# Manjistha

Canonical version of this page: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/manjistha/

> Manjistha (Rubia cordifolia) is a plant drug, also called Rakta, Vastrarajini and Yojnavalli. Monographed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API) for stem; root monograph not yet in API. Anti-inflammatory: Mollugin suppresses pro-inflammatory mediators including iNOS, COX-2, TNF-alpha, and IL-1beta in LPS-stimulated BV2 cells in a concentration-dependent manner.

## Key facts

- **Botanical name:** Rubia cordifolia
- **Family:** Rubiaceae
- **Pharmacopoeia status:** Monographed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API) for stem; root monograph not yet in API. Classified in Charaka Samhita as varnya (complexion enhancer), jvarahara (antipyretic), visaghna (detoxifier), and rasayana (rejuvenator). No standalone WHO monograph identified. Listed in multiple traditional pharmacopeias across Ayurveda, TCM, and Unani systems.

## Names in the Indian languages

Every name form this project holds for this drug, with the script form first and the
transliteration after it. Sources per name are on the canonical page.

| Language | Names |
| --- | --- |
| Sanskrit | मञ्जिष्ठा (mañjiṣṭhā), Rakta, Vastrarajini, Yojnavalli |
| Hindi | मंजीठ (maṃjīṭha), Manjit |
| English | Indian Maddar |
| Tamil | Manjitte, மஞ்சிட்டி |
| Malayalam | Manjatti |
| Telugu | Manjishtha |
| Kannada | Manjustha |
| Marathi | Manjihtha |
| Bengali | Manjistha, Manjith |
| Gujarati | Manjitha |
| Urdu | Majeeth |
| Punjabi | Manjistha, Manjit |
| Assamese | Phuvva |

## Names and identification

| Language | Name |
|----------|------|
| English | Manjistha |

## How does it work?

- [Anticancer](/reference/anticancer/) (hexapeptides): Cyclic hexapeptides RA-V and RA-VII inhibit multiple cancer signaling pathways. Mollugin inhibits cell proliferation via suppression of HER2/Akt/SREBP-1c/FAS pathway in breast and ovarian cancer cells.
- Anticancer (NF-kB): Mollugin suppresses NF-kB activation, thereby inhibiting HER2 expression in cancer cells.
- Anti-inflammatory: Mollugin suppresses pro-inflammatory mediators including iNOS, COX-2, TNF-alpha, and IL-1beta in LPS-stimulated BV2 cells in a concentration-dependent manner.
- [Antioxidant](/reference/antioxidant/): [Anthraquinones](/glossary/compounds-1-a/#anthraquinones) with hydroxyl substitutions modulate antioxidant activity through radical stabilization and metal chelation.
- [Neuroprotective](/reference/neuroprotective/): [Purpurin](/glossary/compounds-o-q/#purpurin) exhibits neuroprotection through antioxidant mechanisms and DNA intercalation properties.
- [Antimicrobial](/reference/antimicrobial/): Structure-activity relationships of anthraquinones reveal antibacterial properties linked to hydroxyl group positioning.
- Gut microbiota modulation: A pilot RCT reported gut microbiota changes suggesting prebiotic-like activity (16S rRNA profiling).
- Key active constituents: [Alizarin](/glossary/compounds-1-a/#alizarin), munjistin, rubiadin, purpurin, mollugin, cyclic hexapeptides (RA-V, RA-VII), and xanthopurpurin.

