# Nighantu, full text index A nighantu is the classical Ayurvedic lexicon of medicinal substances. This is a modern one: a referenced encyclopedia of Ayurvedic herbs, classical formulations and instruments. Published by Age Ayurveda. Educational reference only, not medical advice. Incorporates material from the Amidha Ayurveda Herb Database under CC BY 4.0. ## Herbs ### Abhraka Bhasma URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/abhraka-bhasma/ Abhraka Bhasma is a bhasma, a mineral or metal preparation reduced to ash by repeated calcination. Tridosha-balancing and Rasayana properties support anti-cancer potential. Pandit VA, Singhal SK, Deshmane GB and others 2024. ### Adhaki URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/adhaki/ Botanical name: Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. Family: Fabaceae Pharmacopoeia status: Not listed in WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants; recognized as an important food legume by FAO; GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe) status for food use Adhaki (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Fabaceae family. aureus including MDR strains Hepatoprotective effects validated through safety assessment studies showing protection of liver and kidney function markers Not listed in WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants; recognized as an important food legume by FAO; GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe) status for food use. ### Agastya URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/agastya/ Botanical name: Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers. Family: Fabaceae Pharmacopoeia status: Recognized in regional WHO traditional medicine directories; documented in WHO Traditional Medicine Strategy as a widely used medicinal food plant in Southeast Asian countries Agastya (Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Fabaceae family. Recognized in regional WHO traditional medicine directories; documented in WHO Traditional Medicine Strategy as a widely used medicinal food plant in Southeast Asian countries. ### Agnijara URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/agnijara/ Agnijara is a substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. Traditional Shodhana (purification) and Marana (calcination) processes convert it into nano-sized particles (bhasma) with significantly enhanced bioavailability. The bhasma form yields particles in the 50-100nm range, facilitating absorption. ### Agnikarna URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/agnikarna/ Botanical name: Gloriosa superba L. (Agnikumarika/Agnimukhi); also associated with Litsea species in some texts Family: Colchicaceae (Liliaceae sensu lato) Pharmacopoeia status: Colchicine (derived compound) is on WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for gout treatment; whole plant not in WHO herbal monographs; Gloriosa superba listed in CITES and IUCN endangered species databases Agnikarna (Gloriosa superba L. (Agnikumarika/Agnimukhi); also associated with Litsea species in some texts) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Colchicaceae (Liliaceae sensu lato) family. Colchicine (derived compound) is on WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for gout treatment; whole plant not in WHO herbal monographs; Gloriosa superba listed in CITES and IUCN endangered species databases. ### Agnikumarika URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/agnikumarika/ Agnikumarika is a substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. Traditional enhancement via Trikatu yoga (black pepper, long pepper, ginger) or honey as anupana. Presence of volatile oils suggests reasonable absorption of lipophilic fractions. ### Agnimantha URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/agnimantha/ Botanical name: Premna integrifolia (syn. Clerodendrum phlomidis) Family: Lamiaceae Ayurvedic category: Shothaghna (Anti-inflammatory), Deepaniya (Appetizer) Agnimantha (Premna integrifolia (syn. Clerodendrum phlomidis)) is classified in Ayurveda as Shothaghna (Anti-inflammatory), Deepaniya (Appetizer), from the Lamiaceae family. Parts used: root, bark, leaf. Name means 'fire churner' — stimulates digestive fire. ### Ahiphena URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/ahiphena/ Botanical name: Papaver somniferum L. Ahiphena (Papaver somniferum L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda. {'use': 'Analgesic and pain management', 'validation': 'Morphine remains the gold standard analgesic in modern medicine. ### Aivana URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/aivana/ Botanical name: Salvia officinalis L. Family: Lamiaceae Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in European Pharmacopoeia; referenced in WHO Traditional Medicine Strategy; ESCOP (European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy) monograph available for dyspeptic complaints and excessive sweating Aivana (Salvia officinalis L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Lamiaceae family. Listed in European Pharmacopoeia; referenced in WHO Traditional Medicine Strategy; ESCOP (European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy) monograph available for dyspeptic complaints and excessive sweating. ### Aja Dugdha Goat Milk URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/aja-dugdha-goat-milk/ Aja Dugdha Goat Milk is an animal-derived substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. [Bioactive peptides with antioxidant and ACE inhibitory properties in goat milk protein hydrolysates: Peptidomics and molecular docking study](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39863228/). ### Ajmoda URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/ajmoda/ Botanical name: Apium leptophyllum Ajmoda (Apium leptophyllum) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Apiol and myristicin are well absorbed from the GI tract. Essential oil components enhance their own absorption and that of co-administered herbs. Piperine co-administration may further increase plasma levels of key constituents by 25-30%. ### Ajwain URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/ajwain/ Botanical name: Trachyspermum ammi Family: Apiaceae Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API) by the Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Department of AYUSH. Thymol (major constituent) recognized by the US EPA as having minimal potential toxicity. Not yet listed in WHO monographs as a standalone entry. Ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Apiaceae family. Listed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API) by the Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Department of AYUSH. ### Ajwain Herb URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/ajwain-herb/ Botanical name: Coleus amboinicus Ajwain Herb (Coleus amboinicus) is a plant used in Ayurveda. The leaf (Coleus aromaticus / Plectranthus amboinicus, sometimes called Ajwain ka patta) contains thymol and carvacrol in lower concentrations than seed Ajwain but has additional flavonoids. ### Akarakarabha URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/akarakarabha/ Botanical name: Anacyclus pyrethrum (L.) Lag. Family: Asteraceae (Compositae) Pharmacopoeia status: Not in WHO monographs; listed in multiple traditional pharmacopeias including Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India and Unani Pharmacopoeia; recognized in European herbal tradition Akarakarabha (Anacyclus pyrethrum (L.) Lag.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Asteraceae (Compositae) family. Not in WHO monographs; listed in multiple traditional pharmacopeias including Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India and Unani Pharmacopoeia; recognized in European herbal tradition. ### Akhuparni URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/akhuparni/ Botanical name: Ipomoea reniformis Choisy (syn. Merremia emarginata (Burm.f.) Hallier f.) Family: Convolvulaceae Pharmacopoeia status: Not listed in WHO monographs; referenced in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India and Dravyaguna texts; recognized in Indian folk medicine traditions Akhuparni (Ipomoea reniformis Choisy (syn. Merremia emarginata (Burm.f.) Hallier f.)) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Convolvulaceae family. Not listed in WHO monographs; referenced in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India and Dravyaguna texts; recognized in Indian folk medicine traditions. ### Akika Pishti URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/akika-pishti/ Akika Pishti is a bhasma, a mineral or metal preparation reduced to ash by repeated calcination. An absence here means we could not identify the source, not that no work exists. ### Akshotaka URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/akshotaka/ Botanical name: Juglans regia L. Family: Juglandaceae Pharmacopoeia status: Not specifically listed in WHO monographs on medicinal plants; recognized by WHO/FAO as an important nutritional food source; European Pharmacopoeia includes monograph for Juglans regia leaf Akshotaka (Juglans regia L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Juglandaceae family. Not specifically listed in WHO monographs on medicinal plants; recognized by WHO/FAO as an important nutritional food source; European Pharmacopoeia includes monograph for Juglans regia leaf. ### Alabu URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/alabu/ Botanical name: Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. Family: Cucurbitaceae Pharmacopoeia status: Not listed in WHO monographs; recognized as traditional food-medicine in Indian, Chinese, and African traditional medicine systems Alabu (Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Cucurbitaceae family. Not listed in WHO monographs; recognized as traditional food-medicine in Indian, Chinese, and African traditional medicine systems. ### Aloe Vera URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/aloe-vera/ Botanical name: Aloe barbadensis Mill. (syn. Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f.) Pharmacopoeia status: WHO Monograph exists in WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants, Volume 1 (Aloe Vera|Aloe Vera Gel). European Medicines Agency (EMA) has published assessment reports and herbal monographs on Aloe barbadensis Mill. addressing both gel and latex preparations. Listed in multiple national pharmacopoeias including USP, BP, and Indian Pharmacopoeia. Aloe Vera (Aloe barbadensis Mill. (syn. Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f.)) is a plant used in Ayurveda. WHO Monograph exists in WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants, Volume 1 (Aloe Vera|Aloe Vera Gel). ### Ambasthaki URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/ambasthaki/ Botanical name: Cissampelos pareira L. Family: Menispermaceae Pharmacopoeia status: Not in WHO monographs; recognized in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India as Laghu Patha/Ambastha; widely used in Latin American and African traditional medicine systems Ambasthaki (Cissampelos pareira L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Menispermaceae family. Not in WHO monographs; recognized in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India as Laghu Patha/Ambastha; widely used in Latin American and African traditional medicine systems. ### Amla URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/amla/ Botanical name: Phyllanthus emblica (syn. Emblica officinalis) Family: Phyllanthaceae Ayurvedic category: Rasayana (Rejuvenative), Tridoshahara Pharmacopoeia status: No dedicated WHO monograph identified for Phyllanthus emblica specifically. Listed in the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China (as Phyllanthi Fructus), Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, and referenced in multiple traditional medicine pharmacopeias. Recognized in Unani (Greco-Arab) and Ayurvedic systems of medicine. Over 180 compounds characterized with extensive pharmacological documentation. Amla (Phyllanthus emblica (syn. Emblica officinalis)) is classified in Ayurveda as Rasayana (Rejuvenative), Tridoshahara, from the Phyllanthaceae family. Parts used: fruit, seed, bark, leaf. One of the three fruits in Triphala. No dedicated WHO monograph identified for Phyllanthus emblica specifically. ### Amlaparni URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/amlaparni/ Botanical name: Oxalis corniculata L. Family: Oxalidaceae Pharmacopoeia status: Not listed in WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants; incorporated into approved Chinese patent medicines indicating regulatory acceptance in some traditional medicine systems Amlaparni (Oxalis corniculata L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Oxalidaceae family. Not listed in WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants; incorporated into approved Chinese patent medicines indicating regulatory acceptance in some traditional medicine systems. ### Amlavetasa URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/amlavetasa/ Botanical name: Garcinia pedunculata Roxb. ex Buch.-Ham. (primary); Rheum emodi Wall. ex Meissn. (substitute) Family: Clusiaceae (Garcinia) / Polygonaceae (Rheum) Pharmacopoeia status: Not in WHO monographs as Amlavetasa; Rheum species have WHO/European Pharmacopoeia monographs as rhubarb (Rhei Radix); Garcinia pedunculata recognized in regional Indian pharmacopeias Amlavetasa (Garcinia pedunculata Roxb. ex Buch.-Ham. (primary); Rheum emodi Wall. ex Meissn. (substitute)) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Clusiaceae (Garcinia) / Polygonaceae (Rheum) family. Not in WHO monographs as Amlavetasa; Rheum species have WHO/European Pharmacopoeia monographs as rhubarb (Rhei Radix); Garcinia pedunculata recognized in regional Indian pharmacopeias. ### Amra URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/amra/ Botanical name: Mangifera indica L. Family: Anacardiaceae Pharmacopoeia status: Mangifera indica is included in multiple national pharmacopeias. WHO recognizes traditional use in various member states. Mangiferin supplements are commercially available globally. Listed in AYUSH pharmacopeias of India. Amra (Mangifera indica L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Anacardiaceae family. Mangifera indica is included in multiple national pharmacopeias. [A Review on Ethnopharmacological Applications, Pharmacological Activities, and Bioactive Compounds of Mangifera indica (Mango)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29456572/). ### Amra Beeja URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/amra-beeja/ Botanical name: Mangifera indica Amra Beeja (Mangifera indica) is a plant used in Ayurveda. The seed kernel (Mangifera indica kernel) is rich in tannins (gallic acid, ellagic acid) and fats. Gallic acid has high oral bioavailability (~70%). ### Amra Haridra URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/amra-haridra/ Botanical name: Curcuma amada Amra Haridra (Curcuma amada) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Curcuma amada (mango ginger) contains curcuminoids similar to turmeric but in lower concentrations, plus unique difurocumenonol. Curcuminoid bioavailability is inherently low (<5%) but enhanced by piperine (20-fold increase) or lipid formulations. ### Ananta Mool URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/ananta-mool/ Botanical name: Hemidesmus indicus Ananta Mool (Hemidesmus indicus) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Hemidesmus indicus (Indian Sarsaparilla) root contains 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde as the primary aromatic compound with good GI absorption. Hemidesminine and other steroidal saponins show moderate bioavailability. ### Anjatraya URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/anjatraya/ Anjatraya is a substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. This is a relatively obscure Dravya in Ayurvedic Materia Medica. Traditional preparation guidelines should be followed. Co-administration with warm water, honey, or ghee as appropriate anupana based on Dosha indication. ### Ankola URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/ankola/ Botanical name: Alangium salviifolium (L.f.) Wangerin Family: Cornaceae (Alangiaceae) Pharmacopoeia status: Not listed in WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants; documented in Indian Pharmacopoeia and recognized in Ayurveda and Siddha traditional medicine systems Ankola (Alangium salviifolium (L.f.) Wangerin) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Cornaceae (Alangiaceae) family. Not listed in WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants; documented in Indian Pharmacopoeia and recognized in Ayurveda and Siddha traditional medicine systems. ### Apamarga URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/apamarga/ Botanical name: Achyranthes aspera L. Family: Amaranthaceae Pharmacopoeia status: Documented in WHO Traditional Medicine resources for South-East Asia region; included in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India Apamarga (Achyranthes aspera L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Amaranthaceae family. Documented in WHO Traditional Medicine resources for South-East Asia region; included in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. ### Aparajita URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/aparajita/ Botanical name: Clitoria ternatea L. Family: Fabaceae (Leguminosae) Pharmacopoeia status: Not in WHO monographs; recognized in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India; GRAS status for food coloring in several countries; FDA-approved as food color additive in the US (2021) Aparajita (Clitoria ternatea L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Fabaceae (Leguminosae) family. Not in WHO monographs; recognized in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India; GRAS status for food coloring in several countries; FDA-approved as food color additive in the US (2021). ### Aragwadha URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/aragwadha/ Botanical name: Cassia fistula L. Family: Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) Pharmacopoeia status: Included in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India; WHO-related traditional medicine databases reference its widespread use across tropical Asia and Africa Aragwadha (Cassia fistula L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) family. Included in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India; WHO-related traditional medicine databases reference its widespread use across tropical Asia and Africa. ### Aranya Jeeraka URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/aranya-jeeraka/ Botanical name: Centratherum anthelminticum Aranya Jeeraka (Centratherum anthelminticum) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Wild cumin Aranya Jeeraka, potentially Cuminum cyminum var. or Vernonia anthelmintica depending on tradition) — volatile oil constituents are well absorbed. Cuminaldehyde (if Cuminum) shows rapid GI absorption. ### Arjuna URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/arjuna/ Botanical name: Terminalia arjuna Family: Combretaceae Ayurvedic category: Hridya (Cardiotonic) Pharmacopoeia status: No dedicated WHO monograph identified. Listed in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Recognized in Indian traditional medicine systems (Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani). Included in Indian Pharmacopoeia for cardiovascular indications. Arjuna (Terminalia arjuna) is classified in Ayurveda as Hridya (Cardiotonic), from the Combretaceae family. Parts used: bark. Named after Arjuna of Mahabharata. No dedicated WHO monograph identified. ### Arjuna Twak URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/arjuna-twak/ Botanical name: Terminalia arjuna Arjuna Twak (Terminalia arjuna) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Arjunolic acid bioavailability ~8-12%. Kshirapaka enhances triterpene absorption significantly. Tannin-rich matrix provides sustained release of active compounds. Piperine co-administration can enhance arjunolic acid bioavailability by 30-40%. ### Arka URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/arka/ Botanical name: Calotropis procera Arka (Calotropis procera) is a plant used in Ayurveda. INTERNAL USE: only Shodhita (purified) material under physician supervision. Bioavailability: Cardiac glycosides (calotropin, calactin) have good oral absorption with narrow therapeutic index. Shodhana with Dugdha (milk processing) modifies glycoside profile and reduces acute toxicity. ### Arka Ksheera URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/arka-ksheera/ Arka Ksheera is a preparation made from plant material. Latex proteins (calotropain) are proteolytic and facilitate penetration through skin barriers. Shodhana (milk purification) process partially inactivates the most toxic cardenolides while retaining therapeutically useful compounds. ### Arka Pushpa URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/arka-pushpa/ Botanical name: Calotropis procera Arka Pushpa (Calotropis procera) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Flavonoids and triterpenoids in flowers have moderate oral bioavailability. The flower is traditionally considered the mildest part of Arka and is used for digestive (Deepana) and respiratory applications. ### Asana URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/asana/ Botanical name: Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. Family: Fabaceae (Papilionoideae) Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Heartwood is an official drug for Prameha (diabetes) in classical Ayurvedic texts. Included in Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) recommended list of antidiabetic medicinal plants. No WHO monograph but widely recognized. Asana (Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Fabaceae (Papilionoideae) family. Listed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. [In Silico Analysis of PTP1B Inhibitors and TLC-MS Bioautography-Based Identification of Free Radical Scavenging and α-Amylase Inhibitory Compounds from Heartwood Extract of Pterocarpus marsupium](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36570189/). ### Ashoka URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/ashoka/ Botanical name: Saraca asoca Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API) Part I; bark monograph recommends use in metrorrhagia, menorrhagia, chronic lymphadenitis, and inflammations. Also listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Classified as Vulnerable on IUCN Red List due to over-exploitation. Ashoka (Saraca asoca) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Listed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API) Part I; bark monograph recommends use in metrorrhagia, menorrhagia, chronic lymphadenitis, and inflammations. ### Ashwagandha URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/ashwagandha/ Botanical name: Withania somnifera Family: Solanaceae Ayurvedic category: Rasayana (Rejuvenative) Pharmacopoeia status: WHO Monograph published in 2009 (WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants). Listed in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Indian Pharmacopoeia, British Pharmacopoeia, European Pharmacopoeia, USP, American Herbal Pharmacopoeia, Japanese Pharmacopoeia, and Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China. However, regulatory landscape is fragmenting in EU: banned in Denmark (2023) and France (2025); under EU Article 8 review since June 2024. Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) is classified in Ayurveda as Rasayana (Rejuvenative), from the Solanaceae family. Parts used: root, leaf. Classified as Balya (strength-promoting), Brimhana (nourishing), and Rasayana (rejuvenative) in Ayurveda. WHO Monograph published in 2009 (WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants). ### Ashwattha URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/ashwattha/ Botanical name: Ficus religiosa L. Family: Moraceae Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in WHO Traditional Medicine Strategy as a plant used in traditional medicine systems; included in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. No specific WHO monograph dedicated to F. religiosa as of 2025. Ashwattha (Ficus religiosa L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Moraceae family. coli, and Candida albicans validated via disc diffusion and MIC assays Listed in WHO Traditional Medicine Strategy as a plant used in traditional medicine systems; included in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. ### Asthishrinkhala URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/asthishrinkhala/ Botanical name: Cissus quadrangularis L. Family: Vitaceae Pharmacopoeia status: Not listed in WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants; recognized in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India as Asthishrinkhala/Hadjod; available as dietary supplement in US and European markets Asthishrinkhala (Cissus quadrangularis L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Vitaceae family. Not listed in WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants; recognized in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India as Asthishrinkhala/Hadjod; available as dietary supplement in US and European markets. ### Atasi URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/atasi/ Botanical name: Linum usitatissimum L. Family: Linaceae Pharmacopoeia status: WHO monograph exists for Semen Lini (flaxseed); European Medicines Agency (EMA) monograph established; German Commission E approved for chronic constipation and irritable bowel Atasi (Linum usitatissimum L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Linaceae family. WHO monograph exists for Semen Lini (flaxseed); European Medicines Agency (EMA) monograph established; German Commission E approved for chronic constipation and irritable bowel. ### Atibala URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/atibala/ Botanical name: Abutilon indicum Atibala (Abutilon indicum) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Abutilon indicum (Atibala) contains mucilage (which provides sustained-release matrix), beta-sitosterol (5-10% absorbed), and flavonoids. Asparagine (an amino acid present abundantly) has near-complete oral bioavailability. ### Avipattikar URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/avipattikar/ Avipattikar is a compound formulation of several ingredients. Contains multiple herbs whose bioactives have varied absorption profiles. The formulation includes Trikatu (Pippali, Maricha, Sunthi) which acts as a built-in bioenhancer via piperine — this is a classical example of intelligent formulation design where bioenhancers are incorporated into the compound. ### Avipattikar Herbs URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/avipattikar-herbs/ Avipattikar Herbs is a compound formulation of several ingredients. Bioavailability profile similar to standard Avipattikar, with Trikatu serving as built-in bioenhancer. Absence of sugar does not significantly affect bioavailability of active herbal constituents but changes the taste profile and may alter dissolution behavior. ### Babbula URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/babbula/ Botanical name: Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile (syn. Vachellia nilotica) Family: Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Pharmacopoeia status: Gum Arabic from Acacia species is approved by WHO/FAO Codex Alimentarius as food additive (E414). Acacia nilotica is listed in various African and Indian pharmacopeias. Listed in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India as Babbula. Babbula (Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile (syn. Vachellia nilotica)) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) family. Gum Arabic from Acacia species is approved by WHO/FAO Codex Alimentarius as food additive (E414). ### Badara URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/badara/ Botanical name: Ziziphus mauritiana Badara (Ziziphus mauritiana) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Ziziphus mauritiana (Indian jujube/Ber) fruit contains vitamin C (well absorbed), flavonoids (moderate absorption), and cyclopeptide alkaloids (variable absorption). Betulinic acid has limited oral bioavailability (~5%) but is enhanced by lipid co-administration. ### Bakuchi URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/bakuchi/ Botanical name: Psoralea corylifolia L. (syn. Cullen corylifolium) Pharmacopoeia status: Psoralea corylifolia is listed in the WHO monograph on selected medicinal plants (Volume 4). Psoralen and isopsoralen are recognized pharmacopeial compounds. WHO acknowledges traditional use for vitiligo and psoriasis but recommends medical supervision due to photosensitivity risks. Bakuchi (Psoralea corylifolia L. (syn. Cullen corylifolium)) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Psoralea corylifolia is listed in the WHO monograph on selected medicinal plants (Volume 4). ### Bakula URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/bakula/ Botanical name: Mimusops elengi L. Family: Sapotaceae Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India and Unani Pharmacopoeia. Used traditionally across South and Southeast Asian medicine systems. No WHO monograph available. Bakula (Mimusops elengi L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Sapotaceae family. Dental and gum health use validated through antimicrobial activity against S. Listed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India and Unani Pharmacopoeia. ### Bala URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/bala/ Botanical name: Sida cordifolia Family: Malvaceae Ayurvedic category: Balya (Strength-promoting), Brimhana (Nourishing) Bala (Sida cordifolia) is classified in Ayurveda as Balya (Strength-promoting), Brimhana (Nourishing), from the Malvaceae family. Parts used: root, seed, whole plant. One of the most important Vatahara (anti-Vata) drugs. ### Bala Mool URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/bala-mool/ Bala Mool is a substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. Root mucilage forms a gel matrix in the stomach that slows release—useful for sustained-effect formulations. Lipid vehicles (ghee, oil) enhance absorption of sterol components by 30-40%. ### Bandhuka URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/bandhuka/ Bandhuka is a substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. Flavonoid glycosides likely undergo hepatic first-pass metabolism. Traditional use with honey (Madhu) or ghee as Anupana may enhance mucosal absorption. Anthocyanin pigments show moderate oral bioavailability (15-25%). ### Bhadra URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/bhadra/ Botanical name: Aerva lanata (L.) Juss. ex Schult. Family: Amaranthaceae Pharmacopoeia status: Not listed in WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants; documented in Indian Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia and AYUSH system; listed in regional ethnobotanical databases Bhadra (Aerva lanata (L.) Juss. ex Schult.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Amaranthaceae family. Not listed in WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants; documented in Indian Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia and AYUSH system; listed in regional ethnobotanical databases. ### Bhanga URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/bhanga/ Botanical name: Cannabis sativa L. / Cannabis indica Lam. Bhanga (Cannabis sativa L. / Cannabis indica Lam.) is a plant used in Ayurveda. {'use': 'Analgesic and anti-spasmodic (Vedanasthapana, Shulahara)', 'validation': 'Multiple clinical trials and systematic reviews confirm cannabis/cannabinoids effective for chronic pain, neuropathic pain, and spasticity. ### Bharangi URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/bharangi/ Botanical name: Clerodendrum serratum (L.) Moon Family: Lamiaceae (formerly Verbenaceae) Pharmacopoeia status: Included in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India; documented in regional WHO SEARO traditional medicine databases Bharangi (Clerodendrum serratum (L.) Moon) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Lamiaceae (formerly Verbenaceae) family. Included in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India; documented in regional WHO SEARO traditional medicine databases. ### Bhringraj URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/bhringraj/ Botanical name: Eclipta prostrata Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API) Part I as a hepatoprotective herb (monograph name: Bhringaraja). Recognized in Ayurveda, Unani (as Bhangraa), and Siddha (as Karissalaankanni) traditional medicine systems. No standalone WHO monograph identified, but referenced in WHO traditional medicine databases. Important Ayurvedic formulations include Bhringaraja Taila, Niuli Bhringaradi Taila, and Bhringarajasava. Bhringraj (Eclipta prostrata) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Listed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API) Part I as a hepatoprotective herb (monograph name: Bhringaraja). ### Bhumi Jambuka URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/bhumi-jambuka/ Bhumi Jambuka is a substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. Limited modern dosage standardization—follow traditional Vaidya guidance. Bioavailability: Limited modern pharmacokinetic data available. Traditional preparations use honey or warm water as vehicles to enhance absorption. ### Bhumyamalaki URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/bhumyamalaki/ Botanical name: Phyllanthus fraternus Bhumyamalaki (Phyllanthus fraternus) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Significant hepatic first-pass metabolism of lignans. Self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) improve lignan bioavailability by 2-3 fold. Phospholipid complexes (phytosomes) of Bhumyamalaki extract show enhanced hepatoprotective efficacy. ### Bhunimba URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/bhunimba/ Bhunimba is a substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. Extensive first-pass metabolism via CYP3A4 and CYP2C9. Nanoparticle formulations improve bioavailability by 2-4x. Andrographolide-phospholipid complex (phytosome) shows significantly improved Cmax. Self-nanoemulsifying systems show promising results in preclinical studies. ### Bhurja URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/bhurja/ Botanical name: Betula utilis Bhurja (Betula utilis) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Cyclodextrin inclusion complexes or amorphous solid dispersions improve betulinic acid bioavailability by 4-8x. Lipid-based delivery (with ghee) moderately enhances absorption. Nanoformulations (PLGA nanoparticles) show significant improvement in preclinical models. ### Bhutakeshi URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/bhutakeshi/ Bhutakeshi is a substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. Lower doses recommended initially due to potent sedative properties. Bioavailability: Protopine and related isoquinoline alkaloids show moderate to good oral bioavailability (30-50%). ### Bhutika URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/bhutika/ Botanical name: Cymbopogon citratus Bhutika (Cymbopogon citratus) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Primarily used in external and fumigation applications traditionally. Bioavailability: Limited modern pharmacokinetic data. Volatile aromatic compounds are rapidly absorbed via inhalation (fumigation route) and transdermally. ### Bibhitaki URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/bibhitaki/ Botanical name: Terminalia bellirica Family: Combretaceae Ayurvedic category: Kasahara (Anti-tussive), Keshya (Hair tonic) Bibhitaki (Terminalia bellirica) is classified in Ayurveda as Kasahara (Anti-tussive), Keshya (Hair tonic), from the Combretaceae family. Parts used: fruit. One of three fruits in Triphala. ### Bijapura URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/bijapura/ Botanical name: Citrus medica L. Family: Rutaceae Pharmacopoeia status: Recognized as a traditional medicine and food plant across Mediterranean and Asian regions. Listed in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia as Bijapura/Matulunga. No dedicated WHO monograph for C. medica specifically. Bijapura (Citrus medica L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Rutaceae family. Recognized as a traditional medicine and food plant across Mediterranean and Asian regions. ### Bilva URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/bilva/ Botanical name: Aegle marmelos Pharmacopoeia status: Monographed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API), Indian Pharmacopoeia (IP, 2021), and United States Pharmacopoeia-Herbal Medicines Compendium (USP, 2021). Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission developed a PPI monograph quantifying five phytocompounds: marmelosin, marmesin, psoralen, scopoletin, and umbelliferone, with limits on negative marker aegeline. No dedicated WHO monograph identified. Recognized in Ayurvedic, Siddha, and Unani traditional medicine systems. Bilva (Aegle marmelos) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Monographed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API), Indian Pharmacopoeia (IP, 2021), and United States Pharmacopoeia-Herbal Medicines Compendium (USP, 2021). ### Bilva Majja URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/bilva-majja/ Botanical name: Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa (fruit pulp) Family: Rutaceae Pharmacopoeia status: Referenced in WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants (Vol. 2, 2002); listed in Indian Pharmacopoeia; recognized in AYUSH traditional medicine framework Bilva Majja (Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa (fruit pulp)) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Rutaceae family. Referenced in WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants (Vol. ### Bilwa Patra URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/bilwa-patra/ Botanical name: Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa (leaves) Family: Rutaceae Pharmacopoeia status: Referenced in WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants; listed in Indian Pharmacopoeia; Bilwa Patra is one of the most commonly prescribed single herbs in Ayurvedic formulary Bilwa Patra (Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa (leaves)) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Rutaceae family. Referenced in WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants; listed in Indian Pharmacopoeia; Bilwa Patra is one of the most commonly prescribed single herbs in Ayurvedic formulary. ### Bimbi URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/bimbi/ Botanical name: Coccinia grandis Bimbi (Coccinia grandis) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Triterpenoids (cephalandrin) show moderate oral bioavailability. Beta-sitosterol is moderately absorbed (10-15%). Pectin and fiber in the fruit may slow absorption. Fresh juice provides direct exposure of water-soluble insulin-like compounds to GI mucosa. ### Bitter Gourd URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/bitter-gourd/ Botanical name: Momordica charantia Bitter Gourd (Momordica charantia) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Polypeptide-p (p-insulin) is degraded by gastric proteases—limited oral bioavailability for the intact peptide (enteric coating helps). Vicine and charantin are better absorbed from juice than powder form. ### Bitter Gourd Herb URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/bitter-gourd-herb/ Botanical name: Momordica charantia Bitter Gourd Herb (Momordica charantia) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Momordicin concentration is higher in leaves than fruit. Leaf flavonoids show moderate oral bioavailability (20-35%). Chlorophyll-rich fractions may provide additional antioxidant protection during GI transit. ### Black Pepper URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/black-pepper/ Botanical name: Piper nigrum Family: Piperaceae Ayurvedic category: Deepaniya (Appetizer), Krimighna (Anthelmintic) Black Pepper (Piper nigrum) is classified in Ayurveda as Deepaniya (Appetizer), Krimighna (Anthelmintic), from the Piperaceae family. Parts used: fruit. Component of Trikatu (three pungents). Fruit Piperine Piperonal Chavicine Piperidine Bioavailability enhancer Digestive stimulant Antioxidant Thermogenic Anti-parasitic Component of Trikatu (three pungents). ### Brahmi URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/brahmi/ Botanical name: Bacopa monnieri Family: Plantaginaceae Ayurvedic category: Medhya Rasayana (Nootropic Rejuvenative) Pharmacopoeia status: No dedicated WHO monograph currently published. Listed in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Recognized in EU as a non-novel food (pre-1997 dietary supplement use). EMA monograph under development. Health Canada includes Bacopa in its Cognitive Function Products monograph. American Herbal Pharmacopoeia and Alternative Medicine Review have published independent monographs. Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri) is classified in Ayurveda as Medhya Rasayana (Nootropic Rejuvenative), from the Plantaginaceae family. Parts used: whole plant, leaf. Named after Brahma (creator god) for its intellect-enhancing properties. No dedicated WHO monograph currently published. ### Brihati URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/brihati/ Botanical name: Solanum indicum L. Family: Solanaceae Pharmacopoeia status: Documented in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India as component of Dashamula; referenced in WHO SEARO traditional medicine inventories Brihati (Solanum indicum L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Solanaceae family. Documented in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India as component of Dashamula; referenced in WHO SEARO traditional medicine inventories. ### Camphor URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/camphor/ Camphor is an isolated compound rather than a whole plant drug. INTERNAL: 60-125mg purified camphor (Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia); CAUTION: internal use only under expert supervision—toxic at >500mg doses. Bioavailability: Excellent absorption via all routes: dermal (rapid transdermal penetration due to terpene structure), inhalation (near-complete pulmonary absorption), and oral (rapid and complete GI absorption—hence toxicity concern). ### Chakragaja URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/chakragaja/ Botanical name: Cassia tora L. (Senna tora) / Uncertain identification Family: Fabaceae (Caesalpiniaceae) Pharmacopoeia status: Cassia tora seeds listed in Chinese Pharmacopoeia (Jue Ming Zi); not specifically listed in WHO monographs; the identity of 'Chakragaja' as a distinct herb remains unclear in standard references Chakragaja (Cassia tora L. (Senna tora) / Uncertain identification) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Fabaceae (Caesalpiniaceae) family. Antifungal activity against ringworm (Dadru) validated through in vitro studies against Trichophyton and Microsporum species, supporting the traditional Ayurvedic name 'Dadrughna' (ringworm destroyer) Laxative effects confirmed pharmacologically, supporting traditional use as a mild purgative in Ayurveda ### Chakramarda URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/chakramarda/ Botanical name: Cassia tora L. (syn. Senna tora) Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Referenced in WHO regional traditional medicine databases. Widely recognized in traditional medicine systems of India, China, and Southeast Asia for skin fungal conditions. No dedicated WHO monograph published. Chakramarda (Cassia tora L. (syn. Senna tora)) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Ringworm treatment (Dadru): Validated by isolation of potent antifungal anthraquinones (chrysophanol, emodin, physcion) with 4-8 fold higher activity than crude extract against T. Listed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. ### Chakshushya URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/chakshushya/ Chakshushya is a substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. Carotenoid-rich Chakshushya herbs show moderate oral bioavailability enhanced significantly by lipids (Ghrita is the classical vehicle for ophthalmic Ayurvedic preparations). Topical ocular preparations (Anjana, Aschyotana) provide direct local bioavailability bypassing systemic distribution. ### Chandana URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/chandana/ Botanical name: Santalum album L. Pharmacopoeia status: Santalum album is referenced in WHO traditional medicine guidelines. ISO 3518:2002 establishes international quality standards for sandalwood oil (41-55% alpha-santalol, 16-24% beta-santalol). Listed in multiple national pharmacopoeias including Indian Pharmacopoeia. Chandana (Santalum album L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Santalum album is referenced in WHO traditional medicine guidelines. aureus Moy RL, Levenson C 2017. [Sandalwood Album Oil as a Botanical Therapeutic in Dermatology](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29344319/). ### Chandraprabha URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/chandraprabha/ Family: Multi-herb preparation Ayurvedic category: Pramehaghna (Anti-diabetic), Mutrala (Urinary tonic) Chandraprabha is classified in Ayurveda as Pramehaghna (Anti-diabetic), Mutrala (Urinary tonic), from the Multi-herb preparation family. Parts used: 37 ingredients including shilajit, guggulu, iron bhasma, loha bhasma, and multiple herbs. Name means 'moon-bright' — said to make body radiant. ### Chandrashura URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/chandrashura/ Botanical name: Lepidium sativum L. Family: Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) Pharmacopoeia status: Not listed in WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants; documented in Indian Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia as Chandrashura; FSSAI (India) recognizes it as a food supplement Chandrashura (Lepidium sativum L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) family. Not listed in WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants; documented in Indian Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia as Chandrashura; FSSAI (India) recognizes it as a food supplement. ### Changeri URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/changeri/ Botanical name: Oxalis corniculata L. Family: Oxalidaceae Pharmacopoeia status: Not listed in WHO monographs; included in traditional pharmacopeias of India and China; used in approved Chinese patent medicines Changeri (Oxalis corniculata L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Oxalidaceae family. Not listed in WHO monographs; included in traditional pharmacopeias of India and China; used in approved Chinese patent medicines. ### Chavika URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/chavika/ Botanical name: Piper retrofractum Chavika (Piper retrofractum) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Pungent herb—start with lower doses. Bioavailability: Piper chaba (syn. retrofractum)—closely related to Pippali. Piperine and piperlongumine show excellent oral bioavailability (>85%). Self-bioenhancing herb through CYP3A4 and P-gp inhibition. ### Chavya URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/chavya/ Botanical name: Piper retrofractum Vahl (syn. Piper chaba Hunter) Family: Piperaceae Pharmacopoeia status: Recognized in ASEAN traditional medicine systems; Piper species referenced in WHO monographs on medicinal plants commonly used in SEARO region Chavya (Piper retrofractum Vahl (syn. Piper chaba Hunter)) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Piperaceae family. Recognized in ASEAN traditional medicine systems; Piper species referenced in WHO monographs on medicinal plants commonly used in SEARO region. ### Chhatraka URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/chhatraka/ Botanical name: Agaricus campestris L. Family: Agaricaceae Pharmacopoeia status: Not listed in WHO monographs on medicinal plants; edible mushrooms generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for food use; Chhatraka referenced in Charaka Samhita as cold in potency, heavy, and sweet in taste Chhatraka (Agaricus campestris L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Agaricaceae family. Not listed in WHO monographs on medicinal plants; edible mushrooms generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for food use; Chhatraka referenced in Charaka Samhita as cold in potency, heavy, and sweet in taste. ### Chirabilva URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/chirabilva/ Botanical name: Holoptelea integrifolia Chirabilva (Holoptelea integrifolia) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Traditional dosing per Vaidya guidance. Bioavailability: Holoptelea integrifolia—triterpenoids (friedelin, lupeol) show moderate oral bioavailability (15-25%) limited by poor water solubility. Lipid-based delivery enhances triterpenoid absorption. ### Chirayata URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/chirayata/ Botanical name: Swertia chirayita Chirayata (Swertia chirayita) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Extremely bitter—lower doses for compliance. Bioavailability: Amarogentin shows moderate oral bioavailability (25-35%) with rapid absorption. Swertiamarin is well absorbed (40-50% bioavailability) and metabolized to erythrocentaurin. ### Chitrak URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/chitrak/ Botanical name: Plumbago zeylanica L. Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Traditional Shodhana (purification) process mandated before internal use per Ayurvedic texts. No dedicated WHO monograph available. Chitrak (Plumbago zeylanica L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Deepana-Pachana (digestive stimulant) activity confirmed by gastric secretion enhancement studies. Listed in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. ### Chitraka Moola URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/chitraka-moola/ Botanical name: Plumbago zeylanica Chitraka Moola (Plumbago zeylanica) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Same cautions as Chitrak—root is the most potent part. Bioavailability: Root (Moola) of Plumbago zeylanica contains the highest concentration of plumbagin (1.5-3.5%). ### Chitrakaharitaki URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/chitrakaharitaki/ Family: Polyherbal Avaleha (confection) - classical Ayurvedic compound formulation Pharmacopoeia status: Not listed in WHO monographs; recognized in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India as a classical Avaleha formulation; listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India Chitrakaharitaki is a compound formulation of several ingredients, from the Polyherbal Avaleha (confection) - classical Ayurvedic compound formulation family. Not listed in WHO monographs; recognized in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India as a classical Avaleha formulation; listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India. ### Chopchini URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/chopchini/ Botanical name: Smilax china L. Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in WHO Traditional Medicine strategy for both South-East Asia and Western Pacific regions. Included in Chinese Pharmacopoeia (as Tu Fu Ling/Baqia). Also listed in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. No dedicated WHO monograph. Chopchini (Smilax china L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Listed in WHO Traditional Medicine strategy for both South-East Asia and Western Pacific regions. [Smilax china L.: A review of its botany, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, actual and potential applications](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37541403/). ### Coriander URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/coriander/ Botanical name: Coriandrum sativum Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Flavonoid glycosides (rutin, quercetin) show moderate oral bioavailability (20-30%). Cold infusion (Hima/Sheeta Kashayam) is the classical method for this Pitta-pacifying herb—preserves volatile aromatics better than hot decoction. ### Coriander Herb URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/coriander-herb/ Botanical name: Coriandrum sativum Coriander Herb (Coriandrum sativum) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Cilantro/coriander leaves used as fresh herb primarily. Bioavailability: Fresh leaf (cilantro) volatile composition differs from seed—contains decanal, dodecanal, and 2-decenal instead of linalool. ### Cumin URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/cumin/ Botanical name: Cuminum cyminum Cumin (Cuminum cyminum) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Thymoquinone (trace) is well absorbed. Cumin enhances the activity of digestive enzymes (lipase, protease, amylase) improving overall nutrient bioavailability. Roasting enhances aroma but reduces cuminaldehyde content by 15-20%. ### Cumin Herb URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/cumin-herb/ Botanical name: Cuminum cyminum Cumin Herb (Cuminum cyminum) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Cumin|Cumin herb (aerial parts) is less commonly used than seeds but has traditional applications. Bioavailability: Aerial parts of Cuminum cyminum contain lower essential oil content than seeds but higher chlorophyll and flavonoid content. ### Curcumin URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/curcumin/ Curcumin is an isolated compound rather than a whole plant drug. ENHANCEMENT STRATEGIES (a major area of pharmaceutical R&D): Piperine co-administration: 20x increase. Phytosome (Meriva): 29x increase. Nanoparticle (Theracurmin): 27x increase. Micellar formulation (NovaSOL): 185x increase. ### Dadhi URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/dadhi/ Dadhi is an animal-derived substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. An absence here means we could not identify the source, not that no work exists. ### Dadima URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/dadima/ Botanical name: Punica granatum Dadima (Punica granatum) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Seed, juice, peel, and flower all used for different indications. Bioavailability: Ellagic acid from pomegranate shows low oral bioavailability (1-5%) but is converted by gut microbiota to urolithins (urolithin A, B) which have excellent bioavailability and are the active metabolites (individual variation in microbiome conversion is significant—'urolithin metabotype' concept). ### Dadima Twak URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/dadima-twak/ Botanical name: Punica granatum L. (fruit rind/pericarp) Family: Lythraceae (formerly Punicaceae) Pharmacopoeia status: WHO monograph published for Pericarpium Granati (pomegranate rind); documented in Indian Pharmacopoeia; ESCOP and EMEA have referenced pomegranate preparations Dadima Twak (Punica granatum L. (fruit rind/pericarp)) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Lythraceae (formerly Punicaceae) family. WHO monograph published for Pericarpium Granati (pomegranate rind); documented in Indian Pharmacopoeia; ESCOP and EMEA have referenced pomegranate preparations. ### Dadrughna URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/dadrughna/ Dadrughna is a substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. Oil-based formulations (Taila) enhance dermal penetration of lipophilic actives. For internal use, limited pharmacokinetic data available. Traditional practice emphasizes external application. Enhancement: incorporation into liposomal gels or nanostructured lipid carriers for improved dermal delivery. ### Danti URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/danti/ Botanical name: Baliospermum montanum (Willd.) Muell.-Arg. Family: Euphorbiaceae Pharmacopoeia status: Not in WHO monographs; listed in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India as a Virechana (purgative) drug; classified under Upavisha (semi-toxic) category in some texts requiring mandatory purification Danti (Baliospermum montanum (Willd.) Muell.-Arg.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Euphorbiaceae family. Not in WHO monographs; listed in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India as a Virechana (purgative) drug; classified under Upavisha (semi-toxic) category in some texts requiring mandatory purification. ### Danti Moola URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/danti-moola/ Botanical name: Baliospermum solanifolium Danti Moola (Baliospermum solanifolium) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Must be used under qualified practitioner supervision. Bioavailability: Root contains higher concentration of diterpene esters than stem. Purgative principles act locally in the intestine with limited systemic absorption desired. ### Daruharidra URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/daruharidra/ Botanical name: Berberis aristata DC. Pharmacopoeia status: Berberine is listed in WHO traditional medicine references. Berberis aristata is included in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. EFSA is conducting ongoing safety assessments for berberine in food supplements. No dedicated WHO monograph exists for Berberis aristata specifically. Daruharidra (Berberis aristata DC.) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Skin diseases and acne (Kushtha/Yauvanpidika): Validated by RCTs showing berberine-containing extracts effective against acne-causing pathogens (P. Berberine is listed in WHO traditional medicine references. ### Dashamoola URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/dashamoola/ Family: Multiple families Ayurvedic category: Vatahara (Anti-Vata), Shothahara (Anti-inflammatory) Dashamoola is classified in Ayurveda as Vatahara (Anti-Vata), Shothahara (Anti-inflammatory), from the Multiple families family. Parts used: roots of 10 plants: bilva, agnimantha, shyonaka, patala, gambhari + shalaparni, prishniparni, brihati, kantakari, gokshura. One of the most important compound formulations. ### Devadali URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/devadali/ Devadali is a substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. Cucurbitacins are lipophilic triterpenoids that absorb well from the GI tract but undergo hepatic metabolism. Fresh juice (Swarasa) provides highest bioavailability of volatile and labile constituents. ### Devadaru URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/devadaru/ Botanical name: Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex D.Don) G.Don Family: Pinaceae Pharmacopoeia status: Described in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India and classical texts (Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, Ashtanga Hridaya). No WHO monograph available. Wood oil is commercially traded internationally. Devadaru (Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex D.Don) G.Don) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Pinaceae family. Described in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India and classical texts (Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, Ashtanga Hridaya). ### Dhamasa URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/dhamasa/ Botanical name: Fagonia cretica L. / Fagonia arabica L. Family: Zygophyllaceae Pharmacopoeia status: Not listed in WHO monographs; recognized in Ayurvedic and Unani pharmacopoeias; used extensively in South Asian and Middle Eastern traditional medicine systems Dhamasa (Fagonia cretica L. / Fagonia arabica L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Zygophyllaceae family. Not listed in WHO monographs; recognized in Ayurvedic and Unani pharmacopoeias; used extensively in South Asian and Middle Eastern traditional medicine systems. ### Dhanyaka URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/dhanyaka/ Botanical name: Coriandrum sativum L. Family: Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) Pharmacopoeia status: Not individually listed in WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants; recognized in European, British, and Indian pharmacopoeias; GRAS status by FDA Dhanyaka (Coriandrum sativum L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) family. Not individually listed in WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants; recognized in European, British, and Indian pharmacopoeias; GRAS status by FDA. ### Dhanyamla URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/dhanyamla/ Family: Polyherbal fermented formulation (Sandhana Kalpana) Pharmacopoeia status: Not listed in WHO monographs; recognized in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia as a Sandhana Kalpana (fermented preparation); widely used in Kerala Panchakarma tradition Dhanyamla is a substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica, from the Polyherbal fermented formulation (Sandhana Kalpana) family. Not listed in WHO monographs; recognized in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia as a Sandhana Kalpana (fermented preparation); widely used in Kerala Panchakarma tradition. ### Dhataki URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/dhataki/ Botanical name: Woodfordia fruticosa Dhataki (Woodfordia fruticosa) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Primary traditional use is as fermentation agent in Aristha/Asava preparations. Bioavailability: Woodfordia fruticosa flowers are rich in tannins (particularly ellagitannins and gallotannins) and flavonoids. ### Dhatri Loha URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/dhatri-loha/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI); recognized as classical Ayurvedic medicine under CCRAS (Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences), Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India Dhatri Loha is a bhasma, a mineral or metal preparation reduced to ash by repeated calcination. Iron deficiency anemia (Pandu Roga) - validated in multiple clinical trials showing significant hemoglobin improvement (1.5-2 g/dL rise over 8 weeks) Digestive disorders with acid peptic symptoms - traditional use supported by the gastroprotective action of Amalaki and Yashtimadhu components ### Dhava URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/dhava/ Botanical name: Anogeissus latifolia Dhava (Anogeissus latifolia) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Tannin-rich fraction has low systemic bioavailability but effective local GI action (astringent, anti-diarrheal). Ellagic acid undergoes gut microbial metabolism to urolithins. Flavonoid fraction has moderate bioavailability (15-30%). ### Draksha URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/draksha/ Botanical name: Vitis vinifera Draksha (Vitis vinifera) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Resveratrol has low oral bioavailability (<1% as free resveratrol) due to rapid glucuronidation and sulfation. However, resveratrol metabolites (resveratrol-3-O-glucuronide, resveratrol-3-sulfate) retain partial biological activity. ### Drakshavaleha URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/drakshavaleha/ Pharmacopoeia status: Referenced in Pharmacopoeia Commission for Indian Medicine & Homoeopathy publications (1986, 1999); formulation based on Ashtanga Hridaya classical standards Drakshavaleha is a compound formulation of several ingredients. Referenced in Pharmacopoeia Commission for Indian Medicine & Homoeopathy publications (1986, 1999); formulation based on Ashtanga Hridaya classical standards. ### Dronapushpi URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/dronapushpi/ Botanical name: Leucas cephalotes Dronapushpi (Leucas cephalotes) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Flavonoid glycosides have moderate oral bioavailability (15-30%) with gut deglycosylation releasing more permeable aglycones. Volatile terpenoid fraction is well absorbed but rapidly metabolized. ### Dugdhika URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/dugdhika/ Botanical name: Euphorbia prostrata Dugdhika (Euphorbia prostrata) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Latex: topical application as directed. Bioavailability: Euphorbia thymifolia/hirta (Dugdhika) contains flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol glycosides), tannins, and terpenoids. The milky latex contains diterpene esters with moderate dermal absorption for topical use. ### Durva URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/durva/ Botanical name: Cynodon dactylon Durva (Cynodon dactylon) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Flavone C-glycosides (orientin, vitexin) are resistant to acid hydrolysis and absorbed intact through SGLT1 transporter with moderate bioavailability (20-35%). Apigenin has moderate oral bioavailability (~25%) improved by lipid co-administration. ### Ela URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/ela/ Botanical name: Elettaria cardamomum Family: Zingiberaceae Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API) and referenced in traditional Ayurveda, Unani, and Siddha medicine systems. Historical use documented since 4th century BCE. Not currently listed as a standalone WHO monograph; recognized by Indian pharmacopoeia standards for digestive, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. Ela (Elettaria cardamomum) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Zingiberaceae family. Listed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API) and referenced in traditional Ayurveda, Unani, and Siddha medicine systems. ### Eranda URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/eranda/ Botanical name: Ricinus communis L. Family: Euphorbiaceae Pharmacopoeia status: WHO/FAO Joint Expert Committee established ADI for castor oil; included in multiple national pharmacopoeias; WHO recognizes traditional medicinal use Eranda (Ricinus communis L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Euphorbiaceae family. WHO/FAO Joint Expert Committee established ADI for castor oil; included in multiple national pharmacopoeias; WHO recognizes traditional medicinal use. ### Eranda Moola URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/eranda-moola/ Botanical name: Ricinus communis Eranda Moola (Ricinus communis) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Ricinine has good oral bioavailability (>50%) with rapid absorption. Flavonoids from root have moderate bioavailability (15-25%). Unlike the oil from seeds, root preparations are primarily used for anti-inflammatory and Vata-pacifying actions rather than purgation. ### Eranda Paka URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/eranda-paka/ Botanical name: Ricinus communis L. (processed castor preparation) Family: Euphorbiaceae Pharmacopoeia status: Castor oil (Oleum Ricini) listed in WHO Model List of Essential Medicines as a laxative; Eranda|Eranda Paka specifically referenced in Ayurvedic Formulary of India; ricin classified as Schedule 1 substance under Chemical Weapons Convention Eranda Paka (Ricinus communis L. (processed castor preparation)) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Euphorbiaceae family. [Phytochemical Composition and Multifunctional Applications of Ricinus communis L.: Insights into Therapeutic, Pharmacological, and Industrial Potential](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40807390/). ### Eranda Patra URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/eranda-patra/ Botanical name: Ricinus communis L. (leaves) Family: Euphorbiaceae Pharmacopoeia status: Ricinus communis referenced in WHO publications on medicinal plants; leaves not separately monographed; documented in Ayurvedic Formulary of India for external therapeutic use Eranda Patra (Ricinus communis L. (leaves)) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Euphorbiaceae family. Ricinus communis referenced in WHO publications on medicinal plants; leaves not separately monographed; documented in Ayurvedic Formulary of India for external therapeutic use. ### Eucalyptus URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/eucalyptus/ Botanical name: Eucalyptus globulus Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Do not ingest undiluted essential oil. Bioavailability: Eucalyptus globulus essential oil is dominated by 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol, 60-85%). Cineole has excellent oral bioavailability (>70%) when given in enteric-coated form, with rapid absorption and distribution to respiratory tissues. ### Eucalyptus Herb URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/eucalyptus-herb/ Botanical name: Eucalyptus globulus Eucalyptus Herb (Eucalyptus globulus) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Aqueous infusion extracts primarily polyphenols and residual volatile oil. Polyphenol bioavailability is moderate (10-20% for flavonoids, low for condensed tannins). Ellagitannins are metabolized by gut flora to urolithins. ### Fennel URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/fennel/ Botanical name: Foeniculum vulgare Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) is a plant used in Ayurveda. trans-Anethole has good oral bioavailability (>50%) with rapid GI absorption. It is metabolized by CYP enzymes to 4-methoxybenzoic acid. Estragole (minor component, 1-5%) has regulatory attention due to genotoxicity concerns in isolated form. ### Fennel Herb URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/fennel-herb/ Botanical name: Foeniculum vulgare Fennel Herb (Foeniculum vulgare) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Quercetin and kaempferol glycosides from herb have moderate bioavailability (15-25%). Volatile oil components (anethole, fenchone) present at lower levels than seed products. ### Fenugreek Herb URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/fenugreek-herb/ Botanical name: Trigonella foenum-graecum Fenugreek Herb (Trigonella foenum-graecum) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Flavone C-glycosides (vitexin, orientin) are absorbed intact via SGLT1 transporter with moderate bioavailability (20-35%). Leaf saponin content is lower than seeds, resulting in less GI disturbance. ### Gajapippali URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/gajapippali/ Botanical name: Scindapsus officinalis (Roxb.) Schott Family: Araceae Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India; significant research gaps noted; no WHO monograph available; needs comprehensive pharmacological evaluation Gajapippali (Scindapsus officinalis (Roxb.) Schott) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Araceae family. Respiratory disease treatment (Kasa-Shwasa) partially validated by expectorant activity of saponin-rich extracts Antipyretic use supported by traditional clinical evidence and preliminary pharmacological data Galactagogue use (breast milk improvement) remains to be validated through modern clinical studies ### Gambhari URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/gambhari/ Botanical name: Gmelina arborea Roxb. Family: Lamiaceae (formerly Verbenaceae) Pharmacopoeia status: Constituent of Dashamula in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India; referenced in WHO regional traditional medicine databases for South-East Asia Gambhari (Gmelina arborea Roxb.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Lamiaceae (formerly Verbenaceae) family. Constituent of Dashamula in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India; referenced in WHO regional traditional medicine databases for South-East Asia. ### Gambhari Phala URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/gambhari-phala/ Botanical name: Gmelina arborea Roxb. Family: Lamiaceae (formerly Verbenaceae) Pharmacopoeia status: Not listed in WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants; Gmelina arborea documented in Indian Pharmacopoeia; Gambhari is one of the Dashamoola (ten roots) group in Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia Gambhari Phala (Gmelina arborea Roxb.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Lamiaceae (formerly Verbenaceae) family. Not listed in WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants; Gmelina arborea documented in Indian Pharmacopoeia; Gambhari is one of the Dashamoola (ten roots) group in Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia. ### Gandhak Rasayan URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/gandhak-rasayan/ Family: Rasa Shastra (Ayurvedic mineral/metal preparation - not a plant family) Pharmacopoeia status: Not listed in WHO monographs; classified as a Rasa Shastra preparation in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India; subject to AYUSH regulatory guidelines for herbo-mineral formulations Gandhak Rasayan is a compound formulation of several ingredients, from the Rasa Shastra (Ayurvedic mineral/metal preparation - not a plant family) family. Not listed in WHO monographs; classified as a Rasa Shastra preparation in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India; subject to AYUSH regulatory guidelines for herbo-mineral formulations. ### Gangeruki URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/gangeruki/ Botanical name: Grewia tenax (Forssk.) Fiori Family: Tiliaceae (Malvaceae sensu lato) Pharmacopoeia status: Not listed in WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants; documented in Ayurvedic and Siddha pharmacopoeias; recognized in African traditional medicine systems for iron deficiency management Gangeruki (Grewia tenax (Forssk.) Fiori) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Tiliaceae (Malvaceae sensu lato) family. Not listed in WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants; documented in Ayurvedic and Siddha pharmacopoeias; recognized in African traditional medicine systems for iron deficiency management. ### Gavedhuka URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/gavedhuka/ Botanical name: Coix lacryma-jobi Gavedhuka (Coix lacryma-jobi) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Coixenolide has moderate oral bioavailability with good GI absorption. Coixol (a benzoxazinone) has moderate bioavailability (~30%). As a cereal grain, the starch matrix provides slow release of embedded bioactives. ### Ghrita URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/ghrita/ Ghrita is an animal-derived substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. [Health benefits of ghee: Review of Ayurveda and modern science perspectives](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38181707/). Journal of Ayurveda and integrative medicine. Xu Q, Liu X, Wang Z and others 2025. ### Giloy Satva URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/giloy-satva/ Botanical name: Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers (aqueous starch extract) Family: Menispermaceae Pharmacopoeia status: Not listed in WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants; recognized in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (Guduchi); FSSAI approved; subject to ongoing pharmacovigilance due to hepatotoxicity reports Giloy Satva (Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers (aqueous starch extract)) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Menispermaceae family. Not listed in WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants; recognized in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (Guduchi); FSSAI approved; subject to ongoing pharmacovigilance due to hepatotoxicity reports. ### Ginger URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/ginger/ Botanical name: Zingiber officinale Family: Zingiberaceae Ayurvedic category: Deepaniya (Appetizer), Shoolahara (Analgesic) Pharmacopoeia status: WHO Monograph exists in WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants (Rhizoma Zingiberis). Listed in British Pharmacopoeia, European Pharmacopoeia, USP, Indian Pharmacopoeia, and Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. FDA GRAS status for food use. EMA monograph available for traditional herbal medicinal use. Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is classified in Ayurveda as Deepaniya (Appetizer), Shoolahara (Analgesic), from the Zingiberaceae family. Parts used: rhizome. Called 'Vishwabheshaja' (universal medicine). WHO Monograph exists in WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants (Rhizoma Zingiberis). ### Godanti Bhasma URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/godanti-bhasma/ Godanti Bhasma is a bhasma, a mineral or metal preparation reduced to ash by repeated calcination. An absence here means we could not identify the source, not that no work exists. SAFE: LD50 in Class IV (>2000 mcg/kg) indicating low acute toxicity. ### Godugdha URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/godugdha/ Godugdha is an animal-derived substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. [A2 milk consumption and its health benefits: an update](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38274187/). Food science and biotechnology. 2 further claims previously listed here could not be traced to a published paper and have been removed. ### Gojihva URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/gojihva/ Botanical name: Onosma bracteatum Wall. Family: Boraginaceae Pharmacopoeia status: Not listed in WHO monographs; recognized in Ayurvedic and Unani pharmacopeias; classified as a controversial drug (Sandigdha Dravya) in some Ayurvedic texts due to identity confusion with related species Gojihva (Onosma bracteatum Wall.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Boraginaceae family. Not listed in WHO monographs; recognized in Ayurvedic and Unani pharmacopeias; classified as a controversial drug (Sandigdha Dravya) in some Ayurvedic texts due to identity confusion with related species. ### Gokarna URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/gokarna/ Botanical name: Clitoria ternatea L. (same species as Aparajita; Gokarna is a regional Ayurvedic synonym) Family: Fabaceae (Leguminosae) Pharmacopoeia status: Not in WHO monographs; FDA-approved as food color additive (2021); recognized in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India under name Aparajita/Gokarna Gokarna (Clitoria ternatea L. (same species as Aparajita; Gokarna is a regional Ayurvedic synonym)) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Fabaceae (Leguminosae) family. Not in WHO monographs; FDA-approved as food color additive (2021); recognized in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India under name Aparajita/Gokarna. ### Gokshura URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/gokshura/ Botanical name: Tribulus terrestris L. Pharmacopoeia status: No dedicated WHO monograph. Fruits have monograph in Japanese Pharmacopoeia (16th Edition). Referenced in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. DrugBank listing (DB14358) documents pharmacological interactions. Gokshura (Tribulus terrestris L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda. No dedicated WHO monograph. Nitric oxide/NOS pathway: enhances relaxation of corpus cavernosum via increased NO release from endothelium and nitrergic nerve endings. ### Gomeda Bhasma URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/gomeda-bhasma/ Gomeda Bhasma is a bhasma, a mineral or metal preparation reduced to ash by repeated calcination. [Bhasma : The ancient Indian nanomedicine](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24696811/). Journal of advanced pharmaceutical technology & research. PMID [24696811](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24696811/) · [doi:10.4103/2231-4040.126980](https://doi.org/10.4103/2231-4040.126980) Gemstone Bhasmas including Gomeda described as non-toxic nanomedicines when prepared following classical Ayurvedic processes. ### Gomutra URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/gomutra/ Gomutra is an animal-derived substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. [In Silico and In Vitro Studies of Antibacterial Activity of Cow Urine Distillate (CUD)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38225974/). Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM. ### Gorakhmundi URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/gorakhmundi/ Botanical name: Sphaeranthus indicus L. Family: Asteraceae (Compositae) Pharmacopoeia status: Included in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India; Meratrim formulation has undergone formal regulatory toxicological evaluation; no standalone WHO monograph Gorakhmundi (Sphaeranthus indicus L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Asteraceae (Compositae) family. Included in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India; Meratrim formulation has undergone formal regulatory toxicological evaluation; no standalone WHO monograph. ### Gorochana URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/gorochana/ Gorochana is an animal-derived substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. [Tool from traditional medicines is useful for health-medication: Bezoar Bovis and taurine](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19239140/). Advances in experimental medicine and biology. 2 further claims previously listed here could not be traced to a published paper and have been removed. ### Granthiparni URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/granthiparni/ Botanical name: Leonotis nepetifolia Granthiparni (Leonotis nepetifolia) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Limited modern dosage data - follow classical text guidelines. Bioavailability: Leonotis nepetifolia / Granthiparni (in some traditions identified with other species) - limited modern pharmacokinetic data. ### Grinjana URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/grinjana/ Grinjana is a substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. Beta-carotene bioavailability is highly dependent on food matrix and fat content: raw carrot (~3% absorption) vs cooked with oil (~30-40%). Carotenoids are fat-soluble - co-administration with lipids (ghee, oil) dramatically enhances absorption. ### Gudmar URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/gudmar/ Botanical name: Gymnema sylvestre Pharmacopoeia status: No dedicated WHO monograph. Listed in Indian Pharmacopoeia. EFSA has published a risk assessment report for Gymnema sylvestre in food supplements (2020). Recognized in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India for traditional antidiabetic use. Gudmar (Gymnema sylvestre) is a plant used in Ayurveda. No dedicated WHO monograph. Gymnemic acids increase insulin secretion by stimulating Ca2+ influx through voltage-gated calcium channels and protein kinase activation, raising intracellular calcium. ### Gudmar Herb URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/gudmar-herb/ Botanical name: Gymnema sylvestre Gudmar Herb (Gymnema sylvestre) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Whole herb products are less concentrated than standardized extracts. Bioavailability: Gymnema sylvestre whole leaf (as opposed to standardized extract) provides the full phytochemical matrix including gymnemic acids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and fiber. ### Guduchi URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/guduchi/ Botanical name: Tinospora cordifolia Family: Menispermaceae Ayurvedic category: Rasayana, Jwaraghna Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia) is classified in Ayurveda as Rasayana, Jwaraghna, from the Menispermaceae family. Parts used: stem, root. Same as Giloy — alternate name used in classical texts. ### Hajrul Yahood Bhasma URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/hajrul-yahood-bhasma/ Hajrul Yahood Bhasma is a bhasma, a mineral or metal preparation reduced to ash by repeated calcination. Kidney stones (Ashmari): Lithontriptic and diuretic activity confirmed in research. ### Hapusa URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/hapusa/ Botanical name: Juniperus communis Hapusa (Juniperus communis) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Essential oil components (alpha-pinene, sabinene) show good lipophilic absorption. Co-formulation with lipid-based carriers or self-emulsifying systems can enhance terpenoid bioavailability. ### Haratala Bhasma URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/haratala-bhasma/ Haratala Bhasma is a bhasma, a mineral or metal preparation reduced to ash by repeated calcination. Haratala's apoptotic mechanism aligns with this approved indication. ### Haridra URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/haridra/ Botanical name: Curcuma longa L. Pharmacopoeia status: Curcuma longa is included in WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants (Volume 1). WHO acknowledges anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and wound healing properties. Listed in pharmacopoeias worldwide including USP, EP, IP, BP, and JP. GRAS status by US FDA. Haridra (Curcuma longa L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Curcuma longa is included in WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants (Volume 1). [Advancements in Dermatological Applications of Curcumin: Clinical Efficacy and Mechanistic Insights in the Management of Skin Disorders](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38765192/). ### Haritaki URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/haritaki/ Botanical name: Terminalia chebula Pharmacopoeia status: No dedicated WHO monograph. Listed in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (Part-I, Volume-I) with detailed therapeutic use descriptions. Also documented in Siddha Pharmacopoeia of India, Unani Pharmacopoeia of India, and Indian Herbal Pharmacopoeia. Called 'King of Medicine' in Tibetan medicine tradition. Haritaki (Terminalia chebula) is a plant used in Ayurveda. No dedicated WHO monograph. Rich in phenolcarboxylic and tannic antioxidants (chebulagic acid, chebulinic acid, gallic acid, ellagic acid) that prevent oxidative stress and inhibit peroxide-induced reactions. ### Himsra URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/himsra/ Botanical name: Capparis spinosa L. Family: Capparaceae Pharmacopoeia status: Not in WHO monographs as standalone; key ingredient in Liv.52 (Himalaya), which has undergone extensive clinical evaluation; recognized in traditional medicine systems of Mediterranean, Middle East, and Indian subcontinent Himsra (Capparis spinosa L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Capparaceae family. (Capparaceae): A Scoping Review of Phytochemistry, Ethnopharmacology and Pharmacological Activities](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41011598/). Molecules (Basel, Switzerland). Yousefi E, Abedi M, Aghajanzadeh TA and others 2025. ### Hingu URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/hingu/ Botanical name: Ferula asafoetida Family: Apiaceae Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API) and referenced in foundational Ayurvedic texts (Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita). Recognized in Unani medicine pharmacopoeia. Limited WHO-specific monograph coverage; identified as requiring further rigorous controlled clinical trials for formal therapeutic validation. Hingu (Ferula asafoetida) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Apiaceae family. Listed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API) and referenced in foundational Ayurvedic texts (Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita). ### Hinguleshwar Ras URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/hinguleshwar-ras/ Hinguleshwar Ras is a rasa preparation, a herbo-mineral formulation of the rasa shastra tradition. [Mercury in traditional medicines: is cinnabar toxicologically similar to common mercurials?](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18445765/). Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.). PMID [18445765](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18445765/) · [doi:10.3181/0712-MR-336](https://doi.org/10.3181/0712-MR-336) Cinnabar (HgS) is insoluble and poorly absorbed from the GI tract. ### Hingupatri URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/hingupatri/ Botanical name: Ferula spp. (leaf portion of Ferula assa-foetida L. or related Ferula species) Family: Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) Pharmacopoeia status: Ferula assa-foetida resin (Hingu) is recognized in WHO selected medicinal plants monographs and multiple pharmacopeias; the leaf (Hingupatri) specifically is referenced primarily in Ayurvedic Nighantus (lexicons) Hingupatri (Ferula spp. (leaf portion of Ferula assa-foetida L. or related Ferula species)) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) family. Ferula assa-foetida resin (Hingu) is recognized in WHO selected medicinal plants monographs and multiple pharmacopeias; the leaf (Hingupatri) specifically is referenced primarily in Ayurvedic Nighantus (lexicons). ### Holy Basil URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/holy-basil/ Botanical name: Ocimum tenuiflorum Holy Basil (Ocimum tenuiflorum) is a plant used in Ayurveda. sanctum) contains eugenol, rosmarinic acid, ursolic acid, and ocimumosides. Eugenol is rapidly absorbed (Tmax ~1 hour) with moderate bioavailability. Rosmarinic acid shows ~1-2% bioavailability but significant first-pass metabolism. ### Hrivera URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/hrivera/ Hrivera is a substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. Essential oil components are well absorbed transdermally. Oral bioavailability of sesquiterpenes is moderate; lipid-based formulations may enhance absorption. Essential oil in amber glass containers. ### Icchabhedi Rasa URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/icchabhedi-rasa/ Icchabhedi Rasa is a rasa preparation, a herbo-mineral formulation of the rasa shastra tradition. An absence here means we could not identify the source, not that no work exists. ### Ikshu URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/ikshu/ Botanical name: Saccharum officinarum Ikshu (Saccharum officinarum) is a plant used in Ayurveda. [Flavonoids and phenolic acids from sugarcane: Distribution in the plant, changes during processing, and potential benefits to industry and health](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38369931/). Comprehensive reviews in food science and food safety. ### Indravaruni URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/indravaruni/ Botanical name: Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. Family: Cucurbitaceae Pharmacopoeia status: Not approved by US FDA for OTC use; recognized in Ayurvedic and Unani pharmacopoeias with mandatory purification (Shodhana) requirements; no WHO monograph endorsing safety Indravaruni (Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Cucurbitaceae family. Not approved by US FDA for OTC use; recognized in Ayurvedic and Unani pharmacopoeias with mandatory purification (Shodhana) requirements; no WHO monograph endorsing safety. ### Indrayava URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/indrayava/ Botanical name: Holarrhena pubescens Indrayava (Holarrhena pubescens) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Conessine shows ~40-50% oral bioavailability with Tmax of 2-4 hours. Alkaloids are well absorbed in alkaline intestinal pH. ### Ingudi URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/ingudi/ Botanical name: Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Delile Family: Zygophyllaceae Pharmacopoeia status: Recognized in WHO/UNICEF vector control programs for molluscicidal properties against bilharzia snails. Listed in African and Indian traditional pharmacopeias. Listed in Ayurvedic texts as Ingudi. Used in AYUSH systems. Ingudi (Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Delile) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Zygophyllaceae family. Recognized in WHO/UNICEF vector control programs for molluscicidal properties against bilharzia snails. ### Isabgol URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/isabgol/ Botanical name: Plantago ovata Isabgol (Plantago ovata) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Total PubMed publications found: 122 Authors: Fugh-Berman A Journal: Lancet (London, England) (2000) PMID: 10675182 > Concurrent use of herbs may mimic, magnify, or oppose the effect of drugs. ### Ishabgula URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/ishabgula/ Botanical name: Plantago ovata Ishabgula (Plantago ovata) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Mucilage is not systemically absorbed (acts locally). Seed oil fraction contains linoleic acid and oleic acid with good absorption. Protein and mineral components are partially digested and absorbed. ### Ishwari URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/ishwari/ Botanical name: Aristolochia indica L. Family: Aristolochiaceae Pharmacopoeia status: WHO and IARC have classified aristolochic acids as Group 1 human carcinogens; European Medicines Agency (EMA) has issued public warnings against all Aristolochia-containing products; banned in EU, US, and many Asian countries Ishwari (Aristolochia indica L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Aristolochiaceae family. [Characterization of the aqueous extract of the root of Aristolochia indica: evaluation of its traditional use as an antidote for snake bites](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23174522/). ### Jahar Mohra Pishti URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/jahar-mohra-pishti/ Jahar Mohra Pishti is a bhasma, a mineral or metal preparation reduced to ash by repeated calcination. An absence here means we could not identify the source, not that no work exists. ### Jalavetasa URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/jalavetasa/ Botanical name: Vallisneria spiralis L. (aquatic medicinal plant grouped under Jalaj Aushadhi) Family: Hydrocharitaceae Pharmacopoeia status: Not listed in WHO monographs; very limited formal recognition in pharmacopeias; referenced under 'Jalaj Aushadhi' (water-born medicines) category in older Ayurvedic texts like Vrikshayurveda Jalavetasa (Vallisneria spiralis L. (aquatic medicinal plant grouped under Jalaj Aushadhi)) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Hydrocharitaceae family. Not listed in WHO monographs; very limited formal recognition in pharmacopeias; referenced under 'Jalaj Aushadhi' (water-born medicines) category in older Ayurvedic texts like Vrikshayurveda. ### Jambu URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/jambu/ Botanical name: Syzygium cumini Jambu (Syzygium cumini) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Ellagic acid has poor oral bioavailability (~1-2%) due to low solubility; metabolized by gut microbiota to urolithins which are well absorbed. Anthocyanins in fruit pulp have ~1-2% bioavailability. ### Jambu Beeja URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/jambu-beeja/ Botanical name: Syzygium cumini Jambu Beeja (Syzygium cumini) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Active compounds including jamboline, ellagitannins, and gallic acid. Gallic acid has moderate bioavailability (~30%). Ellagitannins are converted to ellagic acid and subsequently to urolithins by gut microbiota. ### Jamun URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/jamun/ Botanical name: Syzygium cumini Jamun (Syzygium cumini) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Total PubMed publications found: 514 Authors: Rizvi Maryam Khalid, Rabail Roshina, Munir Seemal et al. Journal: Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) (2022) PMID: 36364010 Keywords: Jamun, Syzygium cumin, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, metabolic syndrome, obesity Authors: Kumari Neeraj, Kumar Manoj, Chaudhary Nisha et al. ### Japa URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/japa/ Botanical name: Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Japa (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Anthocyanins have low bioavailability (~1-2%) but are active in the GI tract. Quercetin bioavailability ~5-10%. Hibiscus acid and hydroxycitric acid are well absorbed. ### Jatamansi URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/jatamansi/ Botanical name: Nardostachys jatamansi Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API) with official monograph for rhizomes; recommended for skin diseases, cellulitis, disturbed mental state, and insomnia. Referenced in Chinese Pharmacopoeia with nardosinone as quality indicator. Listed under CITES Appendix II (1997) due to critically endangered status. No dedicated WHO monograph identified, but recognized across Ayurvedic, Unani, Tibetan, and Chinese traditional medicine systems. Jatamansi (Nardostachys jatamansi) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Listed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API) with official monograph for rhizomes; recommended for skin diseases, cellulitis, disturbed mental state, and insomnia. ### Jati URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/jati/ Botanical name: Jasminum officinale Jati (Jasminum officinale) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Linalool has high oral bioavailability (~70%) and crosses blood-brain barrier. Secoiridoid glycosides are hydrolyzed by gut enzymes to absorbable aglycones. Nasal administration (Nasya) provides direct CNS access bypassing first-pass metabolism. ### Jatiphala URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/jatiphala/ Botanical name: Myristica fragrans Jatiphala (Myristica fragrans) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Myristicin is well absorbed orally with high lipophilicity (logP ~2.5). Myristicin is metabolized to MMDA-like compounds by CYP enzymes (contributing to psychoactive effects at high doses). ### Javitri URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/javitri/ Botanical name: Myristica fragrans Javitri (Myristica fragrans) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Mace essential oil is richer in myristicin and macelignan. Myristicin absorption and metabolism profile similar to nutmeg. Macelignan shows good oral absorption with hepatoprotective activity. ### Jayapala URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/jayapala/ Botanical name: Croton tiglium L. Jayapala (Croton tiglium L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda. {'use': 'Purgative (Virechana, Bhedana) for constipation and abdominal disorders', 'validation': "Croton oil's powerful purgative action is well-established pharmacologically. ### Jeeraka URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/jeeraka/ Botanical name: Cuminum cyminum L. Family: Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) Pharmacopoeia status: Not listed in WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants; recognized in multiple national pharmacopoeias; FDA GRAS status; Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia documents both Shweta (white) and Krishna (black) Jeeraka Jeeraka (Cuminum cyminum L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) family. Not listed in WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants; recognized in multiple national pharmacopoeias; FDA GRAS status; Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia documents both Shweta (white) and Krishna (black) Jeeraka. ### Jivaka URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/jivaka/ Botanical name: Malaxis muscifera (Lindl.) Kuntze / Malaxis acuminata D. Don Family: Orchidaceae Pharmacopoeia status: Not listed in WHO monographs; classified as endangered/critically endangered in IUCN categories; conservation priority species in Himalayan biodiversity programs Jivaka (Malaxis muscifera (Lindl.) Kuntze / Malaxis acuminata D. Don) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Orchidaceae family. Not listed in WHO monographs; classified as endangered/critically endangered in IUCN categories; conservation priority species in Himalayan biodiversity programs. ### Jivanti URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/jivanti/ Botanical name: Leptadenia reticulata (Retz.) Wight & Arn. Family: Asclepiadaceae (Apocynaceae) Pharmacopoeia status: Not listed in WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants; listed in IUCN Red List as vulnerable species; documented in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India; key ingredient in marketed formulations (Speman, Chyawanprash) Jivanti (Leptadenia reticulata (Retz.) Wight & Arn.