation reduced to ash by repeated calcination. [Analytical profile of Kukkutanda Tvak Bhasma (incinerated hen egg shells) prepared by two different methods](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30254398/).

Kulathadi Kwath

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Kulathadi Kwath is a classical Ayurvedic kashaya, a water decoction. Kulattha proteins and phenolics are well-extracted in prolonged boiling. Isoflavones from horse gram have moderate oral bioavailability. Optimal Timing: Before meals, morning and evening, especially for Ashmari (urinary calculi) and Mutra Roga (urinary disorders) Shelf Life: Same day (fresh), 2 years (Kwath Churna) Storage: Fresh: use same day.

Kulattha

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Kulattha (Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc. (syn. Dolichos biflorus L.)) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Fabaceae (Leguminosae) family. Not listed in WHO monographs as a medicinal plant; widely recognized as a functional food legume; Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia documents its medicinal properties.

Kumaryasava

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Kumaryasava is a classical Ayurvedic fermented arishta or asava. Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Charaka Samhita and Ashtanga Hridaya. Chavannapalli's commentary on Madhava Nidana (16th century) describes Kumari Asava for menstrual pain and uterine tone enhancement.

Kumbhika

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Kumbhika is a substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. Mucilaginous polysaccharides slow absorption but provide sustained release. Traditional co-administration with ghee or sesame oil enhances lipophilic constituent absorption. Decoction form hydrolyzes glycosides improving aglycone availability.

Kumkumadi Tailam

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Kumkumadi Tailam is a classical Ayurvedic taila, a medicated oil. Crocus sativus (saffron) is included in WHO's list of traditional medicinal plants. Classical formulations are researched largely in journals that PubMed does not index, so an absence here reflects the reach of the index rather than the state of the evidence.

Kumkumadi Thailam

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Kumkumadi Thailam is a classical Ayurvedic taila, a medicated oil. Referenced in Pharmacopoeia Commission for Indian Medicine & Homoeopathy (PCIMH) Volumes 3 and 4. Bhaishajya Ratnavali (Kshudra Roga Chikitsa chapter); also documented in Ashtanga Hridayam.

Kumud

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Kumud is a substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. Alkaloids (nymphayol) are well-absorbed orally. Ghrita (ghee) preparations provide lipid carrier for enhanced absorption of lipophilic compounds. Mucilaginous rhizome constituents create sustained-release matrix in GI tract.

Kumuda

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Kumuda (Nymphaea alba) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Nymphaein and nupharidine alkaloids are well-absorbed orally. Ghee-based preparations enhance bioavailability of terpenoid and flavonoid fractions. Aqueous preparations provide rapid absorption of polar glycosides.

Kuntalakanti Tailam

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Kuntalakanti Tailam is a classical Ayurvedic taila, a medicated oil. Coconut oil penetrates hair shaft (lauric acid has high affinity for hair protein). 30-60 minute pre-wash application provides optimal contact time. Optimal Timing: 30-60 minutes before hair wash, 2-3 times weekly.

Kurabaka

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Kurabaka is a substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. Flavonoids show moderate oral bioavailability. Bark tannins exert primarily local GI action with limited systemic absorption. Lipid-based formulations (Taila) enhance transdermal penetration of bioactives for topical applications.

Kusha

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Kusha (Desmostachya bipinnata) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Triterpene saponins are hydrolyzed by gut bacteria to bioactive sapogenins. Kshara preparation provides highly bioavailable alkaline mineral salts. Root decoction offers pre-hydrolyzed actives with improved absorption.

Kushmanda

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Kushmanda (Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Cucurbitaceae family. Recognized as a food-medicine in WHO SEARO region traditional medicine databases; Kushmanda Rasayana is a classical Ayurvedic formulation in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India.

Kusumbha

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Kusumbha (Carthamus tinctorius) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Linoleic acid in seed oil is well-absorbed (>80%). Carthamin (red pigment) has limited systemic absorption but good topical activity. Liposomal encapsulation of HSYA improves oral bioavailability by 5-fold.

Kutaj

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Kutaj (Holarrhena pubescens) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Readily crosses the blood-brain barrier (hence anti-amoebic CNS activity). Holarrhimine and kurchine are well-absorbed. Kutajarishta (self-generated alcohol content 5-10%) enhances alkaloid dissolution and absorption.

Kutajarishta

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:53:14 GMT

Kutajarishta is a classical Ayurvedic fermented arishta or asava. Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI) Part I. Charaka Samhita (Chikitsa Sthana) - Kutaja referenced for Pravahika (dysentery with mucus) and Atisara (diarrhea).