## What do recent studies show?

- Wen M, Chen Q, Chen W and others 2022. [A comprehensive review of Rubia cordifolia L.: Traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, and clinical applications](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36160419/). *Frontiers in pharmacology*. PMID [36160419](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36160419/) · [doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.965390](https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.965390)  
  Identified over 100 compounds including anthraquinones, naphthoquinones, bicyclic hexapeptides, [triterpenoids](/glossary/compounds-t-z/#triterpenoids), and [polysaccharides](/glossary/compounds-o-q/#polysaccharides). Established multiple pharmacological activities: neuroprotective, anti-tumor, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunosuppressive.
- Peterson CT, Pourang A, Dhaliwal S and others 2020. [Modulatory Effects of Triphala and Manjistha Dietary Supplementation on Human Gut Microbiota: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32955913/). *Journal of alternative and complementary medicine (New York, N.Y.)*. PMID [32955913](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32955913/) · [doi:10.1089/acm.2020.0148](https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2020.0148)  
  4-week RCT with 2000 mg/day Manjistha showed modulatory effects on gut microbiota composition evaluated through 16S rRNA profiling, suggesting prebiotic-like activity.
- Balachandran P, Ibrahim MA, Zhang J and others 2021. [Crosstalk of Cancer Signaling Pathways by Cyclic Hexapeptides and Anthraquinones from Rubia cordifolia](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33572569/). *Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)*. PMID [33572569](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33572569/) · [doi:10.3390/molecules26030735](https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26030735)  
  Cyclic hexapeptides (RA-V, RA-VII) showed potent anticancer activity through inhibition of multiple cancer signaling pathways. Anthraquinones play a supporting but lesser role compared to cyclic hexapeptides in anticancer potential.
- Lian C, Liu X, Guo K and others 2024. [Dynamic analysis of growth characteristics, secondary metabolites accumulation, and an in-depth understanding of anthraquinones biosynthesis in Rubia cordifolia Linn](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39840364/). *Frontiers in plant science*. PMID [39840364](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39840364/) · [doi:10.3389/fpls.2024.1504863](https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2024.1504863)  
  Elucidated the biosynthetic pathway of anthraquinones in R. cordifolia, identifying 28 distinct anthraquinones including alizarin, munjistin, rubiadin, purpurin, and xanthopurpurin, with structure-activity relationships for hydroxyl substitutions.
- Mustafa AM, Sayed GA, Hatem S and others 2025. [Therapeutic potential of purpurin, a natural anthraquinone dye, in neuroprotection and neurological disorders](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41045341/). *Inflammopharmacology*. PMID [41045341](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41045341/) · [doi:10.1007/s10787-025-01977-7](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-025-01977-7)  
  Purpurin from Rubia cordifolia demonstrated neuroprotective potential for neurological disorders through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.

*Only studies that could be traced to a published paper are listed here. An absence here means we could not identify the source, not that no work exists.*

## Recent safety updates

- Limited clinical safety data; few pharmacokinetic and toxicity studies in humans available.
- Ethanol extract toxicity study: harmful effects on liver observed at doses of 100-1000 mg/kg body weight in rats. LD50 higher than 1000 mg/kg.
- Contraindicated in pregnancy and lactation unless prescribed by healthcare professional.
- May interact with anticoagulant medications, increasing bleeding risk.
- May discolor urine, perspiration, tears, and breast milk (harmless but notable).
- Use with caution in individuals with kidney disorders.
- Common side effects: mild gastrointestinal upset, allergic reactions (rash/itching), nausea in some cases.
- Hypersensitivity to Rubia cordifolia or its components is a contraindication.
- Human toxic dose not yet established from animal studies; clinical trials needed.

## Dosage forms and preparation

**Dosage Forms:** Churna (powder), Kwatha (decoction), Capsules, Tablets, Topical cream/serum, Arishta (fermented), Face mask powder

**Standard Dosage:** 3-6 g root powder per day; 500-1000 mg standardized extract daily; 50-100 mL decoction twice daily; topical as directed

**Optimal Timing:** Traditionally taken in the morning on an empty stomach; topical use usually at night (avoid sun exposure after topical anthraquinone application)

**Storage:** Amber containers essential due to photosensitivity of anthraquinones. Store below 25 deg C. Topical products in airless pump packaging to minimize oxidation. All forms protected from light and moisture.

**Marker Compounds:** Alizarin, Purpurin, Munjistin, Rubiadin, Xanthopurpurin, Mollugin, Rubimaillin

### Synergistic Combinations

- Kumkuma/[Saffron](/herb/saffron/) (premium skin radiance formula)
- [Chandana](/herb/chandana/) (cooling and complexion)
- [Ushira](/herb/ushira/) (blood cooling and skin purification)
- Anantamul/[Sariva](/herb/sariva/) (lymphatic and blood cleansing)
- [Haridra](/herb/haridra/) + [Chandana](/herb/chandana/) (Varnya combination for skin glow)

## Reference lists that include it

[Catechin](https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/reference/catechin/), [Gallic acid](https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/reference/gallic-acid/), [Piperine](https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/reference/piperine/), [Saponins](https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/reference/saponins/)

## Procedures that name it

[Mukha Lepa (Ayurvedic Facial Paste)](https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/practice/mukha-lepa/)

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Canonical version of this page: https://nighantu.ageayurveda.com/herb/manjistha/

## Sources

- Amidha Ayurveda Herb Database (700+ herbs, CC-BY-4.0)
- Web research (clinical trials, WHO monographs, safety databases)
- Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India

Published by Age Ayurveda in the Nighantu. Educational reference only, not medical advice.
Incorporates material from the Amidha Ayurveda Herb Database under CC BY 4.0.