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Asclepiadaceae (Apocynaceae) family. Not listed in WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants; listed in IUCN Red List as vulnerable species; documented in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India; key ingredient in marketed formulations (Speman, Chyawanprash). ### Jyotishmati URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/jyotishmati/ Botanical name: Celastrus paniculatus Jyotishmati (Celastrus paniculatus) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Total PubMed publications found: 75 Authors: Kulkarni Yogesh A, Agarwal Sneha, Garud Mayuresh S Journal: Journal of Ayurveda and integrative medicine (2015) PMID: 26166997 > Jyotishmati, scientifically known as Celastrus paniculatus Wild (Celastraceae) is one of the most important medicinal plants in Ayurveda. ### Kachnar URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/kachnar/ Botanical name: Bauhinia variegata Kachnar (Bauhinia variegata) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Quercetin has ~5-10% oral bioavailability enhanced by lipids and piperine. Kaempferol shows similar absorption profile. Tannins are poorly absorbed but may have local anti-inflammatory effects in GI tract. ### Kachura URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/kachura/ Botanical name: Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe Family: Zingiberaceae Pharmacopoeia status: Not in specific WHO monographs; listed in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India; recognized in Japanese, Chinese, and Thai traditional pharmacopeias Kachura (Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Zingiberaceae family. Not in specific WHO monographs; listed in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India; recognized in Japanese, Chinese, and Thai traditional pharmacopeias. ### Kadali URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/kadali/ Botanical name: Musa paradisiaca L. Family: Musaceae Pharmacopoeia status: Not listed in WHO monographs on medicinal plants specifically; recognized by FAO/WHO as a major staple food crop; banana stem and unripe fruit referenced in traditional pharmacopoeias of India and Southeast Asia Kadali (Musa paradisiaca L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Musaceae family. Not listed in WHO monographs on medicinal plants specifically; recognized by FAO/WHO as a major staple food crop; banana stem and unripe fruit referenced in traditional pharmacopoeias of India and Southeast Asia. ### Kadali Pushpa URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/kadali-pushpa/ Botanical name: Musa paradisiaca L. (inflorescence/flower) Family: Musaceae Pharmacopoeia status: Not listed in WHO monographs on medicinal plants; recognized as an edible floral vegetable in Southeast Asian food traditions; referenced in Ayurvedic texts for Pradarahara (anti-menorrhagic) applications Kadali Pushpa (Musa paradisiaca L. (inflorescence/flower)) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Musaceae family. Not listed in WHO monographs on medicinal plants; recognized as an edible floral vegetable in Southeast Asian food traditions; referenced in Ayurvedic texts for Pradarahara (anti-menorrhagic) applications. ### Kadamba URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/kadamba/ Botanical name: Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser Family: Rubiaceae Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India for treatment of wounds, conjunctivitis, mouth ulcers, diarrhea and urinary tract diseases. No specific WHO monograph as of 2025. Kadamba (Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Rubiaceae family. Listed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India for treatment of wounds, conjunctivitis, mouth ulcers, diarrhea and urinary tract diseases. ### Kadara URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/kadara/ Kadara is a substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. Catechin has moderate oral bioavailability (~20-30%) with Tmax of ~2 hours. Epicatechin shows better bioavailability (~30-40%). Condensed tannins have poor absorption but act locally in GI and oral mucosa. ### Kaharuba Pishti URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/kaharuba-pishti/ Kaharuba Pishti is a bhasma, a mineral or metal preparation reduced to ash by repeated calcination. [Characterization and antimicrobial study of Trinakantamani (Amber) Pishti](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35813362/). PMID [35813362](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35813362/) · [doi:10.4103/ayu.AYU_155_19](https://doi.org/10.4103/ayu.AYU_155_19) EDEX study showed Pishti particles reduced to 701nm from 1-2 micrometers raw size, potentially enhancing bioavailability. ### Kakamachi URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/kakamachi/ Botanical name: Solanum nigrum Kakamachi (Solanum nigrum) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Note: Ripe black berries only (unripe green berries contain higher solanine levels). Bioavailability: Solanum nigrum contains steroidal glycoalkaloids (solasonine, solamargine), flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol), and polyphenols. ### Kakatikta URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/kakatikta/ Kakatikta is a substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. Contains bitter principles, flavonoids, and terpenoids typical of its botanical family. Traditional decoction preparation is the standard route. Bitter taste receptors (T2Rs) are activated in GI tract, mediating digestive stimulation independent of systemic absorption. ### Kakoli URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/kakoli/ Botanical name: Roscoea purpurea Sm. (also identified with Fritillaria roylei) Family: Zingiberaceae Pharmacopoeia status: Not listed in WHO monographs; a critically endangered Ashtavarga member; recognized in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India Kakoli (Roscoea purpurea Sm. (also identified with Fritillaria roylei)) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Zingiberaceae family. Not listed in WHO monographs; a critically endangered Ashtavarga member; recognized in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. ### Kalajaji URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/kalajaji/ Botanical name: Nigella sativa L. Family: Ranunculaceae Pharmacopoeia status: Referenced in WHO Traditional Medicine Strategy; black cumin oil included in national pharmacopoeias of several countries; 51 clinical trials registered on ClinicalTrials.gov as of October 2024 Kalajaji (Nigella sativa L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Ranunculaceae family. Referenced in WHO Traditional Medicine Strategy; black cumin oil included in national pharmacopoeias of several countries; 51 clinical trials registered on ClinicalTrials.gov as of October 2024. ### Kalmegh URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/kalmegh/ Botanical name: Andrographis paniculata Kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Andrographolide is lipophilic but has limited aqueous solubility (50 μg/mL). Enhancement strategies: (1) Solid dispersion with PVP or HPMC improves dissolution 4-6x; (2) Self-nanoemulsifying formulations (SNEDDS) enhance bioavailability 3-4x; (3) Phospholipid complexation (phytosome); (4) Cyclodextrin inclusion complexes; (5) Nanoparticle formulations. ### Kalonji URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/kalonji/ Botanical name: Nigella sativa Family: Ranunculaceae Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in the Pharmacopoeia of India at recommended dose of 0.5-4 g seed powder for digestive and carminative purposes. Recognized in Unani medicine (Tibb-e-Nabawi) and traditional Islamic medicine with extensive historical documentation. Not yet included in WHO monographs as a standalone entry, though substantial peer-reviewed evidence supports therapeutic applications. Kalonji (Nigella sativa) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Ranunculaceae family. Listed in the Pharmacopoeia of India at recommended dose of 0.5-4 g seed powder for digestive and carminative purposes. ### Kamala URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/kamala/ Botanical name: Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. Pharmacopoeia status: Nelumbo nucifera is listed in WHO traditional medicine references and multiple Asian pharmacopoeias including Chinese Pharmacopoeia, Indian Pharmacopoeia, and Japanese Pharmacopoeia. GRAS food status supports topical safety. CIR safety review completed 2025. Kamala (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Nelumbo nucifera is listed in WHO traditional medicine references and multiple Asian pharmacopoeias including Chinese Pharmacopoeia, Indian Pharmacopoeia, and Japanese Pharmacopoeia. ### Kamala Kesara URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/kamala-kesara/ Botanical name: Nelumbo nucifera Kamala Kesara (Nelumbo nucifera) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Enhancement strategies include co-administration with Pippali (piperine source) or formulation with lipid-based carriers (self-emulsifying systems) to improve absorption of lipophilic pigments like kaempferol glycosides. ### Kamalakanda URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/kamalakanda/ Botanical name: Nelumbo nucifera Kamalakanda (Nelumbo nucifera) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Co-administration with long pepper or ginger enhances absorption. Nanoparticle encapsulation improves delivery of aporphine alkaloids. Powder is hygroscopic and must be protected from humidity (RH < 55%). ### Kampillaka URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/kampillaka/ Botanical name: Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Mull. Arg. Family: Euphorbiaceae Pharmacopoeia status: Included in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India; listed in Indian Pharmacopoeia; WHO recognizes its traditional anthelmintic use in South-East Asian medicine systems Kampillaka (Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Mull. Arg.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Euphorbiaceae family. Included in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India; listed in Indian Pharmacopoeia; WHO recognizes its traditional anthelmintic use in South-East Asian medicine systems. ### Kamsya Bhasma URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/kamsya-bhasma/ Kamsya Bhasma is a bhasma, a mineral or metal preparation reduced to ash by repeated calcination. An absence here means we could not identify the source, not that no work exists. Most evidence is traditional/empirical. ### Kanchanar URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/kanchanar/ Botanical name: Bauhinia variegata L. Family: Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Kanchanar Guggulu is an official formulation in AFI (Ayurvedic Formulary of India). No dedicated WHO monograph. Ongoing RCT may provide future regulatory evidence. Kanchanar (Bauhinia variegata L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) family. Listed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. [Evaluation of Comparative Efficacy of Levothyroxine Versus Kshar Basti and Kanchanar Guggul in the Treatment of Hypothyroidism: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39255475/). ### Kankataka URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/kankataka/ Kankataka is a substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. Traditional co-processing with Trikatu (Pippali, Maricha, Shunthi) enhances bioavailability of active alkaloids. Emulsification with sesame oil improves lipophilic constituent delivery. Protect from moisture and direct sunlight. ### Kankola URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/kankola/ Botanical name: Piper cubeba L.f. Family: Piperaceae Pharmacopoeia status: Not in current WHO monographs; historically included in many pharmacopeias including European Pharmacopoeia (historical); recognized in Ayurvedic, Unani, and Chinese traditional medicine Kankola (Piper cubeba L.f.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Piperaceae family. Not in current WHO monographs; historically included in many pharmacopeias including European Pharmacopoeia (historical); recognized in Ayurvedic, Unani, and Chinese traditional medicine. ### Kankshi URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/kankshi/ Botanical name: Abrus precatorius L. (seed coat/outer coating) Family: Fabaceae (Leguminosae) Pharmacopoeia status: WHO has issued warnings about Abrus precatorius toxicity; not recommended for unsupervised use in any medical system; listed in poison databases globally Kankshi (Abrus precatorius L. (seed coat/outer coating)) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Fabaceae (Leguminosae) family. WHO has issued warnings about Abrus precatorius toxicity; not recommended for unsupervised use in any medical system; listed in poison databases globally. ### Kanmad Bhasma URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/kanmad-bhasma/ Kanmad Bhasma is a bhasma, a mineral or metal preparation reduced to ash by repeated calcination. [Structural investigation of Ayurveda Lauha (Iron) Bhasma](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36822148/). Journal of Ayurveda and integrative medicine. 2 further claims previously listed here could not be traced to a published paper and have been removed. ### Kantakari URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/kantakari/ Botanical name: Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad. & Wendl. (syn. S. surattense Burm. f., S. virginianum L.) Family: Solanaceae Pharmacopoeia status: Included in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API) as a key Dashamula ingredient; listed in Indian Pharmacopoeia Kantakari (Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad. & Wendl. (syn. S. surattense Burm. f., S. virginianum L.)) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Solanaceae family. Included in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API) as a key Dashamula ingredient; listed in Indian Pharmacopoeia. ### Kapikachhu URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/kapikachhu/ Botanical name: Mucuna pruriens Kapikachhu (Mucuna pruriens) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Co-administration with carbidopa analogs or natural decarboxylase inhibitors (green tea catechins) enhances central L-DOPA delivery. Milk as anupana provides amino acid buffering and improves tolerability. ### Kapittha URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/kapittha/ Botanical name: Limonia acidissima Groff (syn. Feronia limonia (L.) Swingle) Family: Rutaceae Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India as Kapittha. Traditional use documented in Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita. No WHO monograph. Fruit is consumed as food across South and Southeast Asia. Kapittha (Limonia acidissima Groff (syn. Feronia limonia (L.) Swingle)) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Rutaceae family. Listed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India as Kapittha. ### Karanja URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/karanja/ Botanical name: Millettia pinnata (L.) Panigrahi (syn. Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre) Family: Fabaceae (Papilionoideae) Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Karanja oil is an official drug in Ayurvedic external formulations. No WHO monograph. Also used in biodiesel production (Pongamia biodiesel). Karanja (Millettia pinnata (L.) Panigrahi (syn. Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre)) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Fabaceae (Papilionoideae) family. Listed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. ### Karela URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/karela/ Botanical name: Momordica charantia Pharmacopoeia status: WHO has included M. charantia in medicinal plant monograph documentation. Referenced in multiple national pharmacopeias across Asia (Philippines, India, China, Vietnam). DrugBank classifies it as a plant/plant extract used in OTC products but not an approved drug. Extensive documentation exists in Alternative Medicine Review monograph (2007). WHO Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office has published pharmacological documentation. Widely recognized across Ayurvedic, Traditional Chinese Medicine, and Southeast Asian traditional medicine systems. Karela (Momordica charantia) is a plant used in Ayurveda. WHO has included M. Insulin receptor binding: Novel insulin receptor-binding protein enhances glucose uptake and clearance by triggering insulin receptor signaling pathway. Polypeptide-P: Insulin-mimetic protein (resembling bovine insulin) increases insulin secretion, tissue glucose uptake, liver/muscle glycogen synthesis, and glucose oxidation while decreasing hepatic gluconeogenesis. ### Karira URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/karira/ Botanical name: Capparis decidua Karira (Capparis decidua) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Glucosinolate-derived isothiocyanates are activated by myrosinase enzyme during mastication/processing. Gentle drying preserves myrosinase activity. Lipid-based formulations enhance absorption of steroidal sapogenins. Isothiocyanate content degrades at higher temperatures; refrigerated storage extends potency. ### Karkatashringi URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/karkatashringi/ Botanical name: Pistacia integerrima J.L. Stewart ex Brandis Family: Anacardiaceae Pharmacopoeia status: Included in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India; recognized in Unani Pharmacopoeia; no standalone WHO monograph but documented in regional traditional medicine databases Karkatashringi (Pistacia integerrima J.L. Stewart ex Brandis) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Anacardiaceae family. Included in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India; recognized in Unani Pharmacopoeia; no standalone WHO monograph but documented in regional traditional medicine databases. ### Karmaranga URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/karmaranga/ Botanical name: Averrhoa carambola Karmaranga (Averrhoa carambola) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Proanthocyanidins and epicatechin show moderate bioavailability (20-30%). L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is readily absorbed. Caution: oxalic acid may precipitate calcium — not recommended for patients with renal calculi. ### Karnikara URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/karnikara/ Karnikara is a substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. Flavonoid constituents benefit from lipid co-administration. Self-microemulsifying formulations enhance bioavailability of lipophilic terpenoids. Decoction form provides pre-hydrolyzed glycosides with improved absorption. Oil preparations in amber glass bottles. ### Karpasa URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/karpasa/ Botanical name: Gossypium herbaceum Karpasa (Gossypium herbaceum) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Gossypol chelates iron and calcium, reducing both mineral and gossypol absorption. Protein-rich meals reduce gossypol absorption. Refined cottonseed oil (gossypol-free) has standard lipid bioavailability. ### Karpasa Moola URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/karpasa-moola/ Botanical name: Gossypium herbaceum Karpasa Moola (Gossypium herbaceum) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Decoction form pre-hydrolyzes glycosides improving aglycone absorption. Milk as Anupana (vehicle) enhances lipophilic constituent absorption and provides buffering action. Gossypol content in roots is significantly lower than seeds. ### Karpura Camphor URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/karpura-camphor/ Karpura Camphor is an isolated compound rather than a whole plant drug. Rapidly metabolized hepatically to hydroxycamphor and glucuronic acid conjugates. Peak plasma levels in 15-30 minutes. Narrow therapeutic index; doses above 500 mg may cause toxicity. ### Karvellaka URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/karvellaka/ Botanical name: Momordica charantia Karvellaka (Momordica charantia) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Charantin and polypeptide-p bioavailability details as per Karela entry. Cucurbitane-type triterpenoids show improved absorption with lipid co-administration. Dried forms in airtight, moisture-proof containers at 15-30°C. ### Kasamarda URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/kasamarda/ Botanical name: Cassia occidentalis L. (syn. Senna occidentalis) Pharmacopoeia status: Referenced in WHO traditional medicine databases for tropical regions. Listed in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Used in traditional medicine systems across Africa, South America, and Asia. Safety concerns have limited WHO endorsement for oral preparations. Kasamarda (Cassia occidentalis L. (syn. Senna occidentalis)) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Referenced in WHO traditional medicine databases for tropical regions. [Medicinal Plants for Skin Disorders: Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Insights](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40807461/). Molecules (Basel, Switzerland). ### Kasani URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/kasani/ Botanical name: Cichorium intybus L. Family: Asteraceae (Compositae) Pharmacopoeia status: WHO monograph exists for Cichorium intybus; recognized in European Pharmacopoeia; documented in Ayurvedic and Unani Pharmacopoeias of India Kasani (Cichorium intybus L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Asteraceae (Compositae) family. WHO monograph exists for Cichorium intybus; recognized in European Pharmacopoeia; documented in Ayurvedic and Unani Pharmacopoeias of India. ### Kasheruka URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/kasheruka/ Botanical name: Scirpus kysoor Kasheruka (Scirpus kysoor) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Starch content of tubers may slow absorption but provides sustained release effect. Co-administration with ginger enhances absorption and reduces potential GI discomfort. Traditional processing with buttermilk improves palatability and bioavailability. ### Kasis Bhasma URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/kasis-bhasma/ Kasis Bhasma is a bhasma, a mineral or metal preparation reduced to ash by repeated calcination. An absence here means we could not identify the source, not that no work exists. SAFER THAN RAW FORM: Calcined Kasis Bhasma is nontoxic compared to unpurified Kasisa. ### Kasturi URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/kasturi/ Kasturi is an animal-derived substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. [Zoology, chemical composition, pharmacology, quality control and future perspective of Musk (Moschus): a review](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34147113/). 2 further claims previously listed here could not be traced to a published paper and have been removed. ### Kataka URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/kataka/ Botanical name: Strychnos potatorum L.f. Family: Loganiaceae Pharmacopoeia status: Not in WHO monographs; recognized in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India as Kataka (Nirmali); WHO acknowledges natural coagulants for water purification in developing countries Kataka (Strychnos potatorum L.f.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Loganiaceae family. Not in WHO monographs; recognized in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India as Kataka (Nirmali); WHO acknowledges natural coagulants for water purification in developing countries. ### Katphala URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/katphala/ Botanical name: Myrica esculenta Katphala (Myrica esculenta) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Proanthocyanidin oligomers show better absorption profiles. Nasya (nasal) administration bypasses first-pass metabolism and provides rapid CNS delivery. Phospholipid complexation of myricetin improves bioavailability 4-fold. ### Katuki URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/katuki/ Botanical name: Picrorhiza kurroa Katuki (Picrorhiza kurroa) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Picroside I is absorbed primarily in the upper GI tract. Apocynin (metabolite) has rapid absorption. Self-emulsifying formulations improve kutkin bioavailability by 3-fold. Piperine co-administration increases picroside I AUC by 60%. ### Kembuka URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/kembuka/ Botanical name: Costus speciosus Kembuka (Costus speciosus) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Traditional preparation with Trikatu enhances absorption of lipophilic constituents. Decoction form provides hydrolyzed glycosides with improved absorption. Mucilaginous constituents slow but sustain absorption. ### Ketaki URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/ketaki/ Botanical name: Pandanus odorifer Ketaki (Pandanus odorifer) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Kewra water constituents have >80% oral bioavailability. Terpenoids from leaf extracts show moderate absorption. Arka (distillate) provides pre-dissolved volatile constituents with rapid absorption. ### Khadira URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/khadira/ Botanical name: Acacia catechu (L.f.) Willd. Pharmacopoeia status: Acacia catechu is listed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India and recognized by Indian traditional medicine regulatory authorities (AYUSH). Referenced in WHO traditional medicine guidelines for South-East Asia region. No dedicated WHO monograph currently published. Khadira (Acacia catechu (L.f.) Willd.) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Acacia catechu is listed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India and recognized by Indian traditional medicine regulatory authorities (AYUSH). ### Kharjura URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/kharjura/ Botanical name: Phoenix dactylifera L. Family: Arecaceae (Palmae) Pharmacopoeia status: Recognized by FAO and WHO as a nutritionally important fruit crop. Listed in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia as Kharjura. Widely used in Unani medicine (Khurma). No dedicated WHO medicinal monograph. Kharjura (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Arecaceae (Palmae) family. Recognized by FAO and WHO as a nutritionally important fruit crop. ### Kiratatikta URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/kiratatikta/ Botanical name: Swertia chirayita Kiratatikta (Swertia chirayita) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Xanthones (swertianin, mangiferin) have lower bioavailability (15-20%) due to low aqueous solubility. Piperine co-administration enhances xanthone absorption by 40%. Nano-emulsion formulations of amarogentin show 3-fold improved bioavailability. ### Kokilaksha URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/kokilaksha/ Botanical name: Hygrophila auriculata Kokilaksha (Hygrophila auriculata) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Alkaloids (hygrine derivatives) have better systemic availability. Milk-based preparations (Ksheera Paka) significantly enhance phytoecdysteroid absorption due to lipid carrier effect. Piperine co-administration improves ecdysterone bioavailability by inhibiting CYP3A4 metabolism. ### Koshamra URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/koshamra/ Botanical name: Schleichera oleosa Koshamra (Schleichera oleosa) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Flavonoid aglycones have moderate bioavailability (~20-30%). Co-administration with lipid carriers or piperine enhances polyphenol absorption. Decoction form pre-hydrolyzes glycosides improving bioavailability of aglycone forms. ### Koshataki URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/koshataki/ Botanical name: Luffa acutangula Koshataki (Luffa acutangula) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Cucurbitane triterpenoids show moderate oral absorption enhanced by lipid carriers. Sapogenins have improved bioavailability in SNEDDS formulations. Nasya administration of juice provides direct nasal mucosal delivery for pratishyaya (rhinitis) management. ### Kovidara URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/kovidara/ Botanical name: Bauhinia purpurea L. Family: Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in Ayurvedic texts as Kovidara. Used interchangeably with B. variegata in some formulations. No dedicated WHO monograph. Recognized in Thai traditional medicine and Indian AYUSH systems. Kovidara (Bauhinia purpurea L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) family. Listed in Ayurvedic texts as Kovidara. [Genus Bauhinia (Fabaceae): A review from phytochemistry to pharmacology- Exploring traditional uses and toxicological insights across Asia](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39571414/). ### Krimi Kuthar Rasa URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/krimi-kuthar-rasa/ Pharmacopoeia status: Classical Rasashastra formulation from Bhaishajya Ratnavali; Schedule E-1 restricted medicine requiring prescription; manufactured under strict AYUSH licensing; regulatory scrutiny due to mercury and aconite content Krimi Kuthar Rasa is a rasa preparation, a herbo-mineral formulation of the rasa shastra tradition. Classical Rasashastra formulation from Bhaishajya Ratnavali; Schedule E-1 restricted medicine requiring prescription; manufactured under strict AYUSH licensing; regulatory scrutiny due to mercury and aconite content. ### Krishna Jeeraka URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/krishna-jeeraka/ Krishna Jeeraka is a substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. SNEDDS and solid lipid nanoparticle formulations improve TQ bioavailability by 3-5 fold. Piperine co-administration increases TQ plasma levels by 50%. Fixed oil serves as natural lipid carrier enhancing TQ self-emulsification. ### Kshara Parpati URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/kshara-parpati/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in Siddha Yoga Sangraha; recognized as a classical Ayurvedic Parpati Kalpana; included in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI); classified under mineral preparations of the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940 Kshara Parpati is a rasa preparation, a herbo-mineral formulation of the rasa shastra tradition. Mutrashmari (urinary calculi/kidney stones) - traditional use supported by comparative clinical study showing litholytic and diuretic efficacy Mutrakrichra (dysuria/painful urination) - traditional primary indication validated through pharmaceutical review and clinical practice observations ### Kshavaka URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/kshavaka/ Botanical name: Amaranthus spinosus L. Family: Amaranthaceae Pharmacopoeia status: Not listed in WHO monographs on medicinal plants; Amaranthus genus recognized as nutritionally important by FAO; Kshavaka identity remains debated in Ayurvedic pharmacognosy Kshavaka (Amaranthus spinosus L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Amaranthaceae family. Diuretic activity validated through pharmacological studies supporting traditional Ayurvedic use for Mutrakrichchhra (dysuria) and urinary disorders Anti-inflammatory and wound healing properties confirmed in preclinical models, supporting traditional topical use for skin conditions and wound management ### Ksheera URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/ksheera/ Family: Not applicable (Bovidae - cow family for Go-Ksheera) Pharmacopoeia status: Milk recognized by WHO/FAO as essential food for nutrition; included in WHO Model Formulary as pharmaceutical vehicle; WHO guidelines on safe milk production and processing published Ksheera is an animal-derived substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica, from the Not applicable (Bovidae - cow family for Go-Ksheera) family. Milk recognized by WHO/FAO as essential food for nutrition; included in WHO Model Formulary as pharmaceutical vehicle; WHO guidelines on safe milk production and processing published. ### Kshirabala 101 Avarti URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/kshirabala-101-avarti/ Kshirabala 101 Avarti is a compound formulation of several ingredients. Each Avarti (cycle of adding milk, Bala decoction, and sesame oil with re-cooking) progressively reduces particle size and enhances oil-water interfacial properties. ### Kukkutanda Twak Bhasma URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/kukkutanda-twak-bhasma/ Kukkutanda Twak Bhasma is a bhasma, a mineral or metal preparation reduced to ash by repeated calcination. [Analytical profile of Kukkutanda Tvak Bhasma (incinerated hen egg shells) prepared by two different methods](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30254398/). ### Kulattha URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/kulattha/ Botanical name: Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc. (syn. Dolichos biflorus L.) Family: Fabaceae (Leguminosae) Pharmacopoeia status: Not listed in WHO monographs as a medicinal plant; widely recognized as a functional food legume; Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia documents its medicinal properties Kulattha (Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc. (syn. Dolichos biflorus L.)) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Fabaceae (Leguminosae) family. Not listed in WHO monographs as a medicinal plant; widely recognized as a functional food legume; Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia documents its medicinal properties. ### Kumbhika URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/kumbhika/ Kumbhika is a substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. Mucilaginous polysaccharides slow absorption but provide sustained release. Traditional co-administration with ghee or sesame oil enhances lipophilic constituent absorption. Decoction form hydrolyzes glycosides improving aglycone availability. ### Kumud URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/kumud/ Kumud is a substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. Alkaloids (nymphayol) are well-absorbed orally. Ghrita (ghee) preparations provide lipid carrier for enhanced absorption of lipophilic compounds. Mucilaginous rhizome constituents create sustained-release matrix in GI tract. ### Kumuda URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/kumuda/ Botanical name: Nymphaea alba Kumuda (Nymphaea alba) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Nymphaein and nupharidine alkaloids are well-absorbed orally. Ghee-based preparations enhance bioavailability of terpenoid and flavonoid fractions. Aqueous preparations provide rapid absorption of polar glycosides. ### Kurabaka URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/kurabaka/ Kurabaka is a substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. Flavonoids show moderate oral bioavailability. Bark tannins exert primarily local GI action with limited systemic absorption. Lipid-based formulations (Taila) enhance transdermal penetration of bioactives for topical applications. ### Kusha URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/kusha/ Botanical name: Desmostachya bipinnata Kusha (Desmostachya bipinnata) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Triterpene saponins are hydrolyzed by gut bacteria to bioactive sapogenins. Kshara preparation provides highly bioavailable alkaline mineral salts. Root decoction offers pre-hydrolyzed actives with improved absorption. ### Kushmanda URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/kushmanda/ Botanical name: Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn. Family: Cucurbitaceae Pharmacopoeia status: Recognized as a food-medicine in WHO SEARO region traditional medicine databases; Kushmanda Rasayana is a classical Ayurvedic formulation in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India Kushmanda (Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Cucurbitaceae family. Recognized as a food-medicine in WHO SEARO region traditional medicine databases; Kushmanda Rasayana is a classical Ayurvedic formulation in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. ### Kusumbha URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/kusumbha/ Botanical name: Carthamus tinctorius Kusumbha (Carthamus tinctorius) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Linoleic acid in seed oil is well-absorbed (>80%). Carthamin (red pigment) has limited systemic absorption but good topical activity. Liposomal encapsulation of HSYA improves oral bioavailability by 5-fold. ### Kutaj URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/kutaj/ Botanical name: Holarrhena pubescens Kutaj (Holarrhena pubescens) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Readily crosses the blood-brain barrier (hence anti-amoebic CNS activity). Holarrhimine and kurchine are well-absorbed. Kutajarishta (self-generated alcohol content 5-10%) enhances alkaloid dissolution and absorption. ### Laghu Sutshekhar Ras URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/laghu-sutshekhar-ras/ Laghu Sutshekhar Ras is a rasa preparation, a herbo-mineral formulation of the rasa shastra tradition. An absence here means we could not identify the source, not that no work exists. ### Lajjalu URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/lajjalu/ Botanical name: Mimosa pudica Lajjalu (Mimosa pudica) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Mimosine undergoes partial hepatic first-pass metabolism. Co-administration with piperine or lipid-based carriers can improve absorption of flavonoid glycosides by 25-40%. ### Lakuca URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/lakuca/ Botanical name: Artocarpus lacucha Lakuca (Artocarpus lacucha) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Alkaloids (particularly lactucin-type) show moderate GI absorption. Lipid-based delivery systems enhance bioavailability of sesquiterpene lactones by approximately 30%. Optimal Timing: Evening administration for sleep-promoting effects; before meals for digestive applications Standardized Extract: Standardized hydroalcoholic extract (8:1), minimum 0.5% sesquiterpene lactones (as lactucin equivalents). ### Lasuna URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/lasuna/ Botanical name: Allium sativum L. Family: Amaryllidaceae (formerly Liliaceae/Alliaceae) Pharmacopoeia status: WHO monograph on Allium sativum exists covering quality, safety, and efficacy; recognized in multiple national pharmacopoeias worldwide; WHO Essential Medicines Library references garlic preparations Lasuna (Allium sativum L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Amaryllidaceae (formerly Liliaceae/Alliaceae) family. WHO monograph on Allium sativum exists covering quality, safety, and efficacy; recognized in multiple national pharmacopoeias worldwide; WHO Essential Medicines Library references garlic preparations. ### Lasuna Ksheerapaka URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/lasuna-ksheerapaka/ Lasuna Ksheerapaka is a compound formulation of several ingredients. Casein proteins partially stabilize allicin, slowing degradation. Milk fats serve as natural solubilizing agents, improving bioavailability of fat-soluble actives by 35-50% compared to aqueous garlic preparations. ### Lata Kasturi URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/lata-kasturi/ Botanical name: Abelmoschus moschatus Lata Kasturi (Abelmoschus moschatus) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Musk-like aromatic compounds (ambrettolide) are lipophilic with good transdermal absorption. Oral bioavailability enhanced by co-administration with fatty meals. Essential oil components are rapidly absorbed through inhalation and skin. ### Latakaranja URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/latakaranja/ Botanical name: Caesalpinia bonduc Latakaranja (Caesalpinia bonduc) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Internal use requires purification (Shodhana). Bioavailability: Moderate bioavailability of diterpenoid compounds. Caesalpins show variable absorption depending on GI pH. Tannins in the extract may reduce absorption of concurrent medications. ### Laung URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/laung/ Botanical name: Syzygium aromaticum Family: Myrtaceae Pharmacopoeia status: WHO Monographs (2002) list Caryophylli floris aetheroleum (clove essential oil) for traditional topical use in toothache, minor oral/skin infections, minor wound dressing, sore throats, myalgia, rheumatic complaints, and insect bites. European Medicines Agency (EMA) has issued community herbal monographs for Syzygium aromaticum preparations. Listed in European Pharmacopoeia, British Pharmacopoeia, and Indian Pharmacopoeia. Laung (Syzygium aromaticum) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Myrtaceae family. [Antitumor Activity of the Ethanolic Extract from Syzygium aromaticum in Colorectal Cancer Xenograft Mice](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41599187/). Tariq H, Alhudhaibi AM, Abdallah EM 2025. ### Lavali URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/lavali/ Botanical name: Meyna spinosa Roxb. ex Link Family: Rubiaceae Pharmacopoeia status: Not listed in WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants; categorized as an unexplored ethnomedicinal plant requiring further scientific investigation; documented in regional ethnobotanical surveys of India Lavali (Meyna spinosa Roxb. ex Link) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Rubiaceae family. Not listed in WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants; categorized as an unexplored ethnomedicinal plant requiring further scientific investigation; documented in regional ethnobotanical surveys of India. ### Lavanga URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/lavanga/ Botanical name: Syzygium aromaticum Lavanga (Syzygium aromaticum) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Buccal absorption is rapid, useful in dental formulations. Beta-caryophyllene shows improved bioavailability in lipid vehicles. Glucuronidation is the primary metabolic pathway. Enteric coating can delay release for lower GI targeting. ### Licorice Herb URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/licorice-herb/ Botanical name: Glycyrrhiza glabra Licorice Herb (Glycyrrhiza glabra) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Limit continuous use to 4-6 weeks for glycyrrhizin-containing products. Bioavailability: Glycyrrhizin is hydrolyzed by intestinal bacteria to glycyrrhetinic acid (active metabolite) with approximately 70-90% absorption. ### Lodhra URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/lodhra/ Botanical name: Symplocos racemosa Roxb. Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (2001) as an ingredient in 32 classical formulations. No dedicated WHO monograph. Recognized in Ayurvedic, Unani, and Siddha pharmacopeias of India. Lodhra (Symplocos racemosa Roxb.) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Menorrhagia management supported by observational clinical data showing reduced menstrual bleeding. Listed in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (2001) as an ingredient in 32 classical formulations. ### Lodhrasva URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/lodhrasva/ Lodhrasva is a compound formulation of several ingredients. Fermentation generates probiotic metabolites that enhance gut absorption. Phenolic acids formed during fermentation are highly bioavailable. Optimal Timing: After meals, diluted with equal water. ### Loha Bhasma URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/loha-bhasma/ Loha Bhasma is a bhasma, a mineral or metal preparation reduced to ash by repeated calcination. [Structural investigation of Ayurveda Lauha (Iron) Bhasma](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36822148/). Journal of Ayurveda and integrative medicine. PMID [36822148](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36822148/) · [doi:10.1016/j.jaim.2023.100690](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaim.2023.100690) Medicinal grade Lauha Bhasma comprises slightly modified magnetite structure with Fe2+/Fe3+ ratio of approximately 40:60. ### Lohasava URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/lohasava/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in Sharangdhara Samhita; recognized as a classical Ayurvedic Asava preparation; included in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI); classified as a Classical Medicine under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940 Lohasava is a bhasma, a mineral or metal preparation reduced to ash by repeated calcination. Listed in Sharangdhara Samhita; recognized as a classical Ayurvedic Asava preparation; included in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI); classified as a Classical Medicine under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940. ### Madanaphala URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/madanaphala/ Botanical name: Randia dumetorum (Retz.) Lam. (syn. Randia spinosa, Catunaregam spinosa) Family: Rubiaceae Pharmacopoeia status: Included in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India; recognized as prime emetic drug (Vamana Dravya) in classical Ayurveda texts; no standalone WHO monograph Madanaphala (Randia dumetorum (Retz.) Lam. (syn. Randia spinosa, Catunaregam spinosa)) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Rubiaceae family. Included in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India; recognized as prime emetic drug (Vamana Dravya) in classical Ayurveda texts; no standalone WHO monograph. ### Madayantika URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/madayantika/ Botanical name: Lawsonia inermis Madayantika (Lawsonia inermis) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Indole alkaloids show good GI absorption. Monoterpene indole alkaloids undergo significant first-pass hepatic metabolism. Tannins may reduce bioavailability of co-administered compounds. Quercetin glycosides are hydrolyzed in gut to absorbable aglycones. ### Madhu URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/madhu/ Madhu is an animal-derived substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. An absence here means we could not identify the source, not that no work exists. ### Madhu Mandur URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/madhu-mandur/ Pharmacopoeia status: Mandura Bhasma is listed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API) with standardized monograph; preparation methods and quality parameters specified; widely recognized as a classical Ayurvedic hematinic Madhu Mandur is a bhasma, a mineral or metal preparation reduced to ash by repeated calcination. Iron deficiency anemia (Pandu Roga) - validated by clinical studies showing significant hemoglobin improvement, especially with honey co-administration Anemia in children - validated by clinical evaluation showing 21.86% hemoglobin increase with honey + Mandur Bhasma combination ### Madhuka URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/madhuka/ Botanical name: Madhuca longifolia (J.Koenig ex L.) J.F.Macbr. Family: Sapotaceae Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Important ethnomedical plant in tribal medicine systems across India. No WHO monograph. Seeds are a source of edible/industrial oil recognized by Indian Standards. Madhuka (Madhuca longifolia (J.Koenig ex L.) J.F.Macbr.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Sapotaceae family. Listed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. [Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Madhuca longifolia (Mahua) Stem Extract Against Streptococcus mutans: An In Vitro Study](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38348007/). ### Madhuka Pushpa URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/madhuka-pushpa/ Botanical name: Madhuca longifolia Madhuka Pushpa (Madhuca longifolia) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Natural sugars facilitate osmotic absorption in the GI tract. Flavonoid glycosides are hydrolyzed by gut bacteria releasing absorbable aglycones. Fermented preparations (Asava) show 50-70% better bioavailability of phenolic compounds. ### Madhukarkati URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/madhukarkati/ Madhukarkati is a substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. Cucurbitacins are lipophilic with moderate GI absorption improved by lipid co-administration. Tartaric and malic acids enhance mineral absorption. Fiber content may slow but prolong absorption of active compounds. ### Mahabala URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/mahabala/ Botanical name: Sida rhombifolia L. Family: Malvaceae Pharmacopoeia status: Not listed in WHO monographs; recognized in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia as Mahabala (great strength); some species of Sida subject to regulatory scrutiny due to ephedrine alkaloid content Mahabala (Sida rhombifolia L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Malvaceae family. Not listed in WHO monographs; recognized in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia as Mahabala (great strength); some species of Sida subject to regulatory scrutiny due to ephedrine alkaloid content. ### Mahalakshmi Vilas Rasa URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/mahalakshmi-vilas-rasa/ Mahalakshmi Vilas Rasa is a rasa preparation, a herbo-mineral formulation of the rasa shastra tradition. [Chemical characterization of an Ayurvedic herbo-mineral preparation- Mahalaxmivilas Rasa](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30466809/). Journal of Ayurveda and integrative medicine. PMID [30466809](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30466809/) · [doi:10.1016/j.jaim.2018.01.002](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaim.2018.01.002) Elemental analysis confirmed presence of Mercury, Sulfur, Calcium, Copper, Gold, Iron & Tin. ### Mahamanjishthadi URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/mahamanjishthadi/ Family: Polyherbal Kwath/Kashayam (decoction) - classical Ayurvedic compound formulation Pharmacopoeia status: Not listed in WHO monographs as a formulation; recognized in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia and Ayurvedic Formulary of India; individual ingredients like Manjistha have documented pharmacopoeia entries Mahamanjishthadi is a compound formulation of several ingredients, from the Polyherbal Kwath/Kashayam (decoction) - classical Ayurvedic compound formulation family. Not listed in WHO monographs as a formulation; recognized in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia and Ayurvedic Formulary of India; individual ingredients like Manjistha have documented pharmacopoeia entries. ### Mahanarayan URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/mahanarayan/ Family: Multi-herb preparation Ayurvedic category: Vatahara (Anti-Vata), Brimhana (Nourishing) — External Mahanarayan is classified in Ayurveda as Vatahara (Anti-Vata), Brimhana (Nourishing) — External, from the Multi-herb preparation family. Parts used: 40+ herbs including ashwagandha, bala, shatavari, shunthi, devadaru in sesame oil and goat milk base. One of the most important Ayurvedic medicated oils. ### Mahanimba URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/mahanimba/ Botanical name: Melia azedarach Mahanimba (Melia azedarach) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Ailanthone undergoes significant hepatic first-pass metabolism. Quassinoids are better absorbed in fasting state. Bitter compounds stimulate bile secretion which paradoxically enhances absorption of subsequent doses. ### Makaradhwaj Vati URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/makaradhwaj-vati/ Makaradhwaj Vati is a rasa preparation, a herbo-mineral formulation of the rasa shastra tradition. [Ninety days repeated dose oral toxicity study of Makaradhwaja in Wistar rats](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30254400/). PMID [30254400](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30254400/) · [doi:10.4103/ayu.AYU_33_17](https://doi.org/10.4103/ayu.AYU_33_17) At doses of 2.7, 13.5, and 27 mg/kg/day for 90 days, no treatment-related changes were observed in body weight, feed consumption, biochemical parameters, or histopathology. ### Makoy URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/makoy/ Botanical name: Solanum nigrum Makoy (Solanum nigrum) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Glycoalkaloids are partially hydrolyzed in the GI tract to more absorbable aglycones. Hepatoprotective effects are primarily via first-pass liver exposure. Diosgenin absorption is enhanced by lipid co-administration. ### Mamsarohini URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/mamsarohini/ Mamsarohini is a substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. Significant intestinal and hepatic first-pass metabolism. P-glycoprotein efflux limits absorption. Co-administration with piperine inhibits P-gp and CYP3A4, increasing berberine bioavailability by 2-fold. ### Mandukparni URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/mandukparni/ Botanical name: Centella asiatica Mandukparni (Centella asiatica) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Madecassoside shows similar absorption profile. Triterpene glycosides are hydrolyzed to aglycones (asiatic acid, madecassic acid) which are better absorbed. Lipid-based formulations (Ghrita, phospholipid complexes) increase bioavailability 2-3 fold. ### Mandura Bhasma URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/mandura-bhasma/ Mandura Bhasma is a bhasma, a mineral or metal preparation reduced to ash by repeated calcination. [Physicochemical characterization of an Iron based Indian traditional medicine: Mandura Bhasma](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23284206/). PMID [23284206](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23284206/) Iron oxide nanoparticles confirmed by XRD and SEM analysis. ### Manikya Pishti URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/manikya-pishti/ Manikya Pishti is a bhasma, a mineral or metal preparation reduced to ash by repeated calcination. Journal of Ayurveda and integrative medicine. Cell death followed mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis involving loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, cytochrome c release, caspase activation, and DNA degradation. ### Manjishtha URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/manjishtha/ Botanical name: Rubia cordifolia Manjishtha (Rubia cordifolia) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Rubiadinare moderately lipophilic with reasonable absorption. Purpurin shows enhanced absorption with fatty meals. First-pass hepatic metabolism is moderate. Topical absorption of anthraquinones is good through intact skin. ### Manjistha URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/manjistha/ Botanical name: Rubia cordifolia Pharmacopoeia status: Monographed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API) for stem; root monograph not yet in API. Classified in Charaka Samhita as varnya (complexion enhancer), jvarahara (antipyretic), visaghna (detoxifier), and rasayana (rejuvenator). European Medicines Agency (EMA) issued a Community Herbal Monograph on Rubia cordifolia L., radix (2022). No standalone WHO monograph identified. Listed in multiple traditional pharmacopeias across Ayurveda, TCM, and Unani systems. Manjistha (Rubia cordifolia) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Monographed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API) for stem; root monograph not yet in API. Anti-inflammatory: Mollugin suppresses pro-inflammatory mediators including iNOS, COX-2, TNF-alpha, and IL-1beta in LPS-stimulated BV2 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. ### Mashaparni URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/mashaparni/ Botanical name: Teramnus labialis (L.f.) Spreng. Family: Fabaceae (Leguminosae) Pharmacopoeia status: Not listed in WHO monographs; recognized in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India as a Jivaniya (life-promoting) and Balya (strength-promoting) herb Mashaparni (Teramnus labialis (L.f.) Spreng.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Fabaceae (Leguminosae) family. Not listed in WHO monographs; recognized in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India as a Jivaniya (life-promoting) and Balya (strength-promoting) herb. ### Masi URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/masi/ Masi is a substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. Iron oxide nanoparticles in Masi (ink/iron-based Bhasma) show enhanced absorption compared to conventional iron supplements. Particle size (typically 30-100 nm in properly prepared Bhasma) facilitates paracellular and transcellular absorption. ### Matsyakshi URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/matsyakshi/ Botanical name: Alternanthera sessilis Matsyakshi (Alternanthera sessilis) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Saponins undergo intestinal hydrolysis. Alkaloids (if present) have variable bioavailability depending on structural class. Aqueous decoction provides reasonable extraction of water-soluble actives. ### Matulunga URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/matulunga/ Botanical name: Citrus medica L. Family: Rutaceae Pharmacopoeia status: Not specifically listed in WHO monographs on medicinal plants; Citrus genus widely documented in pharmacopoeias worldwide; Matulunga referenced in Indian Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia since 7th century Matulunga (Citrus medica L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Rutaceae family. Not specifically listed in WHO monographs on medicinal plants; Citrus genus widely documented in pharmacopoeias worldwide; Matulunga referenced in Indian Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia since 7th century. ### Matulunga Rasa URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/matulunga-rasa/ Matulunga Rasa is a substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. Citric acid enhances mineral bioavailability by chelation. Flavonoid glycosides in juice matrix show 30-40% better absorption compared to isolated compounds due to food matrix effect. ### Mayurashikha URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/mayurashikha/ Mayurashikha is a substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. Low-dose herb; use with caution. Bioavailability: Selaginellin (biflavonoid) shows moderate oral bioavailability. Amentoflavone has limited bioavailability (~15-20%) due to poor water solubility; significantly enhanced by phospholipid complexation. ### Meda URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/meda/ Botanical name: Polygonatum verticillatum (L.) All. / Polygonatum cirrhifolium (Wall.) Royle Family: Liliaceae (Asparagaceae) Pharmacopoeia status: Not listed in WHO monographs; classified as endangered/critically endangered in IUCN Red List categories across its Himalayan range; included in Indian medicinal plant conservation priority lists Meda (Polygonatum verticillatum (L.) All. / Polygonatum cirrhifolium (Wall.) Royle) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Liliaceae (Asparagaceae) family. Not listed in WHO monographs; classified as endangered/critically endangered in IUCN Red List categories across its Himalayan range; included in Indian medicinal plant conservation priority lists. ### Medasaka URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/medasaka/ Botanical name: Litsea glutinosa Medasaka (Litsea glutinosa) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Saponin glycosides undergo intestinal hydrolysis. Sapogenins show improved absorption with lipid vehicles. Mucilaginous fraction provides local GI effects without systemic absorption. Overall moderate bioavailability for steroidal components. ### Menthol URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/menthol/ Menthol is an isolated compound rather than a whole plant drug. Oral (lozenges): 5-10 mg per lozenge. Inhalation: 2-5 drops in steam. Internal: 0.2-0.4 mL Peppermint|peppermint oil (50-55% menthol) in enteric-coated capsules. ### Methi URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/methi/ Botanical name: Trigonella foenum-graecum Pharmacopoeia status: WHO published monograph on fenugreek seeds (Semen Trigonellae Foenugraeci) in WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants, Volume 3 (2007). European Medicines Agency (EMA) published European Union herbal monograph with Revision 1 for traditional use. Authorized as single active substance in France, Poland, and Spain. ESCOP monograph recommends 25 g powdered seeds daily for diabetes/hypercholesterolaemia adjuvant therapy, and 1-6 g for appetite stimulation. Listed in NCCIH (US National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health) database. Included in Indian Pharmacopoeia and Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. One of the most comprehensively documented Ayurvedic herbs in Western regulatory frameworks. Methi (Trigonella foenum-graecum) is a plant used in Ayurveda. WHO published monograph on fenugreek seeds (Semen Trigonellae Foenugraeci) in WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants, Volume 3 (2007). ### Mishreya URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/mishreya/ Botanical name: Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Family: Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in WHO monographs; European Medicines Agency monograph exists for both fruit and essential oil; included in multiple pharmacopoeias (European, British, Indian, US) Mishreya (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) family. Listed in WHO monographs; European Medicines Agency monograph exists for both fruit and essential oil; included in multiple pharmacopoeias (European, British, Indian, US). ### Mochras URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/mochras/ Botanical name: Salmalia malabarica (DC.) Schott & Endl. (syn. Bombax ceiba L.) - resin exudate Family: Malvaceae (formerly Bombacaceae) Pharmacopoeia status: Not in WHO monographs; recognized in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India; Bombax ceiba is recognized in traditional medicine systems of India, China (TCM), and Southeast Asia Mochras (Salmalia malabarica (DC.) Schott & Endl. (syn. Bombax ceiba L.) - resin exudate) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Malvaceae (formerly Bombacaceae) family. Not in WHO monographs; recognized in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India; Bombax ceiba is recognized in traditional medicine systems of India, China (TCM), and Southeast Asia. ### Moringa URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/moringa/ Botanical name: Moringa oleifera Family: Moringaceae Ayurvedic category: Krimighna (Anthelmintic), Shothahara (Anti-inflammatory) Pharmacopoeia status: Not listed in WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants or EMA-HMPC monographs. Listed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. FDA (US) and EFSA (EU) recognize Moringa oleifera as a food plant. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) has documented its nutritional and medicinal properties. Positive opinions from FDA, EFSA, and CosIng (Cosmetic Ingredients database) for leaves, seed oil, bark, fruits, flowers, and roots. Moringa (Moringa oleifera) is classified in Ayurveda as Krimighna (Anthelmintic), Shothahara (Anti-inflammatory), from the Moringaceae family. Parts used: leaf, fruit, seed, bark. Used extensively in Dashamoola preparations. Not listed in WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants or EMA-HMPC monographs. ### Morning Glory URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/morning-glory/ Morning Glory is a substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. CAUTION: Some species contain lysergic acid amide (LSA). Bioavailability: Ergoline alkaloids (LSA, ergine) in seeds have high oral bioavailability (~40-60%) with rapid CNS penetration - this is a SAFETY concern. ### Mrigashringa Bhasma URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/mrigashringa-bhasma/ Mrigashringa Bhasma is a bhasma, a mineral or metal preparation reduced to ash by repeated calcination. [An ayurvedic proprietary herbal preparation, Calci-7, prevents ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis in rats](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29491679/). PMID [29491679](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29491679/) · [doi:10.4103/ayu.AYU_4_16](https://doi.org/10.4103/ayu.AYU_4_16) Calci-7 formulation containing Mrigashringa Bhasma prevented ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis in rat models. ### Mudgaparni URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/mudgaparni/ Botanical name: Phaseolus trilobus Ait. (syn. Vigna trilobata (L.) Verdc.) Family: Fabaceae (Leguminosae) Pharmacopoeia status: Not individually listed in WHO monographs; recognized as an ingredient in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India; commonly consumed as food legume Mudgaparni (Phaseolus trilobus Ait. (syn. Vigna trilobata (L.) Verdc.)) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Fabaceae (Leguminosae) family. Not individually listed in WHO monographs; recognized as an ingredient in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India; commonly consumed as food legume. ### Mukta Pishti URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/mukta-pishti/ Mukta Pishti is a bhasma, a mineral or metal preparation reduced to ash by repeated calcination. [Anti-ulcerogenic activity of the marine-pearl derived medicine mukta Pishti in Rat model of pylorus ligation-induced peptic ulcer](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39828143/). ### Mulaka URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/mulaka/ Botanical name: Raphanus sativus Mulaka (Raphanus sativus) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Sulforaphane analogs are well absorbed. Vitamin C in fresh radish is well absorbed. Raphanol has moderate GI absorption. Kshara preparations have excellent mineral bioavailability due to alkaline form. ### Murva URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/murva/ Botanical name: Marsdenia tenacissima (Roxb.) Moon Family: Asclepiadaceae Pharmacopoeia status: Not listed in WHO monographs; included in Chinese Pharmacopoeia as Tong-Guan-Teng; recognized in traditional Chinese and Ayurvedic medicine systems Murva (Marsdenia tenacissima (Roxb.) Moon) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Asclepiadaceae family. Not listed in WHO monographs; included in Chinese Pharmacopoeia as Tong-Guan-Teng; recognized in traditional Chinese and Ayurvedic medicine systems. ### Nadi Hingu URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/nadi-hingu/ Botanical name: Gardenia gummifera Nadi Hingu (Gardenia gummifera) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Volatile sulfur compounds are rapidly absorbed but also rapidly metabolized. Gum-resin matrix provides sustained release of active compounds in the GI tract. ### Naga Bhasma URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/naga-bhasma/ Naga Bhasma is a bhasma, a mineral or metal preparation reduced to ash by repeated calcination. Risk far outweighs any theoretical benefit. ### Nagabala URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/nagabala/ Botanical name: Grewia hirsuta Vahl / Sida veronicifolia Lam. (syn. Sida veronicaefolia) Family: Malvaceae (Grewia) / Malvaceae (Sida) Pharmacopoeia status: Referenced in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India; significant research gaps exist for both species; no WHO monograph; needs comprehensive pharmacological evaluation and standardization Nagabala (Grewia hirsuta Vahl / Sida veronicifolia Lam. (syn. Sida veronicaefolia)) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Malvaceae (Grewia) / Malvaceae (Sida) family. Referenced in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India; significant research gaps exist for both species; no WHO monograph; needs comprehensive pharmacological evaluation and standardization. ### Nagadanti URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/nagadanti/ Nagadanti is a substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. Use with caution; purgative at higher doses. Bioavailability: Jatrophin and curcin (toxic proteins) have limited oral bioavailability due to GI degradation, but are still potent at low concentrations. ### Nagakesara URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/nagakesara/ Botanical name: Mesua ferrea Nagakesara (Mesua ferrea) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Coumarins are well absorbed in the upper GI tract. Mesuol has good lipophilicity favoring absorption. Fixed oil from seeds enhances absorption of co-administered lipophilic compounds. ### Nagarmotha URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/nagarmotha/ Botanical name: Cyperus rotundus Family: Cyperaceae Ayurvedic category: Deepaniya (Appetizer), Grahi (Absorbent) Nagarmotha (Cyperus rotundus) is classified in Ayurveda as Deepaniya (Appetizer), Grahi (Absorbent), from the Cyperaceae family. Parts used: rhizome/tuber. Charaka classifies it as Lekhaniya (scraping/reducing). Rhizome/Tuber Cyperene Alpha-cyperone Rotundone Mustakone Digestive stimulant Anti-diarrheal Antipyretic Anti-inflammatory Analgesic Emmenagogue Charaka classifies it as Lekhaniya (scraping/reducing). ### Narikela URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/narikela/ Botanical name: Cocos nucifera L. Family: Arecaceae (Palmae) Pharmacopoeia status: Cocos nucifera is globally recognized as a food and medicinal plant. WHO recognizes coconut water for oral rehydration in emergency contexts. Listed in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India as Narikela. Coconut oil is GRAS by FDA. Narikela (Cocos nucifera L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Arecaceae (Palmae) family. Cocos nucifera is globally recognized as a food and medicinal plant. ### Narikela Jala URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/narikela-jala/ Botanical name: Cocos nucifera Narikela Jala (Cocos nucifera) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Cytokinins present in fresh coconut water have moderate oral bioavailability (~40-55%) due to partial first-pass metabolism. Processing (heat, pasteurization) degrades growth-promoting factors and reduces cytokinin content significantly. ### Navaratna Raja Mriganka Rasa URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/navaratna-raja-mriganka-rasa/ Pharmacopoeia status: Classical Rasashastra formulation from Rasendra Sara Sangraha; manufactured by select licensed Ayurvedic pharmacies under AYUSH guidelines; classified as a Rasa Aushadhi (mineral medicine) requiring Schedule E-1 prescription; regulatory scrutiny due to heavy metal content Navaratna Raja Mriganka Rasa is a rasa preparation, a herbo-mineral formulation of the rasa shastra tradition. An absence here means we could not identify the source, not that no work exists. ### Navayasa Loha URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/navayasa-loha/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI); recognized classical Ayurvedic formulation under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940; standardization protocols established Navayasa Loha is a bhasma, a mineral or metal preparation reduced to ash by repeated calcination. Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI); recognized classical Ayurvedic formulation under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940; standardization protocols established. ### Neelam Pishti URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/neelam-pishti/ Neelam Pishti is a bhasma, a mineral or metal preparation reduced to ash by repeated calcination. An absence here means we could not identify the source, not that no work exists. ### Neem URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/neem/ Botanical name: Azadirachta indica Family: Meliaceae Ayurvedic category: Kushthagna (Anti-dermatosis), Krimighna (Anthelmintic) Pharmacopoeia status: Recognized in WHO's monographs on selected medicinal plants. Neem-derived pesticide (azadirachtin) evaluated by WHO/FAO Joint Meeting on Pesticide Residues. Listed in Indian Pharmacopoeia and Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Neem (Azadirachta indica) is classified in Ayurveda as Kushthagna (Anti-dermatosis), Krimighna (Anthelmintic), from the Meliaceae family. Parts used: leaf, bark, seed, oil. Called 'Sarva Roga Nivarini' (curer of all ailments). Recognized in WHO's monographs on selected medicinal plants. ### Nikochaka URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/nikochaka/ Botanical name: Alangium salviifolium Family: Unknown Pharmacopoeia status: Not identifiable in WHO or any standard pharmacopoeial reference; requires specialist ethnobotanical research for positive identification Nikochaka (Alangium salviifolium) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Unknown family. Traditional uses cannot be validated without confirmed botanical identity Name may appear in specific Nighantu (Ayurvedic lexicon) texts such as Dhanvantari Nighantu, Raja Nighantu, or Bhavaprakasha Nighantu requiring targeted scholarly investigation ### Nili URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/nili/ Botanical name: Indigofera tinctoria L. Pharmacopoeia status: Indigofera tinctoria is listed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India and Traditional Chinese Medicine pharmacopoeia (as Qing Dai/indigo naturalis). EU SCCS safety assessment completed for cosmetic use. WHO recognizes traditional medicine use in multiple regional systems. Nili (Indigofera tinctoria L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Indigofera tinctoria is listed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India and Traditional Chinese Medicine pharmacopoeia (as Qing Dai/indigo naturalis). ### Nimba URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/nimba/ Botanical name: Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Pharmacopoeia status: Azadirachta indica is recognized by WHO as a traditional medicine plant widely used across developing countries (WHO reports 80% of developing world populations depend on neem-related traditional medicine). Listed in Indian Pharmacopoeia and Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Nimba (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Azadirachta indica is recognized by WHO as a traditional medicine plant widely used across developing countries (WHO reports 80% of developing world populations depend on neem-related traditional medicine). ### Nimba Beeja URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/nimba-beeja/ Botanical name: Azadirachta indica Nimba Beeja (Azadirachta indica) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) or nanoemulsions improve bioavailability 2-4 fold. Neem seed oil fatty acids (oleic, stearic, palmitic) are well absorbed and may enhance co-absorption of lipophilic actives. ### Nimba Patra URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/nimba-patra/ Botanical name: Azadirachta indica Nimba Patra (Azadirachta indica) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Nimbolide from leaf has rapid oral absorption (Tmax ~1.5 h) but undergoes significant first-pass metabolism. Leaf polyphenols show pH-dependent absorption with better uptake in alkaline intestinal environment. ### Nimbu URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/nimbu/ Botanical name: Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck Family: Rutaceae Pharmacopoeia status: Citrus limon is widely recognized globally as a food and medicinal plant. Included in WHO dietary guidelines. Lemon essential oil is regulated under EU and US cosmetics and food safety regulations. Listed in Ayurvedic texts as Nimbuka/Jambira. Nimbu (Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Rutaceae family. Citrus limon is widely recognized globally as a food and medicinal plant. ### Nirgundi URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/nirgundi/ Botanical name: Vitex negundo L. Family: Lamiaceae (formerly Verbenaceae) Pharmacopoeia status: Included in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India; Philippines FDA-approved as traditional herbal medicine; referenced in multiple WHO regional traditional medicine documents Nirgundi (Vitex negundo L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Lamiaceae (formerly Verbenaceae) family. Included in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India; Philippines FDA-approved as traditional herbal medicine; referenced in multiple WHO regional traditional medicine documents. ### Nirgundi Herb URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/nirgundi-herb/ Botanical name: Vitex negundo Nirgundi Herb (Vitex negundo) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Iridoid glycosides (agnuside, aucubin) have moderate oral bioavailability (20-35%). Lignans from stem bark are absorbed more slowly (Tmax 3-4 h) providing sustained activity. ### Nityananda Rasa URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/nityananda-rasa/ Pharmacopoeia status: Classical Rasashastra formulation referenced in Bhaishajya Ratnavali; classified as Schedule E-1 restricted medicine; manufactured by licensed Ayurvedic pharmacies under AYUSH guidelines; requires prescription from qualified Ayurvedic physician Nityananda Rasa is a rasa preparation, a herbo-mineral formulation of the rasa shastra tradition. [Assessment of sub-chronic oral toxicity of Nityanand Rasa: An ayurvedic herbo-metallic formulation](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37054826/). An absence here means we could not identify the source, not that no work exists. ### Nyagrodha URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/nyagrodha/ Botanical name: Ficus benghalensis L. Family: Moraceae Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API) and Indian Herbal Pharmacopoeia (IHP). Not included in WHO Selected Medicinal Plants monographs. National tree of India with recognized medicinal value in AYUSH systems. Nyagrodha (Ficus benghalensis L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Moraceae family. Listed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API) and Indian Herbal Pharmacopoeia (IHP). ### Padmaka URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/padmaka/ Botanical name: Prunus cerasoides D. Don Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India as an official drug. Referenced in classical Ayurvedic texts (Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita) as a Varnya (complexion-enhancing) herb. No dedicated WHO monograph published. Padmaka (Prunus cerasoides D. Don) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Listed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India as an official drug. [An Insight Review on Phytochemistry, Pharmacological Evidences, and Biosynthesis of Key Metabolites of Indian Himalayan Cherry (Prunus cerasoides Don.) with Emphasis on its Safety and Use in Tradtional Phytomedicine](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39552266/). ### Palandu URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/palandu/ Botanical name: Allium cepa Palandu (Allium cepa) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Allicin and thiosulfinates are rapidly absorbed but quickly metabolized to diallyl sulfides. S-allyl cysteine shows >90% oral bioavailability. Cooking reduces quercetin content by 20-30% but may improve digestibility. ### Palankya URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/palankya/ Botanical name: Spinacia oleracea L. Family: Amaranthaceae (formerly Chenopodiaceae) Pharmacopoeia status: Recognized as a nutritious vegetable globally; WHO/FAO recognize spinach in dietary guidelines; not in WHO medicinal plant monographs; listed in Ayurvedic dietary texts (Ahara Varga) Palankya (Spinacia oleracea L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Amaranthaceae (formerly Chenopodiaceae) family. Recognized as a nutritious vegetable globally; WHO/FAO recognize spinach in dietary guidelines; not in WHO medicinal plant monographs; listed in Ayurvedic dietary texts (Ahara Varga). ### Palasha URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/palasha/ Botanical name: Butea monosperma Palasha (Butea monosperma) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Butein is rapidly absorbed (Tmax ~1 h) but undergoes extensive glucuronidation. Seed proteins (lectins) have very low oral bioavailability due to proteolytic degradation. ### Panasa URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/panasa/ Botanical name: Artocarpus heterophyllus Panasa (Artocarpus heterophyllus) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Jacalin (lectin from seeds) is degraded by digestive proteases with negligible systemic absorption. Flavonoids from fruit show 15-30% bioavailability. Seed starch provides slow-release carbohydrate energy. ### Panchamrita Parpati URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/panchamrita-parpati/ Pharmacopoeia status: Classical Rasashastra Parpati Kalpana preparation; standardization parameters established for large-scale production; manufactured under AYUSH licensing; classified as Schedule E-1 restricted medicine requiring prescription Panchamrita Parpati is a rasa preparation, a herbo-mineral formulation of the rasa shastra tradition. Grahani Roga (malabsorption syndrome/chronic diarrhea/IBS-like conditions) - validated by RCT and clinical studies showing improvement in digestive symptoms Agni Mandya (weak digestive fire) with Ama formation - traditional primary indication supported by known Deepana-Pachana properties of constituent Bhasmas ### Panna Pishti URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/panna-pishti/ Panna Pishti is a bhasma, a mineral or metal preparation reduced to ash by repeated calcination. An absence here means we could not identify the source, not that no work exists. ### Paribhadra URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/paribhadra/ Botanical name: Erythrina variegata Paribhadra (Erythrina variegata) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Isoflavonoids show moderate absorption (20-35%). Alkaloid absorption may be pH-dependent with enhanced uptake in alkaline intestinal environment. First-pass hepatic metabolism is significant; consider sustained-release formulations for maintaining therapeutic levels. ### Parijata URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/parijata/ Botanical name: Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. Family: Oleaceae Pharmacopoeia status: Included in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Recognized in Indian traditional medicine systems (AYUSH). No dedicated WHO monograph. Listed in various national herbal pharmacopeias of Southeast Asian countries. Parijata (Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Oleaceae family. Included in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. [Nyctanthes arbor-tristis: A Multifaceted Medicinal Plant in Traditional and Contemporary Medicine](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41213599/). ### Parnayavani URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/parnayavani/ Botanical name: Coleus amboinicus Parnayavani (Coleus amboinicus) is a plant used in Ayurveda. These phenols undergo Phase II conjugation (glucuronidation, sulfation) in the liver. Inhalation route provides rapid pulmonary absorption of volatile compounds with near-complete bioavailability. ### Parpataka URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/parpataka/ Botanical name: Fumaria parviflora Parpataka (Fumaria parviflora) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Bitter principles stimulate digestive secretions providing local GI effects. Hepatoprotective activity is partly mediated through portal circulation, with efficient first-pass hepatic uptake being therapeutically beneficial. ### Pashanabheda URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/pashanabheda/ Botanical name: Bergenia ciliata Pashanabheda (Bergenia ciliata) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Gallic acid is well absorbed (~35-45%). Arbutin (if Saxifraga species source) is hydrolyzed by gut bacteria to hydroquinone which is the active metabolite; this conversion is variable between individuals (30-60% efficiency). ### Patala URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/patala/ Botanical name: Stereospermum chelonoides Patala (Stereospermum chelonoides) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Lapachol is lipophilic and benefits from lipid-based delivery. Flavonoids (dinatin, scutellarein) show 15-30% bioavailability. Iridoid glycosides present are hydrolyzed by gut flora releasing aglycones with variable absorption kinetics. ### Patha URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/patha/ Botanical name: Cissampelos pareira Patha (Cissampelos pareira) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Alkaloids are lipophilic (log P 2-4) and cross biological membranes readily. First-pass metabolism is moderate; sustained-release formulations may improve therapeutic coverage. Hayatine shows Tmax of 2-3 hours. ### Patola URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/patola/ Patola is a substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. Cucurbitacins are lipophilic and absorbed well from the GI tract but undergo extensive hepatic metabolism. Fiber and mucilage content may slow absorption of co-administered drugs. ### Patola Patra URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/patola-patra/ Patola Patra is a substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. Chlorophyll-associated compounds require bile salt emulsification for absorption. Leaf saponins have better bioavailability than fruit saponins due to lower molecular weight profiles. ### Pattanga URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/pattanga/ Botanical name: Caesalpinia sappan L. Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Referenced in traditional medicine systems of India, Southeast Asia, and Traditional Chinese Medicine. Used as natural colorant in food and cosmetics. No dedicated WHO monograph published. Pattanga (Caesalpinia sappan L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Listed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. [The efficacy of topically applied Sappan wood (Caesalpinia sappan L.) ethanol extract during incision wound healing in albino rats](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39175965/). ### Pilu URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/pilu/ Botanical name: Salvadora persica Pilu (Salvadora persica) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Benzyl isothiocyanate is rapidly absorbed from GI tract but also rapidly metabolized. Fluoride content (natural) in stems provides topical dental mineralization effect. Chloride ions in extract enhance salivary production locally. ### Pippali URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/pippali/ Botanical name: Piper longum Family: Piperaceae Ayurvedic category: Deepaniya (Appetizer), Rasayana Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API), Part I, Volume I, Monograph No. 4, published by Department of AYUSH, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India. Recognized in multiple traditional pharmacopeias across South and Southeast Asia. No dedicated WHO monograph. Widely used in Ayurvedic compound formulations (e.g., Trikatu). Pippali (Piper longum) is classified in Ayurveda as Deepaniya (Appetizer), Rasayana, from the Piperaceae family. Parts used: fruit, root. Unique in Ayurveda for Rasayana through Vardhamana (graduated dosing). Listed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API), Part I, Volume I, Monograph No. ### Pippali Moola URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/pippali-moola/ Botanical name: Piper longum L. (root) Family: Piperaceae Pharmacopoeia status: Piper longum referenced in WHO Traditional Medicine Strategy documents; not specifically monographed by WHO; listed in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India; part of Trikatu (three pungents) classical formulation Pippali Moola (Piper longum L. (root)) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Piperaceae family. Piper longum referenced in WHO Traditional Medicine Strategy documents; not specifically monographed by WHO; listed in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India; part of Trikatu (three pungents) classical formulation. ### Plaksha URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/plaksha/ Botanical name: Ficus lacor Buch.-Ham. Family: Moraceae Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. No WHO monograph available. Classified under Panchavalkal (group of five barks) in Ayurvedic formulary. Plaksha (Ficus lacor Buch.-Ham.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Moraceae family. Listed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. An absence here means we could not identify the source, not that no work exists. ### Pradarantak Lauh URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/pradarantak-lauh/ Pharmacopoeia status: Referenced in Bhaishajya Ratnavali; recognized as a classical Ayurvedic formulation under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940; manufactured by licensed Ayurvedic pharmacies under AYUSH guidelines Pradarantak Lauh is a bhasma, a mineral or metal preparation reduced to ash by repeated calcination. Referenced in Bhaishajya Ratnavali; recognized as a classical Ayurvedic formulation under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940; manufactured by licensed Ayurvedic pharmacies under AYUSH guidelines. ### Prapunnada URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/prapunnada/ Botanical name: Senna tora Prapunnada (Senna tora) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Emodin undergoes extensive glucuronidation reducing systemic availability but providing enterohepatic recycling extending activity. Chrysophanol shows Tmax of 2-3 hours. Sennosides from seeds are pro-drugs activated by colonic bacteria; their laxative effect is localized to the colon. ### Prasarini URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/prasarini/ Botanical name: Paederia foetida L. Family: Rubiaceae Pharmacopoeia status: Documented in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India; recognized in WHO SEARO traditional medicine inventories; used in multiple Asian traditional medicine systems Prasarini (Paederia foetida L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Rubiaceae family. Documented in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India; recognized in WHO SEARO traditional medicine inventories; used in multiple Asian traditional medicine systems. ### Pravala Pishti URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/pravala-pishti/ Pravala Pishti is a bhasma, a mineral or metal preparation reduced to ash by repeated calcination. [Effect of Praval bhasma (Coral calx), a natural source of rich calcium on bone mineralization in rats](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14527824/). ### Prishniparni URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/prishniparni/ Botanical name: Uraria picta (Jacq.) DC. Family: Fabaceae (Leguminosae) Pharmacopoeia status: Not individually listed in WHO monographs; recognized as a key component of Dashamoola in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India Prishniparni (Uraria picta (Jacq.) DC.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Fabaceae (Leguminosae) family. Not individually listed in WHO monographs; recognized as a key component of Dashamoola in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. ### Priyala URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/priyala/ Botanical name: Buchanania lanzan Priyala (Buchanania lanzan) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Myricetin and other flavonoids show moderate bioavailability (15-30%). Seed oil fatty acids (oleic 50-55%, palmitic 25-30%) are well absorbed. Bark tannins act locally; systemic absorption limited. ### Priyangu URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/priyangu/ Botanical name: Callicarpa macrophylla Vahl. Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (fruit indicated for emesis and giddiness). No dedicated WHO monograph. Classified in Indian traditional medicine pharmacopeias under Verbenaceae. Priyangu (Callicarpa macrophylla Vahl.) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Anti-inflammatory activity confirmed in carrageenan-induced paw edema models. Listed in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (fruit indicated for emesis and giddiness). ### Pudina URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/pudina/ Botanical name: Mentha spicata Family: Lamiaceae Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in the British Pharmacopoeia with specifications for essential oil composition (carvone >=55%, pulegone <0.5%). GRAS status recognized by US-FDA. Referenced in Ayurvedic texts including Mughal-era Ayurvedic manuals (Rasaratna Samucchaya). Not listed as standalone WHO monograph; additional clinical trial evidence needed. Pudina (Mentha spicata) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Lamiaceae family. Listed in the British Pharmacopoeia with specifications for essential oil composition (carvone >=55%, pulegone <0.5%). ### Puga URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/puga/ Botanical name: Areca catechu Puga (Areca catechu) is a plant used in Ayurveda. CAUTION: restricted dose due to arecoline content Bioavailability: Arecoline (primary alkaloid) from Areca catechu (Puga/Supari) has high oral bioavailability (>70%) with rapid buccal and GI absorption. ### Punarnava URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/punarnava/ Botanical name: Boerhaavia diffusa Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API) as a rasayana (rejuvenative) category herb. Over 35 Ayurvedic formulations contain Punarnava as a major ingredient. Used across Ayurveda, traditional African, and South American medicine systems. Recognized in Indian Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia as well. No standalone WHO monograph identified, but referenced in WHO traditional medicine literature for hepatoprotective and diuretic uses. Punarnava (Boerhaavia diffusa) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Listed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API) as a rasayana (rejuvenative) category herb. Anti-inflammatory: Punarnavine inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1alpha, IL-6, TNF-alpha, and GM-CSF while increasing IL-2 and IFN-gamma production. ### Pushkarmool URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/pushkarmool/ Botanical name: Inula racemosa Hook. f. Family: Asteraceae (Compositae) Pharmacopoeia status: IUCN Critically Endangered; included in Ayurvedic and Chinese traditional medicine pharmacopoeias; no standalone WHO monograph but recognized in traditional medicine databases Pushkarmool (Inula racemosa Hook. f.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Asteraceae (Compositae) family. IUCN Critically Endangered; included in Ayurvedic and Chinese traditional medicine pharmacopoeias; no standalone WHO monograph but recognized in traditional medicine databases. ### Putikaranja URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/putikaranja/ Putikaranja is a substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. Millettia pinnata) seeds have moderate oral bioavailability (25-40%). Furanoflavonoids are lipophilic (log P >3) and benefit from lipid co-administration. Seed oil serves as a natural self-emulsifying delivery vehicle for lipophilic actives. ### Putranjivaka URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/putranjivaka/ Botanical name: Putranjiva roxburghii Putranjivaka (Putranjiva roxburghii) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Triterpenoid saponins show limited oral bioavailability (10-25%) but are partially converted by gut bacteria to sapogenins with improved absorption. Seed oil fatty acids are well absorbed. ### Rajika URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/rajika/ Rajika is a substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. Sinigrin (glucosinolate precursor) is hydrolyzed by myrosinase to AITC upon tissue damage. Erucic acid in mustard oil is slowly metabolized and may accumulate; low-erucic acid varieties preferred for dietary use. ### Rakta Chandana URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/rakta-chandana/ Botanical name: Pterocarpus santalinus L.f. Pharmacopoeia status: Pterocarpus santalinus is listed in the Indian Pharmacopoeia and Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. WHO acknowledges traditional use but no specific WHO monograph has been published. The species is listed under CITES Appendix II due to overharvesting concerns. Rakta Chandana (Pterocarpus santalinus L.f.) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Pterocarpus santalinus is listed in the Indian Pharmacopoeia and Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. [Wound healing potential of Pterocarpus santalinus linn: a pharmacological evaluation](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15866805/). ### Raktamoola URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/raktamoola/ Raktamoola is a substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. Shikonin undergoes hepatic metabolism via CYP450 enzymes. Topical bioavailability is good for wound healing and dermatological applications due to lipophilic nature penetrating skin barrier. ### Rasamanikya URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/rasamanikya/ Rasamanikya is a rasa preparation, a herbo-mineral formulation of the rasa shastra tradition. [Process standardization of rasamanikya](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22131676/). PMID [22131676](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22131676/) · [doi:10.4103/0974-8520.68195](https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-8520.68195) Established standardized manufacturing procedures. Shodhana significantly reduced arsenic content compared to raw orpiment. ### Rasna URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/rasna/ Botanical name: Pluchea lanceolata (DC.) Oliv. & Hiern / Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. Family: Asteraceae (Pluchea) / Zingiberaceae (Alpinia) Pharmacopoeia status: Pluchea lanceolata included in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India; Alpinia galanga referenced in WHO monographs on medicinal plants of SEARO region Rasna (Pluchea lanceolata (DC.) Oliv. & Hiern / Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Asteraceae (Pluchea) / Zingiberaceae (Alpinia) family. Pluchea lanceolata included in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India; Alpinia galanga referenced in WHO monographs on medicinal plants of SEARO region. ### Rasona Garlic URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/rasona-garlic/ Botanical name: Allium sativum L. Family: Amaryllidaceae (Alliaceae) Pharmacopoeia status: WHO monograph published for Bulbus Allii Sativi (Garlic|garlic bulb) in WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants Vol. 1; listed in multiple national pharmacopoeias worldwide including British, European, and Indian Pharmacopoeia Rasona Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Amaryllidaceae (Alliaceae) family. WHO monograph published for Bulbus Allii Sativi (Garlic|garlic bulb) in WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants Vol. ### Rasona Patra URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/rasona-patra/ Botanical name: Allium sativum L. (leaves/greens) Family: Amaryllidaceae (Alliaceae) Pharmacopoeia status: WHO monograph for Bulbus Allii Sativi covers the bulb specifically; garlic leaves not separately monographed; traditional use of all aerial parts documented in Ayurvedic and Iranian traditional medicine Rasona Patra (Allium sativum L. (leaves/greens)) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Amaryllidaceae (Alliaceae) family. WHO monograph for Bulbus Allii Sativi covers the bulb specifically; garlic leaves not separately monographed; traditional use of all aerial parts documented in Ayurvedic and Iranian traditional medicine. ### Raupya Bhasma URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/raupya-bhasma/ Raupya Bhasma is a bhasma, a mineral or metal preparation reduced to ash by repeated calcination. [Sedative-hypnotic Effect of Ash of Silver in Mice: A Reverse Pharmacological Study](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25379470/). Journal of traditional and complementary medicine. ### Renuka URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/renuka/ Botanical name: Vitex agnus-castus L. Family: Lamiaceae (formerly Verbenaceae) Pharmacopoeia status: European Union herbal monograph (EMA/HMPC) established for premenstrual syndrome treatment; European Pharmacopoeia monograph exists; German Commission E approved; not in specific WHO monograph Renuka (Vitex agnus-castus L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Lamiaceae (formerly Verbenaceae) family. European Union herbal monograph (EMA/HMPC) established for premenstrual syndrome treatment; European Pharmacopoeia monograph exists; German Commission E approved; not in specific WHO monograph. ### Riddhi URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/riddhi/ Botanical name: Habenaria intermedia D. Don Family: Orchidaceae Pharmacopoeia status: Not listed in WHO monographs; classified as rare and endangered under Indian wildlife protection guidelines; a member of the Ashtavarga group in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia Riddhi (Habenaria intermedia D. Don) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Orchidaceae family. Not listed in WHO monographs; classified as rare and endangered under Indian wildlife protection guidelines; a member of the Ashtavarga group in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia. ### Rishabhaka URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/rishabhaka/ Botanical name: Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.) Dubard Family: Sapotaceae Pharmacopoeia status: Not listed in WHO monographs; recognized in Ayurvedic and Unani pharmacopoeias; some regional conservation concerns due to habitat loss Rishabhaka (Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.) Dubard) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Sapotaceae family. Not listed in WHO monographs; recognized in Ayurvedic and Unani pharmacopoeias; some regional conservation concerns due to habitat loss. ### Rohisha URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/rohisha/ Botanical name: Cymbopogon martinii Rohisha (Cymbopogon martinii) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Oral bioavailability of monoterpenoids is moderate (35-55%) due to first-pass metabolism. Lipophilic terpenoids benefit from lipid-based delivery systems. Powder: airtight containers below 25 deg C, protect from light and moisture. ### Rohitaka URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/rohitaka/ Botanical name: Tecomella undulata Rohitaka (Tecomella undulata) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Apigenin derivatives show improved absorption when taken with piperine (1.5-2x increase). Tannin content may reduce absorption if taken with iron supplements. Kwatha must be refrigerated (2-8 deg C) after opening. ### Rudraksha URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/rudraksha/ Botanical name: Elaeocarpus ganitrus Rudraksha (Elaeocarpus ganitrus) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Bhasma form may enhance mineral bioavailability through nano-particulate formation during incineration process. Polyphenolic fraction shows improved absorption with lipid co-administration. Bhasma should be stored in glass or food-grade HDPE containers, protected from moisture. ### Saffron URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/saffron/ Botanical name: Crocus sativus Family: Iridaceae Ayurvedic category: Varnya (Complexion-enhancing), Vishaghna (Antitoxic) Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants (Volume 3, 2007). Included in the European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur. 9.0) as 'Saffron. Croci stigma.' Listed in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia for use in traditional Chinese medicine. Historical inclusion in European pharmacopoeias from the 16th to 20th centuries. Pharmacopeial standards include identification (TLC for crocin), quantitative determination of crocin, picrocrocin, and safranal, plus impurity and ash limits. Saffron (Crocus sativus) is classified in Ayurveda as Varnya (Complexion-enhancing), Vishaghna (Antitoxic), from the Iridaceae family. Parts used: stigma. Most precious spice in Ayurveda. Listed in WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants (Volume 3, 2007). ### Saindhava Lavana URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/saindhava-lavana/ Saindhava Lavana is a salt or alkali preparation used in Ayurveda. An absence here means we could not identify the source, not that no work exists. ### Saireyaka URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/saireyaka/ Botanical name: Barleria strigosa Saireyaka (Barleria strigosa) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Lignans show enhanced absorption with lipid co-administration. First-pass metabolism is moderate; flavonoids undergo glucuronidation and sulfation in the intestinal wall. Churna and capsules: store below 25 deg C in airtight containers, protected from light and moisture. ### Sala URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/sala/ Botanical name: Shorea robusta Gaertn.f. Family: Dipterocarpaceae Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Resin (Rala/Sarjarasa) is an official drug in Ayurvedic formulary. No WHO monograph. Commercially important timber and resin species. Sala (Shorea robusta Gaertn.f.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Dipterocarpaceae family. Listed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. coli 3 further claims previously listed here could not be traced to a published paper and have been removed. ### Sameer Pannag Rasa URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/sameer-pannag-rasa/ Sameer Pannag Rasa is a rasa preparation, a herbo-mineral formulation of the rasa shastra tradition. 2 further claims previously listed here could not be traced to a published paper and have been removed. ### Samudra Lavana URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/samudra-lavana/ Samudra Lavana is a salt or alkali preparation used in Ayurveda. An absence here means we could not identify the source, not that no work exists. ### Saptala URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/saptala/ Botanical name: Euphorbia dracunculoides Lam. Family: Euphorbiaceae Pharmacopoeia status: Not in WHO monographs; listed in Ayurvedic texts under Virechana (purgative) drug category; limited formal pharmacopeia recognition; primarily referenced in 12th-century Ayurvedic compendia like Vrindamanjari Saptala (Euphorbia dracunculoides Lam.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Euphorbiaceae family. Not in WHO monographs; listed in Ayurvedic texts under Virechana (purgative) drug category; limited formal pharmacopeia recognition; primarily referenced in 12th-century Ayurvedic compendia like Vrindamanjari. ### Saptamrit Lauh URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/saptamrit-lauh/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI); recognized classical Ayurvedic formulation; referenced in multiple classical texts including Rasaratna Samuchaya and Bhavaprakasha Nighantu Saptamrit Lauh is a bhasma, a mineral or metal preparation reduced to ash by repeated calcination. Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI); recognized classical Ayurvedic formulation; referenced in multiple classical texts including Rasaratna Samuchaya and Bhavaprakasha Nighantu. ### Saptaparna URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/saptaparna/ Botanical name: Alstonia scholaris Saptaparna (Alstonia scholaris) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Alkaloids are basic and well-absorbed in the alkaline environment of the small intestine. Extensive hepatic metabolism via CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. Tannins in the bark may partially inhibit alkaloid absorption if not separated. ### Sariva URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/sariva/ Botanical name: Hemidesmus indicus Family: Apocynaceae Ayurvedic category: Raktashodhaka (Blood purifier), Jwaraghna (Antipyretic) Sariva (Hemidesmus indicus) is classified in Ayurveda as Raktashodhaka (Blood purifier), Jwaraghna (Antipyretic), from the Apocynaceae family. Parts used: root. One of the safest blood purifiers in Ayurveda. ### Sarja URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/sarja/ Botanical name: Vateria indica Sarja (Vateria indica) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Oleoresin components are lipophilic and require lipid-based carriers for optimal absorption. Tannins reduce bioavailability of co-administered iron and proteins. Oleoresin in glass or coated metal containers. ### Sarpagandha URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/sarpagandha/ Botanical name: Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. ex Kurz Family: Apocynaceae Pharmacopoeia status: CITES Appendix II (trade regulation for conservation); IUCN Endangered status; WHO acknowledges traditional antihypertensive use; reserpine is on WHO Model List of Essential Medicines Sarpagandha (Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. ex Kurz) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Apocynaceae family. CITES Appendix II (trade regulation for conservation); IUCN Endangered status; WHO acknowledges traditional antihypertensive use; reserpine is on WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. ### Sarpaksi URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/sarpaksi/ Sarpaksi is a substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. Glycoside forms are hydrolyzed by intestinal beta-glucosidases. Fresh juice (swarasa) provides higher bioavailability of hydrophilic constituents compared to dried powder preparations. Churna and capsules: below 25 deg C, airtight containers, protect from moisture. ### Satyanashi URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/satyanashi/ Botanical name: Argemone mexicana Satyanashi (Argemone mexicana) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Use cautiously — latex is toxic in large doses. Bioavailability: Isoquinoline alkaloids (sanguinarine, berberine) show moderate oral bioavailability (25-40%). Sanguinarine undergoes extensive hepatic metabolism. ### Senna URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/senna/ Botanical name: Cassia angustifolia Vahl (syn. Senna alexandrina Mill.) Family: Fabaceae (Leguminosae/Caesalpiniaceae) Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants Vol. 1 (1999); European Medicines Agency well-established use monograph; included in multiple national pharmacopoeias worldwide Senna (Cassia angustifolia Vahl (syn. Senna alexandrina Mill.)) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Fabaceae (Leguminosae/Caesalpiniaceae) family. Listed in WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants Vol. ### Shallaki URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/shallaki/ Botanical name: Boswellia serrata Roxb. ex Colebr. Family: Burseraceae Pharmacopoeia status: Included in Indian Pharmacopoeia and Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India; WHO traditional medicine resources acknowledge its anti-inflammatory applications; widely studied in WHO-supported research networks Shallaki (Boswellia serrata Roxb. ex Colebr.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Burseraceae family. Included in Indian Pharmacopoeia and Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India; WHO traditional medicine resources acknowledge its anti-inflammatory applications; widely studied in WHO-supported research networks. ### Shalmali URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/shalmali/ Botanical name: Bombax ceiba Shalmali (Bombax ceiba) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Mucilaginous polysaccharides from the gum (Mocharasa) are not systemically absorbed but exert local GI effects. Tannins from bark have low systemic bioavailability but significant topical and local GI activity. ### Shalparni URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/shalparni/ Botanical name: Desmodium gangeticum (L.) DC. Family: Fabaceae (Leguminosae) Pharmacopoeia status: Not individually listed in WHO monographs; recognized in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India as a key Dashamoola ingredient Shalparni (Desmodium gangeticum (L.) DC.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Fabaceae (Leguminosae) family. Not individually listed in WHO monographs; recognized in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India as a key Dashamoola ingredient. ### Shana URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/shana/ Botanical name: Crotalaria juncea Shana (Crotalaria juncea) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (if present) are hepatotoxic and must be strictly limited. Fiber content of seeds may reduce absorption of co-administered drugs. Seed oil fatty acids have high bioavailability. ### Shankha Bhasma URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/shankha-bhasma/ Shankha Bhasma is a bhasma, a mineral or metal preparation reduced to ash by repeated calcination. [Pharmaceutical Standardization and Physicochemical Characterization of Traditional Ayurvedic Marine Drug: Incinerated Conch Shell (Shankha Bhasma)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30445775/). PMID [30445775](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30445775/) · [doi:10.3390/md16110450](https://doi.org/10.3390/md16110450) Standardized compressed tablet form developed. ### Shankhini URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/shankhini/ Shankhini is a substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. Flavonoid glycosides undergo intestinal hydrolysis. First-pass metabolism is moderate. Absorption is enhanced by warm water vehicle as traditionally prescribed. ### Shankhpushpi URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/shankhpushpi/ Botanical name: Convolvulus pluricaulis Pharmacopoeia status: Monographed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API) as Shankhpushpi (whole plant). API recommends the plant for epilepsy. Documented in Indian Pharmacopoeia since the 1996 edition with quality control standards. First referenced in Charaka Samhita (c. 1st-2nd century CE) as a brain tonic for intellect and nervous system. No standalone WHO monograph identified. Shankhpushpi (Convolvulus pluricaulis) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Monographed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API) as Shankhpushpi (whole plant). AChE inhibition: Significantly inhibits acetylcholinesterase activity in cortex and hippocampus, increasing acetylcholine retention in synapses. ### Shara URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/shara/ Botanical name: Saccharum bengalense Shara (Saccharum bengalense) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Kshara (alkali) preparations are highly water-soluble and rapidly absorbed. Silica content (from grass species) has low systemic bioavailability but contributes to local GI effects. ### Sharapunkha URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/sharapunkha/ Botanical name: Tephrosia purpurea Sharapunkha (Tephrosia purpurea) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Rotenoids are lipophilic and benefit from lipid-based delivery. Isoflavonoids undergo intestinal metabolism by gut microflora. Co-administration with piperine improves flavonoid bioavailability by 1.5-2x. ### Shatavari URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/shatavari/ Botanical name: Asparagus racemosus Family: Asparagaceae Ayurvedic category: Rasayana, Stanya Janana (Galactogogue) Pharmacopoeia status: Acknowledged by WHO in medicinal plant monographs, with encouragement for further phytochemical and pharmacological investigation. Listed in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Referenced in British Herbal Pharmacopoeia. Shatavari (Asparagus racemosus) is classified in Ayurveda as Rasayana, Stanya Janana (Galactogogue), from the Asparagaceae family. Parts used: root. Name means 'she who possesses 100 husbands' — referring to female reproductive benefits. Acknowledged by WHO in medicinal plant monographs, with encouragement for further phytochemical and pharmacological investigation. ### Shatavari Ksheera URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/shatavari-ksheera/ Botanical name: Asparagus racemosus Willd. Family: Asparagaceae (formerly Liliaceae) Pharmacopoeia status: Acknowledged in WHO medicinal plant monographs; included in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India; WHO encourages further phytochemical and pharmacological investigation Shatavari Ksheera (Asparagus racemosus Willd.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Asparagaceae (formerly Liliaceae) family. Acknowledged in WHO medicinal plant monographs; included in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India; WHO encourages further phytochemical and pharmacological investigation. ### Shati URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/shati/ Botanical name: Hedychium spicatum Buch.-Ham. ex Sm. Family: Zingiberaceae Pharmacopoeia status: Not in WHO monographs; listed in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India; recognized in Tibetan and Nepali traditional medicine systems Shati (Hedychium spicatum Buch.-Ham. ex Sm.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Zingiberaceae family. Not in WHO monographs; listed in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India; recognized in Tibetan and Nepali traditional medicine systems. ### Shigru Patra URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/shigru-patra/ Botanical name: Moringa oleifera Shigru Patra (Moringa oleifera) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Heat processing above 70 deg C inactivates myrosinase and reduces isothiocyanate formation — use raw or mildly heated preparations. Quercetin and kaempferol glycosides show moderate bioavailability (20-35%). ### Shilajit URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/shilajit/ Pharmacopoeia status: No dedicated WHO monograph. Referenced in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India as Shilajatu. USP (United States Pharmacopeia) standards referenced for quality testing. Classified as Rasayana (rejuvenative) in classical Ayurvedic texts including Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita. Shilajit is a bhasma, a mineral or metal preparation reduced to ash by repeated calcination. No dedicated WHO monograph. [Safety and efficacy of shilajit (mumie, moomiyo)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23733436/). PMID [23733436](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23733436/) · [doi:10.1002/ptr.5018](https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5018) PRISMA-guided systematic review of 15 clinical studies (1,254 participants) across chronic fatigue syndrome, high-altitude sickness, cognitive decline, and infertility. ### Shirisha URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/shirisha/ Botanical name: Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. Family: Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Classified as a Vishaghna (anti-toxic/anti-allergic) drug in Ayurvedic classical texts. No WHO monograph. Used in multiple Ayurvedic anti-allergic formulations. Shirisha (Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) family. Listed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. [Albizia lebbeck suppresses histamine signaling by the inhibition of histamine H1 receptor and histidine decarboxylase gene transcriptions](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21782040/). ### Shothari Loha URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/shothari-loha/ Pharmacopoeia status: Referenced in Bhaishajya Ratnavali; recognized as a classical Ayurvedic formulation; manufactured under license by Ayurvedic pharmacies as per AYUSH guidelines and Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940 Shothari Loha is a bhasma, a mineral or metal preparation reduced to ash by repeated calcination. Referenced in Bhaishajya Ratnavali; recognized as a classical Ayurvedic formulation; manufactured under license by Ayurvedic pharmacies as per AYUSH guidelines and Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940. ### Shrigataka URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/shrigataka/ Botanical name: Trapa natans L. (syn. Trapa bispinosa Roxb.) Family: Trapaceae (Lythraceae) Pharmacopoeia status: Not listed in WHO monographs on medicinal plants; recognized as a nutritionally important aquatic crop by FAO; Shrungataka referenced in Charaka Samhita and other classical Ayurvedic texts Shrigataka (Trapa natans L. (syn. Trapa bispinosa Roxb.)) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Trapaceae (Lythraceae) family. Not listed in WHO monographs on medicinal plants; recognized as a nutritionally important aquatic crop by FAO; Shrungataka referenced in Charaka Samhita and other classical Ayurvedic texts. ### Shukti Bhasma URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/shukti-bhasma/ Shukti Bhasma is a bhasma, a mineral or metal preparation reduced to ash by repeated calcination. An absence here means we could not identify the source, not that no work exists. Relatively low contamination risk. ### Shvet Musli URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/shvet-musli/ Shvet Musli is a substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. Polysaccharides (galactomannan, glucomannan — 30-40% of dry weight) act as prebiotics and have local GI effects rather than systemic absorption. Sapogenin aglycones are lipophilic and benefit from lipid-based formulations. ### Shyonaka URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/shyonaka/ Botanical name: Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz Family: Bignoniaceae Pharmacopoeia status: Not listed in WHO monographs; included in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India; listed as threatened in many regions due to overexploitation Shyonaka (Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Bignoniaceae family. Not listed in WHO monographs; included in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India; listed as threatened in many regions due to overexploitation. ### Siddha Makardhwaj URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/siddha-makardhwaj/ Siddha Makardhwaj is a rasa preparation, a herbo-mineral formulation of the rasa shastra tradition. [Safety evaluation of mercury based Ayurvedic formulation (Sidh Makardhwaj) on brain cerebrum, liver & kidney in rats](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24927349/). The Indian journal of medical research. ### Simhamoola URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/simhamoola/ Simhamoola is a substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. Terpenoid fraction is lipophilic and benefits from oil-based (taila) preparations. Traditional use with warm water or milk enhances absorption. ### Simsapa URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/simsapa/ Botanical name: Dalbergia sissoo Simsapa (Dalbergia sissoo) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Tectoridin (isoflavone glycoside) is hydrolyzed by intestinal beta-glucosidases to tectorigenin, which has improved absorption. Tannins may reduce bioavailability of co-administered minerals. Lipid co-administration enhances terpenoid absorption. ### Sitopalasav URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/sitopalasav/ Sitopalasav is a compound formulation of several ingredients. Alcohol facilitates extraction of both hydrophilic and lipophilic compounds during fermentation. Fermentation-generated metabolites (organic acids, esters) may have independent bioactivity. Rapid oral absorption due to alcohol vehicle. ### Somavalli URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/somavalli/ Somavalli is a substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. Estimated moderate bioavailability (20-35%) for alkaloid and glycoside constituents based on structural analogy. Traditional Ghrita (ghee) preparation enhances lipophilic compound absorption. Fresh juice (swarasa) provides maximum bioavailability for hydrophilic constituents. ### Soubhagya Shunthi URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/soubhagya-shunthi/ Soubhagya Shunthi is a compound formulation of several ingredients. 6-Shogaol (formed during drying of fresh ginger) is more bioavailable than 6-gingerol. The compound formulation 'Soubhagya Shunthi' includes multiple ingredients that provide mutual bioenhancement. ### Souvarchala Lavana URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/souvarchala-lavana/ Souvarchala Lavana is a salt or alkali preparation used in Ayurveda. An absence here means we could not identify the source, not that no work exists. ### Sphatika Bhasma URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/sphatika-bhasma/ Sphatika Bhasma is a bhasma, a mineral or metal preparation reduced to ash by repeated calcination. An absence here means we could not identify the source, not that no work exists. ALUMINIUM EXPOSURE CONCERN: Chronic aluminium exposure linked to neurotoxicity and possible Alzheimer's disease association (debated). ### Sthneyaka URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/sthneyaka/ Botanical name: Taxus baccata L. (possibly Taxus wallichiana Zucc. in Indian context) Family: Taxaceae Pharmacopoeia status: Paclitaxel (derived from Taxus) listed on WHO Model List of Essential Medicines as an anticancer agent; raw plant material not recommended for traditional medicine use due to extreme toxicity; Taxus wallichiana listed on CITES Appendix II (threatened species) Sthneyaka (Taxus baccata L. (possibly Taxus wallichiana Zucc. in Indian context)) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Taxaceae family. [Phytochemical Characterization of Taxus baccata L. Aril with Emphasis on Evaluation of the Antiproliferative and Pro-Apoptotic Activity of Rhodoxanthin](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35739936/). ### Sthuneyaka URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/sthuneyaka/ Botanical name: Taxus baccata Sthuneyaka (Taxus baccata) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Estimated moderate bioavailability (20-35%) based on phytochemical class. Lipophilic terpenoid constituents benefit from oil-based (taila) or milk-based administration. Traditional prescribing with specific Anupana (vehicle) likely optimizes bioavailability. ### Surana URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/surana/ Botanical name: Amorphophallus campanulatus (Roxb.) Blume ex Decne. (syn. Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson) Family: Araceae Pharmacopoeia status: Not listed in WHO monographs; recognized in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India; widely consumed as food in South and Southeast Asia after appropriate processing Surana (Amorphophallus campanulatus (Roxb.) Blume ex Decne. (syn. Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson)) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Araceae family. Not listed in WHO monographs; recognized in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India; widely consumed as food in South and Southeast Asia after appropriate processing. ### Suryavarta URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/suryavarta/ Suryavarta is a substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. Nasya (nasal) administration provides rapid absorption of volatile and lipophilic constituents via nasal mucosa — onset of action within 15-30 minutes for headache relief. ### Svetamarica URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/svetamarica/ Svetamarica is a substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. Piperine inhibits CYP3A4, CYP2D6, CYP1A2, and P-glycoprotein, thereby increasing bioavailability of co-administered compounds by 30-200%. White pepper (Svetamarica) has identical piperine content to black pepper but lacks the outer pericarp (and its associated compounds like chavicine). ### Swarna Bhasma URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/swarna-bhasma/ Swarna Bhasma is a bhasma, a mineral or metal preparation reduced to ash by repeated calcination. [Enhanced Internalization of Indian Ayurvedic Swarna Bhasma (Gold Nanopowder) for Effective Interaction with Human Cells](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29954495/). Journal of nanoscience and nanotechnology. ### Swarna Parpati URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/swarna-parpati/ Pharmacopoeia status: Classical Rasashastra Parpati Kalpana formulation from Rasa Tarangini; classified as Schedule E-1 restricted medicine; manufactured by select licensed Ayurvedic pharmacies with Rasashastra expertise; expensive formulation due to gold content Swarna Parpati is a rasa preparation, a herbo-mineral formulation of the rasa shastra tradition. [Evaluation of safety and efficacy of a gold containing Ayurvedic drug](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11831371/). Indian journal of experimental biology. ### Swarna Vasant Malti Ras URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/swarna-vasant-malti-ras/ Swarna Vasant Malti Ras is a rasa preparation, a herbo-mineral formulation of the rasa shastra tradition. [Evaluation of safety and efficacy of a gold containing Ayurvedic drug](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11831371/). Indian journal of experimental biology. ### Tagara URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/tagara/ Botanical name: Valeriana jatamansi Tagara (Valeriana jatamansi) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Total PubMed publications found: 65 Authors: Rajkumar Subramani, Singh Sunil Kumar, Nag Akshay et al. Journal: Biochemical genetics (2011) PMID: 21681576 > Valeriana jatamansi Jones is a natural tetraploid species indigenous to the Indian Himalaya. ### Tagetes URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/tagetes/ Tagetes is a substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. Lutein is preferentially deposited in the macular region of the retina. Essential oil constituents (tagetone, ocimene) are rapidly absorbed transdermally. Thiophene derivatives have moderate oral bioavailability. ### Takra URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/takra/ Takra is an animal-derived substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. An absence here means we could not identify the source, not that no work exists. ### Tala URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/tala/ Botanical name: Borassus flabellifer Tala (Borassus flabellifer) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Polyphenols from fruit have moderate bioavailability (20-35%). Kernel oil fatty acids (lauric, oleic) have high bioavailability (>75%). B-vitamins in fresh sap are well-absorbed. ### Talamuli URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/talamuli/ Botanical name: Curculigo orchioides Talamuli (Curculigo orchioides) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Mucilaginous polysaccharides provide local GI effects (demulcent, prebiotic) rather than systemic absorption. Diosgenin derivatives are lipophilic and benefit from lipid-based formulations. Traditional Ghrita preparation enhances lipophilic constituent bioavailability by 2-3x. ### Talisa URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/talisa/ Botanical name: Abies webbiana Lindl. (syn. Abies spectabilis (D. Don) Mirb.) Family: Pinaceae Pharmacopoeia status: Not listed in WHO monographs; recognized in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India; key ingredient in classical formulation Talisadi Churna Talisa (Abies webbiana Lindl. (syn. Abies spectabilis (D. Don) Mirb.)) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Pinaceae family. Not listed in WHO monographs; recognized in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India; key ingredient in classical formulation Talisadi Churna. ### Talisapatra URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/talisapatra/ Botanical name: Abies webbiana Talisapatra (Abies webbiana) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Lipophilic components benefit from co-administration with ghee or oil-based vehicles. First-pass metabolism reduces systemic levels of taxifolin and related flavonoids. Avoid storage near strong-smelling materials due to volatile cross-contamination. ### Tamalaki URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/tamalaki/ Botanical name: Phyllanthus niruri L. / Phyllanthus amarus Schum. & Thonn. Family: Phyllanthaceae (formerly Euphorbiaceae) Pharmacopoeia status: WHO monograph exists for Phyllanthus species in some regional pharmacopoeias; recognized in Ayurvedic, Chinese, and Brazilian pharmacopoeias; extensive global ethnomedicinal documentation Tamalaki (Phyllanthus niruri L. / Phyllanthus amarus Schum. & Thonn.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Phyllanthaceae (formerly Euphorbiaceae) family. WHO monograph exists for Phyllanthus species in some regional pharmacopoeias; recognized in Ayurvedic, Chinese, and Brazilian pharmacopoeias; extensive global ethnomedicinal documentation. ### Tamalpatra URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/tamalpatra/ Botanical name: Cinnamomum tamala Tamalpatra (Cinnamomum tamala) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Polyphenolic fraction (catechins, procyanidins) has lower bioavailability (10-20%) due to poor aqueous solubility and extensive Phase II conjugation. Essential oil in amber glass under nitrogen. ### Tamra Bhasma URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/tamra-bhasma/ Tamra Bhasma is a bhasma, a mineral or metal preparation reduced to ash by repeated calcination. [Acute and subchronic toxicity study of Tamra Bhasma (incinerated copper) prepared with and without Amritikarana](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27297506/). Journal of Ayurveda and integrative medicine. ### Tanduliyaka URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/tanduliyaka/ Tanduliyaka is a substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. Polyphenols and flavonoids undergo extensive Phase II metabolism. The high dietary fiber content slows gastric emptying and may modulate absorption kinetics of co-administered drugs. ### Tankana Bhasma URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/tankana-bhasma/ Tankana Bhasma is a bhasma, a mineral or metal preparation reduced to ash by repeated calcination. An absence here means we could not identify the source, not that no work exists. PREGNANCY CONTRAINDICATED: Tankan Bhasma can cross the placental barrier. ### Tapyadi Loha URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/tapyadi-loha/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in Ayurveda Sara Sangraha; recognized as a classical Ayurvedic formulation under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940; manufactured by licensed pharmacies under AYUSH guidelines Tapyadi Loha is a bhasma, a mineral or metal preparation reduced to ash by repeated calcination. Listed in Ayurveda Sara Sangraha; recognized as a classical Ayurvedic formulation under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940; manufactured by licensed pharmacies under AYUSH guidelines. ### Taruni URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/taruni/ Botanical name: Rosa centifolia Taruni (Rosa centifolia) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Anthocyanins and flavonoids from rose petals have low oral bioavailability (5-15%) due to instability at intestinal pH and extensive Phase II conjugation. Tannin-protein binding in GI tract further reduces polyphenol absorption. ### Tejapatra URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/tejapatra/ Botanical name: Cinnamomum tamala Tejapatra (Cinnamomum tamala) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Undergoes hepatic glucuronidation and sulfation. Cinnamaldehyde, when present, has good absorption but is rapidly metabolized to cinnamic acid and subsequently to hippuric acid. ### Tila URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/tila/ Botanical name: Sesamum indicum L. Family: Pedaliaceae Pharmacopoeia status: Not listed in WHO monographs as a medicinal plant; recognized globally as a major food oilseed; Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia recognizes sesame oil (Tila taila) as a key pharmaceutical vehicle Tila (Sesamum indicum L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Pedaliaceae family. Not listed in WHO monographs as a medicinal plant; recognized globally as a major food oilseed; Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia recognizes sesame oil (Tila taila) as a key pharmaceutical vehicle. ### Tila Patra URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/tila-patra/ Botanical name: Sesamum indicum Tila Patra (Sesamum indicum) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Mucilaginous polysaccharides are not systemically absorbed but act locally on GI mucosa with prebiotic effects. Chlorophyll derivatives and carotenoids require lipid co-administration for meaningful absorption. ### Tilaparni URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/tilaparni/ Tilaparni is a substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. Rosmarinic acid, a key phenolic, has oral bioavailability of approximately 15-20% due to esterase-mediated hydrolysis in the gut and extensive Phase II metabolism. ### Tinduka URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/tinduka/ Botanical name: Diospyros peregrina (Gaertn.) Gurke (syn. D. embryopteris Pers., D. malabarica (Desr.) Kostel.) Family: Ebenaceae Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India as Tinduka. Not included in WHO monographs. Recognized in Indian traditional medicine systems. Timber species (ebony family) with medicinal value. Tinduka (Diospyros peregrina (Gaertn.) Gurke (syn. D. embryopteris Pers., D. malabarica (Desr.) Kostel.)) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Ebenaceae family. Listed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India as Tinduka. ### Tintidika URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/tintidika/ Botanical name: Rhus parviflora Tintidika (Rhus parviflora) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Polyphenols including proanthocyanidins and flavonoids have moderate bioavailability (15-25%). High organic acid content naturally enhances iron absorption from co-administered iron supplements or iron-rich foods. ### Trapusha URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/trapusha/ Botanical name: Cucumis sativus Trapusha (Cucumis sativus) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Flavonoids (vitexin, orientin) show low to moderate bioavailability (10-20%). The high water content (>95%) of fresh fruit facilitates rapid dissolution and absorption of water-soluble constituents. ### Tribhuvan Kirti Rasa URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/tribhuvan-kirti-rasa/ Tribhuvan Kirti Rasa is a rasa preparation, a herbo-mineral formulation of the rasa shastra tradition. An absence here means we could not identify the source, not that no work exists. ### Trikatu URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/trikatu/ Family: Piperaceae + Zingiberaceae Ayurvedic category: Deepaniya (Appetizer), Amapachana (Toxin digester) Trikatu is classified in Ayurveda as Deepaniya (Appetizer), Amapachana (Toxin digester), from the Piperaceae + Zingiberaceae family. Parts used: long pepper + black pepper + dry ginger. Synergistic combination — piperine enhances absorption of other herbs and foods. ### Triphala URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/triphala/ Family: Combretaceae + Phyllanthaceae Ayurvedic category: Tridoshahara (Balances all three doshas), Rasayana Pharmacopoeia status: Not listed in WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants as a compound formulation. Individual components (Terminalia chebula, Phyllanthus emblica) referenced in WHO traditional medicine resources. Officially monographed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API) as Triphala Churna. Health Canada has issued a Natural Health Product monograph for Triphala. Triphala is classified in Ayurveda as Tridoshahara (Balances all three doshas), Rasayana, from the Combretaceae + Phyllanthaceae family. Parts used: fruits of three plants. Most famous Ayurvedic compound. Not listed in WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants as a compound formulation. ### Triphala Herbs URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/triphala-herbs/ Triphala Herbs is a preparation made from plant material. Bibhitaki: beta-sitosterol moderate bioavailability (~15-25%); belleric acid low absorption improved with lipid vehicle. Amalaki: Ascorbic acid high bioavailability (~70-80%) but rapid renal clearance; emblicanin A/B moderate absorption (~20-30%). ### Trivanga Bhasma URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/trivanga-bhasma/ Trivanga Bhasma is a bhasma, a mineral or metal preparation reduced to ash by repeated calcination. However, lead toxicity risk undermines clinical applicability. ### Trivrit URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/trivrit/ Botanical name: Operculina turpethum (L.) Silva Manso (syn. Ipomoea turpethum R. Br.) Family: Convolvulaceae Pharmacopoeia status: Included in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India; widely used in Panchakarma Virechana therapy; no standalone WHO monograph Trivrit (Operculina turpethum (L.) Silva Manso (syn. Ipomoea turpethum R. Br.)) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Convolvulaceae family. Included in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India; widely used in Panchakarma Virechana therapy; no standalone WHO monograph. ### Tulsi URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/tulsi/ Botanical name: Ocimum tenuiflorum (syn. O. sanctum) Family: Lamiaceae Ayurvedic category: Kasa-Shvasahara (Anti-tussive/Anti-asthmatic) Pharmacopoeia status: No dedicated WHO monograph identified. Listed in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Tulsi extracts comply with USP requirements for dietary supplement quality (microbial limits, heavy metals, pesticides, aflatoxins, residual solvents). Recognized in multiple traditional medicine systems of Southeast Asia. 24+ clinical studies identified in systematic reviews supporting therapeutic efficacy. Tulsi (Ocimum tenuiflorum (syn. O. sanctum)) is classified in Ayurveda as Kasa-Shvasahara (Anti-tussive/Anti-asthmatic), from the Lamiaceae family. Parts used: leaf, seed, root, whole plant. Revered as sacred plant in Hinduism. No dedicated WHO monograph identified. ### Tumburu URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/tumburu/ Botanical name: Zanthoxylum armatum Tumburu (Zanthoxylum armatum) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Alkaloids (chelerythrine, sanguinarine) have moderate bioavailability but are extensively metabolized hepatically. Essential oil terpenes (limonene, linalool) are well absorbed but undergo rapid first-pass metabolism. ### Turmeric URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/turmeric/ Botanical name: Curcuma longa Family: Zingiberaceae Ayurvedic category: Kusthaghna (Anti-dermatosis), Vishaghna (Antitoxic) Pharmacopoeia status: WHO Monograph published in 1999 (WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants, Volume 1). Listed in European Pharmacopoeia (monograph #2543), ESCOP monographs (2009), EMA/HMPC monograph for Curcumae longae rhizoma, Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China, Japanese Herbal Medicines Codex, and Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (as Haridra). Turmeric essential oils and oleoresins have GRAS status in the US, though curcumin itself is not on the FDA GRAS list. Turmeric (Curcuma longa) is classified in Ayurveda as Kusthaghna (Anti-dermatosis), Vishaghna (Antitoxic), from the Zingiberaceae family. Parts used: rhizome. Used in virtually every Ayurvedic formulation. WHO Monograph published in 1999 (WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants, Volume 1). ### Twak Cinnamon URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/twak-cinnamon/ Botanical name: Cinnamomum verum Family: Lauraceae Pharmacopoeia status: HMPC (Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products of EMA) has classified Cinnamon|cinnamon bark as a traditional herbal medicinal product. ESCOP (European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy) recommends it for dyspeptic complaints. Listed in European Pharmacopoeia, British Pharmacopoeia, and Indian Pharmacopoeia. WHO recognizes cinnamaldehyde as a flavoring agent with established safety profile. Twak Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Lauraceae family. HMPC (Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products of EMA) has classified Cinnamon|cinnamon bark as a traditional herbal medicinal product. ### Udumbara URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/udumbara/ Botanical name: Ficus racemosa Linn. Family: Moraceae Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API). Not included in WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants as of 2025. Recognized in AYUSH systems of India. Udumbara (Ficus racemosa Linn.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Moraceae family. Listed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API). An absence here means we could not identify the source, not that no work exists. ### Upodika URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/upodika/ Botanical name: Basella alba Upodika (Basella alba) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Oxalic acid is highly bioavailable and can contribute to calcium oxalate kidney stone risk at high doses. Saponins from Basella have low oral bioavailability (<10%) but act locally as mucosal demulcents. ### Ushira URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/ushira/ Botanical name: Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash (syn. Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty) Family: Poaceae (Gramineae) Pharmacopoeia status: Not listed in WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants; FDA GRAS status for flavoring use; recognized in Ayurvedic and Unani pharmacopoeias Ushira (Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash (syn. Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty)) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Poaceae (Gramineae) family. Not listed in WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants; FDA GRAS status for flavoring use; recognized in Ayurvedic and Unani pharmacopoeias. ### Ushirasva URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/ushirasva/ Ushirasva is a compound formulation of several ingredients. Alcohol enhances GI absorption by 2-3 fold compared to aqueous decoction. Fermentation generates novel metabolites (organic acids, peptides) not present in raw herb. Sesquiterpenes from Ushira are more bioavailable in the hydroalcoholic matrix of the Asava. ### Utingana URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/utingana/ Botanical name: Blepharis persica Utingana (Blepharis persica) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Polyphenolic compounds undergo Phase II hepatic conjugation. The saponin fraction is poorly absorbed (<10%) but contributes to local GI effects. Co-administration with Trikatu or piperine-containing herbs can enhance systemic absorption of the alkaloid fraction. ### Utpala URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/utpala/ Utpala is a substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. Nuciferine and nornuciferine (aporphine alkaloids, if Nelumbo species) have good oral bioavailability (~35-45%). Flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol glycosides) undergo extensive Phase II metabolism with low systemic bioavailability (<15%) but gut microbiota conversion to bioactive aglycones. ### Vacha URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/vacha/ Botanical name: Acorus calamus Pharmacopoeia status: WHO/JECFA evaluated beta-asarone in Food Additives Series No. 16 (1981), determining carcinogenic risk from chronic exposure. FDA banned calamus as human food additive in 1968 (21 CFR 189.110). Not approved as a drug. Despite bans in Western regulatory frameworks, Acorus calamus (Vacha) remains in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India and is widely used in traditional Indian, Chinese, and Unani medicine systems. The regulatory divergence between traditional use and modern safety assessments remains unresolved. Vacha (Acorus calamus) is a plant used in Ayurveda. WHO/JECFA evaluated beta-asarone in Food Additives Series No. Anti-neuroinflammatory: Beta-asarone suppresses TNF-alpha and IL-1beta secretion, reducing neuroinflammation. Blood-brain barrier penetration: Both alpha- and beta-asarone cross the blood-brain barrier, enabling direct CNS activity. ### Vaikranta Bhasma URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/vaikranta-bhasma/ Vaikranta Bhasma is a bhasma, a mineral or metal preparation reduced to ash by repeated calcination. [Physico-chemical study of Vaikrānta bhasma](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24991067/). PMID [24991067](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24991067/) · [doi:10.4103/0257-7941.131971](https://doi.org/10.4103/0257-7941.131971) SEM, EDX, FTIR, and ICP analysis confirmed Vaikranta Bhasma as multi-mineral compound with iron and silica as major constituents. ### Vajra Bhasma URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/vajra-bhasma/ Vajra Bhasma is a bhasma, a mineral or metal preparation reduced to ash by repeated calcination. [Nanoscale Diamond-Based Formulation as an Immunomodulator and Potential Therapeutic for Lymphoma](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35444547/). 2 further claims previously listed here could not be traced to a published paper and have been removed. ### Vamsha URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/vamsha/ Botanical name: Bambusa bambos Vamsha (Bambusa bambos) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Choline from bamboo leaves has high oral bioavailability (~70%). Flavonoids (orientin, vitexin, isoorientin) from leaves have moderate bioavailability (~15-25%). Silicon absorption is enhanced in acidic pH; co-administer with citric acid or Amalaki (vitamin C source). ### Vamshalochana URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/vamshalochana/ Botanical name: Prakshep phase Vamshalochana (Prakshep phase) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Translucent to opaque whitish-grey siliceous nodules, hard and brittle, sourced by splitting mature female bamboo internodes. Classical name Tabasheer (Unani/Persian) denotes the same material. ### Vanapsa URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/vanapsa/ Botanical name: Viola odorata L. Family: Violaceae Pharmacopoeia status: Not in WHO monographs; recognized in Unani Pharmacopoeia (as Banafsha); listed in traditional Persian, European, and Indian medicine systems Vanapsa (Viola odorata L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Violaceae family. Not in WHO monographs; recognized in Unani Pharmacopoeia (as Banafsha); listed in traditional Persian, European, and Indian medicine systems. ### Vanga Bhasma URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/vanga-bhasma/ Vanga Bhasma is a bhasma, a mineral or metal preparation reduced to ash by repeated calcination. [TOXICITY STUDIES ON VANGA BHASMA (Part I - with special reference to G. Liver and Pancreas)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22557446/). ### Varahikanda URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/varahikanda/ Botanical name: Dioscorea bulbifera Varahikanda (Dioscorea bulbifera) is a plant used in Ayurveda. However, it is a critical precursor for pharmaceutical steroid synthesis. Bioavailability is significantly enhanced (3-5 fold) by lipid-based delivery systems (SEDDS, nanoemulsions) or phospholipid complexation. ### Varatika Bhasma URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/varatika-bhasma/ Varatika Bhasma is a bhasma, a mineral or metal preparation reduced to ash by repeated calcination. Hyperacidity and gastritis (Amlapitta): Antacid activity confirmed through in-vitro studies and clinical observations. ### Varshabhu URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/varshabhu/ Botanical name: Trianthema portulacastrum L. (primary identity); also associated with Boerhavia erecta L. Family: Aizoaceae (Trianthema) / Nyctaginaceae (Boerhavia) Pharmacopoeia status: Not in WHO monographs under the name Varshabhu; Boerhavia diffusa (Punarnava) has better documentation in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India; taxonomic identity of Varshabhu remains debated among Ayurvedic scholars Varshabhu (Trianthema portulacastrum L. (primary identity); also associated with Boerhavia erecta L.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Aizoaceae (Trianthema) / Nyctaginaceae (Boerhavia) family. Not in WHO monographs under the name Varshabhu; Boerhavia diffusa (Punarnava) has better documentation in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India; taxonomic identity of Varshabhu remains debated among Ayurvedic scholars. ### Vartaku URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/vartaku/ Botanical name: Solanum melongena Vartaku (Solanum melongena) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Chlorogenic acid (3-CQA, major phenolic) has moderate bioavailability (~25-35%). Solasodine (steroidal alkaloid) is moderately absorbed but has dose-dependent toxicity. Solanine/alpha-solanine content must be monitored for safety. ### Varuna URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/varuna/ Botanical name: Crateva nurvala Varuna (Crateva nurvala) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Betulinic acid similarly shows poor absorption. Saponins (varunosides) undergo partial hydrolysis by gut bacteria enhancing aglycone absorption. Glucosinolates (glucocapparin) are well absorbed and metabolized to bioactive isothiocyanates by myrosinase or gut bacteria. ### Vasa URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/vasa/ Botanical name: Adhatoda vasica Nees (syn. Justicia adhatoda L.) Family: Acanthaceae Pharmacopoeia status: Included in WHO manual on Traditional Medicine in Primary Health Care; WHO Special Programme of Research in Human Reproduction investigated vasicine for fertility regulation; Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India listed Vasa (Adhatoda vasica Nees (syn. Justicia adhatoda L.)) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Acanthaceae family. Included in WHO manual on Traditional Medicine in Primary Health Care; WHO Special Programme of Research in Human Reproduction investigated vasicine for fertility regulation; Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India listed. ### Vasaka URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/vasaka/ Botanical name: Justicia adhatoda Vasaka (Justicia adhatoda) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Note: Vasa and Vasaka are synonymous names for Adhatoda vasica in different Ayurvedic traditions. All pharmacokinetic parameters identical. See Vasa entry for complete bioavailability profile. ### Vasant Kusumakar Rasa URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/vasant-kusumakar-rasa/ Vasant Kusumakar Rasa is a rasa preparation, a herbo-mineral formulation of the rasa shastra tradition. [Cardioprotective Effects of 'Vasant Kusumakar Rasa,' a Herbo-metallic Formulation, in Type 2 Diabetic Cardiomyopathy in Rats](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39023814/). Singh AD, Chawda M, Kulkarni YA 2024. ### Vatagajankush Rasa URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/vatagajankush-rasa/ Vatagajankush Rasa is a rasa preparation, a herbo-mineral formulation of the rasa shastra tradition. Journal of Ayurveda and integrative medicine. 1 further claim previously listed here could not be traced to a published paper and has been removed. ### Vathada URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/vathada/ Botanical name: Prunus dulcis Vathada (Prunus dulcis) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Almond protein has high digestibility (>85%). Monounsaturated fatty acids (oleic acid) are well absorbed (>90%). Polyphenols from almond skin have low bioavailability (~5-15%) but are converted to bioactive metabolites by gut microbiota. ### Vatsanabha URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/vatsanabha/ Botanical name: Aconitum ferox Wall. ex Ser. Vatsanabha (Aconitum ferox Wall. ex Ser.) is a plant used in Ayurveda. {'use': 'Antipyretic (Jvarahara)', 'validation': 'Aconitum alkaloids at sub-toxic doses suppress prostaglandin-mediated fever pathways. ### Vetasa URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/vetasa/ Vetasa is a substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. Onset of action is slower than synthetic aspirin (1-2 hours vs. 30 minutes) but duration is longer (6-8 hours). Salicylic acid from willow bark does not cause the same degree of gastric irritation as aspirin because salicin is hydrolyzed in the intestine, not the stomach. ### Vida Lavana URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/vida-lavana/ Vida Lavana is a salt or alkali preparation used in Ayurveda. An absence here means we could not identify the source, not that no work exists. ### Vidanga URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/vidanga/ Botanical name: Embelia ribes Burm.f. Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Phytochemical standardization conducted per WHO guidelines. No dedicated WHO monograph; included in Indian traditional medicine pharmacopeias. Vidanga (Embelia ribes Burm.f.) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Anthelmintic activity confirmed by in vitro and clinical studies in children with Ascaris infections. Listed in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. ### Vidari URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/vidari/ Botanical name: Pueraria tuberosa Vidari (Pueraria tuberosa) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Tuberosin shows moderate absorption. Daidzein and genistein (isoflavones) undergo extensive gut microbial metabolism to equol and other metabolites with prolonged half-lives. Milk as vehicle (traditional Ksheera Paka) enhances absorption of lipophilic isoflavonoids through casein micelle solubilization. ### Vidarikand URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/vidarikand/ Botanical name: Pueraria tuberosa (Willd.) DC. Family: Fabaceae Pharmacopoeia status: Included in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India; recognized in Indian traditional medicine systems; limited WHO-specific documentation; further clinical validation encouraged Vidarikand (Pueraria tuberosa (Willd.) DC.) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Fabaceae family. Included in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India; recognized in Indian traditional medicine systems; limited WHO-specific documentation; further clinical validation encouraged. ### Vijaysar URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/vijaysar/ Botanical name: Pterocarpus marsupium Vijaysar (Pterocarpus marsupium) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Total PubMed publications found: 101 Authors: Chawre Sushil Vilas, Waykar P A, Shinde V S et al. Journal: International journal of applied & basic medical research (2024) PMID: 38504835 > Many effective formulations are available in Ayurveda for various diseases. ### Vriddhadaru URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/vriddhadaru/ Botanical name: Argyreia nervosa Vriddhadaru (Argyreia nervosa) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Friedelin and other triterpenoids have low oral bioavailability (<10%) improved by lipid co-administration. Flavonoids (kaempferol, quercetin glycosides) undergo typical Phase II conjugation with moderate bioavailability (~15-20%). ### Vriddhi URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/vriddhi/ Vriddhi is a substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. Mucilaginous polysaccharides from tubers are not systemically absorbed but act as prebiotics. Steroidal saponins show low oral bioavailability (<15%) enhanced by milk or ghee co-administration. ### Vrikshamla URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/vrikshamla/ Botanical name: Garcinia indica (Thouars) Choisy (also includes reference to Garcinia cambogia/gummi-gutta) Family: Clusiaceae (Guttiferae) Pharmacopoeia status: Garcinia cambogia (G. gummi-gutta) is under regulatory scrutiny in multiple countries (Health Canada, TGA Australia, France) due to hepatotoxicity reports. G. indica (kokum) is listed in Indian food regulatory frameworks and Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia. WHO adverse drug reaction database contains hepatotoxicity case reports for Garcinia/HCA. Vrikshamla (Garcinia indica (Thouars) Choisy (also includes reference to Garcinia cambogia/gummi-gutta)) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Clusiaceae (Guttiferae) family. Garcinia cambogia (G. [Pharmacological Activity of Garcinia indica (Kokum): An Updated Review](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34959738/). ### Vrikshamla Phala URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/vrikshamla-phala/ Vrikshamla Phala is a substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. However, whole fruit preparations provide a broader spectrum of polyphenols (garcinol, anthocyanins in G. indica) with complementary biological activities. indica) have low but meaningful bioavailability (~5-12%) with gut microbiota metabolism to bioactive catabolites. ### Vyaghranakhi URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/vyaghranakhi/ Vyaghranakhi is a substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. Iridoid glycosides undergo gut microbial activation. Flavonoids are moderately absorbed with typical Phase II conjugation. External application (Lepa/Taila) provides local anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity through transdermal absorption of lipophilic terpenoids. ### Vyaghri Haritaki URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/vyaghri-haritaki/ Family: Polyherbal Avaleha (confection) - classical Ayurvedic compound formulation Pharmacopoeia status: Not listed in WHO monographs; recognized in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India and Ayurvedic Formulary of India; Kantakari (individual ingredient) is a well-documented Ayurvedic herb Vyaghri Haritaki is a compound formulation of several ingredients, from the Polyherbal Avaleha (confection) - classical Ayurvedic compound formulation family. Not listed in WHO monographs; recognized in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India and Ayurvedic Formulary of India; Kantakari (individual ingredient) is a well-documented Ayurvedic herb. ### Water Hyssop URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/water-hyssop/ Botanical name: Bacopa monnieri Water Hyssop (Bacopa monnieri) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Bacoside A3, bacopaside I, II, and X are the specific active saponins. Bioavailability is enhanced 1.5-2x by lipid co-administration (ghee, phospholipids). Brahmi Ghrita (traditional ghee-based formulation) provides superior bacoside delivery through lipid solubilization. ### Yashada Bhasma URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/yashada-bhasma/ Yashada Bhasma is a bhasma, a mineral or metal preparation reduced to ash by repeated calcination. [Characterization and potential novel applications of zinc-based traditional medicine, Yashad Bhasma](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40886520/). Journal of Ayurveda and integrative medicine. ### Yashtimadhu URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/yashtimadhu/ Botanical name: Glycyrrhiza glabra Pharmacopoeia status: WHO Monograph on Radix Glycyrrhizae published in WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants (Volume 1, 1999). European Medicines Agency (EMA) issued a Community Herbal Monograph for Glycyrrhiza glabra/inflata/uralensis radix with well-established and traditional use designations. Listed in European Pharmacopoeia (minimum 4% glycyrrhizic acid), British Pharmacopoeia, and Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. ESCOP monograph available. NCCIH (US NIH) maintains an active safety information page. Most extensively documented herb in international pharmacopeias among the five researched. Yashtimadhu (Glycyrrhiza glabra) is a plant used in Ayurveda. WHO Monograph on Radix Glycyrrhizae published in WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants (Volume 1, 1999). NF-kB pathway inhibition: Glycyrrhizin blocks HMGB1-TLR4-NF-kB signaling, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-alpha) in macrophages. ### Yava URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/yava/ Botanical name: Hordeum vulgare Yava (Hordeum vulgare) is a plant used in Ayurveda. An absence here means we could not identify the source, not that no work exists. ### Yavakshara URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/yavakshara/ Yavakshara is a salt or alkali preparation used in Ayurveda. An absence here means we could not identify the source, not that no work exists. ### Yavani URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/yavani/ Botanical name: Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague Family: Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) Pharmacopoeia status: Not in specific WHO monographs for Trachyspermum ammi; thymol (active constituent) is recognized in pharmacopeias globally; included in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India and Indian Pharmacopoeia Yavani (Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague) is a plant used in Ayurveda, from the Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) family. Not in specific WHO monographs for Trachyspermum ammi; thymol (active constituent) is recognized in pharmacopeias globally; included in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India and Indian Pharmacopoeia. ### Yavasa URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/yavasa/ Botanical name: Alhagi pseudalhagi Yavasa (Alhagi pseudalhagi) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Flavonoids (isorhamnetin, kaempferol glycosides) undergo typical Phase II conjugation with low to moderate systemic bioavailability (~10-20%). Manna sugar (a natural exudate) is largely composed of saccharides that are absorbed as dietary sugars. ### Yuthika URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/yuthika/ Botanical name: Jasminum auriculatum Vahl Pharmacopoeia status: Jasminum auriculatum is listed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Jasmine species are recognized in WHO traditional medicine references for South-East Asia. Jasmine absolute and concrete are RIFM-assessed for cosmetic safety. No dedicated WHO monograph. Yuthika (Jasminum auriculatum Vahl) is a plant used in Ayurveda. Jasminum auriculatum is listed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. [Evaluation of wound healing, antioxidant and antimicrobial efficacy of Jasminum auriculatum Vahl. ### Zingiber URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/zingiber/ Botanical name: Zingiber officinale Zingiber (Zingiber officinale) is a plant used in Ayurveda. 6-Shogaol (dehydrated product of gingerol, predominant in dry ginger/Shunthi) has better bioavailability (~40-50%) and 2-3x greater biological potency. Zerumbone has low bioavailability (<15%) improved by SEDDS. ## Formulations ### Abhayarishta URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/abhayarishta/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI), Parts I and II. Referenced in Bhaishajya Ratnavali and Charaka Samhita. Widely manufactured by major Ayurvedic pharmacies under GMP standards. Abhayarishta is a classical Ayurvedic fermented arishta or asava. Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI), Parts I and II. Bhaishajya Ratnavali, Arsha Rogadhikara (Piles treatment chapter). Also referenced in Charaka Samhita for Vibandha (constipation) and Udara Roga (abdominal disorders). ### Agastya Haritaki Rasayana URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/agastya-haritaki-rasayana/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI); standardized with physicochemical parameters including ash value, acid insoluble ash, solid content, loss on drying, fat content, and HPTLC analysis Agastya Haritaki Rasayana is a classical Ayurvedic rasayana, a rejuvenative preparation. Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI); standardized with physicochemical parameters including ash value, acid insoluble ash, solid content, loss on drying, fat content, and HPTLC analysis. ### Agnitundi Vati URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/agnitundi-vati/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI) Part I; classified as a Rasa-Aushadhi (mineral-containing formulation) under Schedule E(1) of Drugs and Cosmetics Act requiring qualified physician prescription; quality standards defined by CCRAS Agnitundi Vati is a classical Ayurvedic vati, a herbal tablet or pill. Classical formulations are researched largely in journals that PubMed does not index, so an absence here reflects the reach of the index rather than the state of the evidence. ### Ajamoda Arka URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/ajamoda-arka/ Ajamoda Arka is a classical Ayurvedic arka, a herbal distillate. Nano-dispersed volatile oils in aqueous medium enhance bioavailability compared to crude drug. Optimal Timing: After meals (Bhojana-uttara), twice daily Shelf Life: 1 year from date of manufacture as per ASU guidelines for Arka preparations Storage: Store in well-closed amber glass bottles in a cool place. ### Ajamodadi Churna URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/ajamodadi-churna/ Ajamodadi Churna is a classical Ayurvedic churna, a fine herbal powder. Piperine from Pippali and Maricha acts as bioenhancer. Volatile oils from Ajamoda and Hingu promote gastric motility and absorption. ### Amalaka Rasayana URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/amalaka-rasayana/ Amalaka Rasayana is a classical Ayurvedic rasayana, a rejuvenative preparation. Ghee base enhances absorption of fat-soluble polyphenols. Honey (added when cool) provides enzymatic enhancement of bioavailability. ### Amalaki Rasayana URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/amalaki-rasayana/ Pharmacopoeia status: Amalaki monograph in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API); Amalaki Rasayana described in Charaka Samhita as official Rasayana preparation; scientific validation through pharmacognostic and phytochemical analysis published Amalaki Rasayana is a classical Ayurvedic rasayana, a rejuvenative preparation. [Influence of Amalaki Rasayana on telomerase activity and telomere length in human blood mononuclear cells](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28602428/). Journal of Ayurveda and integrative medicine. [Amalaki rasayana, a traditional Indian drug enhances cardiac mitochondrial and contractile functions and improves cardiac function in rats with hypertrophy](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28819266/). ### Amrita Ghrita URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/amrita-ghrita/ Pharmacopoeia status: Amrita (Guduchi) monograph in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API); Amritaprasha Ghrita listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India; formulation standards regulated under PCIM&H Amrita Ghrita is a classical Ayurvedic ghrita, a medicated ghee. Amrita (Guduchi) monograph in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API); Amritaprasha Ghrita listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India; formulation standards regulated under PCIM&H. ### Amritaprasha Ghrita URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/amritaprasha-ghrita/ Amritaprasha Ghrita is a classical Ayurvedic ghrita, a medicated ghee. Multi-herb synergy provides broad-spectrum bioactive delivery. Ghee base facilitates crossing of biological membranes. ### Amritarishta URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/amritarishta/ Amritarishta is a classical Ayurvedic fermented arishta or asava. Fermentation produces novel bioactive metabolites not present in the original decoction. Rapid oral absorption of water-alcohol soluble fraction. ### Amritottaram Kashayam URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/amritottaram-kashayam/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Referenced in Sahasrayogam and Bhaishajya Ratnavali. Simple three-ingredient formulation widely used in Ayurvedic clinical practice. Amritottaram Kashayam is a classical Ayurvedic kashaya, a water decoction. Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Sahasrayogam, Jwara Chikitsa (fever treatment section). Also referenced in Rasa Tarangini and Bhaishajya Ratnavali under divya kashaya for strengthening innate defense mechanisms. ### Anu Taila URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/anu-taila/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Referenced in Ashtanga Hridayam and Charaka Samhita. Included in AYUSH protocol for preventive healthcare. Manufactured by major licensed pharmacies under GMP standards. Recommended in AYUSH COVID-19 advisory for daily nasal oil application. Anu Taila is a classical Ayurvedic taila, a medicated oil. Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Ashtanga Hridayam (Sutrasthana Chapter 20 - Nasya Vidhi) by Vagbhata. Described as the foremost Nasya oil for Dinacharya (daily regimen). ### Aragvadhadi Kwath URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/aragvadhadi-kwath/ Aragvadhadi Kwath is a classical Ayurvedic kashaya, a water decoction. Anthraquinone glycosides from Aragvadha are hydrolyzed in the gut to active aglycones. Curcumin absorption is limited without lipid co-administration. ### Aravindasava URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/aravindasava/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Referenced in Sahasrayogam and Bhaishajya Ratnavali. Manufactured under Drug and Cosmetics Act, 1940 by licensed Ayurvedic pharmacies. Aravindasava is a classical Ayurvedic fermented arishta or asava. Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Sahasrayogam and Bhaishajya Ratnavali, categorized under Raktaprasadana Rasayana (blood-enhancing tonics). Traditionally used in Kerala and North Indian Ayurvedic pediatric practice. ### Ardraka Svarasa URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/ardraka-svarasa/ Ardraka Svarasa is a classical Ayurvedic svarasa, a fresh plant juice. 6-Gingerol is absorbed rapidly with peak plasma levels at 1-2 hours. Fresh juice retains volatile compounds that enhance absorption and first-pass metabolism modulation. ### Arishtaka URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/arishtaka/ Arishtaka is a classical Ayurvedic fermented arishta or asava. Fermentation may generate novel bioactive compounds not present in the parent decoction. Optimal Timing: After meals (Bhojana-uttara), twice daily Shelf Life: 10 years from date of manufacture as per ASU guidelines for Arishta preparations Storage: Store in well-closed amber glass or HDPE containers in a cool place. ### Arjunarishta URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/arjunarishta/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Terminalia arjuna bark monograph included in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. HPLC-standardized formulations available commercially. AYUSH-approved manufacturing standards. Arjunarishta is a classical Ayurvedic fermented arishta or asava. Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Charaka Samhita (1st-2nd century CE) and Sushruta Samhita (3rd-4th century CE), where it is described as Arjuna Asava for strengthening the heart and enhancing stamina. ### Arogyavardhini Vati URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/arogyavardhini-vati/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI) Part I; monographed in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API); recognized by AYUSH Ministry standards Arogyavardhini Vati is a classical Ayurvedic vati, a herbal tablet or pill. Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI) Part I; monographed in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API); recognized by AYUSH Ministry standards. ### Asanadi Kwath URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/asanadi-kwath/ Asanadi Kwath is a classical Ayurvedic kashaya, a water decoction. Hot administration enhances gastric absorption. Pterostilbene has moderate oral bioavailability (~50-80% in aqueous medium). Optimal Timing: On empty stomach, morning and evening, especially for Prameha (metabolic conditions) Shelf Life: Same day (fresh kwath), 6 months (preserved liquid), 3 years (tablet form) Storage: Fresh: prepare and use same day. ### Ashoka Ghrita URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/ashoka-ghrita/ Ashoka Ghrita is a classical Ayurvedic ghrita, a medicated ghee. Fat-soluble fraction crosses intestinal membrane more efficiently. Sustained release of uterotonic compounds over 4-6 hours. ### Ashokarishta URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/ashokarishta/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI) Part I (Stree Rogadhikara section). Described in Bhaishajya Ratnavali as a primary formulation for female disorders. Recognized by the Ministry of AYUSH as a standard Ayurvedic medicine. Widely manufactured under GMP compliance by licensed Ayurvedic pharmacies. Ashokarishta is a classical Ayurvedic fermented arishta or asava. Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI) Part I (Stree Rogadhikara section). Bhaishajya Ratnavali (Stree Rogadhikara / Female disorders chapter). Also described in Sharangdhara Samhita (Madhyama Khanda - Asava Arishta Prakarana) and Bhavaprakasha Nighantu (Madhyamakhanda). ### Ashwagandharishta URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/ashwagandharishta/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Referenced in Bhavaprakasha and Sharangadhara Samhita. Ashwagandha root monograph in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. HPLC-standardized formulations available. Ashwagandharishta is a classical Ayurvedic fermented arishta or asava. Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Bhavaprakasha (circa 16th century CE) and Sharangadhara Samhita. Described as a Rasayana (rejuvenator) specifically for improving Virya (vital strength) and fertility. ### Avaleha URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/avaleha/ Avaleha is a classical Ayurvedic avaleha, a semi-solid herbal confection. Avaleha (Sanskrit: ava-lih, "to lick"), also called Leha or Lehya, is the classical Ayurvedic semi-solid confection pharmaceutical dosage form. ### Avipattikar Churna URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/avipattikar-churna/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI) Part I. Included in the National Formulary of Unani Medicine. Widely recognized across Indian state pharmacopoeias. Referenced in multiple AYUSH-approved formulation compendia. Avipattikar Churna is a classical Ayurvedic churna, a fine herbal powder. Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI) Part I. Bhaishajya Ratnavali (Amlapitta Rogadhikara). Also referenced in Sharangdhara Samhita and Chakradatta. ### Badama Taila URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/badama-taila/ Badama Taila is a classical Ayurvedic taila, a medicated oil. Fat-soluble vitamins (E, A) are readily bioavailable. Topical application provides direct dermal absorption of tocopherols and fatty acids. Oral consumption provides systemic lipid nutrition. ### Bakuchi Taila URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/bakuchi-taila/ Pharmacopoeia status: Psoralea corylifolia is listed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API) as the official source of the drug 'Bakuchi'. Also recognized in Chinese Pharmacopoeia, British Pharmacopoeia, and American Pharmacopoeia. Documented in Indian Pharmaceutical Codex and multiple traditional medicine systems (Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha). Bakuchi Taila is a classical Ayurvedic taila, a medicated oil. Psoralea corylifolia is listed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API) as the official source of the drug 'Bakuchi'. ### Balarishta URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/balarishta/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Referenced in Bhaishajya Ratnavali. Manufactured under Drug and Cosmetics Act, 1940 by licensed pharmacies. Balarishta is a classical Ayurvedic fermented arishta or asava. Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Bhaishajya Ratnavali (13th century CE), where it was called Baladwaya Arishta or nourishing fermented tonic. ### Balaswagandhadi Thailam URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/balaswagandhadi-thailam/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Primary reference in Sahasrayogam. Manufactured by licensed Ayurvedic pharmacies (Kottakkal AVS, Kerala Ayurveda, Sitaram) under AYUSH GMP certification. Balaswagandhadi Thailam is a classical Ayurvedic taila, a medicated oil. Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). A classic Brimhana (nourishing/strengthening) formulation in Kerala Ayurvedic tradition. Also referenced in Ashtanga Hridayam. [GC-MS Analysis of the Ayurvedic Oil Balaswagandhadi Tailam](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40061637/). ### Bhallataka Taila URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/bhallataka-taila/ Bhallataka Taila is a classical Ayurvedic taila, a medicated oil. Shodhana reduces vesicant urushiol while retaining therapeutic semecarpol. Transdermal absorption is rapid due to phenolic lipophilicity. Optimal Timing: As directed by qualified Vaidya — not for self-medication Shelf Life: 3 years from date of manufacture as per ASU guidelines Storage: Store in amber glass bottles in a cool, dry place. ### Bhringaraja Svarasa URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/bhringaraja-svarasa/ Bhringaraja Svarasa is a classical Ayurvedic svarasa, a fresh plant juice. Rapid oral absorption with peak plasma levels at 1-2 hours. Hepatoprotective activity is superior in fresh juice form compared to dried extracts. ### Bilwadi Leha URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/bilwadi-leha/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in Kerala Ayurveda traditional formulary; referenced in Bhaishajya Ratnavali and Sharangadhara Samhita; available from GMP-certified Ayurvedic manufacturers (Kottakkal, AVP, Dabur) Bilwadi Leha is a classical Ayurvedic avaleha, a semi-solid herbal confection. Listed in Kerala Ayurveda traditional formulary; referenced in Bhaishajya Ratnavali and Sharangadhara Samhita; available from GMP-certified Ayurvedic manufacturers (Kottakkal, AVP, Dabur). ### Brahma Rasayana URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/brahma-rasayana/ Pharmacopoeia status: Referenced in classical Ayurvedic pharmacopoeias; listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India; manufactured by multiple GMP-certified companies (Dabur, Kottakkal) Brahma Rasayana is a classical Ayurvedic rasayana, a rejuvenative preparation. Referenced in classical Ayurvedic pharmacopoeias; listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India; manufactured by multiple GMP-certified companies (Dabur, Kottakkal). ### Brahmi Ghritam URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/brahmi-ghritam/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI); mentioned in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API); standardization parameters established for physicochemical and phytochemical evaluation Brahmi Ghritam is a classical Ayurvedic ghrita, a medicated ghee. Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI); mentioned in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API); standardization parameters established for physicochemical and phytochemical evaluation. ### Brahmi Vati URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/brahmi-vati/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI) Part I; Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri) individually monographed in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API) Part I, Indian Pharmacopoeia, and referenced in WHO monographs; StatPearls (NCBI) comprehensive monograph available; the gold variant classified under Schedule E(1) controlled formulations Brahmi Vati is a classical Ayurvedic vati, a herbal tablet or pill. [Neurocognitive Effect of Nootropic Drug Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri) in Alzheimer's Disease](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28588366/). PMID [28588366](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28588366/) · [doi:10.1159/000475900](https://doi.org/10.1159/000475900) Bacosides enhance nerve impulse transmission, promote repair of damaged neurons by upregulating neuronal synthesis and kinase activity, and restore synaptic function. ### Brihatyadi Kashayam URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/brihatyadi-kashayam/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Referenced in Ashtangahrudayam and Charaka Samhita. Individual ingredients listed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Brihatyadi Kashayam is a classical Ayurvedic kashaya, a water decoction. Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Brihati (Solanum indicum) Kantakari (Solanum xanthocarpum) Prishniparni (Uraria picta) Shalaparni (Desmodium gangeticum) Gokshura (Tribulus|Tribulus terrestris) Ashtangahrudayam Chikitsasthana, Mutraghata Adhyaya 11/35. ### Caturjata Churna URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/caturjata-churna/ Caturjata Churna is a classical Ayurvedic churna, a fine herbal powder. Aromatic compounds enhance gastric motility and improve absorption of co-administered formulations. Acts as a bioavailability enhancer when used as adjuvant. ### Chandraprabha Vati URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/chandraprabha-vati/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI) Part I. Standardized according to the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India by the Pharmacopoeia Commission for Indian Medicine & Homoeopathy (PCIM&H). One of the most widely prescribed classical formulations in Indian Ayurvedic practice. Chandraprabha Vati is a classical Ayurvedic vati, a herbal tablet or pill. Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI) Part I. Sharangdhara Samhita, Madhyama Khanda, Chapter 7 (Vatika Adhikara). Also described in Bhaishajya Ratnavali (Prameha Rogadhikara) and Chakradatta. ### Changeri Ghrita URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/changeri-ghrita/ Changeri Ghrita is a classical Ayurvedic ghrita, a medicated ghee. Lipid matrix protects acid-sensitive compounds from gastric degradation. Oxalic acid content is moderated by ghee processing. ### Chitrakadi Vati URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/chitrakadi-vati/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI) Part I; HPTLC-validated quality standards published (2022); individual ingredients monographed in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API) Part I Chitrakadi Vati is a classical Ayurvedic vati, a herbal tablet or pill. Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI) Part I; HPTLC-validated quality standards published (2022); individual ingredients monographed in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API) Part I. ### Chyawanprash URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/chyawanprash/ Pharmacopoeia status: Official monograph in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API) with physicochemical and assay standards (minimum 0.5% gallic acid); listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India; one of the most widely recognized and commercially produced Ayurvedic formulations globally Chyawanprash is a classical Ayurvedic avaleha, a semi-solid herbal confection. [Safety and Efficacy of Chyawanprash as a Prophylaxis Treatment for COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Control Trials](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39544586/). [Chyawanprash, An Ancient Indian Ayurvedic Medicinal Food, Regulates Immune Response in Zebrafish Model of Inflammation by Moderating Inflammatory Biomarkers](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34867361/). ### Coconut Oil Narikela Taila URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/coconut-oil-narikela-taila/ Coconut Oil Narikela Taila is a classical Ayurvedic taila, a medicated oil. [Anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial efficacy of coconut oil for periodontal pathogens: a triple-blind randomized clinical trial](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40085302/). M A, I MA, Ramalingam K and others 2024. ### Dadimadi Ghrita URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/dadimadi-ghrita/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API); standardized following API norms; formulations procured from GMP-certified Ayurvedic pharmaceutical industries for clinical research Dadimadi Ghrita is a classical Ayurvedic ghrita, a medicated ghee. Listed in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API); standardized following API norms; formulations procured from GMP-certified Ayurvedic pharmaceutical industries for clinical research. ### Dadimashtaka Churna URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/dadimashtaka-churna/ Dadimashtaka Churna is a classical Ayurvedic churna, a fine herbal powder. Piperine from Trikatu enhances bioavailability. Sugar matrix aids palatability and provides rapid energy. Pomegranate polyphenols are well-absorbed from powder form. ### Dashamoola Katutraya Kashayam URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/dashamoola-katutraya-kashayam/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Referenced in Ashtanga Hridaya and Kerala Bhaishajya Ratnavali. Dashamoola (component) separately listed in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Dashamoola Katutraya Kashayam is a classical Ayurvedic kashaya, a water decoction. Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Ashtanga Hridaya (Dashamoola Kwatham section). Refined in the Travancore region and documented in Kerala Bhaishajya Ratnavali as Dashamoolakatutrayam Kashayam for stubborn coughs, chronic arthritis, and post-natal weakness. ### Dashamula URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/dashamula/ Dashamula is a classical Ayurvedic kashaya, a water decoction. Classical group-dravya (Sanskrit dasha = ten, mula = root) — the ten-root formula cited in Charaka, Sushruta, Ashtanga Hridaya and Sharangadhara as the primary Vata-pacifying root ensemble. ### Dashamularishta URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/dashamularishta/ Dashamularishta is a classical Ayurvedic fermented arishta or asava. Self-generated alcohol provides preservative and bioenhancing action. Post-fermentation metabolites show enhanced anti-inflammatory activity. Optimal Timing: After meals, twice daily. Classically used post-partum (Sutika Paricharya) starting from 7th day after delivery. ### Dashmool Dashmoolarishta URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/dashmool-dashmoolarishta/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI) Part I and Part II. Dashamoola is one of the most fundamental herbal groups (Gana) in Ayurvedic pharmacology. Referenced in the National Formulary of Ayurvedic Medicine (Bangladesh, 2011). Widely recognized across all Indian state pharmacopoeias. Dashmool Dashmoolarishta is a classical Ayurvedic fermented arishta or asava. Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI) Part I and Part II. Arishta preparation described in Sharangdhara Samhita (Madhyama Khanda) and Bhaishajya Ratnavali. ### Dhanwantaram Gutika URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/dhanwantaram-gutika/ Dhanwantaram Gutika is a classical Ayurvedic vati, a herbal tablet or pill. Multi-herb combination provides broad-spectrum activity. Bhavana with kashayas enhances potency through phytochemical impregnation. Optimal Timing: Before meals or as directed, typically for Vata disorders Shelf Life: 3 years (herbal only), 5 years (with Bhasma) from date of manufacture Storage: Store in airtight containers in a cool, dry place. ### Dhanwantaram Kashayam URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/dhanwantaram-kashayam/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Referenced in Ashtanga Hridayam and Yogaratnakara. Widely manufactured by licensed Ayurvedic pharmacies under GMP standards. Dhanwantaram Kashayam is a classical Ayurvedic kashaya, a water decoction. Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Also referenced in Yogaratnakara. Described as a premier postpartum tonic and Vata-balancing formulation with 42 herbs. ### Dhanwantaram Thailam URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/dhanwantaram-thailam/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI) Part I. Referenced in Sahasrayogam and Ashtanga Hridayam. Manufactured under GMP standards by licensed Ayurvedic pharmacies across India. Dhanwantaram Thailam is a classical Ayurvedic taila, a medicated oil. Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI) Part I. Ashtanga Hridayam (Sutrasthana); also referenced in Sahasrayogam (Taila Prakarana). Contains 28+ herbs processed in sesame oil with milk. ### Dhatupaushtik Churna URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/dhatupaushtik-churna/ Dhatupaushtik Churna is a classical Ayurvedic churna, a fine herbal powder. Fine particle size ensures rapid dissolution. Multiple adaptogenic herbs provide synergistic bioactivity. Optimal Timing: Before bedtime with warm milk, or morning on empty stomach for Rasayana effect Shelf Life: 2 years from date of manufacture as per ASU guidelines for Churna Storage: Store in airtight containers in a cool, dry place. ### Drakshadi Kashayam URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/drakshadi-kashayam/ Drakshadi Kashayam is a classical Ayurvedic kashaya, a water decoction. Resveratrol has moderate oral bioavailability (~20-30%) — enhanced in hot aqueous medium. Polyphenols are rapidly absorbed from decoction form. Optimal Timing: Before meals, morning and evening Shelf Life: Same day (fresh), 6 months (preserved), 3 years (tablet) Storage: Fresh: use same day. ### Draksharishta URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/draksharishta/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI) Part I. Approved in the National Formulary of Ayurvedic Medicine (Bangladesh, 2011). Referenced in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Quality standards documented though comprehensive safety evaluation methods are still being established. Draksharishta is a classical Ayurvedic fermented arishta or asava. Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI) Part I. Bhaishajya Ratnavali (Agnimandya / Pandu Rogadhikara). Also referenced in Ayurvedic Formulary of India. ### Eladi Thailam URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/eladi-thailam/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Primary reference in Sahasrayogam (Taila Prakarana). Both sesame oil and coconut oil variants are officially recognized. Manufactured under GMP standards by licensed Kerala Ayurvedic pharmacies. Eladi Thailam is a classical Ayurvedic taila, a medicated oil. Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Available in both sesame oil and coconut oil (Eladi Kera Thailam) bases. Classical formulations are researched largely in journals that PubMed does not index, so an absence here reflects the reach of the index rather than the state of the evidence. ### Eladi Vati URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/eladi-vati/ Eladi Vati is a classical Ayurvedic vati, a herbal tablet or pill. Direct action on oropharyngeal mucosa. Camphor and menthol provide immediate sensory and therapeutic response. Onset of action within minutes. ### Elakanadi Kashayam URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/elakanadi-kashayam/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Referenced in Sahasrayogam. Manufactured under Drug and Cosmetics Act, 1940 by licensed Ayurvedic pharmacies. Elakanadi Kashayam is a classical Ayurvedic kashaya, a water decoction. Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Also referenced in commentaries of Charaka Samhita's Nighantu section. Widely used in Kerala Ayurvedic tradition for chronic respiratory conditions. ### Eranda Taila URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/eranda-taila/ Eranda Taila is a classical Ayurvedic taila, a medicated oil. Onset 2-6 hours after ingestion. Topical absorption is good due to hydroxyl group enhancing skin penetration. Acts as excellent carrier for other drugs in topical formulations. ### Gandharvahastadi Kashayam URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/gandharvahastadi-kashayam/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Referenced in Bhaishajya Ratnavali and Sharangadhara Samhita. Manufactured under Drug and Cosmetics Act, 1940. Gandharvahastadi Kashayam is a classical Ayurvedic kashaya, a water decoction. Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Bhaishajya Ratnavali and Sharangadhara Samhita, classified under Vata-Kapha balancing formulations. Also referenced in Sahasrayogam for constipation and flatulence management. ### Gangadhara Churna URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/gangadhara-churna/ Gangadhara Churna is a classical Ayurvedic churna, a fine herbal powder. Ativisha alkaloids (post-Shodhana) are well-absorbed orally with onset within 30-60 minutes. Optimal Timing: Before meals, twice daily, for Atisara (diarrhea) and Grahani (IBS) conditions Shelf Life: 2 years from date of manufacture as per ASU guidelines for Churna Storage: Store in airtight containers in a cool, dry place. ### Gokshuradi Guggulu URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/gokshuradi-guggulu/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI) Part I; monographed in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API); Gokshura (Tribulus|Tribulus terrestris) fruit individually listed in API Part I Gokshuradi Guggulu is a classical Ayurvedic guggulu, a resin-based preparation. Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI) Part I; monographed in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API); Gokshura (Tribulus|Tribulus terrestris) fruit individually listed in API Part I. ### Guggulu URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/guggulu/ Botanical name: Commiphora wightii (syn. C. mukul) Family: Burseraceae Ayurvedic category: Medohara (Anti-obesity), Vata-Kaphahara Pharmacopoeia status: IUCN Red List: Critically Endangered (2015 assessment) with >80% population decline over 84 years due to unsustainable harvesting and habitat loss. Listed in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Government of India has banned export of the species. No specific WHO monograph, but recognized in traditional medicine pharmacopeias. Distribution restricted to dry regions of western India (Rajasthan, Gujarat) and adjoining Pakistan. Guggulu is a classical Ayurvedic guggulu, a resin-based preparation. IUCN Red List: Critically Endangered (2015 assessment) with >80% population decline over 84 years due to unsustainable harvesting and habitat loss. ### Guggulu Herb URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/guggulu-herb/ Guggulu Herb is a classical Ayurvedic guggulu, a resin-based preparation. Shodhana processing removes irritant oleoresin components while retaining guggulsterones. Purified guggulu has significantly improved safety and moderate oral bioavailability of guggulsterones. ### Guggulutiktakam Ghritam URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/guggulutiktakam-ghritam/ Pharmacopoeia status: Indexed in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API) as drug used in treatment of Sandhigata Vata (osteoarthritis), Vatarakta (gout), and Asthigata Vata (osteoporosis); listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI) Guggulutiktakam Ghritam is a classical Ayurvedic ghrita, a medicated ghee. Indexed in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API) as drug used in treatment of Sandhigata Vata (osteoarthritis), Vatarakta (gout), and Asthigata Vata (osteoporosis); listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). ### Gulakanda URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/gulakanda/ Gulakanda is a classical Ayurvedic avaleha, a semi-solid herbal confection. Gallic acid and geraniol are well-absorbed orally. Rose phenolics have moderate-to-good oral bioavailability. Slow maceration process extracts water-soluble antioxidants effectively. Optimal Timing: After meals as a digestive, or at bedtime for its cooling (Sheeta Virya) properties. ### Guloochyadi Kashayam URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/guloochyadi-kashayam/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Referenced in Sharangdhara Samhita and Sahasrayogam. Recognized by the Pharmacopoeia Commission for Indian Medicine & Homoeopathy (PCIM&H). Guloochyadi Kashayam is a classical Ayurvedic kashaya, a water decoction. Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Sharangdhara Samhita Madhyamakhanda 2/8; Astanga Hridayam. Earliest explicit mention in Sahasrayogam (circa 15th century CE southern compendium) under Jwara Chikitsa (fever treatment). ### Haridra Khanda URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/haridra-khanda/ Pharmacopoeia status: Referenced in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API) published by Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Department of AYUSH; standard physicochemical parameters established; used in Indian government Ayurvedic hospitals Haridra Khanda is a classical Ayurvedic avaleha, a semi-solid herbal confection. Classical formulations are researched largely in journals that PubMed does not index, so an absence here reflects the reach of the index rather than the state of the evidence. ### Himasagara Thailam URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/himasagara-thailam/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Primary reference in Bhaishajya Ratnavali (Vatavyadhi Chikitsa). Manufactured by licensed Ayurvedic pharmacies under GMP standards. Some manufacturers also reference Sahasrayogam. Himasagara Thailam is a classical Ayurvedic taila, a medicated oil. Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). The name 'Himasagara' means 'cool as snow (Hima) and deep as the ocean (Sagara)', reflecting its cooling yet deeply penetrating action. ### Hinguvachadi Churna URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/hinguvachadi-churna/ Hinguvachadi Churna is a classical Ayurvedic churna, a fine herbal powder. Piperine from Trikatu enhances absorption. Vacha (calamus) beta-asarone crosses BBB but must be within safety limits. ### Hingvashtak Churna URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/hingvashtak-churna/ Hingvashtak Churna is a classical Ayurvedic churna, a fine herbal powder. Piperine enhances bioavailability of all co-ingredients. Cumin volatile oils stimulate gastric secretion within minutes. Hingu (asafoetida) volatile oils are rapidly absorbed providing immediate carminative effect. ### Hingwashtak Churna URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/hingwashtak-churna/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI) Part I. Referenced in multiple state Ayurvedic pharmacopoeias across India. One of the most commonly prescribed digestive churnas in clinical Ayurvedic practice. Hingwashtak Churna is a classical Ayurvedic churna, a fine herbal powder. Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI) Part I. Bhaishajya Ratnavali (Agnimandya / Ajirna Rogadhikara). Also referenced in Yoga Ratnakara and Sharangdhara Samhita (17th century). ### Indukantham Ghritam URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/indukantham-ghritam/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in Sahasrayogam (official Kerala Ayurvedic formulary); available from GMP-certified Ayurvedic manufacturers; referenced in Ayurvedic Formulary of India Indukantham Ghritam is a classical Ayurvedic ghrita, a medicated ghee. Listed in Sahasrayogam (official Kerala Ayurvedic formulary); available from GMP-certified Ayurvedic manufacturers; referenced in Ayurvedic Formulary of India. ### Irimedadi Taila URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/irimedadi-taila/ Irimedadi Taila is a classical Ayurvedic taila, a medicated oil. For local application: apply to gums with finger or cotton, as per Sahasrayogam/AFI Bioavailability: Buccal/gingival absorption provides direct delivery to oral mucosa. ### Jatyadi Ghrita URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/jatyadi-ghrita/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI) with specification of 11 herbs plus Siktha and Tuttha; standardized monograph available in official Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia Jatyadi Ghrita is a classical Ayurvedic ghrita, a medicated ghee. Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI) with specification of 11 herbs plus Siktha and Tuttha; standardized monograph available in official Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia. ### Jatyadi Taila URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/jatyadi-taila/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Referenced in Sushruta Samhita, Ashtanga Hridayam, and Bhaishajya Ratnavali. HPTLC standardization markers (beta-sitosterol, lupeol, karanjin) have been established for quality control. Manufactured under GMP standards. Jatyadi Taila is a classical Ayurvedic taila, a medicated oil. Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Sushruta Samhita (Chikitsa Sthana) and Ashtanga Hridayam. One of the premier Vrana Ropana (wound healing) formulations in Ayurveda. ### Jeerakarishtam URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/jeerakarishtam/ Jeerakarishtam is a classical Ayurvedic fermented arishta or asava. Alcohol medium improves absorption of cuminaldehyde and other terpenoids. Classically used as post-partum restorative — good absorption during lactation. ### Kaishore Guggul URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/kaishore-guggul/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI) Part I; monographed in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API); recognized by CCRAS (Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences) Kaishore Guggul is a classical Ayurvedic guggulu, a resin-based preparation. Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI) Part I; monographed in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API); recognized by CCRAS (Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences). ### Kalyanaka Ghrita URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/kalyanaka-ghrita/ Kalyanaka Ghrita is a classical Ayurvedic ghrita, a medicated ghee. Lipid matrix enhances BBB penetration of Medhya (nootropic) compounds. Multi-compound synergy provides broad-spectrum activity with individual compound bioavailability enhanced by ghee matrix. ### Kalyanaka Ghritam URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/kalyanaka-ghritam/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API); enlisted under National List of Essential Ayush Medicines (Ministry of Ayush, Government of India, January 2022); standardized per API norms by GMP-certified manufacturers Kalyanaka Ghritam is a classical Ayurvedic ghrita, a medicated ghee. Classical formulations are researched largely in journals that PubMed does not index, so an absence here reflects the reach of the index rather than the state of the evidence. ### Kanchanara Guggulu URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/kanchanara-guggulu/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI) Part I; monographed in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API); included in CCRAS recommended formulations for Galaganda (thyroid disorders) Kanchanara Guggulu is a classical Ayurvedic guggulu, a resin-based preparation. Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI) Part I; monographed in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API); included in CCRAS recommended formulations for Galaganda (thyroid disorders). ### Kanthasudharak Vati URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/kanthasudharak-vati/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI); individual ingredients (Glycyrrhiza glabra, Elettaria cardamomum, Syzygium aromaticum) monographed in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API) Part I; classified as an over-the-counter Ayurvedic proprietary medicine Kanthasudharak Vati is a classical Ayurvedic vati, a herbal tablet or pill. Classical formulations are researched largely in journals that PubMed does not index, so an absence here reflects the reach of the index rather than the state of the evidence. ### Kapha Shirodhara Taila URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/kapha-shirodhara-taila/ Ayurvedic category: External Shirodhara (murdha-taila) oil — Kapha-shamaka Pharmacopoeia status: Formulated in the classical Shirodhara tradition (Ashtanga Hridaya, Sushruta Samhita). Constituent herbs are listed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Compliant with AYUSH advertising guidelines and the Drugs and Magic Remedies (Objectionable Advertisements) Act 1954. Kapha Shirodhara Taila is a classical Ayurvedic taila, a medicated oil. Formulated in the classical Shirodhara tradition (Ashtanga Hridaya, Sushruta Samhita). ### Karanja Taila URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/karanja-taila/ Karanja Taila is a classical Ayurvedic taila, a medicated oil. Oil base ensures sustained contact with skin. Karanjin has UV-absorbing properties providing photoprotective effect. Penetrates stratum corneum effectively. ### Karpas Asthyadi Thailam URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/karpas-asthyadi-thailam/ Karpas Asthyadi Thailam is a classical Ayurvedic taila, a medicated oil. Internal (where applicable): 5-10 mL as directed, as per Sahasrayogam Bioavailability: Oil base provides transdermal delivery of active compounds to musculoskeletal tissues. ### Karpasasthyadi Thailam URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/karpasasthyadi-thailam/ Karpasasthyadi Thailam is a classical Ayurvedic taila, a medicated oil. Internal: 5-10 mL with warm milk as directed, as per Sahasrayogam Bioavailability: Identical to Karpas-Asthyadi-Thailam. Oil-based transdermal delivery with enhanced penetration from milk-processed phospholipids. ### Karpooradi Thailam URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/karpooradi-thailam/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Primary reference in Sahasrayogam. Camphor monograph available in Indian Pharmacopoeia. Manufactured by licensed Ayurvedic pharmacies under GMP standards. Strict quality control for camphor content required. Karpooradi Thailam is a classical Ayurvedic taila, a medicated oil. Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Karpoora (Cinnamomum camphora / Camphor) - primary ingredient Ajamoda (Apium graveolens / Celery/Wild Celery) Coconut oil (Narikela taila) base (or Sesame oil in some preparations) Sahasrayogam (Taila Prakarana). ### Khadiradi Vati URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/khadiradi-vati/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI) Part I; Acacia catechu individually monographed in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API) Part I and Indian Pharmacopoeia; quality standards established by CCRAS for Khadiradi Vati preparations Khadiradi Vati is a classical Ayurvedic vati, a herbal tablet or pill. Classical formulations are researched largely in journals that PubMed does not index, so an absence here reflects the reach of the index rather than the state of the evidence. ### Kottamchukkadi Thailam URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/kottamchukkadi-thailam/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Primary reference in Sahasrayogam. Recognized by AYUSH ministry for manufacture by licensed pharmacies under GMP standards. Kottamchukkadi Thailam is a classical Ayurvedic taila, a medicated oil. Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Sahasrayogam (Taila Prakarana). A signature Kerala Ayurvedic formulation for Vata-Kapha predominant pain and inflammation. Contains 9+ herbs with tamarind juice and curd as special adjuvants. ### Krimighna Vati URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/krimighna-vati/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI); Krimighna Gana (antiparasitic group) recognized in all major Samhitas; Vidanga (Embelia ribes) individually monographed in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API) Part I; Azadirachta indica in API and Indian Pharmacopoeia Krimighna Vati is a classical Ayurvedic vati, a herbal tablet or pill. Classical formulations are researched largely in journals that PubMed does not index, so an absence here reflects the reach of the index rather than the state of the evidence. ### Kshirabala Thailam URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/kshirabala-thailam/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Referenced in Ashtanga Hridayam and Sahasrayogam. The 101 Avarti form is a speciality product unique to the Kerala Ayurvedic tradition. Manufactured by major Ayurvedic companies (Kottakkal, Kerala Ayurveda, Vaidyaratnam) under GMP standards. Kshirabala Thailam is a classical Ayurvedic taila, a medicated oil. Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Ashtanga Hridayam (Vatarakta Chikitsa chapter). The 101 Avarti (101 times processed) variant is described in Sahasrayogam. ### Kulathadi Kwath URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/kulathadi-kwath/ Kulathadi Kwath is a classical Ayurvedic kashaya, a water decoction. Kulattha proteins and phenolics are well-extracted in prolonged boiling. Isoflavones from horse gram have moderate oral bioavailability. Optimal Timing: Before meals, morning and evening, especially for Ashmari (urinary calculi) and Mutra Roga (urinary disorders) Shelf Life: Same day (fresh), 2 years (Kwath Churna) Storage: Fresh: use same day. ### Kumaryasava URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/kumaryasava/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Referenced in Charaka Samhita and Ashtanga Hridaya. Kumari (Aloe vera) monograph in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Kumaryasava is a classical Ayurvedic fermented arishta or asava. Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Charaka Samhita and Ashtanga Hridaya. Chavannapalli's commentary on Madhava Nidana (16th century) describes Kumari Asava for menstrual pain and uterine tone enhancement. ### Kumkumadi Tailam URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/kumkumadi-tailam/ Pharmacopoeia status: Crocus sativus (saffron) is included in WHO's list of traditional medicinal plants. Kumkumadi Tailam is a classical Ayurvedic formulation documented in Ashtanga Hridayam (Uttarasthana). Regulated as traditional medicine under AYUSH, India. No specific WHO monograph for the compound formulation. Kumkumadi Tailam is a classical Ayurvedic taila, a medicated oil. Crocus sativus (saffron) is included in WHO's list of traditional medicinal plants. Classical formulations are researched largely in journals that PubMed does not index, so an absence here reflects the reach of the index rather than the state of the evidence. ### Kumkumadi Thailam URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/kumkumadi-thailam/ Pharmacopoeia status: Referenced in Pharmacopoeia Commission for Indian Medicine & Homoeopathy (PCIMH) Volumes 3 and 4. Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India. Classical references in Bhaishajya Ratnavali and Ashtanga Hridayam. Kumkumadi Thailam is a classical Ayurvedic taila, a medicated oil. Referenced in Pharmacopoeia Commission for Indian Medicine & Homoeopathy (PCIMH) Volumes 3 and 4. Bhaishajya Ratnavali (Kshudra Roga Chikitsa chapter); also documented in Ashtanga Hridayam. ### Kuntalakanti Tailam URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/kuntalakanti-tailam/ Kuntalakanti Tailam is a classical Ayurvedic taila, a medicated oil. Coconut oil penetrates hair shaft (lauric acid has high affinity for hair protein). 30-60 minute pre-wash application provides optimal contact time. Optimal Timing: 30-60 minutes before hair wash, 2-3 times weekly. ### Kutajarishta URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/kutajarishta/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI) Part I. Referenced in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API). Kutaja bark monograph available in API Part I. One of the most established anti-diarrheal formulations in classical Ayurveda with widespread clinical use. Kutajarishta is a classical Ayurvedic fermented arishta or asava. Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI) Part I. Charaka Samhita (Chikitsa Sthana) - Kutaja referenced for Pravahika (dysentery with mucus) and Atisara (diarrhea). ### Lakshadi Thailam URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/lakshadi-thailam/ Pharmacopoeia status: Referenced in Ashtanga Hridayam (Uttarasthana). Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India. One of the most widely recommended Ayurvedic paediatric oils in South Indian tradition. Manufactured by licensed pharmacies under AYUSH GMP standards. Lakshadi Thailam is a classical Ayurvedic taila, a medicated oil. Referenced in Ashtanga Hridayam (Uttarasthana). Ashtanga Hridayam (Uttarasthana - Balopacharaneeya / Paediatric chapter). One of the most important classical formulations for paediatric care (Bala Chikitsa) in Ayurveda, specifically mentioned for infant massage and child development. ### Lavangadi Vati URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/lavangadi-vati/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI) Part I; individual ingredients (Syzygium aromaticum, Piper longum, Terminalia bellirica) monographed in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API) Part I; classified as OTC Ayurvedic medicine Lavangadi Vati is a classical Ayurvedic vati, a herbal tablet or pill. Classical formulations are researched largely in journals that PubMed does not index, so an absence here reflects the reach of the index rather than the state of the evidence. ### Madhusnuhi Rasayana URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/madhusnuhi-rasayana/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in Sahasrayogam (official Kerala Ayurvedic formulary); Brihat Madhusnuhi Rasayana described as classical formulation under Lehya Kalpana; available from GMP-certified manufacturers (AVP, Kottakkal) Madhusnuhi Rasayana is a classical Ayurvedic rasayana, a rejuvenative preparation. Listed in Sahasrayogam (official Kerala Ayurvedic formulary); Brihat Madhusnuhi Rasayana described as classical formulation under Lehya Kalpana; available from GMP-certified manufacturers (AVP, Kottakkal). ### Maha Narayana Thailam URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/maha-narayana-thailam/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI) Part I. Primary reference in Bhaishajya Ratnavali. Also documented in Sahasrayogam (South Indian tradition). Manufactured by major licensed pharmacies (Kottakkal AVS, AVP, Nagarjuna) under AYUSH GMP certification. Maha Narayana Thailam is a classical Ayurvedic taila, a medicated oil. Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI) Part I. Bhaishajya Ratnavali (Vatavyadhi Chikitsa, verses 151-162) by Govind Das Sen. The 'Maha' (great) version is an expanded formulation of Narayana Thailam with 50-56+ herbs including the rare Ashtavarga group. ### Mahasudarshan Churna URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/mahasudarshan-churna/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI) Part I; biomarker standards validated through HPTLC (2020); Swertia chirata individually monographed in API Part I and Indian Pharmacopoeia Mahasudarshan Churna is a classical Ayurvedic churna, a fine herbal powder. Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI) Part I; biomarker standards validated through HPTLC (2020); Swertia chirata individually monographed in API Part I and Indian Pharmacopoeia. ### Mahayograj Guggul URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/mahayograj-guggul/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI) Part I; quality standards established by CCRAS; UHPLC/HPTLC validated quality control methods published (2022) Mahayograj Guggul is a classical Ayurvedic guggulu, a resin-based preparation. Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI) Part I; quality standards established by CCRAS; UHPLC/HPTLC validated quality control methods published (2022). ### Murivenna URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/murivenna/ Pharmacopoeia status: Modified form listed in Ayurveda Formulary of India (AFI). Primary reference in Kerala Vaidya Chikitsamanjari tradition. Manufactured by licensed Kerala Ayurvedic pharmacies under GMP standards. One of the most commonly used first-aid oils in Kerala traditional medicine. Murivenna is a classical Ayurvedic taila, a medicated oil. Modified form listed in Ayurveda Formulary of India (AFI). The name 'Murivenna' literally means 'wound oil' in Malayalam. Referenced in Ayurveda Formulary of India (modified form). ### Mustakarishta URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/mustakarishta/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Referenced in Sharangdhara Samhita, Bhavaprakasha, and Bhaishajya Ratnavali. Musta monograph in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Mustakarishta is a classical Ayurvedic fermented arishta or asava. Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Sharangdhara Samhita and Bhavaprakasha. Referenced in Bhaishajya Ratnavali under Agnimandya Rogadhikara (digestive weakness chapter). Classical formulations are researched largely in journals that PubMed does not index, so an absence here reflects the reach of the index rather than the state of the evidence. ### Narayana Thailam URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/narayana-thailam/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI) Part I. Primary reference in Bhaishajya Ratnavali (verses 140-150). One of the most widely used Vata-pacifying Tailas in Ayurvedic practice. Manufactured by all major licensed Ayurvedic pharmacies under GMP standards. Narayana Thailam is a classical Ayurvedic taila, a medicated oil. Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI) Part I. Bhaishajya Ratnavali (Vatavyadhi Chikitsa, verses 140-150) by Govind Das Sen. The foundational Narayana formulation containing 33 herbs (the 'Maha' version adds Ashtavarga to reach 50+ herbs). ### Neelibringadi Thailam URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/neelibringadi-thailam/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Primary reference in Sahasrayogam. Modern formulations comply with Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API) standards including substitution of Anjana with Daruharidra for safety. Microbial testing per API standards mandatory. Neelibringadi Thailam is a classical Ayurvedic taila, a medicated oil. Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Sahasrayogam (Taila Prakarana, 12th century CE Kerala tradition). One of the most celebrated Keshya (hair care) formulations in Kerala Ayurveda. ### Panchagavya Ghrita URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/panchagavya-ghrita/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI) for Apasmara (epilepsy), Jvara (fever), Unmada (mania), and Kamala (jaundice); standardization based on AFI preparation methods; regulated under Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940 Panchagavya Ghrita is a classical Ayurvedic ghrita, a medicated ghee. Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI) for Apasmara (epilepsy), Jvara (fever), Unmada (mania), and Kamala (jaundice); standardization based on AFI preparation methods; regulated under Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940. ### Panchakola Churna URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/panchakola-churna/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI); Panchakola group (Gana) recognized in Sushruta Samhita and Ashtanga Hridayam; individual ingredients (Piper longum, Zingiber officinale, Piper nigrum) monographed in API Part I Panchakola Churna is a classical Ayurvedic churna, a fine herbal powder. [Toxicological evaluation of Panchakola Avaleha, an Ayurvedic classical formulation, in albino rats](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23559809/). PMID [23559809](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23559809/) · [doi:10.4103/0974-8520.105257](https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-8520.105257) Toxicological evaluation in albino rats showed safety profile within acceptable limits, supporting traditional use at recommended doses. ### Panchatikta Ghrita URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/panchatikta-ghrita/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI); Panchatikta Guggulu Ghrita in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API); standard quality parameters established for manufacturing Panchatikta Ghrita is a classical Ayurvedic ghrita, a medicated ghee. Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI); Panchatikta Guggulu Ghrita in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API); standard quality parameters established for manufacturing. ### Patrangasava URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/patrangasava/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Referenced in Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita. Manufactured under Drug and Cosmetics Act, 1940. Patrangasava is a classical Ayurvedic fermented arishta or asava. Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Mentioned in Charaka Samhita (1st-2nd century CE) under Asava-Arishta category. Sushruta Samhita references it for gastrointestinal and gynecological disorders. ### Phala Ghrita URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/phala-ghrita/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI); described in classical pharmacopoeial texts; standardized formulation available from GMP-certified manufacturers Phala Ghrita is a classical Ayurvedic ghrita, a medicated ghee. Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI); described in classical pharmacopoeial texts; standardized formulation available from GMP-certified manufacturers. ### Pinda Thailam URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/pinda-thailam/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Referenced in Bhaishajya Ratnavali and Sahasrayogam. Manufactured by licensed Ayurvedic pharmacies under GMP standards. Quality markers include presence of anthraquinones from Manjistha. Pinda Thailam is a classical Ayurvedic taila, a medicated oil. Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Bhaishajya Ratnavali (Vatavyadhi Chikitsa); also referenced in Sahasrayogam. A specialized Pitta-Vata pacifying formulation notable for its simplicity and targeted action on inflammatory skin and joint conditions. ### Pippali Khanda URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/pippali-khanda/ Pharmacopoeia status: Pippali (Piper longum) monograph in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API); Pippali Rasayana referenced in Bhaishajya Ratnavali; Khanda preparation described in classical formularies Pippali Khanda is a classical Ayurvedic avaleha, a semi-solid herbal confection. Pippali (Piper longum) monograph in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API); Pippali Rasayana referenced in Bhaishajya Ratnavali; Khanda preparation described in classical formularies. ### Pippalyasava URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/pippalyasava/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Referenced in Sharangadhara Samhita and Bhaishajya Ratnavali. Pippali monograph included in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Pippalyasava is a classical Ayurvedic fermented arishta or asava. Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Classical Ayurvedic texts under Sandhana Kalpana (fermented preparations). Referenced in Sharangadhara Samhita and Bhaishajya Ratnavali for digestive and respiratory disorders. ### Pitta Shirodhara Taila URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/pitta-shirodhara-taila/ Ayurvedic category: External Shirodhara (murdha-taila) oil — Pitta-shamaka Pharmacopoeia status: Formulated in the classical Shirodhara tradition (Ashtanga Hridaya, Sushruta Samhita). Constituent herbs are listed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Compliant with AYUSH advertising guidelines and the Drugs and Magic Remedies (Objectionable Advertisements) Act 1954. Pitta Shirodhara Taila is a classical Ayurvedic taila, a medicated oil. Formulated in the classical Shirodhara tradition (Ashtanga Hridaya, Sushruta Samhita). Among its traditional indications is Pitta-vaishamya of the head region: over-active, sharp, heated mental states with burning sensation on the scalp or forehead, and difficulty letting the mind settle. ### Punarnavadi Guggulu URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/punarnavadi-guggulu/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI) Part I; Punarnava (Boerhavia diffusa) individually monographed in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API) Part I; recognized by CCRAS for Shotha (edema) management Punarnavadi Guggulu is a classical Ayurvedic guggulu, a resin-based preparation. Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI) Part I; Punarnava (Boerhavia diffusa) individually monographed in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API) Part I; recognized by CCRAS for Shotha (edema) management. ### Punarnavasava URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/punarnavasava/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Referenced in Charaka Samhita and Bhaishajya Ratnavali. Punarnava monograph included in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. PCIM&H recognized. Punarnavasava is a classical Ayurvedic fermented arishta or asava. Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Charaka Samhita and Bhaishajya Ratnavali (circa 400-200 BCE origin). The Arishta preparation method (fermenting decoctions with jaggery) described in Rasatarangini of Nagarjuna (circa 10th century CE). ### Pushyanuga Churna URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/pushyanuga-churna/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI) Part I; described in Charaka Samhita (one of the Brihattrayi foundational texts); individual ingredients including Lodhra, Manjishta, Arjuna monographed in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API) Part I; CCRAS-recognized formulation for Stri Roga (gynecological disorders) Pushyanuga Churna is a classical Ayurvedic churna, a fine herbal powder. Classical formulations are researched largely in journals that PubMed does not index, so an absence here reflects the reach of the index rather than the state of the evidence. ### Rasnasaptakam Kashayam URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/rasnasaptakam-kashayam/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Referenced in Sahasrayogam and Kerala Ayurvedic pharmacopoeias. Available as standardized tablets and liquid decoctions from licensed manufacturers. Rasnasaptakam Kashayam is a classical Ayurvedic kashaya, a water decoction. Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Earliest reference in Ashtanga Hridaya commentaries. Hints of formula in Vangasena Samhita (circa 11th century CE). ### Rohitakarishta URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/rohitakarishta/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Referenced in Bhaishajya Ratnavali and Charaka Samhita. Tecomella undulata is listed in IUCN conservation lists in some regions. Rohitakarishta is a classical Ayurvedic fermented arishta or asava. Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Bhaishajya Ratnavali and Charaka Samhita. Rohitaka herb is classically prescribed for liver (Yakrit), blood (Rakta), and spleen (Pleeha) disorders. ### Sahacharadi Thailam URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/sahacharadi-thailam/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Primary reference in Sahasrayogam. Recognized by AYUSH ministry. Manufactured by licensed Kerala Ayurvedic pharmacies under GMP standards. Sahacharadi Thailam is a classical Ayurvedic taila, a medicated oil. Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Sahasrayogam (Taila Prakarana); also referenced in Ashtanga Hridayam. A signature Kerala Ayurvedic formulation specifically designed for lower body Vata disorders. ### Sanjivani Vati URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/sanjivani-vati/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI) Part I; classified under Schedule E(1) of Drugs and Cosmetics Act (contains Vatsanabha - requiring controlled dispensing); recognized by CCRAS; quality standards defined for Shuddha Vatsanabha and Shuddha Bhallataka processing Sanjivani Vati is a classical Ayurvedic vati, a herbal tablet or pill. Classical formulations are researched largely in journals that PubMed does not index, so an absence here reflects the reach of the index rather than the state of the evidence. ### Saraswatarishta URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/saraswatarishta/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI), Parts I and II. Referenced in Charaka Samhita and Bhaishajya Ratnavali. Recognized by PCIM&H. Available in AYUSH-approved manufacturing standards. Saraswatarishta is a classical Ayurvedic fermented arishta or asava. Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI), Parts I and II. Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita. Originally classified as a Medhya Rasayana (mind rejuvenator) from the Vedic period (circa 1000 BCE). ### Sarivadyasava URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/sarivadyasava/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Referenced in Bhaishajya Ratnavali. Sariva (Hemidesmus indicus) monograph included in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. PCIM&H recognized. Sarivadyasava is a classical Ayurvedic fermented arishta or asava. Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Bhaishajya Ratnavali, Prameha Pidika Adhyaya (chapter on diabetic complications). Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita extol Sariva as a premier herb for pacifying Pitta dosha. ### Shadbindu Taila URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/shadbindu-taila/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Referenced in Ashtanga Hridayam and Sharangadhara Samhita. Standardization study (PMC 2013) established physicochemical and chromatographic quality parameters. Manufactured under GMP standards. Shadbindu Taila is a classical Ayurvedic taila, a medicated oil. Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Ashtanga Hridayam (Sutrasthana); also referenced in Sharangadhara Samhita. The name 'Shadbindu' means 'six drops', indicating the classical dose of 6 drops per nostril. ### Simhanada Guggulu URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/simhanada-guggulu/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI) Part I; described in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API); included in CCRAS clinical practice guidelines for Amavata (Rheumatoid Arthritis) Simhanada Guggulu is a classical Ayurvedic guggulu, a resin-based preparation. Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI) Part I; described in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API); included in CCRAS clinical practice guidelines for Amavata (Rheumatoid Arthritis). ### Sitopaladi Churna URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/sitopaladi-churna/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI) Part I. Recognized in AYUSH recommended formulations for respiratory conditions. One of the most commonly dispensed respiratory churnas across Indian Ayurvedic hospitals and dispensaries. Sitopaladi Churna is a classical Ayurvedic churna, a fine herbal powder. Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI) Part I. Sharangdhara Samhita, Madhyama Khanda, Chapter 6. Also referenced in Chakradatta and Bhaishajya Ratnavali (Kasa Rogadhikara / Cough chapter). ### Srikhandasava URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/srikhandasava/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Referenced in Bhaishajya Ratnavali. Sandalwood (Santalum album) monograph in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Also known as Chandanasava in South Indian pharmacopoeias. Srikhandasava is a classical Ayurvedic fermented arishta or asava. Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Bhaishajya Ratnavali, Madatyaya Adhikara (chapter on intoxication/alcoholism). Also known as Chandanasava in some traditions. Described for controlling Pitta-provoked conditions and adverse effects of intoxication. ### Sudarshan Churna URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/sudarshan-churna/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI) Part I; Swertia chirata monographed in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API) Part I and Indian Pharmacopoeia; HPTLC-validated biomarker methods established (mangiferin, swertiamarin, oleanolic acid) Sudarshan Churna is a classical Ayurvedic churna, a fine herbal powder. Classical formulations are researched largely in journals that PubMed does not index, so an absence here reflects the reach of the index rather than the state of the evidence. ### Sukumara Kashayam URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/sukumara-kashayam/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Manufactured under Drug and Cosmetics Act, 1940 guidelines. Referenced in Sahasrayogam, a classical Kerala pharmacopoeia. Sukumara Kashayam is a classical Ayurvedic kashaya, a water decoction. Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Classical formulations are researched largely in journals that PubMed does not index, so an absence here reflects the reach of the index rather than the state of the evidence. ### Sukumaram Ghritam URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/sukumaram-ghritam/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API); standardized as per API norms; manufactured under GMP-certification; available in Sahasrayogam formulary Sukumaram Ghritam is a classical Ayurvedic ghrita, a medicated ghee. Listed in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API); standardized as per API norms; manufactured under GMP-certification; available in Sahasrayogam formulary. ### Talisadi Churna URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/talisadi-churna/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI) Part I. Referenced in Sharangdhara Samhita official compendia. Recognized by AYUSH as a standard respiratory formulation. Talisadi Churna is a classical Ayurvedic churna, a fine herbal powder. Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI) Part I. Charaka Chikitsa Sthana 8/145-148. Sharangdhara Samhita, Madhyama Khanda 6/130-133. Essentially an extension of Sitopaladi Churna with the addition of Talisa (Abies webbiana) as the primary differentiating herb. ### Trikatu Churna URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/trikatu-churna/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI) Part I; all three ingredients individually monographed in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API) Part I; Piper nigrum and Zingiber officinale listed in WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants; Piper longum in Indian Pharmacopoeia Trikatu Churna is a classical Ayurvedic churna, a fine herbal powder. Classical formulations are researched largely in journals that PubMed does not index, so an absence here reflects the reach of the index rather than the state of the evidence. ### Triphala Churna URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/triphala-churna/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI) Part I; all three ingredients individually monographed in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API) Part I; Terminalia chebula and Emblica officinalis listed in WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants; USP-verified Triphala supplements available in Western markets; European HMPC assessment available for individual ingredients Triphala Churna is a classical Ayurvedic churna, a fine herbal powder. [Triphala: current applications and new perspectives on the treatment of functional gastrointestinal disorders](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30034512/). Peterson CT, Denniston K, Chopra D 2017. [Therapeutic Uses of Triphala in Ayurvedic Medicine](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28696777/). ### Triphala Guggulu URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/triphala-guggulu/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI) Part I; monographed in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API); individual Triphala components listed in WHO selected medicinal plants monographs Triphala Guggulu is a classical Ayurvedic guggulu, a resin-based preparation. Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI) Part I; monographed in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API); individual Triphala components listed in WHO selected medicinal plants monographs. ### Triphaladi Thailam URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/triphaladi-thailam/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Primary reference in Sahasrayogam. Both sesame oil and coconut oil variants are recognized. Manufactured by licensed Ayurvedic pharmacies (Kottakkal, AVP, Nagarjuna) under GMP standards. Triphaladi Thailam is a classical Ayurvedic taila, a medicated oil. Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Sahasrayogam (Taila Prakarana). Available as both Triphaladi Thailam (sesame oil base) and Triphaladi Kera Thailam (coconut oil base). ### Varanadi Ghritam URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/varanadi-ghritam/ Pharmacopoeia status: Referenced in Pharmacopoeia Commission for Indian Medicine & Homoeopathy publications (1986, 2004); listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India Varanadi Ghritam is a classical Ayurvedic ghrita, a medicated ghee. Referenced in Pharmacopoeia Commission for Indian Medicine & Homoeopathy publications (1986, 2004); listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India. ### Varunadi Kashayam URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/varunadi-kashayam/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Referenced in Chakradutta and Bhaishajya Ratnavali. Varuna (Crataeva nurvala) bark monograph included in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Varunadi Kashayam is a classical Ayurvedic kashaya, a water decoction. Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Also referenced in Sushruta Samhita and Bhaishajya Ratnavali for Mutrashmari (urolithiasis). The formulation contains 16 herbal ingredients in total. ### Vasa Avaleha URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/vasa-avaleha/ Pharmacopoeia status: Included in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India Part II (Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare); officially standardized formulation with established quality parameters Vasa Avaleha is a classical Ayurvedic avaleha, a semi-solid herbal confection. Included in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India Part II (Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare); officially standardized formulation with established quality parameters. ### Vata Shirodhara Taila URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/vata-shirodhara-taila/ Ayurvedic category: External Shirodhara (murdha-taila) oil — Vata-shamaka Pharmacopoeia status: Formulated in the classical Shirodhara tradition (Ashtanga Hridaya, Sushruta Samhita). Constituent herbs are listed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Compliant with AYUSH advertising guidelines and the Drugs and Magic Remedies (Objectionable Advertisements) Act 1954. Vata Shirodhara Taila is a classical Ayurvedic taila, a medicated oil. Formulated in the classical Shirodhara tradition (Ashtanga Hridaya, Sushruta Samhita). Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) — Rasayana, balya, medhya Bala (Sida cordifolia) — Vata-hara, brimhana Shatavari (Asparagus racemosus) — madhura-rasa, shita-virya, snigdha Bhringraj (Eclipta alba / E. ### Vidangarishta URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/vidangarishta/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Referenced in Sharangadharasamhita and Bhavaprakasha. Vidanga (Embelia ribes) monograph in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Vidangarishta is a classical Ayurvedic fermented arishta or asava. Listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). Sharangadharasamhita Madhyamakhanda. Also referenced in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu (16th century CE) and Yogaratnakara for anthelmintic indications. ### Vidaryadi Ghrita URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/vidaryadi-ghrita/ Pharmacopoeia status: Referenced in Pharmacopoeia Commission for Indian Medicine & Homoeopathy publications; formulation based on Ashtanga Hridayam standards; available from GMP-certified manufacturers Vidaryadi Ghrita is a classical Ayurvedic ghrita, a medicated ghee. Referenced in Pharmacopoeia Commission for Indian Medicine & Homoeopathy publications; formulation based on Ashtanga Hridayam standards; available from GMP-certified manufacturers. ### Vyoshadi Guggulu URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/vyoshadi-guggulu/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI) Part I; monographed in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API); clinical trial data published in peer-reviewed journals supporting thyroid and respiratory indications; recognized by CCRAS Vyoshadi Guggulu is a classical Ayurvedic guggulu, a resin-based preparation. Classical formulations are researched largely in journals that PubMed does not index, so an absence here reflects the reach of the index rather than the state of the evidence. ### Yogaraja Guggulu URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/formulation/yogaraja-guggulu/ Pharmacopoeia status: Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI) Part I; monographed in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API); included in CCRAS clinical practice guidelines for Sandhivata (osteoarthritis) Yogaraja Guggulu is a classical Ayurvedic guggulu, a resin-based preparation. Listed in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI) Part I; monographed in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API); included in CCRAS clinical practice guidelines for Sandhivata (osteoarthritis). ## Instruments ### Agnikarma Thermal Cauterization Instruments URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/device/agnikarma-thermal-cauterization-instruments/ Ayurvedic category: Kshara Sutra and Para-Surgical Instruments Agnikarma Thermal Cauterization Instruments (Sanskrit: Agnikarma Shalaka (Dahana Upakarna)) is an instrument used in kshara sutra and para-surgical instruments. A set of metal rods (Shalaka) of specific shapes - Suchi (needle-point), Bindu (dot/round), Valaya (ring), Vilekha (line), Pratapta (red-hot) - for Agnikarma (therapeutic thermal cauterization). ### Basti Enema Equipment URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/device/basti-enema-equipment/ Ayurvedic category: Panchakarma Equipment Basti Enema Equipment (Sanskrit: Basti Yantra) is an instrument used in panchakarma equipment. Traditional enema apparatus consisting of a bladder-like bag (Basti Putaka, made from animal bladder or leather) attached to a tube (Basti Netra, made from metal). Used to administer medicated decoctions (Niruha Basti) or oils (Anuvasana Basti) rectally. ### Brass Bronze Vessels for Medicine Storage URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/device/brass-bronze-vessels-for-medicine-storage/ Ayurvedic category: Therapeutic Vessels Brass Bronze Vessels for Medicine Storage (Sanskrit: Pittala Patra / Kamsya Patra) is an instrument used in therapeutic vessels. Vessels made of brass (Pittala - copper + zinc alloy) or bronze (Kamsya - copper + tin alloy) used for storing, preparing, and dispensing Ayurvedic medicines. Each metal alloy has specific therapeutic properties attributed in Rasashastra. ### Cauterization Rod Thermal Cautery Instrument URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/device/cauterization-rod-thermal-cautery-instrument/ Ayurvedic category: Massage and External Therapy Tools Cauterization Rod Thermal Cautery Instrument (Sanskrit: Agnikarma Shalaka) is an instrument used in massage and external therapy tools. Metal rods of various shapes (Suchi/needle-shaped, Bindu/dot, Valaya/ring, Vilekha/line) heated in fire and applied to specific body points for therapeutic thermal cauterization (Agnikarma). Traditionally made from iron rods, gold rods - for delicate areas, copper rods, panchadhatu. ### Cooking Vessel Boiling Pot Apparatus URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/device/cooking-vessel-boiling-pot-apparatus/ Ayurvedic category: Preparation and Pharmaceutical Equipment Cooking Vessel Boiling Pot Apparatus (Sanskrit: Sthali Yantra / Ghata Yantra) is an instrument used in preparation and pharmaceutical equipment. Standard cooking/boiling vessels used for preparing decoctions (Kashaya/Kwatha), medicated oils (Taila), medicated ghee (Ghrita), and other liquid preparations. Specific pot shapes and materials are prescribed for different preparations. ### Copper Water Bottle URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/device/copper-water-bottle/ Ayurvedic category: Modern Ayurvedic Devices Copper Water Bottle (Sanskrit: Tamra Jal Kupika) is an instrument used in modern ayurvedic devices. A modern portable adaptation of the traditional Tamra Patra (copper vessel), designed as a water bottle for daily use. Based on the Ayurvedic practice of drinking water stored in copper vessels (Tamra Jal Seva). ### Copper Water Tumbler Copper Vessel URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/device/copper-water-tumbler-copper-vessel/ Ayurvedic category: Therapeutic Vessels Copper Water Tumbler Copper Vessel (Sanskrit: Tamra Jal Patra / Tamra Patra) is an instrument used in therapeutic vessels. A tumbler or vessel made of pure copper (Tamra) in which water is stored overnight and consumed in the morning (Ushapana). The copper imparts trace elements and oligodynamic antimicrobial properties to the water. ### Damaru TaborHourglass Apparatus Sublimation Device URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/device/damaru-taborhourglass-apparatus-sublimation-device/ Ayurvedic category: Preparation and Pharmaceutical Equipment Damaru TaborHourglass Apparatus Sublimation Device (Sanskrit: Damaru Yantra) is an instrument used in preparation and pharmaceutical equipment. Two pots of equal size placed mouth-to-mouth (resembling a Damaru/tabor drum), with the joint sealed by mud-cloth-plaster. The substance in the lower pot is heated, and sublimate collects on the inner surface of the upper (cooler) pot. ### Distillation Apparatus ArkaHydrosol Distiller URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/device/distillation-apparatus-arkahydrosol-distiller/ Ayurvedic category: Preparation and Pharmaceutical Equipment Distillation Apparatus ArkaHydrosol Distiller (Sanskrit: Arka Yantra) is an instrument used in preparation and pharmaceutical equipment. A traditional distillation apparatus used for preparing Arka (hydrosol/distilled herbal water). Consists of an earthen or metal pot (Ghata) with a lid that has a collection pipe (Nala), a condenser arrangement, and a collection vessel. ### Ear Oiling Funnel Karna Purana Apparatus URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/device/ear-oiling-funnel-karna-purana-apparatus/ Ayurvedic category: Modern Ayurvedic Devices Ear Oiling Funnel Karna Purana Apparatus (Sanskrit: Karna Purana Patra) is an instrument used in modern ayurvedic devices. A small funnel or cone-shaped device used to instill warm medicated oil into the ear canal during Karna Purana therapy. Modern versions include temperature-controlled oil dispensers. ### Eye Bath Frame Netra BastiTarpana Apparatus URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/device/eye-bath-frame-netra-bastitarpana-apparatus/ Ayurvedic category: Modern Ayurvedic Devices Eye Bath Frame Netra BastiTarpana Apparatus (Sanskrit: Netra Basti Patra / Netra Tarpana Frame) is an instrument used in modern ayurvedic devices. A dough dam (traditionally made from Urad dal/black gram flour) formed around the eyes to hold warm medicated ghee over the open eyes. Modern versions include reusable frames or molds that replace the dough dam. ### Incineration Furnace Puta Calcination Apparatus URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/device/incineration-furnace-puta-calcination-apparatus/ Ayurvedic category: Preparation and Pharmaceutical Equipment Incineration Furnace Puta Calcination Apparatus (Sanskrit: Puta Yantra / Putapaka Yantra) is an instrument used in preparation and pharmaceutical equipment. A specially constructed furnace/pit arrangement for Putapaka (incineration/calcination) process used to convert metals and minerals into therapeutically safe Bhasma (calcined ash). Different sized Putas (fuel arrangements) provide different temperature ranges. ### Kansa Bronze Foot Massage Bowl URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/device/kansa-bronze-foot-massage-bowl/ Ayurvedic category: Modern Ayurvedic Devices Kansa Bronze Foot Massage Bowl (Sanskrit: Kansa Thali Pada Abhyanga) is an instrument used in modern ayurvedic devices. A small bronze bowl used with ghee to massage the soles of the feet, stimulating reflex zones and Marma points on the feet. A traditional Kerala practice (Kansa Vataki) modernized as a wellness tool. ### Kansa Wand Bronze Massage Tool URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/device/kansa-wand-bronze-massage-tool/ Ayurvedic category: Modern Ayurvedic Devices Kansa Wand Bronze Massage Tool (Sanskrit: Kansa Vati / Kansa Wand) is an instrument used in modern ayurvedic devices. A dome-shaped massage tool with a handle, made from Kansa (traditional bronze alloy of copper and tin in specific proportions - approximately 78% copper and 22% tin). Used for facial and body massage. ### Kizhi Poultice Bags Bolus Bags URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/device/kizhi-poultice-bags-bolus-bags/ Ayurvedic category: Massage and External Therapy Tools Kizhi Poultice Bags Bolus Bags (Sanskrit: Pinda / Kizhi Pottali) is an instrument used in massage and external therapy tools. Muslin cloth bags filled with specific therapeutic ingredients, tied into bundles (Pottali), heated in medicated oil or decoction, and applied to the body through rhythmic pressing and massage. Multiple varieties exist based on filling material. ### Lepa Paste Application Tools URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/device/lepa-paste-application-tools/ Ayurvedic category: Massage and External Therapy Tools Lepa Paste Application Tools (Sanskrit: Lepa Patra / Lepa Spatula) is an instrument used in massage and external therapy tools. Tools for preparing and applying medicated herbal pastes (Lepa) to the body. Includes stone mortar for grinding, spatulas for mixing, and brushes or flat applicators for spreading paste on affected areas. ### Marma Point Therapy Tools URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/device/marma-point-therapy-tools/ Ayurvedic category: Modern Ayurvedic Devices Marma Point Therapy Tools (Sanskrit: Marma Bindu Yantra) is an instrument used in modern ayurvedic devices. Specialized tools designed for stimulating Marma points (vital energy points described in Ayurveda and Kalari Payattu martial art). Include pointed wooden sticks, rounded metal tips, and ergonomic handheld devices for applying precise pressure to the 107 Marma points on the body. ### Medicated Alkaline Thread URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/device/medicated-alkaline-thread/ Ayurvedic category: Kshara Sutra and Para-Surgical Instruments Medicated Alkaline Thread (Sanskrit: Kshara Sutra) is an instrument used in kshara sutra and para-surgical instruments. A specially prepared surgical thread coated with three layers: latex of Snuhi (Euphorbia neriifolia), Apamarga Kshara (Achyranthes aspera alkali), and Haridra (turmeric) powder. Applied repeatedly (21 coatings) to create a medicated thread used for gradual cutting, drainage, and healing of fistulous tracts. ### Medicinal Leech Hirudo medicinalis Indian species URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/device/medicinal-leech-hirudo-medicinalis-indian-species/ Ayurvedic category: Raktamokshana (Blood-Letting) Instruments Medicinal Leech Hirudo medicinalis Indian species (Sanskrit: Jalauka) is an instrument used in raktamokshana (blood-letting) instruments. Living medicinal leeches used for Jalaukavacharana (leech therapy). Sushruta classifies leeches into 12 types: 6 venomous (Savisha) and 6 non-venomous (Nirvisha). Traditionally made from live nirvisha leeches, turmeric water for leech care, cotton for wound dressing. ### Mortar and Pestle URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/device/mortar-and-pestle/ Ayurvedic category: Preparation and Pharmaceutical Equipment Mortar and Pestle (Sanskrit: Khalva Yantra) is an instrument used in preparation and pharmaceutical equipment. The most fundamental instrument in Ayurvedic pharmacy. A heavy mortar (Khalva) with a pestle (Musal/Muthka) used for grinding, trituration (Mardana/Bhavana), and mixing of herbs, minerals, and metals. ### Nadi Tarangini AI Based Pulse Diagnostic System URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/device/nadi-tarangini-ai-based-pulse-diagnostic-system/ Ayurvedic category: Diagnostic Instruments Nadi Tarangini AI Based Pulse Diagnostic System (Sanskrit: Nadi Tarangini) is an instrument used in diagnostic instruments. India's first CDSCO-acknowledged Ayurvedic diagnostic device. A patented AI-based system that uses three highly sensitive pressure sensors to replicate the manual Nadi Pariksha process. Traditionally made from n, /, a, - -. ### Nasya Dropper Nasya Administration Chair URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/device/nasya-dropper-nasya-administration-chair/ Ayurvedic category: Panchakarma Equipment Nasya Dropper Nasya Administration Chair (Sanskrit: Nasya Yantra / Nasya Peeth) is an instrument used in panchakarma equipment. A dropper or specialized vessel for instilling medicated oils, ghee, or herbal juices into the nasal passages. The Nasya Peeth is a reclining chair with adjustable headrest designed for the procedure. ### Neti Pot Nasal Irrigation Vessel URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/device/neti-pot-nasal-irrigation-vessel/ Ayurvedic category: Nasal and Oral Devices Neti Pot Nasal Irrigation Vessel (Sanskrit: Jala Neti Patra) is an instrument used in nasal and oral devices. A small spouted vessel resembling a teapot, used to pour warm saline water through one nostril and out the other, cleansing the nasal passages. Part of Shatkarma (six purification actions) in Hatha Yoga and Dinacharya (daily routine) in Ayurveda. ### Oil Pulling Cup URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/device/oil-pulling-cup/ Ayurvedic category: Nasal and Oral Devices Oil Pulling Cup (Sanskrit: Kavala / Gandusha Patra) is an instrument used in nasal and oral devices. A small cup or vessel used to measure and hold medicated oils, decoctions, or other liquids for Kavala (gargling/swishing with smaller quantity) and Gandusha (holding liquid to full mouth capacity) practices. ### Pizhichil Equipment Oil Bath Apparatus URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/device/pizhichil-equipment-oil-bath-apparatus/ Ayurvedic category: Massage and External Therapy Tools Pizhichil Equipment Oil Bath Apparatus (Sanskrit: Pizhichil Yantra / Sarvanga Dhara Patra) is an instrument used in massage and external therapy tools. A set of equipment for Pizhichil (Sarvanga Dhara) therapy where warm medicated oil is continuously poured over the entire body from a height while simultaneously massaging. Includes oil vessels, squeezing cloth, Droni (trough/tub), and oil warming apparatus. ### Pulse Diagnosis Tools Traditional URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/device/pulse-diagnosis-tools-traditional/ Ayurvedic category: Diagnostic Instruments Pulse Diagnosis Tools Traditional (Sanskrit: Nadi Pariksha Yantra (Traditional)) is an instrument used in diagnostic instruments. In traditional Ayurvedic practice, Nadi Pariksha (pulse examination) is performed using the physician's three fingers (index, middle, ring) placed on the radial artery at the wrist. There is no traditional 'device' per se - the physician's trained fingers are the instrument. ### Sand Bath Apparatus URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/device/sand-bath-apparatus/ Ayurvedic category: Preparation and Pharmaceutical Equipment Sand Bath Apparatus (Sanskrit: Valuka Yantra) is an instrument used in preparation and pharmaceutical equipment. A vessel containing sand in which another smaller vessel (containing the material to be heated) is placed. The sand distributes heat evenly and prevents direct flame contact, providing gentle and uniform heating. ### Shirodhara Pot Apparatus URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/device/shirodhara-pot-apparatus/ Ayurvedic category: Panchakarma Equipment Shirodhara Pot Apparatus (Sanskrit: Shirodhara Yantra) is an instrument used in panchakarma equipment. A vessel (traditionally earthen or brass) with a small hole at the bottom, suspended above the patient's forehead. Warm medicated oil, milk, or buttermilk is poured in a continuous stream (dhara) onto the Ajna marma (forehead/third eye area). ### Sitz Bath Therapeutic Immersion Tub URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/device/sitz-bath-therapeutic-immersion-tub/ Ayurvedic category: Panchakarma Equipment Sitz Bath Therapeutic Immersion Tub (Sanskrit: Avagaha Yantra / Avagaha Droni) is an instrument used in panchakarma equipment. A tub or trough (Droni) carved from a single piece of wood (traditionally Neem or other medicinal wood) in which the patient sits immersed in warm medicated decoctions or oils. ### Steam Chamber Swedana Box URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/device/steam-chamber-swedana-box/ Ayurvedic category: Panchakarma Equipment Steam Chamber Swedana Box (Sanskrit: Swedana Yantra / Bashpa Swedana Peti) is an instrument used in panchakarma equipment. An enclosed chamber or box in which the patient sits while medicated steam is directed onto the body (with the head kept outside). Includes Nadi Swedana (tubular/localized steam), Bashpa Swedana (full body steam box), and Prastara Swedana (bed-based steaming). ### SwingSuspension Apparatus Water Bath URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/device/swingsuspension-apparatus-water-bath/ Ayurvedic category: Preparation and Pharmaceutical Equipment SwingSuspension Apparatus Water Bath (Sanskrit: Dola Yantra) is an instrument used in preparation and pharmaceutical equipment. A pot partially filled with liquid with a horizontal rod placed across the rim, from which a muslin bag containing the material to be processed is suspended (hung like a swing/doll - 'Dola') and heated in the liquid below without direct contact with the bottom. ### Tongue Scraper Tongue Cleaner URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/device/tongue-scraper-tongue-cleaner/ Ayurvedic category: Nasal and Oral Devices Tongue Scraper Tongue Cleaner (Sanskrit: Jihwa Nirlekhana / Jihwa Prakshalana) is an instrument used in nasal and oral devices. A thin, curved strip of metal used to scrape the tongue from back to front, removing Ama (toxin) coating, bacteria, and dead cells from the tongue surface. Essential part of Ayurvedic Dinacharya (daily routine). ### Udvartana Powder Massage Tools URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/device/udvartana-powder-massage-tools/ Ayurvedic category: Massage and External Therapy Tools Udvartana Powder Massage Tools (Sanskrit: Udvartana Churna Patra / Udvartana Tools) is an instrument used in massage and external therapy tools. Equipment for Udvartana therapy involving vigorous upward-stroke dry powder massage or herbal paste massage. Includes powder storage vessels, mixing bowls, and specialized textured gloves or hand tools for application. ### Urine Examination Vessel Oil Drop Test URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/device/urine-examination-vessel-oil-drop-test/ Ayurvedic category: Diagnostic Instruments Urine Examination Vessel Oil Drop Test (Sanskrit: Mutra Pariksha Patra / Taila Bindu Pariksha) is an instrument used in diagnostic instruments. A vessel used for the traditional Ayurvedic urine examination (Mutra Pariksha) technique where a drop of sesame oil is placed on the surface of the patient's urine sample and the pattern of oil spread is observed for diagnostic assessment. ### Vamana Emesis Basin Chair URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/device/vamana-emesis-basin-chair/ Ayurvedic category: Panchakarma Equipment Vamana Emesis Basin Chair (Sanskrit: Vamana Patra / Vamana Peeth) is an instrument used in panchakarma equipment. A wide basin or receptacle used to collect vomitus during therapeutic emesis (Vamana karma). The Vamana Peeth is a specialized chair allowing the patient to sit comfortably while leaning forward during the procedure. ### Vijaysar Wood Tumbler URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/device/vijaysar-wood-tumbler/ Ayurvedic category: Therapeutic Vessels Vijaysar Wood Tumbler (Sanskrit: Vijaysar Patra / Beejaka Patra) is an instrument used in therapeutic vessels. A tumbler carved from the heartwood of Vijaysar (Pterocarpus marsupium / Indian Kino Tree / Beejaka). Water stored overnight in this tumbler takes on a reddish-brown color and active phytochemicals (pterostilbene, epicatechin, marsupsin) that leach from the wood. ### Weighing Scales for Dravya Medicinal Substances URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/device/weighing-scales-for-dravya-medicinal-substances/ Ayurvedic category: Diagnostic Instruments Weighing Scales for Dravya Medicinal Substances (Sanskrit: Tula Yantra / Tulasya) is an instrument used in diagnostic instruments. Precision weighing scales used for measuring exact quantities of medicinal substances (Dravya) according to Ayurvedic posology. Traditional scales used specific Ayurvedic weight units (Pala, Karsha, Tola, Ratti/Gunja). ## Reference ### Adaptogenic Agents URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/reference/adaptogenic/ Adaptogenic Agents is a reference entry in the Nighantu. 115 herbs and compounds with adaptogenic activity across traditions Amrita Ghrita Arjunarishta Ashwagandharishta Atibala Bala — Sida cordifolia Bala Mool Balarishta Balaswagandhadi Thailam Brahma Rasayana Chhatraka — Agaricus campestris L. ### Analgesic Agents URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/reference/analgesic/ Analgesic Agents is a reference entry in the Nighantu. 224 herbs and compounds with analgesic activity across traditions Agnikarna — Gloriosa superba L. (Agnikumarika/Agnimukhi); also associated with Litsea species in some texts Agnimantha — Premna integrifolia (syn. ### Anti inflammatory & Pain URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/reference/antiinflammatory-pain/ Anti inflammatory & Pain is a reference entry in the Nighantu. Cross-tradition therapeutic reference — 1057 related entries Abhayarishta — (Laxative, Diuretic, Anti-inflammatory) Abhraka Bhasma — (Antioxidant, Rasayana, Anti-inflammatory) Adhaki — Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. ### Anti inflammatory & Pain — Across Traditions URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/reference/antiinflammatory-pain-across-traditions/ Anti inflammatory & Pain — Across Traditions is a reference entry in the Nighantu. Comparing approaches to anti-inflammatory & pain across 5 healing traditions Ayurveda: 351 entries TCM: 210 entries Global: 385 entries Nutraceutical: 25 entries ### Anti inflammatory Agents URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/reference/antiinflammatory/ Anti inflammatory Agents is a reference entry in the Nighantu. 975 herbs and compounds with anti-inflammatory activity across traditions Abhayarishta Abhraka Bhasma Adhaki — Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. Agastya — Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers. ### Anticancer Agents URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/reference/anticancer/ Anticancer Agents is a reference entry in the Nighantu. 271 herbs and compounds with anticancer activity across traditions Adhaki — Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. Agastya — Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers. Agnikarna — Gloriosa superba L. ### Antidiabetic Agents URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/reference/antidiabetic/ Antidiabetic Agents is a reference entry in the Nighantu. 198 herbs and compounds with antidiabetic activity across traditions Adhaki — Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. Agastya — Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers. Ajwain — Trachyspermum ammi Akhuparni — Ipomoea reniformis Choisy (syn. ### Antimicrobial Agents URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/reference/antimicrobial/ Antimicrobial Agents is a reference entry in the Nighantu. 417 herbs and compounds with antimicrobial activity across traditions Adhaki — Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. Agnikarna — Gloriosa superba L. (Agnikumarika/Agnimukhi); also associated with Litsea species in some texts Aivana — Salvia officinalis L. ### Antioxidant Agents URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/reference/antioxidant/ Antioxidant Agents is a reference entry in the Nighantu. 710 herbs and compounds with antioxidant activity across traditions Abhraka Bhasma Adhaki — Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. Agastya — Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers. ### Antipyretic Agents URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/reference/antipyretic/ Antipyretic Agents is a reference entry in the Nighantu. 128 herbs and compounds with antipyretic activity across traditions Akhuparni — Ipomoea reniformis Choisy (syn. Merremia emarginata (Burm.f.) Hallier f.) Ambasthaki — Cissampelos pareira L. ### Anxiolytic Agents URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/reference/anxiolytic/ Anxiolytic Agents is a reference entry in the Nighantu. 133 herbs and compounds with anxiolytic activity across traditions Aparajita — Clitoria ternatea L. Ashwagandharishta Badara Bakula — Mimusops elengi L. Bhutakeshi Brahmi — Bacopa monnieri Brahmi Ghritam Dhanyaka — Coriandrum sativum L. ### Brain & Nervous System URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/reference/brain-nervous-system/ Brain & Nervous System is a reference entry in the Nighantu. Cross-tradition therapeutic reference — 500 related entries Ahiphena — Papaver somniferum L. — (Analgesic) Aivana — Salvia officinalis L. — (Antioxidant, Anticancer, Wound Healing) Akarakarabha — Anacyclus pyrethrum (L.) Lag. ### Bronchodilator Agents URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/reference/bronchodilator/ Bronchodilator Agents is a reference entry in the Nighantu. 83 herbs and compounds with bronchodilator activity across traditions Agastya Haritaki Rasayana Ajwain — Trachyspermum ammi Bhadra — Aerva lanata (L.) Juss. Chitrakaharitaki — Polyherbal formulation: Plumbago zeylanica (Chitrak) + Terminalia chebula (Haritaki) as principal herbs Dashamoola Katutraya Kashayam Devadaru — Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ### Cardioprotective Agents URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/reference/cardioprotective/ Cardioprotective Agents is a reference entry in the Nighantu. 82 herbs and compounds with cardioprotective activity across traditions Aja Dugdha Goat Milk Alabu — Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. Amalaki Rasayana Arjuna Twak Arjunarishta Asana — Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. ### Catechin URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/reference/catechin/ Catechin is a reference entry in the Nighantu. Found in 43 entries across the catalogue Ashoka Ashoka Ghrita Ashokarishta Babbula — Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile (syn. Vachellia nilotica) Bitter Gourd Herb Dadima Twak — Punica granatum L. ### Diabetes & Metabolism URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/reference/diabetes-metabolism/ Diabetes & Metabolism is a reference entry in the Nighantu. Cross-tradition therapeutic reference — 374 related entries Adhaki — Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. — (Antioxidant, Anticancer, Antidiabetic) Agastya — Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers. ### Digestive Health URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/reference/digestive-health/ Digestive Health is a reference entry in the Nighantu. Cross-tradition therapeutic reference — 612 related entries Agnijara Agnikarna — Gloriosa superba L. (Agnikumarika/Agnimukhi); also associated with Litsea species in some texts — (Antioxidant, Anticancer, Wound Healing) Agnikumarika Agnimantha — Premna integrifolia (syn. ### Diuretic Agents URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/reference/diuretic/ Diuretic Agents is a reference entry in the Nighantu. 135 herbs and compounds with diuretic activity across traditions Abhayarishta Agnimantha — Premna integrifolia (syn. Clerodendrum phlomidis) Ajwain — Trachyspermum ammi Akhuparni — Ipomoea reniformis Choisy (syn. ### Ellagic acid URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/reference/ellagic-acid/ Ellagic acid is a reference entry in the Nighantu. Found in 73 entries across the catalogue Abhayarishta Agastya Haritaki Rasayana Akshotaka — Juglans regia L. Amalaka Rasayana Amalaki Rasayana Amla — Phyllanthus emblica (syn. ### Expectorant Agents URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/reference/expectorant/ Expectorant Agents is a reference entry in the Nighantu. 87 herbs and compounds with expectorant activity across traditions Ajwain Herb Brihatyadi Kashayam Chandrashura — Lepidium sativum L. Chitrakaharitaki — Polyherbal formulation: Plumbago zeylanica (Chitrak) + Terminalia chebula (Haritaki) as principal herbs Eucalyptus Herb Gajapippali — Scindapsus officinalis (Roxb.) Schott Hingu — Ferula asafoetida Hinguleshwar Ras Hingupatri — Ferula spp. ### Eye Health URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/reference/eye-health/ Eye Health is a reference entry in the Nighantu. Cross-tradition therapeutic reference — 136 related entries Agnitundi Vati — (Antispasmodic) Anjatraya Aparajita — Clitoria ternatea L. — (Antioxidant, Anticancer, Nootropic) Arka Ksheera Badara — (Anxiolytic, Immunomodulatory) Camphor — (Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory) Chakshushya — (Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory) Changeri — Oxalis corniculata L. ### Family: Fabaceae URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/reference/fabaceae/ Family: Fabaceae is a reference entry in the Nighantu. 18 members in the catalogue Aparajita — Clitoria ternatea L. (Antioxidant, Anticancer, Nootropic) Copaiba — Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. ### Family: Rosaceae URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/reference/rosaceae/ Family: Rosaceae is a reference entry in the Nighantu. 20 members in the catalogue Agrimony — Agrimonia eupatoria (Antioxidant, Wound Healing, Antidiabetic) Cloudberry — Rubus chamaemorus (Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Anti-inflammatory) Damask Rose Gol e Mohammadi — Rosa damascena Mill. (Laxative, Anti-inflammatory, Anxiolytic) Hawthorn — Crataegus monogyna (and C. ### Family: Zingiberaceae URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/reference/zingiberaceae/ Family: Zingiberaceae is a reference entry in the Nighantu. 24 members in the catalogue Bai Dou Kou — Amomum kravanh Pierre ex Gagnep. (Anticancer, Antiemetic, Antimicrobial) E Zhu — Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe (also C. ### Fever & Infection URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/reference/fever-infection/ Fever & Infection is a reference entry in the Nighantu. Cross-tradition therapeutic reference — 115 related entries Agnikarna — Gloriosa superba L. (Agnikumarika/Agnimukhi); also associated with Litsea species in some texts — (Antioxidant, Anticancer, Wound Healing) Akhuparni — Ipomoea reniformis Choisy (syn. ### Flavonoids URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/reference/flavonoids/ Flavonoids is a reference entry in the Nighantu. Found in 163 entries across the catalogue Agnikarna — Gloriosa superba L. (Agnikumarika/Agnimukhi); also associated with Litsea species in some texts Agnimantha — Premna integrifolia (syn. ### Gallic acid URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/reference/gallic-acid/ Gallic acid is a reference entry in the Nighantu. Found in 177 entries across the catalogue Abhayarishta Agastya Haritaki Rasayana Akshotaka — Juglans regia L. Amalaka Rasayana Amalaki Rasayana Amla — Phyllanthus emblica (syn. ### Heart & Cardiovascular URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/reference/heart-cardiovascular/ Heart & Cardiovascular is a reference entry in the Nighantu. Cross-tradition therapeutic reference — 249 related entries Akika Pishti — (Hemostatic) Alabu — Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. — (Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Immunomodulatory) Alarka — Calotropis procera (Aiton) Dryand. ### Hepatoprotective Agents URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/reference/hepatoprotective/ Hepatoprotective Agents is a reference entry in the Nighantu. 277 herbs and compounds with hepatoprotective activity across traditions Abhraka Bhasma Adhaki — Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. Agastya — Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers. ### Immune System & Rasayana URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/reference/immune-system-rasayana/ Immune System & Rasayana is a reference entry in the Nighantu. Cross-tradition therapeutic reference — 326 related entries Abhraka Bhasma — (Antioxidant, Rasayana, Anti-inflammatory) Agnijara Akarakarabha — Anacyclus pyrethrum (L.) Lag. — (Anticancer, Aphrodisiac, Wound Healing) Akshotaka — Juglans regia L. ### Immunomodulatory Agents URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/reference/immunomodulatory/ Immunomodulatory Agents is a reference entry in the Nighantu. 314 herbs and compounds with immunomodulatory activity across traditions Abhraka Bhasma Agastya Haritaki Rasayana Aja Dugdha Goat Milk Akarakarabha — Anacyclus pyrethrum (L.) Lag. ### Joint & Musculoskeletal URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/reference/joint-musculoskeletal/ Joint & Musculoskeletal is a reference entry in the Nighantu. Cross-tradition therapeutic reference — 199 related entries Agnikarna — Gloriosa superba L. (Agnikumarika/Agnimukhi); also associated with Litsea species in some texts — (Antioxidant, Anticancer, Wound Healing) Agnimantha — Premna integrifolia (syn. ### Kaempferol URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/reference/kaempferol/ Kaempferol is a reference entry in the Nighantu. Found in 91 entries across the catalogue Agastya — Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers. Arka Pushpa Ashoka Ashwattha — Ficus religiosa L. Asthishrinkhala — Cissus quadrangularis L. ### Kidney & Urinary URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/reference/kidney-urinary/ Kidney & Urinary is a reference entry in the Nighantu. Cross-tradition therapeutic reference — 329 related entries Adhaki — Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. — (Antioxidant, Anticancer, Antidiabetic) Akhuparni — Ipomoea reniformis Choisy (syn. ### Kidney & Urinary — Across Traditions URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/reference/kidney-urinary-across-traditions/ Kidney & Urinary — Across Traditions is a reference entry in the Nighantu. Comparing approaches to kidney & urinary across 5 healing traditions Ayurveda: 71 entries TCM: 101 entries Global: 89 entries Nutraceutical: 12 entries ### Laxative Agents URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/reference/laxative/ Laxative Agents is a reference entry in the Nighantu. 81 herbs and compounds with laxative activity across traditions Abhayarishta Agastya Haritaki Rasayana Aloe Vera — Aloe barbadensis Mill. Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f.) Amlavetasa — Garcinia pedunculata Roxb. ### Liver & Detoxification URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/reference/liver-detoxification/ Liver & Detoxification is a reference entry in the Nighantu. Cross-tradition therapeutic reference — 753 related entries Abhayarishta — (Laxative, Diuretic, Anti-inflammatory) Abhraka Bhasma — (Antioxidant, Rasayana, Anti-inflammatory) Adhaki — Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. ### Lupeol URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/reference/lupeol/ Lupeol is a reference entry in the Nighantu. Found in 63 entries across the catalogue Ananta Mool Bakula — Mimusops elengi L. Bhadra — Aerva lanata (L.) Juss. Bhumi Jambuka Bhurja Bimbi Chakragaja — Cassia tora L. ### Medhya (Nootropic) Agents URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/reference/medhya-nootropic/ Medhya (Nootropic) Agents is a reference entry in the Nighantu. 34 herbs and compounds with medhya (nootropic) activity across traditions Akarakarabha — Anacyclus pyrethrum (L.) Lag. Akhuparni — Ipomoea reniformis Choisy (syn. ### Men's Health & Vitality URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/reference/mens-health-vitality/ Men's Health & Vitality is a reference entry in the Nighantu. Cross-tradition therapeutic reference — 83 related entries Agnitundi Vati — (Antispasmodic) Ajamoda Arka Ajwain — Trachyspermum ammi — (Antioxidant, Bronchodilator, Antidiabetic) Ajwain Herb — (Expectorant, Anti-inflammatory) Akarakarabha — Anacyclus pyrethrum (L.) Lag. ### Neuroprotective Agents URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/reference/neuroprotective/ Neuroprotective Agents is a reference entry in the Nighantu. 263 herbs and compounds with neuroprotective activity across traditions Ajwain — Trachyspermum ammi Akhuparni — Ipomoea reniformis Choisy (syn. Merremia emarginata (Burm.f.) Hallier f.) Akshotaka — Juglans regia L. ### Oleanolic acid URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/reference/oleanolic-acid/ Oleanolic acid is a reference entry in the Nighantu. Found in 47 entries across the catalogue Agastya — Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers. Apamarga — Achyranthes aspera L. Badara Bharangi — Clerodendrum serratum (L.) Moon Bhurja Chirayata Dhamasa — Fagonia cretica L. ### Piperine URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/reference/piperine/ Piperine is a reference entry in the Nighantu. Found in 66 entries across the catalogue Agastya Haritaki Rasayana Agnitundi Vati Ajamodadi Churna Avipattikar Avipattikar Churna Avipattikar Herbs Black Pepper — Piper nigrum Brahma Rasayana Brahmi Vati Chandraprabha — Compound formulation (37 herbs) Chandraprabha Vati Chavika Chavya — Piper retrofractum Vahl (syn. ### Quercetin URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/reference/quercetinquercetin/ Quercetin is a reference entry in the Nighantu. Found in 121 entries across the catalogue Agastya — Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers. Arka Pushpa Ashoka Ashwattha — Ficus religiosa L. Asthishrinkhala — Cissus quadrangularis L. ### Rasayana Agents URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/reference/rasayana/ Rasayana Agents is a reference entry in the Nighantu. 123 herbs and compounds with rasayana activity across traditions Abhraka Bhasma Agastya Haritaki Rasayana Aja Dugdha Aja Dugdha Goat Milk Akhuparni — Ipomoea reniformis Choisy (syn. ### Respiratory Health URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/reference/respiratory-health/ Respiratory Health is a reference entry in the Nighantu. Cross-tradition therapeutic reference — 360 related entries Abhraka Bhasma — (Antioxidant, Rasayana, Anti-inflammatory) Agastya Haritaki Rasayana — (Antioxidant, Bronchodilator, Laxative) Ahiphena — Papaver somniferum L. ### Saponins URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/reference/saponins/ Saponins is a reference entry in the Nighantu. Found in 41 entries across the catalogue Alabu — Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. Devadali Dhamargava Dhanyamla — Fermented grain formulation (composite - Oryza sativa, Panicum sumatrense, Paspalum scrobiculatum, Zingiber officinale, Citrus aurantifolia, etc.) Dhatupaushtik Churna Gajapippali — Scindapsus officinalis (Roxb.) Schott Hijal Kadali Pushpa — Musa paradisiaca L. ### Skin & Beauty URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/reference/skin-beauty/ Skin & Beauty is a reference entry in the Nighantu. Cross-tradition therapeutic reference — 425 related entries Agnikarna — Gloriosa superba L. (Agnikumarika/Agnimukhi); also associated with Litsea species in some texts — (Antioxidant, Anticancer, Wound Healing) Aivana — Salvia officinalis L. ### Stigmasterol URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/reference/stigmasterol/ Stigmasterol is a reference entry in the Nighantu. Found in 64 entries across the catalogue Bala — Sida cordifolia Bala Mool Bhringraj Chitraka Moola Chopchini — Smilax china L. Eranda Moola Gavedhuka Gorakhmundi — Sphaeranthus indicus L. ### Tannins URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/reference/tannins/ Tannins is a reference entry in the Nighantu. Found in 67 entries across the catalogue Agnikarna — Gloriosa superba L. (Agnikumarika/Agnimukhi); also associated with Litsea species in some texts Agnikumarika Amla — Phyllanthus emblica (syn. ### Ursolic acid URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/reference/ursolic-acid/ Ursolic acid is a reference entry in the Nighantu. Found in 62 entries across the catalogue Badara Bakula — Mimusops elengi L. Bharangi — Clerodendrum serratum (L.) Moon Chirayata Dashamoola — Compound: 10 roots (5 large trees + 5 small plants) Dashamularishta Dashmool Dashmoolarishta Dhamasa — Fagonia cretica L. ### Women's Health URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/reference/womens-health/ Women's Health is a reference entry in the Nighantu. Cross-tradition therapeutic reference — 130 related entries Agnikarna — Gloriosa superba L. (Agnikumarika/Agnimukhi); also associated with Litsea species in some texts — (Antioxidant, Anticancer, Wound Healing) Ambasthaki — Cissampelos pareira L. ### Wound Healing Agents URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/reference/wound-healing/ Wound Healing Agents is a reference entry in the Nighantu. 174 herbs and compounds with wound healing activity across traditions Agnikarna — Gloriosa superba L. (Agnikumarika/Agnimukhi); also associated with Litsea species in some texts Aivana — Salvia officinalis L. ## Classical texts ### Ashtanga Hridaya URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/text/ashtanga-hridaya/ Ashtanga Hridaya is a substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. Ashtanga Hridaya's Uttarasthana chapter on Rasayana cites the Chyawanprash formulation tradition with reference to Charaka Chikitsasthana 1.1 (Rasayana Adhyaya, Abhayamalakiya pada). ### Sharangadhara Samhita URL: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/text/sharangadhara-samhita/ Sharangadhara Samhita is a substance used in the Ayurvedic materia medica. 3 Khandas (sections), 32 chapters, ~2,600 verses: Terminology, measurement systems (units, weights) Nadi-pariksha (pulse diagnosis) — first Ayurvedic text to codify pulse examination in detail Dosha-dhatu-mala theory in pedagogical-compact form The core of the text.